Article(id=1246845546409910927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1545753600000, receivedDateStr=2018-12-26, revisedDate=1554739200000, revisedDateStr=2019-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775200743533, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1577203200000, pubDateStr=2019-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775200743533, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775200743533, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200743533, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246845538742719188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775200741706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200890782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=134, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246845548267987647, articleId=1246845546409910927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Environmental quality assessment and influence factor of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea, columnId=1243954928637559095, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Chemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the concentrations and spatial distributions of heavy metals in 404 surface sediments from the Bohai Sea, we evaluated the marine sediment environmental quality indexes, such as heavy metal potential ecological risk, geoaccumulation index. Moreover, the factors that impact on the concentrations of heavy metals in surface sediments were also analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentrations of all eight heavy metals were highest in the Bohai Bay, and were lowest in the Bohai Strait. The potential ecological risks of Cd and Hg elements were high and moderate-high, respectively. The assessment of total potential ecological risk revealed Bohai Sea belongs to moderate potential ecological risk. Only few stations of Cr and Ni exceed the upper limit of toxic threshold, and the others are less than the lower limit of toxic threshold. This implies the occurrence probability of toxic pollution is low. The concentrations and spatial distributions of heavy metals were mainly dominated by grain size effect of surface sediments from the Bohai Sea. However, Cd element which was rich in the Jinzhou Bay and Fuzhou Bay of Liaodong Bay was mainly contributed by human activities. Hg element, supplied by Yellow River possible impacted by human activities, was rich in the Yellow River Delta and Laizhou Bay.

, correspAuthors=Jihua Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Aimei Zhu, Hui Zhang, Jingjing Cui, Ningjing Hu, Jihua Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246845550272865110, articleId=1246845546409910927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=渤海沉积物重金属环境质量评价及其影响因素, columnId=1243954928834691394, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋化学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于渤海404个站位的沉积物重金属元素含量与分布特征,通过潜在生态风险、地累积指数等指标定量评价了沉积物中重金属的环境质量,利用富集因子和主成分分析法,对影响渤海表层沉积物中重金属元素分布特征的影响因素进行了分析。研究结果显示,渤海湾重金属元素平均含量最高,渤海海峡最低;渤海Cd具有强潜在生态风险,Hg具有中等−强潜在生态风险,总潜在生态风险程度为中等;Cr和Ni的少量站位超过毒性阈值上限,其余重金属污染物含量均低于毒性阈值下限,表明渤海发生沉积物重金属的毒性污染的概率很低。沉积物中粒度效应控制的重金属元素含量对渤海表层沉积物中的重金属元素的分布具有主要影响,人类活动所造成的污染主要是Cd,主要分布于辽东湾的锦州湾和复州湾,其次通过河流进入海洋的Hg对黄河三角洲及莱州湾有重要影响,亟需引起注意。

, correspAuthors=刘季花, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘季花(1965—),女,山西省太西县人,研究员,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=npYhgyjVEcRSEwF+23mIYQ==, magXml=urzGm71VOi72EWBNdZKhbw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=RTRSRzC+Vw6hHfJDRECJAg==, pdfFileSize=23191091, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=hiuQIeD5LetEHxbGvxjwTQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ESrDeb5DcBxyaoITfyUZug==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱爱美(1982—),女,江苏省如东县人,高级工程师,主要从事分析化学及海洋地球化学研究。E-mail:

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朱爱美(1982—),女,江苏省如东县人,高级工程师,主要从事分析化学及海洋地球化学研究。E-mail:

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朱爱美(1982—),女,江苏省如东县人,高级工程师,主要从事分析化学及海洋地球化学研究。E-mail:

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2 Key Laboratory of State Oceanic Administration for Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, Ministry Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
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Toxicity prediction standard of heavy metals in the ocean surface sediments[24]

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毒性阈值 Ni Cr Cd Hg As Cu Pb Zn
下限/μg·g−1 23.2 78.3 1.04 0.18 16.1 38.2 53.0 153.5
上限/μg·g−1 58.3 268.5 5.76 0.66 54.3 214.6 296.0 396.2
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334485930823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海洋沉积物重金属毒性预测标准[24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
毒性阈值 Ni Cr Cd Hg As Cu Pb Zn
下限/μg·g−1 23.2 78.3 1.04 0.18 16.1 38.2 53.0 153.5
上限/μg·g−1 58.3 268.5 5.76 0.66 54.3 214.6 296.0 396.2
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334704034634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The statistical characteristics of heavy metals and spatial distributions of surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计项目 Cd Hg As Cu Pb Ni Cr Zn
平均值/μg·g−1 0.20 0.04 9.18 19.99 24.03 25.42 57.95 66.15
5%值/μg·g−1 0.08 0.01 5.21 5.78 14.61 9.15 25.64 28.78
95%值/μg·g−1 0.37 0.08 14.27 34.54 32.95 40.20 83.24 105.31
相对变幅 2.30 3.25 1.44 1.84 1.20 1.78 1.81 1.87
相对标准偏差 0.020 0.026 0.015 0.023 0.011 0.019 0.016 0.019
相对变异系数 2.050 13.795 0.034 0.023 0.009 0.015 0.005 0.006
), ArticleFig(id=1254506335232516943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

渤海底质沉积物重金属元素含量与空间分布统计特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计项目 Cd Hg As Cu Pb Ni Cr Zn
平均值/μg·g−1 0.20 0.04 9.18 19.99 24.03 25.42 57.95 66.15
5%值/μg·g−1 0.08 0.01 5.21 5.78 14.61 9.15 25.64 28.78
95%值/μg·g−1 0.37 0.08 14.27 34.54 32.95 40.20 83.24 105.31
相对变幅 2.30 3.25 1.44 1.84 1.20 1.78 1.81 1.87
相对标准偏差 0.020 0.026 0.015 0.023 0.011 0.019 0.016 0.019
相对变异系数 2.050 13.795 0.034 0.023 0.009 0.015 0.005 0.006
), ArticleFig(id=1254506335433843537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mean concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments from different geomorphic units in the Bohai Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地貌单元 Cd含量/μg·g−1 Hg含量/μg·g−1 As含量/μg·g−1 Cu含量/μg·g−1 Pb含量/μg·g−1 Ni含量/μg·g−1 Cr含量/μg·g−1 Zn含量/μg·g−1 总和
渤海湾 0.25 0.03 11.81 28.02 24.34 33.00 72.36 87.63 257.50
辽东湾 0.23 0.04 8.13 18.49 24.86 23.45 53.04 64.74 193.02
莱州湾 0.13 0.05 11.47 18.59 20.74 26.72 61.44 57.20 196.38
中央盆地 0.17 0.04 9.70 21.14 24.00 27.07 62.08 66.83 211.07
渤海海峡 0.14 0.03 7.72 14.28 22.01 18.89 46.88 48.80 158.76
辽东浅滩 0.24 0.04 7.47 15.69 22.82 19.94 53.95 54.80 174.99
), ArticleFig(id=1254506335853273941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

渤海不同地貌单元沉积物重金属元素平均含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地貌单元 Cd含量/μg·g−1 Hg含量/μg·g−1 As含量/μg·g−1 Cu含量/μg·g−1 Pb含量/μg·g−1 Ni含量/μg·g−1 Cr含量/μg·g−1 Zn含量/μg·g−1 总和
渤海湾 0.25 0.03 11.81 28.02 24.34 33.00 72.36 87.63 257.50
辽东湾 0.23 0.04 8.13 18.49 24.86 23.45 53.04 64.74 193.02
莱州湾 0.13 0.05 11.47 18.59 20.74 26.72 61.44 57.20 196.38
中央盆地 0.17 0.04 9.70 21.14 24.00 27.07 62.08 66.83 211.07
渤海海峡 0.14 0.03 7.72 14.28 22.01 18.89 46.88 48.80 158.76
辽东浅滩 0.24 0.04 7.47 15.69 22.82 19.94 53.95 54.80 174.99
), ArticleFig(id=1254506336004268888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correlations of heavy metals related components in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea(p<0.05, n=404)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mz Al2O3 Fe2O3 Cr Zn Ni Cu Cd Pb As Hg
Mz 1.00
Al2O3 0.81 1.00
Fe2O3 0.91 0.89 1.00
Cr 0.88 0.78 0.92 1.00
Zn 0.87 0.86 0.93 0.86 1.00
Ni 0.92 0.86 0.97 0.92 0.93 1.00
Cu 0.90 0.87 0.97 0.88 0.93 0.96 1.00
Cd 0.36 0.28 0.30 0.44 0.37 0.31 0.29 1.00
Pb 0.72 0.78 0.79 0.65 0.82 0.77 0.79 0.23 1.00
As 0.62 0.59 0.72 0.64 0.67 0.72 0.72 0.18 0.52 1.00
Hg 0.49 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.55 0.48 0.43 0.48 0.54 0.25 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1254506336172041053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

渤海沉积物中重金属相关组分相关关系(p<0.05,n=404)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mz Al2O3 Fe2O3 Cr Zn Ni Cu Cd Pb As Hg
Mz 1.00
Al2O3 0.81 1.00
Fe2O3 0.91 0.89 1.00
Cr 0.88 0.78 0.92 1.00
Zn 0.87 0.86 0.93 0.86 1.00
Ni 0.92 0.86 0.97 0.92 0.93 1.00
Cu 0.90 0.87 0.97 0.88 0.93 0.96 1.00
Cd 0.36 0.28 0.30 0.44 0.37 0.31 0.29 1.00
Pb 0.72 0.78 0.79 0.65 0.82 0.77 0.79 0.23 1.00
As 0.62 0.59 0.72 0.64 0.67 0.72 0.72 0.18 0.52 1.00
Hg 0.49 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.55 0.48 0.43 0.48 0.54 0.25 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1254506338097226592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Potential ecological risk indexes of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指数 $E_r^{{i} }$ RI
Cd Hg As Cu Pb Ni Cr Zn
最小值 8.31 2.72 3.57 0.74 2.23 0.60 0.18 0.09 37.30
最大值 219.23 211.28 20.75 12.98 9.42 10.05 3.63 1.99 402.18
平均值 92.53 61.39 11.92 6.66 6.01 5.30 1.90 1.02 186.01
), ArticleFig(id=1254506338378244962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

渤海表层沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指数 $E_r^{{i} }$ RI
Cd Hg As Cu Pb Ni Cr Zn
最小值 8.31 2.72 3.57 0.74 2.23 0.60 0.18 0.09 37.30
最大值 219.23 211.28 20.75 12.98 9.42 10.05 3.63 1.99 402.18
平均值 92.53 61.39 11.92 6.66 6.01 5.30 1.90 1.02 186.01
), ArticleFig(id=1254506338592154470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Geoaccumulation indexes(I geo)of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cd Hg Cu Pb As Ni Zn Cr
最小值 −2.44 −4.46 −3.34 −1.75 −2.07 −3.64 −4.01 −4.03
最大值 2.28 1.82 0.79 0.33 0.47 0.42 0.41 0.27
平均值 0.91 −0.18 −0.35 −0.36 −0.40 −0.64 −0.68 −0.76
), ArticleFig(id=1254506338789286761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

渤海表层沉积物重金属地累积指数(I geo

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cd Hg Cu Pb As Ni Zn Cr
最小值 −2.44 −4.46 −3.34 −1.75 −2.07 −3.64 −4.01 −4.03
最大值 2.28 1.82 0.79 0.33 0.47 0.42 0.41 0.27
平均值 0.91 −0.18 −0.35 −0.36 −0.40 −0.64 −0.68 −0.76
), ArticleFig(id=1254506338868978540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

The principal component analysis of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分 Zn Ni Cu Cr Pb As Hg Cd 特征值 方差贡献
PC1 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.91 0.82 0.70 0.56 0.42 5.24 65.5
PC2 0.00 −0.16 −0.15 −0.05 0.04 −0.41 0.49 0.77 1.06 13.2
PC3 −0.04 −0.06 −0.09 −0.18 0.17 0.04 0.63 −0.43 0.65 8.2
), ArticleFig(id=1254506339036750704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845546409910927, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

渤海表层沉积物中重金属元素主成分分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分 Zn Ni Cu Cr Pb As Hg Cd 特征值 方差贡献
PC1 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.91 0.82 0.70 0.56 0.42 5.24 65.5
PC2 0.00 −0.16 −0.15 −0.05 0.04 −0.41 0.49 0.77 1.06 13.2
PC3 −0.04 −0.06 −0.09 −0.18 0.17 0.04 0.63 −0.43 0.65 8.2
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渤海沉积物重金属环境质量评价及其影响因素
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朱爱美 1, 2 , 张辉 1, 2 , 崔菁菁 1, 2 , 胡宁静 1, 2, 3 , 刘季花 1, 2, 3, *
海洋学报 | 海洋化学 2019,41(12): 134-144
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海洋学报 | 海洋化学 2019, 41(12): 134-144
渤海沉积物重金属环境质量评价及其影响因素
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朱爱美1, 2 , 张辉1, 2, 崔菁菁1, 2, 胡宁静1, 2, 3, 刘季花1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2 自然资源部海洋沉积与环境地质重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 3 青岛国家海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 朱爱美(1982—),女,江苏省如东县人,高级工程师,主要从事分析化学及海洋地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘季花(1965—),女,山西省太西县人,研究员,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:
Environmental quality assessment and influence factor of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea
Aimei Zhu1, 2 , Hui Zhang1, 2, Jingjing Cui1, 2, Ningjing Hu1, 2, 3, Jihua Liu1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of State Oceanic Administration for Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, Ministry Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 3 Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2019-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.013
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基于渤海404个站位的沉积物重金属元素含量与分布特征,通过潜在生态风险、地累积指数等指标定量评价了沉积物中重金属的环境质量,利用富集因子和主成分分析法,对影响渤海表层沉积物中重金属元素分布特征的影响因素进行了分析。研究结果显示,渤海湾重金属元素平均含量最高,渤海海峡最低;渤海Cd具有强潜在生态风险,Hg具有中等−强潜在生态风险,总潜在生态风险程度为中等;Cr和Ni的少量站位超过毒性阈值上限,其余重金属污染物含量均低于毒性阈值下限,表明渤海发生沉积物重金属的毒性污染的概率很低。沉积物中粒度效应控制的重金属元素含量对渤海表层沉积物中的重金属元素的分布具有主要影响,人类活动所造成的污染主要是Cd,主要分布于辽东湾的锦州湾和复州湾,其次通过河流进入海洋的Hg对黄河三角洲及莱州湾有重要影响,亟需引起注意。

渤海  /  表层沉积物  /  重金属  /  环境质量评价  /  影响因素

Based on the concentrations and spatial distributions of heavy metals in 404 surface sediments from the Bohai Sea, we evaluated the marine sediment environmental quality indexes, such as heavy metal potential ecological risk, geoaccumulation index. Moreover, the factors that impact on the concentrations of heavy metals in surface sediments were also analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentrations of all eight heavy metals were highest in the Bohai Bay, and were lowest in the Bohai Strait. The potential ecological risks of Cd and Hg elements were high and moderate-high, respectively. The assessment of total potential ecological risk revealed Bohai Sea belongs to moderate potential ecological risk. Only few stations of Cr and Ni exceed the upper limit of toxic threshold, and the others are less than the lower limit of toxic threshold. This implies the occurrence probability of toxic pollution is low. The concentrations and spatial distributions of heavy metals were mainly dominated by grain size effect of surface sediments from the Bohai Sea. However, Cd element which was rich in the Jinzhou Bay and Fuzhou Bay of Liaodong Bay was mainly contributed by human activities. Hg element, supplied by Yellow River possible impacted by human activities, was rich in the Yellow River Delta and Laizhou Bay.

Bohai Sea  /  surface sediment  /  heavy metals  /  environmental quality assessment  /  influence factor
朱爱美, 张辉, 崔菁菁, 胡宁静, 刘季花. 渤海沉积物重金属环境质量评价及其影响因素. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (12) : 134 -144 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.013
Aimei Zhu, Hui Zhang, Jingjing Cui, Ningjing Hu, Jihua Liu. Environmental quality assessment and influence factor of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the Bohai Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (12) : 134 -144 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.013
渤海是我国唯一的内海,同时也是环渤海经济区的重要组成部分,由辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾、渤海中央盆地和渤海海峡等5个部分组成[1]。黄河、海河、辽河、滦河等大中型河流入海[1-2],发育有辽东浅滩[3]、渤海泥质区[4]等独特的沉积现象,是我国东部陆架源–汇体系的重要组成部分[5]
此外,渤海也是我国进行沉积物环境地球化学研究最早的海域[6],受发展历史影响,辽东湾、渤海湾已经成为我国重金属污染最为严峻的区域之一[78]。自20世纪80年代开始,已经有诸多针对重金属环境质量评价的工作在渤海尤其是辽东湾、渤海湾海岸带地区展开[9-10]。基于表层沉积物与210Pb年代学基础的柱状样中沉积物的重金属元素研究表明,黄河三角洲及莱州湾地区为高速沉积区,辽东湾沉积速率较低[9-10]。辽东湾特别是锦州湾是渤海重金属污染最为严重的地区[8],天津海岸带地区污染形势亦较为严峻[7],产生危害的重金属主要为Cd和Hg[7]。针对渤海湾、辽东湾、莱州湾等重点海湾的研究,也进行了沉积物中重金属分布特征、污染程度、污染物来源等方面的分析[7, 11-12]。海岸带、河口等地区的研究表明,表层沉积物中重金属污染很大程度上来源于人类活动[7-8]
尽管对渤海地区沉积物中重金属元素特征已经开展了长期的详尽研究,但研究区主要以河口和海岸带地区为主,局限于单个海湾,缺少整个渤海的详细定量研究[7, 11-12]。因此,本文对整个渤海沉积物进行研究,分析了8种重金属元素(Cd、Hg、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、As、Cu)的含量与分布,计算了海洋沉积物的主要环境质量评价指标(重金属潜在生态风险、地累积指数、富集因子、一致性沉积物质量基准),对渤海沉积物环境质量进行了定量评价,并分析了影响重金属元素分布的主要因素,冀望为渤海地区的环境保护与开发利用提供科学参考。
表层沉积物样品采集工作于2007年8月由科研考察船“勘407”完成,采样站位分布见图1(采样站位大部分集中在渤海海域,少部分分布于渤海海峡东部的黄海海域)。使用箱式取样器采集样品,用塑料勺小心取其中央未受干扰的表层沉积物样品(0~2 cm),并密封保存于聚乙烯样品袋中,−20℃条件下保存。样品经冷冻干燥后用玛瑙研钵研磨,过200目筛,充分混合均匀后保存样品袋中,放入干燥器待测。
沉积物粒度、元素、分析均在自然资源部海洋沉积与环境地质重点实验室完成,具体测试过程如下:
取表层沉积物适量进行粒度测试(约2 g),用30%的H2O2去除有机质,再用5 mL质量分数为10%的HCl溶液去除碳酸盐后用蒸馏水洗盐,经超声波分散后用Mastersizer 2000型激光粒度仪(英国马尔文公司)进行测定。利用Folk-Ward公式[13]计算每个样品的平均粒径(Mz)值。挑选10%的样品进行了重复性粒径分析,测试结果相对偏差小于5%。
称取0.05 g烘干的沉积物粉末样品,在密闭的10 mLTelfon罐中依次加入1.5 mL高纯HF溶液和1.5 mL的高纯HNO3溶液,放入烘箱190℃消解48 h后蒸干,去除HF后用2%HNO3溶液定容至50 g,待测。采用ICP-OES(iCap 6300型,美国Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.生产)测定主量元素(Al、Fe)含量,利用ICP-MS(X series Ⅱ型,美国Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.生产)测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cd含量。实验样品按照样品数的10%比例插入标准物质(GBW07309、GBW07313、GBW07314、GBW07316)进行质控,所有分析项目在分析过程中均设置空白组与重复组。标准物质各元素的回收率均大于95%,表明测试结果准确可靠。
As和Hg的测定过程如下:称取0.25 g样品于25 mLPFA管型瓶管中,准确加入新配制的1∶1王水10 mL,再置于95℃水浴中加热1 h以上。取下冷却至室温,加Milli-Q水定容至25 mL,静置过夜。分取上清液2 mL于15 mL离心管中,加入2 mL 5%硫脲−抗坏血酸溶液,6 mL 30%HCl溶液定容至10 mL,预还原30 min后,上机测定As。另取8 mL上清原液上机测定Hg。
重金属潜在生态风险评价具有简洁、快速、标准化的特点[14],广泛应用于沉积物重金属环境质量评价中,计算公式如下[15]
$C_f^i = \frac{{{C^i}}}{{C_n^i}},$
$E_r^i = T_r^i \cdot C_f^i,$
$RI = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {E_r^i} ,$
式中, $C_f^i$ $T_r^i$ $E_r^i$ 分别为第i种重金属的污染系数、毒性系数和潜在生态危害系数; ${C^i}$ 为沉积物重金属质量分数实测值; $C_n^i$ 为参考值,本次研究采用20世纪90年代前中国陆架海洋沉积物中重金属丰度值,Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Cd、Pb、Hg的评价参考值分别为61 μg/g、15 μg/g、65 μg/g、24 μg/g、7.7 μg/g、0.065 μg/g、20 μg/g、0.025 μg/g(下同)[16]RI为多种重金属潜在危害指数。
地累积指数不仅考虑了自然过程中不同重金属元素的自然分布过程,而且充分考虑了人类活动对重金属元素的影响,是区分人类活动影响的重要参数,亦广泛应用于沉积物环境质量评价中[17],公式如下[18]
${I_{\rm {geo}}} = {\log _2}\left[ {{{{C_n}} / {\left( {k \cdot {B_n}} \right)}}} \right],$
式中,Cn 是第n种重金属元素的实测质量浓度;Bn 是该元素的地球化学背景值,本次研究采用20世纪90年代前中国陆架海洋沉积物中重金属丰度值[11, 16]k为系数,与岩石差异而引起的背景值变动有关[11],通常取1.5。
富集因子是用于定量评价沉积物重金属污染程度与污染来源的重要指标[19],计算公式见式(5)[20]
$EF = {\left( {Me/Al_2O_3} \right)_{\text{样品}}}/{\left( {Me/Al_2O_3} \right)_{\text{背景}}},$
式中,Me为重金属元素,Al 2 O 3为标准化元素,本次研究采用20世纪90年代前中国陆架海洋沉积物中重金属丰度值[21]
重金属元素与生物大分子作用,可以改变生物大分子的正常生理和代谢功能,导致生物体中毒甚至死亡,沉积物中重金属毒性效应预测具有重要的现实意义[22]。目前,一致性沉积物质量标准因其高准确性、强普适性已经成为沉积物毒性效应预测的重要评价指标之一[23]。海洋沉积物中一致性沉积物质量基准见表1。其中,沉积物中重金属含量低于毒性阈值下限时,毒性发生的概率通常低于25%;重金属含量高于毒性阈值上限时,毒性发生的概率通常高于75%,需要引起极大的重视[23]
对渤海沉积物中重金属元素含量及其空间分布特征进行了统计分析(表2)。结果显示,Zn含量最高,平均含量66.15 μg/g,Hg含量最低,平均含量0.04 μg/g。Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr含量与Zn的平均含量分别为0.20 μg/g、9.18 μg/g、19.99 μg/g、24.03 μg/g、25.42 μg/g、57.95 μg/g。Hg在不同站位之间差别较大,相对变幅为3.25,相对标准差为0.026,相对变异系数13.795。Pb元素不同站的差异最小,相对变幅为1.20,相对标准偏差为0.011,相对变异系数为0.009。
渤海沉积物中重金属元素分布特征(图2)表明,重金属元素整体上具有相似的分布特征。重金属元素在渤海泥质区、渤海湾、莱州湾、辽东湾北部及东南部含量较高,而在秦皇岛−曹妃甸、辽东湾潮流沙脊、渤海海峡等处含量较低。渤海湾总重金属元素平均含量为257.50 μg/g,较中央盆地、莱州湾、辽东湾整体偏高(表3),仅在东南部靠近黄河三角洲地区含量较低(图2)。其中,渤海湾Hg含量偏低,平均值仅为0.03 μg/g,其余重金属元素在渤海海域均属最高。渤海中央海盆总重金属元素平均含量为211.07 μg/g,仅次于渤海湾,但Cd、Pb含量则低于辽东湾。莱州湾总重金属元素平均含量为196.38 μg/g,Hg含量在整个渤海最高,达到0.05 μg/g,As含量也较中央盆地高。辽东湾总重金属元素平均含量为193.02 μg/g,Cd、Hg、As含量也较高。渤海海峡、辽东浅滩总重金属元素平均含量分别为158.76 μg/g和174.99 μg/g。相对而言,渤海海峡更加富集As,而辽东浅滩更加富集Cr和Zn。
渤海表层沉积物中粒度、Al2O3、Fe2O3、重金属元素含量空间分布(图2)具有明显的一致性,对相关组分进行了相关性分析(表4)。结果表明,平均粒径、Al2O3、Fe2O3、重金属元素含量呈显著相关,并且重金属元素与Fe2O3的相关性较与平均粒径、Al2O3的相关性更高。Cr、Zn、Ni、Cu与Fe2O3均呈极强相关,Pb、As与Fe2O3呈强相关,Hg与Fe2O3则显示中等程度相关,Cd与Fe2O3呈弱相关。重金属元素之间也仅有Cd元素与其他元素呈中等程度弱相关,其余大部分多为强–极强相关。
渤海表层沉积物中单因子重金属元素潜在生态风险指数(表5)由高到低分别为Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn。其中,Cd的潜在风险指数平均值为92.53,达到强潜在生态风险等级,Hg的潜在风险指数平均值为61.39,属中等潜在生态风险等级,其余重金属元素皆为轻微潜在生态风险等级(表5图3)。
渤海表层沉积物中绝大部分站位的Cd具有等于或超过中等程度的重金属潜在生态风险,仅在六股河口南侧、滦河口北侧、曹妃甸北侧、莱州湾东南等少数地区属轻微等级的重金属潜在生态风险(图3a)。其中,有55%的站位Cd元素具有强的重金属潜在生态风险,主要分布在辽东湾、渤海湾北部及东南部、莱州湾西北部(图3a),约6%站位的Cd重金属具有极强的重金属潜在生态风险,全部分布在辽东湾,主要分布于辽东湾西北部及东南部工业发达地区(图3a)。渤海表层沉积物中大部分站位Hg具有等于或超过中等程度的重金属潜在生态风险,仅在六股河口南侧、秦皇岛−曹妃甸、渤海湾东南、莱州湾东南及渤海海峡等少数地区属轻微等级的重金属潜在生态风险(图3b)。其中,有23%站位的Hg具有强的重金属潜在生态风险,主要分布在辽东湾北部及东南部、渤海湾西部、莱州湾北部、渤海泥质区中北部(图3b),有7个站位的Hg具有极强的重金属潜在生态风险,全部分布在莱州湾,主要分布于辽东湾西北部及东北部(图3b)。整体上,渤海中67%站位的重金属元素存在中等程度的综合潜在生态风险,强综合潜在生态风险站位主要分布于辽东湾西北部,零星分布于辽东湾东北部及东南部、莱州湾东北部(图3d),占总站位的4%。
表6显示,渤海表层沉积物中重金属地累积指数由高到底为Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、As、Ni、Zn、Cr。其中,Cd元素I geo平均值为0.91,属1级的无−中等程度污染,接近中等程度污染。其余重金属元素I geo平均值全部小于0,属无污染程度。
渤海表层沉积物重金属地累积指数分布(图4)显示,绝大部分站位Cd的地累积指数均属1级及以上,属无−中污染程度(图4a)。其中,43%站位Cd的地累积指数属2级及以上,属中等程度污染,主要分布在辽东湾、渤海湾北部、黄河三角洲地区(图4a);约4%站位Cd的地累积指数属3级及以上,属中−强程度污染,主要分布在辽东湾西北部,辽东湾东南部亦有1个站位分布(图4a)。约43%站位Hg的地累积指数均属1级及以上,属无−中污染程度(图4b),主要分布在辽东湾、渤海湾西部及莱州湾北部。其中,约6%站位Hg的地累积指数均属2级及以上,属中等污染程度(图4b),主要分布在辽东湾西北部、莱州湾北部地区。Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni和As所有站位的地累积指数均属0级或1级。以As为例,仅有21.5%站位为无−中等程度污染(图4c),属1级,其余站位全部为无污染的0级。
主成分分析表明(表7),PC1方差贡献达65.5%,PC2方差贡献13.2%,PC3方差贡献8.2%,以上三者累积方差贡献达87.0%。其中,PC1中Zn、Ni、Cu、Cr所占载荷最高,均超过0.9,Pb也达到了0.82,As为0.70,仅Hg和Cd较低,分别为0.56和0.42。PC2中Cd元素的载荷最高,为0.77,Hg元素次之,为0.49,As载荷为−0.41。PC3中Hg元素载荷最高,为0.63,Cd元素载荷次之,为–0.43。
PC1载荷空间分布与Fe2O3和Al2O3一致性较高,均分布于沉积物粒度较细的渤海湾、辽东湾西北部与东部、渤海泥质区及莱州湾湾口区域(图5a)。PC2高载荷主要分布于辽东湾的西北部及东南部的复州湾地区,在渤海盆地、渤海湾等地也有零星的分布,呈现明显的北部高、南部低的特征(图5b)。PC3高载荷主要分布于莱州湾地区,在渤海湾有一个明显的低载荷集中分布区(图5c)。
按照一致性沉积物标准[23]对渤海表层沉积物生物毒性效应进行了划分(图6)。结果表明,全部沉积物均低于毒性阈值的上限,说明渤海存在生物中毒的可能性不高。进一步的分析发现,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg在所有站位的含量均低于毒性阈值的下限,出现生物中毒的可能性较低,Cr则在渤海泥质区存在高于毒性阈值下限的现象,主要来源于天津地区,少量来自锦州湾。Ni元素在出现高于毒性阈值下限的站位更多,超过了50%,主要来自渤海湾、黄河、锦州湾及复州湾地区,需要引起重视。
渤海表层沉积物富集因子分布显示(图7),Zn的富集程度最低,全部站位均属无富集状态。Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb次之,属无富集−轻微富集状态。Hg、As的少数站位属中等程度富集,表明可能受到人类活动影响。As的个别站位为高度富集,明显受到人类活动影响。Cd的富集程度最高,可能受到较多的人类活动影响,在辽东湾西北部的锦州湾和东南部的复州湾则明显受到人类活动的影响。
Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb等富集程度低,表明受人类活动影响的可能性较低,这5种元素又是构成PC1组分的主要元素,表明PC1组分受人类活动影响的可能性应当也较低。另外,PC1空间分布显示与Fe2O3和Al2O3的空间分布具有较高的一致性,而后者的空间分布主要受粒度效应控制。因此,PC1组分受人类活动影响的可能性较低,而是受自然沉积过程中的粒度效应影响,该组分在主成分分析中的方差贡献高达65.5%,是渤海沉积物中重金属元素的控制性组分[5]
Cd在PC2组分中载荷最高,且在该元素受人类活动影响最为显著,PC2载荷中分布较高Hg和Cd同样受到一定程度的人类活动的影响,表明PC2组分主要受人类活动的影响。另外,PC2高载荷主要分布于辽东湾西北部的锦州湾和东南部的复州湾等近代重工业发达地区,推测PC2主要与人类活动产生的污染有关[8, 11]
PC3组分主要与Hg和Cd均有关,而Hg和Cd则是受人类活动影响最为强烈的两种金属元素。另外,PC3高载荷主要分布于沉积速率较高的莱州湾湾口地区,推测可能与河流输送的污染有关[12]
不同指标评价下的沉积物重金属元素通常即具有一致性又有所区别。通常同一种元素在不同的指标体系中均显示相同的较高或较低的趋势,但是受具体评价体系的影响,可能会导致具体站位在不同评价体系中显示不同的评价值。以Cd元素为例,该元素在重金属潜在生态风险评价(图3a)、地累积指数(图4a)和富集因子(图7a)评价中均属污染程度最高的一种元素,但是在重金属潜在生态风险评价中有55%的站位具有强的重金属潜在生态风险,6%站位的具有极强的重金属潜在生态风险,而在地累积指数评价中仅有43%站位属中等程度污染,约4%站位属中−强程度污染,两者均明显低于重金属潜在生态风险评价。因此,在具体的重金属环境评价过程中,应当注意相同评价指标的对比。
(1)渤海表层沉积物中重金属Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr和Zn的平均含量分别为0.20、0.04、9.18、19.99、24.03、25.42、57.95、66.15 μg/g,从高到低分别为:渤海湾、中央盆地、莱州湾、辽东湾、渤海海峡,重金属含量最高的地区位于辽东湾西北部。
(2)潜在生态风险评价表明,Cd多处于强潜在生态风险状态,Hg为中等−强潜在生态风险,其余元素潜在生态风险较低,总潜在生态风险为中等程度,仅辽东湾西北部为强潜在生态风险。地累积指数表明,Cd的Igeo 平均值为0.91,属1级的无−中等程度污染,接近中等程度污染,其余重金属元素I geo平均值全部小于0,属无污染程度。
(3)一致性沉积物质量基准表明,仅Cr和Ni的含量超过毒性效应阈值下限,且未超过阈值上限,需要引起一定程度的重视,主要毒性来源于渤海湾、锦州湾及复州湾等地,其余重金属元素含量均小于毒性效应阈值下限,生物中毒的可能性较低。
(4)富集因子、主成分分析表明,沉积物中由粒度效应所决定的重金属元素含量是渤海表层沉积物重金属含量的控制性因素,人类活动污染占次要因素,河流输运对黄河三角洲及莱州湾影响较大。
  • 海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201205003);国际海底区域开发“十三五”课题(DY135-R2-1-03)。
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2019年第41卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.013
  • 接收时间:2018-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-12-26
  • 修回日期:2019-04-09
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海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201205003);国际海底区域开发“十三五”课题(DY135-R2-1-03)。
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    1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
    2 自然资源部海洋沉积与环境地质重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    3 青岛国家海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061

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*刘季花(1965—),女,山西省太西县人,研究员,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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