Article(id=1249045448300892561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, issueId=1249045444509246013, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2025.06.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750176000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-18, revisedDate=1756310400000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775725240988, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775725240988, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775725240988, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775725240988, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1249045444509246013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='10', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775725240111, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775726845897, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249052179722609030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, issueId=1249045444509246013, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249052179722609031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, issueId=1249045444509246013, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249045448548356499, articleId=1249045448300892561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, language=EN, title=Porous parameter inversion based on irregular sound incidence, columnId=1249045446807724610, journalTitle=Metrology & Measurement Technology, columnName=Theory and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Research was conducted for porous parameter inversion based on irregular acoustic incidence model to address the limitation of normal incidence case. A theoretical model was established for relating material porous parame⁃ ters to the irregular incidence absorption coefficient. The acoustic response of porous materials under irregular incidence case was simulated to obtain the reference absorption data. The inversion study was conducted by using the established theoretical model and genetic algorithm, and the accuracy and astringency of inversed parameters was further analyzed. Results show a good agreement between theoretical and simulated outcomes and demonstrate high accuracy and astringency with relative errors of the inversed parameters below 9.0% and relative standard deviations less than 1 × 10⁻³. This study provides a novel theoretical approach for porous parameter inversion that presents considerable potential for both academic research and engineering applications.

, correspAuthors=Chenchen WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yunhong LIAO, Chenchen WANG, Qiang FU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249045457817768634, articleId=1249045448300892561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, language=CN, title=基于无规则声入射的多孔参数反演研究, columnId=1249045446962913860, journalTitle=计测技术, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解决垂直入射声响应模型在参数反演方法中的局限性,开展了基于无规则声入射的多孔参数反演研究。建立材料多孔参数与无规则入射吸声系数间的理论模型,利用仿真手段模拟多孔材料无规则入射声响应过程,以模拟测试吸声数据为参考,基于所建立的理论模型和遗传算法迭代反演多孔参数,并分析反演参数的精度与收敛性。结果表明:相关理论结果与仿真结果吻合良好,反演多孔参数的相对误差小于9.0%,相对标准差小于1 × 10-3,基于无规则声入射的多孔参数反演方法精度较高,反演多孔参数稳定收敛。本研究为多孔参数反演提供了新理论方法,具备良好的学术研究和工程应用前景。

, correspAuthors=王辰辰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王辰辰
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廖允鸿(1994-),男,工程师,博士,主要研究方向为声学计量测试、声学智能诊断、声学材料测试。

王辰辰(1990-),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为声学计量测试技术。先后从事动态压力计量测试、空气声与超声计量测试技术研究工作,获国家授权发明专利10余项。

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廖允鸿(1994-),男,工程师,博士,主要研究方向为声学计量测试、声学智能诊断、声学材料测试。

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廖允鸿(1994-),男,工程师,博士,主要研究方向为声学计量测试、声学智能诊断、声学材料测试。

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王辰辰(1990-),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为声学计量测试技术。先后从事动态压力计量测试、空气声与超声计量测试技术研究工作,获国家授权发明专利10余项。

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王辰辰(1990-),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为声学计量测试技术。先后从事动态压力计量测试、空气声与超声计量测试技术研究工作,获国家授权发明专利10余项。

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The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America2019145(4): 2512-2517., articleTitle=A three⁃parameter analytical model for the acoustical properties of porous media, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1249046216902910650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249046216907104955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, companyId=1249046216902910650, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1AVIC Changcheng Institute of Metrology Measurement, Beijing100095, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249046216915493564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, companyId=1249046216902910650, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空气密度 / (kg / m3空气声速 / (m / s)动力粘度 / (Pa·s)大气压力 / Pa绝热系数普朗特数
1.23431.81 × 10-51.01 × 1051.40.72
), ArticleFig(id=1249046224205194142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空气密度 / (kg / m3空气声速 / (m / s)动力粘度 / (Pa·s)大气压力 / Pa绝热系数普朗特数
1.23431.81 × 10-51.01 × 1051.40.72
), ArticleFig(id=1249046224293274532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Inversed porous parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
第1组0.5126460.422
第2组0.5316340.422
第3组0.4806180.395
), ArticleFig(id=1249046224440075176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

反演多孔参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
第1组0.5126460.422
第2组0.5316340.422
第3组0.4806180.395
), ArticleFig(id=1249046224540738476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Relative error of inversed porous parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 / % / % / %
第1组2.57.65.6
第2组6.25.65.5
第3组-4.12.9-1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1249046224624624559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

反演多孔参数相对误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 / % / % / %
第1组2.57.65.6
第2组6.25.65.5
第3组-4.12.9-1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1249046224712704945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Relative standard deviation of inversed porous parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
第1组6.3 × 10-57.7 × 10-55.3 × 10-5
第2组6.3 × 10-53.5 × 10-41.2 × 10-4
第3组4.3 × 10-52.6 × 10-47.0 × 10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1249046224775619507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

反演多孔参数相对标准差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
第1组6.3 × 10-57.7 × 10-55.3 × 10-5
第2组6.3 × 10-53.5 × 10-41.2 × 10-4
第3组4.3 × 10-52.6 × 10-47.0 × 10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1249046224863699895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Inversed porous parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
第1组0.6044110.211
第2组0.7076530.520
第3组0.8948460.706
), ArticleFig(id=1249046224947585980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

反演多孔参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
第1组0.6044110.211
第2组0.7076530.520
第3组0.8948460.706
), ArticleFig(id=1249046225010500544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Relative error of inversed porous parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 / % / % / %
第1组0.62.85.3
第2组1.18.84.1
第3组-0.75.80.9
), ArticleFig(id=1249046225069220804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

反演多孔参数相对误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 / % / % / %
第1组0.62.85.3
第2组1.18.84.1
第3组-0.75.80.9
), ArticleFig(id=1249046225148912585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Relative standard deviation of inversed porous parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
第1组1.1 × 10-43.3 × 10-49.2 × 10-4
第2组6.9 × 10-53.8 × 10-41.2 × 10-4
第3组6.6 × 10-51.7 × 10-44.4 × 10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1249046225236992974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024381851058248, articleId=1249045448300892561, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

反演多孔参数相对标准差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
第1组1.1 × 10-43.3 × 10-49.2 × 10-4
第2组6.9 × 10-53.8 × 10-41.2 × 10-4
第3组6.6 × 10-51.7 × 10-44.4 × 10-5
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基于无规则声入射的多孔参数反演研究
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廖允鸿 , 王辰辰 1 , 付强
计测技术 | 理论与方法 2025,45(6): 95-104
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计测技术 | 理论与方法 2025, 45(6): 95-104
基于无规则声入射的多孔参数反演研究
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廖允鸿, 王辰辰1, 付强
作者信息
  • 中国航空工业集团公司北京长城计量测试技术研究所,北京100095
  • 廖允鸿(1994-),男,工程师,博士,主要研究方向为声学计量测试、声学智能诊断、声学材料测试。

    王辰辰(1990-),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为声学计量测试技术。先后从事动态压力计量测试、空气声与超声计量测试技术研究工作,获国家授权发明专利10余项。

通讯作者:

王辰辰
Porous parameter inversion based on irregular sound incidence
Yunhong LIAO, Chenchen WANG1, Qiang FU
Affiliations
  • 1AVIC Changcheng Institute of Metrology Measurement, Beijing100095, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2025.06.08
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为了解决垂直入射声响应模型在参数反演方法中的局限性,开展了基于无规则声入射的多孔参数反演研究。建立材料多孔参数与无规则入射吸声系数间的理论模型,利用仿真手段模拟多孔材料无规则入射声响应过程,以模拟测试吸声数据为参考,基于所建立的理论模型和遗传算法迭代反演多孔参数,并分析反演参数的精度与收敛性。结果表明:相关理论结果与仿真结果吻合良好,反演多孔参数的相对误差小于9.0%,相对标准差小于1 × 10-3,基于无规则声入射的多孔参数反演方法精度较高,反演多孔参数稳定收敛。本研究为多孔参数反演提供了新理论方法,具备良好的学术研究和工程应用前景。

多孔材料  /  无规则声入射  /  参数反演  /  多孔声学  /  遗传算法  /  多孔参数  /  吸声测量  /  反演误差

Research was conducted for porous parameter inversion based on irregular acoustic incidence model to address the limitation of normal incidence case. A theoretical model was established for relating material porous parame⁃ ters to the irregular incidence absorption coefficient. The acoustic response of porous materials under irregular incidence case was simulated to obtain the reference absorption data. The inversion study was conducted by using the established theoretical model and genetic algorithm, and the accuracy and astringency of inversed parameters was further analyzed. Results show a good agreement between theoretical and simulated outcomes and demonstrate high accuracy and astringency with relative errors of the inversed parameters below 9.0% and relative standard deviations less than 1 × 10⁻³. This study provides a novel theoretical approach for porous parameter inversion that presents considerable potential for both academic research and engineering applications.

porous materials  /  irregular sound incidence  /  parameter inversion  /  porous acoustics  /  genetic algorithm  /  porous parameters  /  acoustic absorption measurement  /  inversion error
廖允鸿, 王辰辰, 付强. 基于无规则声入射的多孔参数反演研究. 计测技术, 2025 , 45 (6) : 95 -104 . DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2025.06.08
Yunhong LIAO, Chenchen WANG, Qiang FU. Porous parameter inversion based on irregular sound incidence[J]. Metrology & Measurement Technology, 2025 , 45 (6) : 95 -104 . DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2025.06.08
多孔材料内部存在大量孔隙结构,声波在其内部传输时会以多种形式被耗散吸收,因此在宏观层面表现出良好的吸声性能,被广泛应用于航空航天等领域的降噪设计中。多孔材料微观结构与宏观声学性能密切相关,可通过多孔声学模型建立宏微观联系,但由于理论模型涉及多孔参数难以直接测量,极大限制了多孔材料在吸声设计和优化中的应用。
参数反演是获取多孔材料模型参数的主要手段,其通过声响应测试来反演未知材料参数,具体需结合测试数据、吸声模型、多孔声学模型和优化算法实现1-2。目前,国内学者已围绕该方向开展大量研究,相关研究可分为2类:一类聚焦不同理论模型的多孔参数反演特性研究;另一类侧重不同优化算法的多孔参数反演精度研究。
国外,ALBA F等人利用阻抗管测量多孔材料吸声系数,以测得吸声系数与反演吸声系数的差值最小化为优化目标,基于Voronina模型反演纤维材料的多孔参数3。MAREZE P H等人在Johnson模型和Champoux 模型的基础上,将多孔参数设为优化变量,以阻抗管测得表面阻抗与预测表面阻抗的差值最小化为优化目标,利用遗传算法反演多孔参数4。BONFIGLIO P等人基于阻抗管测试数据,分别采用遗传算法、迭代法和分析法对Johnson Champoux Allard(JCA)模型多孔参数进行反演,并对比分析各方法反演所得多孔参数的差异5。SHRAVAGE P等人分别使用分析法和遗传算法对JCA 模型多孔参数进行反演,通过对比反演结果与实验结果,分析了2种优化算法反演精度6。SELLEN N等人通过改变阻抗管背腔厚度获取不同情况下的多孔材料吸声系数,并将其代入Lafarge⁃Allard模型,利用反演方法获取多孔材料的模型参数7。DOUTRES O等人使用三传声器阻抗管测量多孔材料的吸声系数和传声损失,并结合JCA 模型和分析法反演流阻率、曲折因子、热特征长度和粘性特征长度8
国内,张波等人以多孔参数为优化变量,以各变量范围为条件约束,采用模拟退火罚函数混合遗传算法与序列二次规划算法,反演金属纤维JCA模型参数9。吴量等人通过遗传算法实现 JCA模型参数的直接和间接反演,结合实验测试原理和仿真手段分析2种反演方式的结果偏差10,并采用改进遗传算法反演多孔聚氨酯发泡材料的微观参数,基于阻抗管测得吸声系数反演 Biot⁃JCAL 模型中所有多孔参数11。王永华等人基于Johnson⁃Allard和Lafarge⁃Allard 2种多孔声学模型,结合阻抗管所测多孔材料表面阻抗、有效密度和有效模量,通过模型联合反演多孔参数12。郑丽君等人通过阻抗管测得木质颗粒的表面特性阻抗和吸声系数,选用JCA模型和Pàde近似模型,采用 Nelder⁃Mead算法和遗传算法反演多孔参数13。程宇翔等人基于测得吸声系数和遗传算法,分别选用JCA、Johnson Champoux Allard Lafarge(JCAL)、Delany Bazley Miki(DBM)和Wilson模型,对玻璃棉的多孔参数进行反演分析14。周文璐等人基于阻抗管所测吸声系数和JCA多孔声学模型,通过粒子群优化算法反演黄麻纤维毡的多孔参数15
国内外的2类研究均局限于通过测试材料的垂直入射声响应(阻抗管法)来反演多孔材料参数,但关于无规则声入射(混响室法)的多孔参数反演研究近乎空白。作为声学材料测试的2种核心手段,无规则入射与垂直入射声响应测试具有同等重要的学术和工程价值。具体而言,垂直入射多孔参数反演方法受限于阻抗管测试条件,仅适用于小尺寸材料样件与小孔隙多孔材料;而无规则声入射多孔参数反演方法可针对大尺寸多孔材料样件,在大孔隙多孔材料参数反演中独具优势,能够有效弥补垂直入射方法的不足。基于此,本团队研究了基于无规则入射声响应的多孔参数反演方法,建立多孔参数与无规则入射吸声系数的理论模型,基于所建立理论模型、多孔声学模型、遗传算法开展多孔参数反演研究。
本研究构建的理论模型体系包含3部分:① 多孔声学理论模型,通过多孔参数与多孔声学模型表征多孔材料宏观属性;② 无规则入射吸声理论模型,基于多孔材料宏观属性,进一步建立多孔参数与无规则入射吸声系数理论关系;③ 多孔参数反演,通过脉冲反向积分法测量无规则入射吸声系数,结合多孔材料无规则入射吸声理论模型与测量所得无规则入射吸声系数反演多孔参数。
多孔材料宏观声学性能与微观多孔参数密切关联,两者通过多孔声学模型建立联系。多孔声学模型发展至今已经比较成熟,其中具有代表性的多孔声学模型有:JCA、JCAL、Horoshenkov模型等,均能较准确地刻画多孔材料宏观声学性能,且适用范围覆盖多种类型的多孔材料。
本文选用Horoshenkov多孔声学模型开展参数反演16-17,如图1所示。所涉及多孔参数包括:孔隙率ϕϕ、平均孔隙大小s¯s¯、孔隙大小分布的标准差σsσs,通过上述3个多孔参数可共同表征多孔材料宏观属性 —— 等效波数qeffqeff、等效阻抗ZeffZeff。
qeffqeff、ZeffZeff的计算公式为
qeff=ωρ˜K˜
Zeff=ρ˜K˜
式中:ρ˜ρ˜为动态密度,K˜K˜为动态体积模量。两者满足
ρ˜=αρ0ϕ1+σϕiωρ0α1+4iωα2ηρ0σ2Λ2ϕ2
K˜=γP0ϕγ-γ-11-iσ'ϕρ0αPrω1+4iα2ηρ0Prω(σ'Λ'ϕ)2-1
式中:αα∞为曲折因子,ρ0ρ0为空气密度,σσ为粘性流阻,σ'σ'为热流阻,ii为虚数单位(i=-1i=-1),ωω为角频率,ΛΛ为粘性特征长度,Λ'Λ'为热特征长度,ηη为动力粘度,γγ为绝热系数,P0P0为大气压,PrPr为普朗特数。
αα∞、σσ、σ'σ'、ΛΛ、Λ'Λ'的计算公式分别为
α=e4(σsln2)2
σ=8ηαs¯2ϕe6(σsln2)2
σ'=8ηαs¯2ϕe-6(σsln2)2
Λ=s¯e-5 / 2(σsln2)2
Λ'=s¯e3 / 2(σsln2)2
对于宏观属性所涉及的αα∞、σσ、σ'σ'、ΛΛ、Λ'Λ',通过多孔材料的s¯s¯和σsσs定量表征。通过给定多孔材料的ϕϕ、s¯s¯、σsσs,即可得到多孔材料的qeff=qeff(ϕ,s¯,σs)qeff=qeff(ϕ,s¯,σs)和Zeff=Zeff(ϕ,s¯,σs)Zeff=Zeff(ϕ,s¯,σs)。
将厚度为LL的多孔材料平放于壁面,根据多孔参数与多孔声学模型所表征的qeffqeff、ZeffZeff,通过阻抗转移关系可得多孔材料表面法向阻抗ZnZn,即
Zn=Zeff ZL+iZefftan(qeffL)Zeff+iZLtan(qeffL)
式中:ZLZL为壁面法向阻抗。因壁面法向阻抗远大于多孔材料等效阻抗(ZLZeffZL≫Zeff),ZnZn可简化为
Zn=-iZeffcotqeffL
当平面波pipi以角度θθ(入射方向与面法线的夹角)入射至多孔材料表面,产生反射波prpr,反射角等于入射角θθ。考虑入射波与反射波激发的质点法向振动速度νinin和νrnνrn,ZnZn可表示为
Zn=pi+prνin+νrn
根据平面波基本关系νin=(pi / ρ0c0)cosθνin=(pi / ρ0c0)cosθ和νrn=-(pr / ρ0c0)cosθνrn=-(pr / ρ0c0)cosθ (式中: c0c0为空气声速),可得斜入射声压反射系数rprp为
rp=prpi=Zncosθ-ρ0c0Zncosθ+ρ0c0
则入射角为θθ的斜入射吸声系数αθαθ为
αθ=1-rp2=4xncosθ(xn2+yn2)cos2θ+2xncosθ+1   
式中:XnXn与YnYn分别为多孔材料的表面声阻与表面声抗,xnxn与ynyn分别为无量纲的表面声阻与表面声抗。xn=Xn / ρ0c0xn=Xn / ρ0c0,yn=Yn / ρ0c0yn=Yn / ρ0c0,且满足Zn=Xn+iYnZn=Xn+iYn。多孔材料表面阻抗模型如图2所示。
基于斜入射吸声系数,进一步推导无规则入射吸声系数。无规则入射吸声系数是各方向斜入射吸声性能的综合表征,其物理意义对应各方向同时入射时的吸声系数。无规则入射吸声系数αdαd定义为面元dSdS对各方向入射声波的总吸收能量ΔEαΔEα与入射声波的总能量ΔEΔE之比
αd=ΔEαΔE
αdαd可通过积分手段求解ΔEαΔEα与ΔEΔE之后得到。考虑到图3所示的微元模型,以面元所在位置及面元法线为参考,空间体元dV=r2sinθdθdrdφdV=r2sinθdθdrdφ,从体元dVdV到面元dSdS所张的立体角为dΩ=dScosθ / r2dΩ=dScosθ / r2,其中,rr为体元到面元距离,θθ为体元到面元的声入射角,φφ为周向角。当空间声场为扩散声场,声能密度ε¯ε¯在空间均匀分布,声能沿各个方向传递概率相等,则从体元dVdV射向面元dSdS的声能d(ΔE)d(ΔE)为
d(ΔE)=ε¯dVdΩ4π=ε¯sinθcosθdSdrdθdφ4π
基于体元射入声能d(ΔE)d(ΔE),通过对空间距离rr相同但方向角θφθ、φ不同的体元射入声能进行积分,可获得总入射声能ΔEΔE为
ΔE=0π202πd(ΔE)dφdθ=ε¯dSdr4
同理,对空间距离相同但方向不同体元的入射声能吸收量αθd(ΔE)αθd(ΔE)积分,可得总吸收声能ΔEαΔEα为
ΔEα=0π202παθd(ΔE)dφdθ         =ε¯dSdr20π2αθcosθsinθdθ
进而可得无规则入射吸声系数αdαd为
αd=ΔEαΔE=20π2αθcosθsinθdθ     =0π28xncos2θsinθ(xn2+yn2)cos2θ+2xncosθ+1dθ
由此,通过xnxnyn、yn,建立多孔参数ϕϕ、s¯s¯、αsαs与αdαd之间的理论关系。
以测得的无规则入射吸声系数为参考,基于所建立多孔参数与无规则入射吸声系数理论关系,以反演吸声系数与测得吸声系数的差值最小化为优化目标,通过遗传算法反演多孔参数。其中,无规则入射吸声系数采用混响室法测试获取:通过将多孔材料放置于封闭空间内壁,测试其无规则入射声响应,根据所测混响时间、空间体积、材料面积、空气声速等参数,计算无规则入射吸声系数。该测试过程的重点是测量混响时间,混响时间定义为系统声激励停止后,声压级衰减60 dB所需时间,其可通过脉冲响应积分法进行测量。
脉冲响应积分法基于脉冲声压平方即p2(τ)p2(τ),对时间的反向积分,得到声压级〔SPL(t)SPL(t)〕衰减规律,具体表达式为
SPL(t)=10lgtp2(τ)dτ
式中:tt为响应时间,τ为积分时间。
将测得脉冲响应声信号代入式(20)即可获得衰减曲线,进而求得混响时间。为了便于理论验证分析,在封闭空间内壁均匀铺设等厚度多孔材料(壁面吸声性能相同),无规则入射吸声系数可通过式(21)获得。
T60=55.3V-c0Sln(1-αm)
式中:T60T60为混响时间,VV为混响系统体积,SS为系统内表面积,αmαm为测得无规则入射吸声系数。
根据测得无规则入射吸声系数,以ϕϕ、s¯s¯、σsσs为优化变量,以反演结果αdαd与测试结果αmαm的拟合程度作为适应度函数,通过遗传算法进行参数反演,其中,适应度函数为
F=i=1Nαm-αd2N-R(αm,  αd)
式中:NN为吸声结果的频率点数,R(αm,αd)R(αm,αd)为测试结果和反演结果的相关系数。多孔参数的适应度计算流程见图4
在参数反演前,随机生成1 000个初始向量(种群初始化),各初始向量的参数范围满足
0ϕ10 μms¯103μm0σs1
在反演过程中,交叉率与变异率对于种群多样性、算法空间搜索力、收敛速度等具有重要影响,根据经验分别选取交叉率80%和变异率5%。此外,采用适应度变化停止准则,当适应度函数值变化小于10-6时停止反演。具体多孔参数优化反演流程见图5
通过有限元软件COMSOL模拟多孔材料的无规则入射吸声测试,根据模拟所得结果进行多孔参数反演,并比较反演多孔参数与模拟设定多孔参数,分析参数反演精度与收敛性。通过COMSOL射线声学模块建立仿真模型,模型尺寸10 m × 10 m × 10 m,内部介质设为空气,壁面设定无规则入射吸收边界。无规则入射吸收系数根据多孔参数和材料厚度,通过式(19)计算确定,以此模拟均匀厚度多孔材料铺设于封闭空间内壁的工况,所涉及基本参数见表1
仿真时,将脉冲激励施加于模型中心位置(坐标x=0x=0mm,y=0y=0mm,z=0z=0mm),在激励位置附近设置接收器采集系统脉冲响应信号(坐标x=0.5 mx=0.5 m,y=0.5 my=0.5 m,z=0.5 mz=0.5 m)。由脉冲激励释放1 × 104条声线,各声线携带相同声能量沿空间720°方向同时发射,当声线碰到壁面后发生镜面反射并持续传播。此外,设定总计算时长为混响时间1.5倍以上,时间步长小于总计算时长的1 / 2 000。仿真求解完成后,通过软件后处理功能获取脉冲响应曲线、衰减曲线、混响时间,进而根据混响时间计算无规则入射吸声系数。
仿真过程部分结果如图6所示。图6(a)展示了t = 10、20、40、60 ms时的声线位置分布(声线末端位置);图6(b)给出了脉冲响应过程0~1.2 s时段所采集声信号,可见声线从中心释放后不断反射和填充整个模型,其空间分布从有序逐渐变为无序,声信号伴随响应过程快速衰减,脉冲响应的幅值不断下降;图6(c)为基于6(b)的脉冲响应数据,根据脉冲响应积分方法得到的声压级衰减曲线,该曲线总体随时间呈现线性下降趋势。通过衰减曲线可获取系统混响时间,进一步计算无规则入射吸声系数。
考虑ϕ=0.5ϕ=0.5、s¯=600 μms¯=600 μm、σs=0.4σs=0.4,图7呈现了厚度LL分别为203040 mm20、30、40 mm时的无规则入射吸声系数,其中每种厚度对应的结果包含预测、仿真和反演3组值。预测值如式(19)所示,根据多孔参数、厚度和基本参数计算得到(等于仿真模型边界设定值);仿真值基于仿真所得混响时间,由式(21)计算获得;反演值则将反演所得多孔参数代入式(19)计算获得。
结果显示:当L=20 mmL=20 mm,无规则入射吸声系数在500 ~ 4 000 Hz频段随频率增大而增大,吸声系数在0 ~ 0.4总体呈单调递增趋势,仿真值与预测值之间偏差较小,二者变化趋势吻合良好。当增加至30 mm30 mm和40 mm40 mm时,无规则入射吸声系数随着材料厚度的增加而增大,吸声谱呈现先增大后减小的单峰趋势,吸声峰频率随着材料厚度增加向低频移动,并分别在2 500 Hz和1 900 Hz达到峰值0.44和0.49,此时预测结果与仿真结果仍呈现良好吻合趋势。上述结果表明:在仿真模型中设定无规则入射吸收边界后,通过脉冲响应有效测量边界无规则入射吸收系数,其测得结果与设定结果基本一致,验证了该脉冲响应测试方法具备较高精度,所建立仿真模型模拟效果良好。同时,3种厚度下的反演值与仿真值吻合程度高,说明反演所得多孔参数能够较准确地表征被反演材料的宏观声学性能。
根据不同厚度下仿真所得无规则入射吸声谱,结合遗传算法、多孔声学模型、无规则入射吸声理论模型反演多孔参数。为提升反演结果的可靠性,将每组数据反演10次,取10次反演多孔参数的平均值作为最终反演结果,3组厚度工况对应的反演结果和相对误差见表2表3
第1组(L = 20 mm)的反演结果为ϕ=0.512ϕ=0.512、s¯=646 μms¯=646 μm、σs=0.422σs=0.422,平均孔隙反演值的相对误差最大δ(s¯)=7.6%δ(s¯)=7.6%;第2组(L = 30 mm)的反演结果为ϕ=0.531ϕ=0.531、s¯=634 μms¯=634 μm、σs=0.422σs=0.422,孔隙率反演值的相对误差最大δϕ=6.2%δϕ=6.2%;第3组(L = 40 mm)的反演结果为ϕ=0.480ϕ=0.480、s¯=618 μms¯=618 μm、σs=0.395σs=0.395,孔隙率反演值的相对误差最大δϕ= -4.1%δϕ= -4.1%。数据表明:对于相同多孔参数在3种不同厚度下的反演值,3组反演值与仿真中多孔参数的设定值均比较接近,反演参数的最大相对误差不超过8%,反演结果具备较高精度。需要说明的是,尽管 3种厚度下的多孔参数设定值相同,但反演值之间仍存在一定差异,其核心影响因素为反演所用无规则入射吸声数据——由图7(a)图7(c)可知,各组工况下反演所用的仿真数据与预测数据之间均存在不同程度的偏差,进而导致多孔参数反演结果并不完全一致。
表4列出了每种厚度下10次反演参数的相对标准差。第1组至第3组反演参数的最大相对标准差分别为RS(s¯)= RS(s¯)= 7.7×10-57.7×10-5、3.5×10-43.5×10-4、2.6×10-42.6×10-4。表明:3组反演参数的最大相对标准偏差不超过4.0 × 10-4,所反演多孔参数稳定收敛。
进一步计算相同厚度下不同多孔参数时的无规则入射吸声谱。考虑材料厚度L=30 mmL=30 mm,图8给出了3组不同多孔参数的预测、仿真和反演结果。其中图8(a)所用多孔参数为ϕ=0.6ϕ=0.6、s¯=400 μms¯=400 μm、σs=0.2σs=0.2;图8(b)所用多孔参数为ϕ=0.7ϕ=0.7、s¯=600 μms¯=600 μm、σs=0.5σs=0.5;图8(c)所用多孔参数为ϕ=0.9ϕ=0.9、s¯=800 μms¯=800 μm、σs=0.7σs=0.7。结果显示:3组多孔参数的无规则入射吸声谱在500 ~ 2 000 Hz频段总体呈递增趋势,吸声系数在0 ~ 0.4随频率逐渐增大,无规则入射吸声谱在2 000 ~ 4 000 Hz频段呈现平台特征,吸声系数总体维持在0.4附近,幅值波动较小。预测值、仿真值和反演值均吻合良好。
根据相同厚度下不同多孔参数的仿真吸声谱进行参数反演,取10次反演参数的平均值作为最终结果,3组反演结果和相对误差如表5表6所示。其中,第1组反演数据来自图8(a),反演结果为ϕ=0.604ϕ=0.604、s¯=411 μms¯=411 μm、σs=0.211σs=0.211,平均孔隙分布标准差的反演相对误差最大δ(σs)=5.3%δ(σs)=5.3%;第2组反演数据来自图8(b),反演结果为ϕ=0.707ϕ=0.707、s¯=653 μms¯=653 μm、σs=0.520σs=0.520,平均孔隙的反演相对误差最大δ(s¯)=8.8%δ(s¯)=8.8%;第3组反演数据来自图8(c),反演结果为ϕ=0.894ϕ=0.894、s¯=846 μms¯=846 μm、σs=0.706σs=0.706,平均孔隙的反演相对误差最大δ(s¯)=5.8%δ(s¯)=5.8%。数据显示:对于相同厚度下3组不同多孔参数的反演值,3组反演值与仿真设定值均比较接近,反演参数的最大相对误差不超过9%,反演结果具有较高精度。
表7给出了上述3组多孔参数10次反演数值的相对标准差。其中,第1组至第3组反演参数的最大相对标准差分别为RS(σs)= RS(σs)= 9.2×10-49.2×10-4、RS(s¯) RS(s¯) =3.8×10-4=3.8×10-4、RS(s¯)=1.7×10-4RS(s¯)=1.7×10-4。表明:3组反演参数的最大相对标准偏差小于1.0 × 10-3,所反演多孔参数总体上呈现良好收敛性。
本团队研究了基于无规则声入射的多孔材料参数反演方法,建立了关于多孔参数和无规则入射吸声系数的理论关系,并基于所建立理论关系、遗传算法和仿真手段反演多孔声学模型参数,分析了反演参数的精度与收敛性。研究表明:相关预测、仿真、反演结果吻合良好,多孔参数反演值的相对误差小于9.0%,多次反演结果的相对标准差小于1.0 × 10-3,基于无规则声入射的多孔参数反演方法精度较高,所反演多孔参数稳定收敛。本研究为多孔参数反演分析提供了一种新方法,具有潜在的学术研究和工程应用价值。
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2025年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2025.06.08
  • 接收时间:2025-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-18
  • 修回日期:2025-08-28
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    中国航空工业集团公司北京长城计量测试技术研究所,北京100095

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王辰辰
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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