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O₂ and H₂O significantly affect the hydrogen sensitivity of PdNi thin films. To monitor hydrogen concentration in high⁃humidity oxygen⁃containing environments such as electrolytic water hydrogen production, nuclear power plant storage, and deep⁃sea energy exploration, PdNi thin⁃film hydrogen sensors were fabricated using methods such as magnetron sputtering, photolithography, and plasma etching. By adjusting the Ni content and thickness of the PdNi thin films, the influence of Ni content and thickness on the stability of the PdNi thin⁃film hydrogen sensors under O₂ and H₂O interference was systematically studied. Analytical methods such as XRD, SEM, and XPS were employed to characterize the crystallinity, elemental content, and elemental valence states of the PdNi thin films. The experimental results indicate that as the Ni content increases, the hydrogen response of the PdNi thin films becomes more affected by H₂O and O₂, while increasing the film thickness can reduce interference but weakens the hydrogen response sensitivity. Among them, the PdNi thin⁃film hydrogen sensor with a Ni content of 8.04% and a thickness of 24 nm, although affected by O₂ and H₂O, can restore its response curve to the initial state after experiencing interference. This research provides important support for the development of the hydrogen sensor for applications under complex environment conditions.

, correspAuthors=Hongwei YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu ZHANG, Hongwei YANG, Fang LIU, Wengang YANG, Hongchuan JIANG, Xinwu DENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249045456244908870, articleId=1249045448548360805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, language=CN, title=Ni含量及薄膜厚度对PdNi氢传感器环境稳定性的影响研究, columnId=1249045449261388186, journalTitle=计测技术, columnName=传感器技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

O2、H2O对PdNi薄膜的氢气敏感性有较大影响,为了实现对电解水制氢、核电站储存、深海能源勘探等含氧高湿度环境中氢气浓度的监测,采用磁控溅射法、光刻及等离子刻蚀等方法制备PdNi薄膜氢传感器。通过调控PdNi薄膜中Ni含量、厚度,系统研究在O2、H2O干扰下Ni含量及厚度对PdNi薄膜氢传感器稳定性的影响;利用XRD、SEM、XPS等分析测试方法分别对PdNi薄膜结晶度、元素含量、元素价态等进行表征。实验结果表明:随着Ni含量升高,PdNi薄膜对氢气的响应受H2O和O2的影响越大,而增加膜厚可降低干扰但会削弱响应灵敏度。其中,Ni含量8.04%,厚24 nm的PdNi薄膜氢传感器虽受O2和H2O影响,但其响应曲线能在经历干扰后恢复至初始状态。该研究成果为开发应用于复杂环境下的氢传感器提供了重要支撑。

, correspAuthors=杨宏伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨宏伟
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张羽(1992-),男,博士研究生,主要从事氢气传感器研究。

杨宏伟(1987-),高级工程师,从事天然气管道工艺专业方向的研究工作。主导研究了管道黑色粉末磁分离技术、氢致变色管道泄漏检测胶带、Pd基合金电阻型管道泄漏检测传感器等。

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张羽(1992-),男,博士研究生,主要从事氢气传感器研究。

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张羽(1992-),男,博士研究生,主要从事氢气传感器研究。

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杨宏伟(1987-),高级工程师,从事天然气管道工艺专业方向的研究工作。主导研究了管道黑色粉末磁分离技术、氢致变色管道泄漏检测胶带、Pd基合金电阻型管道泄漏检测传感器等。

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杨宏伟(1987-),高级工程师,从事天然气管道工艺专业方向的研究工作。主导研究了管道黑色粉末磁分离技术、氢致变色管道泄漏检测胶带、Pd基合金电阻型管道泄漏检测传感器等。

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Rstrs and trec of PdNi thin film hydrogen sensor samples with different Ni contents and thicknesses after exposure to H2O

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜种类Rs / Ωtrs / strec / s
膜厚24 nm, Ni含量0%6.52%9743 463
膜厚24 nm, Ni含量8.04%4.85%260820
膜厚24nm, Ni含量13.80%2.87%2641 019
膜厚48 nm, Ni含量8.04%3.83%6241 574
膜厚72 nm, Ni含量8.04%0.34%1 018778
), ArticleFig(id=1249046219520151878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448548360805, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

经历H2O后,不同薄膜种类的PdNi薄膜氢传感器的Rstrstrec

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜种类Rs / Ωtrs / strec / s
膜厚24 nm, Ni含量0%6.52%9743 463
膜厚24 nm, Ni含量8.04%4.85%260820
膜厚24nm, Ni含量13.80%2.87%2641 019
膜厚48 nm, Ni含量8.04%3.83%6241 574
膜厚72 nm, Ni含量8.04%0.34%1 018778
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Ni含量及薄膜厚度对PdNi氢传感器环境稳定性的影响研究
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张羽 1 , 杨宏伟 2, 3, 1 , 刘方 2, 3 , 杨文刚 2, 3 , 蒋洪川 1 , 邓新武 1
计测技术 | 传感器技术 2025,45(6): 73-85
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计测技术 | 传感器技术 2025, 45(6): 73-85
Ni含量及薄膜厚度对PdNi氢传感器环境稳定性的影响研究
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张羽1, 杨宏伟2, 3, 1, 刘方2, 3, 杨文刚2, 3, 蒋洪川1, 邓新武1
作者信息
  • 1电子科技大学 集成电路科学与工程学院,四川成都611731
  • 2中海石油气电集团有限责任公司技术研发中心,北京610213
  • 3中国海洋石油集团有限公司液化天然气及低碳技术重点实验室,北京100028
  • 张羽(1992-),男,博士研究生,主要从事氢气传感器研究。

    杨宏伟(1987-),高级工程师,从事天然气管道工艺专业方向的研究工作。主导研究了管道黑色粉末磁分离技术、氢致变色管道泄漏检测胶带、Pd基合金电阻型管道泄漏检测传感器等。

通讯作者:

杨宏伟
Research on the influence of Ni content and film thickness on the environmental stability of PdNi hydrogen sensors
Yu ZHANG1, Hongwei YANG2, 3, 1, Fang LIU2, 3, Wengang YANG2, 3, Hongchuan JIANG1, Xinwu DENG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Chengdu611731, China
  • 2Technology R&D Center of CNOOC Gas&Power Group Co., Ltd, Beijing610213, China
  • 3CNOOC Key Laboratory of Liquefied Natural Gas and Low⁃Carbon Technology, Beijing100028, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2025.06.06
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O2、H2O对PdNi薄膜的氢气敏感性有较大影响,为了实现对电解水制氢、核电站储存、深海能源勘探等含氧高湿度环境中氢气浓度的监测,采用磁控溅射法、光刻及等离子刻蚀等方法制备PdNi薄膜氢传感器。通过调控PdNi薄膜中Ni含量、厚度,系统研究在O2、H2O干扰下Ni含量及厚度对PdNi薄膜氢传感器稳定性的影响;利用XRD、SEM、XPS等分析测试方法分别对PdNi薄膜结晶度、元素含量、元素价态等进行表征。实验结果表明:随着Ni含量升高,PdNi薄膜对氢气的响应受H2O和O2的影响越大,而增加膜厚可降低干扰但会削弱响应灵敏度。其中,Ni含量8.04%,厚24 nm的PdNi薄膜氢传感器虽受O2和H2O影响,但其响应曲线能在经历干扰后恢复至初始状态。该研究成果为开发应用于复杂环境下的氢传感器提供了重要支撑。

氢传感器  /  Ni含量  /  薄膜厚度  /  PdNi薄膜  /  环境稳定性  /  光刻  /  磁控溅射  /  等离子刻蚀

O₂ and H₂O significantly affect the hydrogen sensitivity of PdNi thin films. To monitor hydrogen concentration in high⁃humidity oxygen⁃containing environments such as electrolytic water hydrogen production, nuclear power plant storage, and deep⁃sea energy exploration, PdNi thin⁃film hydrogen sensors were fabricated using methods such as magnetron sputtering, photolithography, and plasma etching. By adjusting the Ni content and thickness of the PdNi thin films, the influence of Ni content and thickness on the stability of the PdNi thin⁃film hydrogen sensors under O₂ and H₂O interference was systematically studied. Analytical methods such as XRD, SEM, and XPS were employed to characterize the crystallinity, elemental content, and elemental valence states of the PdNi thin films. The experimental results indicate that as the Ni content increases, the hydrogen response of the PdNi thin films becomes more affected by H₂O and O₂, while increasing the film thickness can reduce interference but weakens the hydrogen response sensitivity. Among them, the PdNi thin⁃film hydrogen sensor with a Ni content of 8.04% and a thickness of 24 nm, although affected by O₂ and H₂O, can restore its response curve to the initial state after experiencing interference. This research provides important support for the development of the hydrogen sensor for applications under complex environment conditions.

hydrogen sensors  /  Ni content  /  film thickness  /  PdNi thin films  /  environmental stability  /  photolithography  /  magnetron sputtering  /  plasma etching
张羽, 杨宏伟, 刘方, 杨文刚, 蒋洪川, 邓新武. Ni含量及薄膜厚度对PdNi氢传感器环境稳定性的影响研究. 计测技术, 2025 , 45 (6) : 73 -85 . DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2025.06.06
Yu ZHANG, Hongwei YANG, Fang LIU, Wengang YANG, Hongchuan JIANG, Xinwu DENG. Research on the influence of Ni content and film thickness on the environmental stability of PdNi hydrogen sensors[J]. Metrology & Measurement Technology, 2025 , 45 (6) : 73 -85 . DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2025.06.06
作为一种清洁可再生能源,氢能为应对化石燃料枯竭和气候变化加剧的紧迫挑战提供了重要解决方案1,目前已广泛应用于石油化工、电子、医药、冶金及核工业等领域2-3。然而氢气扩散系数高、点火能低,当环境中氢气浓度超过40 mL / L时极易引发爆炸;加之其无色无味无臭的固有特性,人类感官无法直接察觉其泄漏4。因此,为确保氢气安全生产、运输、储存和使用,亟须开发具有高灵敏度、高选择性和长期稳定性的氢泄漏早期检测传感器。根据工作原理,氢传感器分为催化燃烧型、热导型、电化学反应型、电阻型和光纤型等5。其中,电阻型氢传感器具有体积小、功耗低、测试设备简易、选择性好、工作温度低、易于封装的优势6,展现出广阔的应用前景。
金属基薄膜电阻氢传感器的敏感材料以贵金属体系为主,包括铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)、钌(Ru)、银(Ag)等,其中,Pd因其优异的氢敏特性成为最具应用前景的氢敏材料7-9。然而,纯Pd薄膜在高浓度氢气环境中易发生“氢脆”现象10,导致材料结构发生不可逆损伤。掺入其他金属对氢传感器的“氢脆”现象有明显的抑制作用,所以研究者们对Pd基合金材料展开研究,如PdPt11、PdAg12、PdAu13、PdY14、PdNi15等合金材料,其中,PdNi合金由于其性能好、成本低的优势受到了更多的关注16-19
然而在电解水制氢、氢燃料电池、航空航天、核电站储氢等应用场景中,O2、H2O会对PdNi薄膜产生较大影响20-22,氢传感器因被O2、H2O气体吸附、氧化等作用而性能下降甚至失效。针对存在O2及H2O的环境下PdNi基氢传感器氢敏性能下降及失效的问题,谢贵久、薛勇等人23-24通过在PdNi合金表面制备隔离膜保护层来降低O2的吸附,但此方法会增加氢传感器的响应及恢复时间。目前,PdNi薄膜本身组成与性质对其在O2、H2O中稳定性的影响机制,以及O2、H2O与PdNi薄膜的相互作用机理,仍缺乏更深入的研究。
PdNi合金的Ni元素能够抑制Pd的α⁃β相变,降低合金颗粒尺寸,从而提高氢传感器响应速度与稳定性,调节PdNi合金Ni含量是提升PdNi氢传感器性能的有效方法25,SUN L等人17发现引发α⁃β相变所需的氢气压力随着Ni含量的增加而显著升高,这扩大了低氢压力下氢传感器的线性响应范围,提高了氢传感器的响应速率与稳定性。然而,从化学反应活化能、表面势能及薄膜材料性质等方面分析,Ni相较于Pd具有更低的电负性和更小的原子半径,这使得PdNi薄膜中Ni元素比Pd元素更易与O2、H2O发生化学吸附,在与H2作用后更难发生脱附。因此,通过调节Ni含量提升PdNi氢传感器的性能,势必会对其在O2以及H2O中的稳定性产生影响。同时,PdNi合金薄膜的晶粒尺寸对H2、O2、H2O在PdNi合金薄膜表面的吸附、表面反应以及H、O原子向PdNi合金内部的输运通道都有着重要影响26。一些条件下,H2会优先与O2、H2O结合而不是吸附在Pd粒子表面,从而降低化学吸附H2对Pd表面的稳态覆盖,损害传感器的氢气响应性能,影响反应动力学过程27-28
虽已知O₂和H₂O会导致PaNi氢传感器性能下降,但Ni含量和薄膜厚度如何具体影响这一过程,目前缺乏系统且深入的研究。本文针对Ni含量及厚度对PdNi薄膜氢传感器在O2、H2O中的稳定性展开研究,旨在从材料本身出发,探索根本上提升PdNi薄膜氢传感器在O2、H2O中稳定性的途径,为开发稳定快速的高性能氢传感器提供新思路。
PdNi薄膜氢传感器的设计如图1(a)所示,选用尺寸为8 mm × 8 mm × 0.4 mm的硅片作为衬底;PdNi薄膜和Ti薄膜分别作为氢敏层和黏附层,线宽为200 μm,完全覆盖于硅衬底表面;在PdNi薄膜两端涂覆导电银浆形成电极。
PdNi氢传感器制备流程如图1(b)所示,具体步骤:
1)清洗衬底
以单面抛光的硅片作为衬底,依次用丙酮、酒精和去离子水超声波清洗15 min。
2)磁控溅射PdNi / Ti薄膜
在衬底表面通过直流磁控技术先沉积厚度约2 nm的Ti薄膜作为粘附层,再以12 nm / min的沉积速率沉积PdNi及纯Pd薄膜。其中,沉积Ti薄膜所用靶材为直径76.2 mm的纯Ti靶;沉积PdNi薄膜所用靶材为直径76.2 mm的PdNi镶嵌靶,即将不同面积的Ni片置于半径一致的圆形纯Pd靶上(Pd靶、Ti靶纯度均为99.99 wt.%, 直径均为75 mm;Ni片为占圆靶面积的1 / 6、1 / 12、1 / 24的扇形,纯度均为99.99 wt.%)。
3)旋涂光刻胶
采用RZJ⁃304正性光刻胶,在衬底表面以3 000 r / min转速均匀甩胶,得到厚度2 μm左右的光刻胶层。
4)光刻
软烘120 s后,利用高分辨接触式光刻机进行光刻,曝光时间10 s,显影时间45 s,形成PdNi氢敏感电阻光刻图形。
5)干法蚀刻PdNi / Ti薄膜
采用等离子刻蚀技术刻蚀PdNi薄膜15 min,刻蚀背底真空度为5 × 10-3 Pa,刻蚀气氛为纯Ar(99.99%),刻蚀压力为0.2 Pa。最后将样品浸泡在丙酮中,通过超声振动去胶,得到PdNi薄膜电阻。
6)刷图银电极
在PdNi薄膜电阻首尾刷涂15 μm的Ag电极。
采用XRD(X⁃ray Diffraction Radiation, PW3040 / 60型)分析PdNi薄膜的晶体结构,扫描范围为20°~60°。通过SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy, Gemini 360型)观察样品薄膜断面膜层结构,通过与SEM连用的能量色散X射线谱(Energy Dispersive X⁃ray Spectroscopy, EDS)分析样品中Pd、Ni元素含量比。通过XPS能谱仪(X⁃ray photoelectron spectroscope, Axis Ultra型)分析PdNi薄膜中Pd、Ni元素价态。
PdNi薄膜氢敏性能测试方法与本课题组之前的研究类似29,如图2所示,将PdNi薄膜氢传感器置于一个温度可调的腔体里,并将其通过4根导线固定在银电极上,建立牢固的电气连接。使用混气仪将高纯N2、O2和H2⁃N2混合气(纯度均为99.99%)混匀,并使用质量流量计控制总气体流量为100 sccm。
测定PdNi氢传感器响应时,所用气体环境为:40 mL / L浓度H2的H2⁃N2混合气;40 mL / L浓度的H2⁃N2混合气中通入21 sccm的O2以模拟的大气气氛(即H2浓度为30 mL / L、N2浓度为760 mL / L、O2浓度为210 mL / L),流量设置为79 sccm;在流入段接入装有去离子水的锥形瓶及湿度计,使气流经过去离子水的锥形瓶及湿度计后再进入测试腔体,使气流相对湿度大于80%。氢传感器恢复稳定时,所用气体氛围为纯N2
在整个实验过程中,电阻测量仪持续监测PdNi薄膜氢传感器在恒定1 V直流电压下的电阻Rs变化。Rs的定义为
Rs=Rg-RaRa×100%
式中:RaRg分别为氢传感器在合成空气和特定H2浓度的气体中的稳定电阻。
利用配备EDS的FE⁃SEM对不同Ni片溅射面积占比的PdNi薄膜的Ni含量及表面分布进行了检测,结果如图3所示。图3(a)为Ni占1 / 24溅射面积的PdNi薄膜的FE⁃SEM图像,在200 000倍显微镜下观察,PdNi薄膜厚度约24 nm;图3(b)为PdNi薄膜氢传感器表面EDS探测采集的SEM采集图像,可以看出PdNi薄膜完整地覆盖于Si衬底表面。图3(c)图3(d)分别为图像采集处的Pd元素及Ni元素分布图,Pd与Ni元素均均匀地分布在PdNi薄膜表面。图3(e) ~ 图3(h)分别为纯Pd薄膜以及Ni占溅射面积1 / 24、1 / 12、1 / 6的PdNi薄膜EDS图谱,可以看出:随着Ni的掺入以及Ni溅射面积的提升,Ni元素与Pd元素含量比呈上升趋势,该比值分别为0%、8.04%、13.80%、21.41%。
为研究Pd、Ni的价态以及O是否与PdNi发生反应,采用XPS对不同Ni含量的PdNi薄膜以及纯Pd薄膜进行分析,所有XPS能谱数据通过大气吸附碳的C1s能谱为基准进行校准。图4(a) ~ 图4(d)分别为各样品中Pd的3d能级谱图,在335.41 eV和340.76 eV处的峰归属于金属态Pd30,而337.5 eV和342.2 eV处的峰则对应于Pd2+[30。Ni的掺入使得Pd的结合能(Binding Energy, BE)升高,表明电子由Pd转移到Ni形成了Pd⁃Ni双金属结构31。Ni的掺杂改变了Pd的电子状态,与Pd轨道电子再杂化的理论预期一致。这种电子重构减少了Pd的静电排斥,导致其核心能级向更高结合能方向移动32-33。同时,随着Ni的掺入及其在溅射靶材中面积占比的增大,Pd2+的XPS峰面积增大,表明样品中Pd2+的相对含量随之上升。以上结果表明:随着PdNi薄膜中Ni掺入量变大,电子由Pd流向Ni的趋势增大,但PdNi薄膜表面仍然主要以0价Pd(0)形式存在。
图4(e) ~ 图4(h)分别为各样品Ni2p的XPS能级谱图,PdNi薄膜在853.0 eV和871.0 eV处的峰分别对应于零价Ni(0)的2p3 / 2和2p1 / 2能级,其峰强随着Ni片所占溅射面积的增大而增强。与Ni(0)的标准电子结合能相比,PdNi薄膜中853.0 eV处的Ni 2p3 / 2峰结合能增大约0.4 eV,这是由于电子由Pd流向了Ni,导致Ni的电子结合能降低,这使得表面吸附的O2更易与Ni形成NiO。最终,Ni的最外层电子流向表面吸附的O2或H2O,导致原子核对剩余电子的吸引力增强,其峰位向更高的结合能偏移。纯Pd薄膜的能谱在845 ~ 885 eV区间则完全观察不到峰。PdNi薄膜的能谱在860.0 eV处存在Ni2+ 2p3 / 2的宽卫星峰,这表明Ni氧化为NiO。此外,在855.6 eV和873.1 eV处也观察到明显的峰,分别对应NiO的2p3/2和2p1/2电子结合能,其峰强随着Ni片溅射面积占比增大而增强,证实了表面的Ni原子被吸附的O2或H2O氧化。XPS结果表明:掺入的Ni与Pd形成了合金薄膜,在PdNi薄膜中Ni含量随着Ni的溅射面积占比的增大而增大(制备样品的Ni含量范围内),这与EDS分析结果一致。同时,随着PdNi薄膜中Ni含量的提升,其氧化的程度也更高,说明Ni含量是影响PdNi薄膜在含O2及高湿度环境中稳定性的关键因素。
通过对XRD图谱分析与计算,可获得采用不同参数制备的PdNi薄膜晶面间距与粒径。图5(a)展示了不同Ni含量的PdNi薄膜以及纯Pd薄膜的XRD图谱,在衍射角2θ = 40.1°和2θ = 46.6°处的2个峰分别对应Pd的(111)和(200)晶面34,未观察到Ni的特征峰。随着Ni含量增大Pd的特征峰峰位逐渐向右偏移,根据布拉格定律可知,其晶面间距减小,与XPS分析结果一致。由于Ni与Pd属于同族元素,且Ni原子半径小于Pd,上述现象说明:镶嵌扇形Ni片角度的增大,导致了更多Ni原子掺入Pd晶格。图5(b)为Ni含量为8.04%的不同厚度的PdNi薄膜XRD图谱,与本团队之前的研究成果类似35,在衍射角40.7°附近可以观察到(111)晶面的衍射峰,衍射峰的强度随着薄膜厚度降低而降低,峰位没有明显差异,这表明PdNi晶格常数不受厚度的影响。从图5(b)中还可以看出:随着PdNi薄膜厚度增加,薄膜结晶度增加,根据Debye⁃Scherrer公式计算所得的平均晶粒尺寸也随之增大;反之,更薄的PdNi纳米薄膜则意味着更小的平均晶粒尺寸和更低的结晶度36
更小的晶粒尺寸意味着薄膜内部具有更高密度的晶界,而大量的晶界与位错能够为Pd与H2的反应提供丰富的H2吸收位点,并作为H原子的快速移动通道37-38
Ni原子相较于Pd原子具有更低的电负性和更小的原子半径,且更易与O2和H2O反应,因此Ni含量对PdNi薄膜在大气及高湿环境中的响应性能具有重要影响。图6为相同厚度、不同Ni含量的PdNi薄膜氢传感器在H2⁃N2混合气、大气以及高湿无氧环境中的响应性能测试结果。如图6(a)所示,纯Pd薄膜氢传感器对H2展现了最大的响应,且受O2、H2O引起的电阻变化极小。这是由于Pd的外层轨道4d为满电子状态,难以与其他元素成键,因此其具有极强的热力学稳定性39,可能仅表面的悬空键与O2、H2O发生反应。然而,Pd在经历水汽后,其响应时间显著上升,说明水分子吸附占据了活性位点,减弱了Pd对H2的吸附,导致H2无法快速进入Pd晶格内部25
Ni含量为8.04%、13.80%的PdNi薄膜氢传感器在40 mL / L H2环境中的电阻变化分别如图6(b)6(c)所示,其响应为正,但随Ni含量上升,响应下降。而O2、H2O引起的电阻变化在上升,再次经历H2时,电阻迅速先下降再上升,说明了随着Ni含量增大,PdNi薄膜内逐渐形成O原子通道,当Ni含量增大至13.80%时,内部的Ni原子还无法被完全氧化。除纯Pd外,其他样品在经历O2、H2O后响应时间均没有发生明显变化,说明了Ni的存在降低了PdNi薄膜对H2O的吸附,这是由于少量Ni被H2O氧化后,再与H2发生快速还原反应,消耗掉吸附的H2O。根据Pd基电阻型氢传感器的测试原理,Pd基电阻型氢传感器在通入H2后其晶格会发生膨胀导致电阻增大40,而Ni含量为21.41%的PdNi薄膜氢传感器〔其电阻变化如图6(d)所示〕在通入H2后电阻下降,结合XPS测试结果,该样品中Ni原子保存在大气环境中时,被大气中的O2或H2O氧化为NiO,在通入H2时发生还原反应,NiO还原为Ni,具体反应化学方程式如式(2)所示,其标准吉布斯自由能小于0,为自发反应。
H2(g)+NiO(s)=H2O(g)+Ni(s)Gmθ=-18.1 kJ / mol
NiO在常温下为绝缘体,而金属Ni为导体,因此NiO被H₂还原为Ni所引起的电阻下降效应,远强于Pd与H₂反应导致的晶格膨胀所引起的电阻上升效应。Ni与Pd的原子数之比约为1∶5,Ni的大量掺杂使得PdNi薄膜中形成了输运氧原子至薄膜内部的通道,这使得NiO还原引起的电阻变化远大于Pd与H2作用引起的电阻变化,因此氢传感器对H2的响应表现为负值。薄膜经历O2、H2O后其电阻变大,再次通H2时电阻再次下降,这是由于Ni元素过多且薄膜厚度很小,再次证明了当氢传感器暴露于O2或H2O氛围时,Ni基本被完全氧化,电阻变大。虽然纯Pd展现了最好的O2、H2O抗干扰性能,且Pd薄膜氢传感器对H2具有最大响应,但纯Pd经历循环测试后容易产生裂纹,并且经历水汽后响应时间明显上升,因此,优选出Ni含量为8.04%的PdNi薄膜氢传感器进行下一步实验。
PdNi薄膜厚度对气体在Pd晶格内扩散有着显著影响,因此,PdNi薄膜厚度也是影响PdNi薄膜氢传感器在大气及高湿度环境中响应性能的一个关键因素。图7为不同厚度,相同Ni含量的PdNi薄膜氢传感器在H2⁃N2混合气、大气及高湿无氧环境中的响应性能,随着PdNi薄膜厚度的提升,PdNi薄膜氢传感器对O2、H2O的响应逐渐降低。除12 nm的PdNi薄膜氢传感器样品外,其余样品对H2的响应也随厚度增加而逐渐降低。所有样品在经历O2环境后,其响应值及响应时间均无明显变化;然而在经历H2O后,响应时间随厚度逐渐变长。这是由于薄膜厚度的增加会导致平均晶粒尺寸增大,进而减少活性位点与气体传输通道41,降低了PdNi薄膜对H2、O2、H2O的整体响应。同时,由于H2活性位点会被H2O占据,经历水汽后,响应时间逐渐变长。
厚度为12 nm的PdNi薄膜氢传感器的电阻变化趋势如图7(a)所示,与Ni含量为21.41%的PdNi薄膜氢传感器类似,对H2的响应为负值,而O2、H2O则使其电阻变大。这是由于薄膜厚度很薄,晶界密度大,在给H原子提供通道的同时,也为O原子提供了通道,导致内部的Ni原子被完全氧化。综合以上结果,优选出Ni含量为8.04%,厚度为24 nm的PdNi薄膜氢传感器。该传感器在经历H2O环境后,响应Rs为4.85%,响应时间trs为260 s,恢复时间trec为820 s(响应时间trs为H2注入后电阻变化量达到90%时所用的时间,恢复时间trec为H2排出后电阻变化量达到90%时所用的时间)。如表1所示,相对其他样品,该传感器在保持较高响应值的同时,兼具了更短的响应与恢复时间。
图8所示,对经历O2、H2O后的PdNi薄膜氢传感器对不同浓度H2的响应进行测试,可观察到:随H2浓度的下降,PdNi薄膜氢传感器的响应单调递减。1 μL / L的H2下,氢传感器的响应Rs为2.1 Ω;当H2的浓度为500 nL / L时,仍然能够观察到电阻变化。该实验结果表明:PdNi薄膜氢传感器对低浓度H2展现了良好的响应性能,可以有效地监测大范围的氢浓度。
选择性和循环稳定性是评估氢传感器性能和使用寿命的重要指标。为检测膜厚24 nm、 Ni含量8.04%的PdNi薄膜氢传感器对不同气体的选择性变化,分别测试了氢传感器对40 mL / L浓度的CH4、CO2、NH3、CO、H2的响应值变化。如图9(a)所示,该传感器展现了对H2良好的选择性,其对CH4几乎没有响应,而对CO、NH3及CO的响应远低于对相同浓度H2的响应。这是由于Pd对H2具有较高的吸附性,且对氢原子具有较高的选择透过性33
为检测该PdNi薄膜氢传感器样品的循环稳定性,使其在40 mL / L H2与纯N2环境中进行多次循环测试。结果如图9(b)所示,传感器在连续10次循环中均保持显著且一致的电阻变化,说明PdNi薄膜氢传感器良好的循环稳定性。然而,随着时间的推移,电阻呈现轻微的下降趋势,这与本课题组之前的研究结果类似。这是由于当PdNi薄膜暴露于H2环境时,H2会优先与PdNi薄膜表面的缺陷位点结合,同时主要借助位错等晶格缺陷向薄膜内部输运氢原子。因此,薄膜中更高的缺陷浓度有利于提升氢传感器对H2的响应;然而,高缺陷浓度意味着薄膜晶体内部存在残余应力,导致材料稳定性下降,从而引起氢检测的基线漂移。
本研究揭示了Ni含量对PdNi合金微观结构与气敏性能的调控机制。随着Ni含量增加,合金发生晶格收缩,晶面间距减小,同时诱导电子由Pd向Ni转移,增强了Ni在高氧高湿环境中的氧化倾向。薄膜厚度则通过调控材料的结晶行为与晶粒尺寸影响氢传感器性能:厚度增加促使晶粒粗化、结晶度提高,并降低缺陷浓度,从而减少了可用于H2吸附的活性位点与原子扩散通道,最终导致对H₂、O₂及H₂O的响应能力下降。
通过系统优化实验,确定Ni含量为8.04%、厚度为24 nm的样品综合性能最佳,兼具高H2响应性、优异选择性、良好循环稳定性及较强的抗环境干扰能力。本研究为开发适用于复杂环境的高性能电阻型氢传感器提供了理论依据与实验支撑。
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doi: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2025.06.06
  • 接收时间:2025-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-07
  • 修回日期:2025-09-04
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    1电子科技大学 集成电路科学与工程学院,四川成都611731
    2中海石油气电集团有限责任公司技术研发中心,北京610213
    3中国海洋石油集团有限公司液化天然气及低碳技术重点实验室,北京100028

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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