Article(id=1246845545990480517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1539014400000, receivedDateStr=2018-10-09, revisedDate=1545321600000, revisedDateStr=2018-12-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775200743434, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1577203200000, pubDateStr=2019-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775200743434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775200743434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200743434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246845538742719188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775200741706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200890782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=78, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246845548741944031, articleId=1246845545990480517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Relationship between the habitat factors and the abundance of small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) in Haizhou Bay based on the Tweedie-GAM model, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

According to the data collected from bottom-trawl surveys in Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters during spring and fall in 2011 and 2013–2016, generalized additive model (GAM) based on the Tweedie distribution was used to examine the relationship between the distribution of small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) and environment factors in different seasons and ontogenetic stages. Combined with the bottom sea water temperature (BSWT), bottom sea water salinity (BSWS), water depth, sediment types, and abundance of prey (Crangon affinis, Leptochela gracilis, Engraulis japonicus, Thrissa kammalensis), the conditional index k and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) were used to measure the degree of multicollinearity between these factors. The results of multicollinearity indicated that all factors can be used as explanatory variables. The results of Tweedie-GAM show that the factors affecting the distribution of small yellow croaker and their deviance explained varied greatly with seasons (spring and fall) and ontogenetic stages (juvenile and adult). For example, the factors affecting the spring-juvenile small yellow croaker distribution were BSWT, BSWS, water depth and the abundance of C. affinis, which depth had the largest deviance explained (16.09%). In addition, the factors affecting the spring-adultl yellow croaker distribution were BSWT, BSWS, water depth and the abundance of C. affinis and E.japonicus, which BSWS had the largest deviance explained (13.56%). The distribution of small yellow croaker in different seasons and ontogenetic stages was found to be closely related to its ecological habits, environmental factors and distribution of prey in Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters.

, correspAuthors=Ying Xue, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yunlei Zhang, Binduo Xu, Chongliang Zhang, Yiping Ren, Ying Xue), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246845550419665760, articleId=1246845545990480517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于Tweedie-GAM模型研究海州湾小黄鱼资源丰度与栖息环境的关系, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究根据2011年及2013—2016年春季和秋季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深、底质类型,以及脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)、细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)、鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)等小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)主要饵料生物的资源丰度数据,采用条件数κ和方差膨胀因子(VIF)度量多重共线性的程度,选取关键环境因子,再应用基于Tweedie分布的广义可加模型(GAM)研究不同季节和不同生长阶段的小黄鱼资源丰度与环境因子的关系。多重共线性的检验表明,所有初始变量之间没有显著的多重共线性,均可作为解释变量代入模型。结果表明:不同季节和生长阶段,影响小黄鱼资源分布的主要因子及其偏差解释率各不相同,各变量所对应的适宜范围也不同。例如:影响春季小黄鱼幼体资源分布的主要因子有底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深和脊腹褐虾的分布,其中偏差解释率最大的因子为水深(16.09%);而影响春季成体资源分布的因子为底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深及脊腹褐虾和鳀的分布,其中偏差解释率最大的因子为底层海水盐度(13.56%)。本研究表明,海州湾及其邻近海域不同季节和不同生长阶段小黄鱼的资源分布与其自身的生态习性、海洋环境以及饵料生物的分布密切相关。

, correspAuthors=薛莹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*薛莹,教授,主要从事渔业生态学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=I8BjbMXcRe6wK/Tw+LfzCA==, magXml=Pj3KXEwOEp8Sfj9nDapGYg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Ng6dPl6EXZHM9oik/oF6gg==, pdfFileSize=2497050, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=0ZxbSLj2TmopeH36DlT8Ew==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IZiPJocxrI4qO6V7/MNIxQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张云雷(1994—),男,河南省永城市人,研究方向为渔业生态学。E-mail:

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张云雷(1994—),男,河南省永城市人,研究方向为渔业生态学。E-mail:

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The solid line in the figure represents the effect, and the dotted line represents the 95% confidence interval of the effect

, figureFileSmall=aJFi8HWs10rEge2glIXEfA==, figureFileBig=ONXIX8Oj6wvq3MY4fWubbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330211939096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=CN, label=图3, caption=环境因子及饵料生物对海州湾春季小黄鱼幼体资源丰度分布的影响

图中实线表示影响效应,虚线表示影响效应的95%置信区间

, figureFileSmall=aJFi8HWs10rEge2glIXEfA==, figureFileBig=ONXIX8Oj6wvq3MY4fWubbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330522317595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effects of different environmental and prey factors on small yellow croaker adults’ abundance from the GAM analysis in the Haizhou Bay during spring

The solid line in the figure represents the effect, and the dotted line represents the 95% confidence interval of the effect

, figureFileSmall=Is5LHfJjI3FyIRd30leFog==, figureFileBig=hRAU6W90KVr3FqSoaTZeDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330883027743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=CN, label=图4, caption=环境因子及饵料生物对海州湾春季小黄鱼成体资源丰度分布的影响

图中实线表示影响效应,虚线表示影响效应的95%置信区间

, figureFileSmall=Is5LHfJjI3FyIRd30leFog==, figureFileBig=hRAU6W90KVr3FqSoaTZeDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331025634081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effects of different environmental and prey factors on small yellow croaker juveniles’ abundance from the GAM analysis in the Haizhou Bay during fall

The solid line in the figure represents the effect, and the dotted line represents the 95% confidence interval of the effect

, figureFileSmall=L5JNL2Py0myqzzPWWLopFA==, figureFileBig=BjcCTzgTHAoHrHreRYwWGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331235349286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=CN, label=图5, caption=环境因子及饵料生物对海州湾秋季小黄鱼幼体资源丰度分布的影响

图中实线表示影响效应,虚线表示影响效应的95%置信区间

, figureFileSmall=L5JNL2Py0myqzzPWWLopFA==, figureFileBig=BjcCTzgTHAoHrHreRYwWGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331365372715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effects of different environmental and prey factors on small yellow croaker adults’ abundance from the GAM analysis in the Haizhou Bay during fall

The solid line in the figure represents the effect, and the dotted line represents the 95% confidence interval of the effect

, figureFileSmall=+JDVWQiNUktgYBp9CKD5Zg==, figureFileBig=cCY7B4ttgya3EolPz1YzHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331612836654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=CN, label=图6, caption=环境因子及饵料生物对海州湾秋季小黄鱼成体资源丰度分布的影响

图中实线表示影响效应,虚线表示影响效应的95%置信区间

, figureFileSmall=+JDVWQiNUktgYBp9CKD5Zg==, figureFileBig=cCY7B4ttgya3EolPz1YzHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331755442993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test and degree of multicollinearity of factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
度量变量 春季幼体 春季成体 秋季幼体 秋季成体
条件数 ${\rm{\kappa }}$ 11.009 11.806 2.250 2.986
初始变量
底层海水温度 1.815 1.853 1.017 1.030
底层海水盐度 1.264 1.303 1.062 1.062
水深 1.666 1.676 1.143 1.168
底质类型 1.606 1.715 1.218 1.295
细螯虾的分布 1.082 1.098 1.087 1.126
脊腹褐虾的分布 1.353 1.360 1.066 1.070
鳀的分布 1.065 1.062
赤鼻棱鳀的分布 1.079 1.137
), ArticleFig(id=1254506333345084212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

影响因子的多重共线性检验及各因子的共线性程度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
度量变量 春季幼体 春季成体 秋季幼体 秋季成体
条件数 ${\rm{\kappa }}$ 11.009 11.806 2.250 2.986
初始变量
底层海水温度 1.815 1.853 1.017 1.030
底层海水盐度 1.264 1.303 1.062 1.062
水深 1.666 1.676 1.143 1.168
底质类型 1.606 1.715 1.218 1.295
细螯虾的分布 1.082 1.098 1.087 1.126
脊腹褐虾的分布 1.353 1.360 1.066 1.070
鳀的分布 1.065 1.062
赤鼻棱鳀的分布 1.079 1.137
), ArticleFig(id=1254506333756126008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of each factors in the optimal GAM model of four small yellow croaker groups

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模型 赤池信息准则(AIC) ∆AIC 残偏差 累积解释偏差/% 偏差解释率/%
春季幼体
底层海水盐度 212.43 438.55 9.82 9.82
+水深 208.44 –3.99 399.09 25.91 16.09
+脊腹褐虾的分布 206.48 –1.95 323.47 35.50 9.58
+底层海水温度 204.88 –1.60 290.34 43.53 8.03
春季成体
水深 451.05 147.11 3.76 3.76
+底层海水盐度 449.50 –1.55 150.81 17.32 13.56
+底层海水温度 446.38 –3.12 143.27 22.57 5.25
+脊腹褐虾的分布 445.59 –0.79 134.94 28.84 6.27
+鳀的分布 445.07 –0.52 127.56 35.42 6.58
秋季幼体
水深 360.54 379.10 25.11 25.11
+底层海水温度 352.30 –8.23 274.99 41.47 16.36
+底层海水盐度 350.42 –1.88 215.57 47.16 5.69
+细螯虾的分布 347.18 –3.24 144.13 54.35 7.19
秋季成体
水深 791.82 189.29 20.82 20.82
+沉积物类型 786.27 –5.55 212.45 36.77 15.95
+底层海水盐度 781.15 –5.12 196.49 41.97 5.21
+赤鼻棱鳀的分布 776.39 –4.76 191.00 46.64 4.67
+细螯虾的分布 775.09 –1.30 192.36 48.82 2.18
+脊腹褐虾的分布 773.81 –1.28 184.15 50.93 2.11
+底层海水温度 771.30 –2.51 175.81 52.89 1.96
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334058115900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545990480517, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海州湾小黄鱼最优GAM模型中各影响因子的相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 赤池信息准则(AIC) ∆AIC 残偏差 累积解释偏差/% 偏差解释率/%
春季幼体
底层海水盐度 212.43 438.55 9.82 9.82
+水深 208.44 –3.99 399.09 25.91 16.09
+脊腹褐虾的分布 206.48 –1.95 323.47 35.50 9.58
+底层海水温度 204.88 –1.60 290.34 43.53 8.03
春季成体
水深 451.05 147.11 3.76 3.76
+底层海水盐度 449.50 –1.55 150.81 17.32 13.56
+底层海水温度 446.38 –3.12 143.27 22.57 5.25
+脊腹褐虾的分布 445.59 –0.79 134.94 28.84 6.27
+鳀的分布 445.07 –0.52 127.56 35.42 6.58
秋季幼体
水深 360.54 379.10 25.11 25.11
+底层海水温度 352.30 –8.23 274.99 41.47 16.36
+底层海水盐度 350.42 –1.88 215.57 47.16 5.69
+细螯虾的分布 347.18 –3.24 144.13 54.35 7.19
秋季成体
水深 791.82 189.29 20.82 20.82
+沉积物类型 786.27 –5.55 212.45 36.77 15.95
+底层海水盐度 781.15 –5.12 196.49 41.97 5.21
+赤鼻棱鳀的分布 776.39 –4.76 191.00 46.64 4.67
+细螯虾的分布 775.09 –1.30 192.36 48.82 2.18
+脊腹褐虾的分布 773.81 –1.28 184.15 50.93 2.11
+底层海水温度 771.30 –2.51 175.81 52.89 1.96
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基于Tweedie-GAM模型研究海州湾小黄鱼资源丰度与栖息环境的关系
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张云雷 1 , 徐宾铎 1 , 张崇良 1 , 任一平 1, 2 , 薛莹 1, *
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019,41(12): 78-89
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019, 41(12): 78-89
基于Tweedie-GAM模型研究海州湾小黄鱼资源丰度与栖息环境的关系
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张云雷1 , 徐宾铎1, 张崇良1, 任一平1, 2, 薛莹1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266071
  • 张云雷(1994—),男,河南省永城市人,研究方向为渔业生态学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*薛莹,教授,主要从事渔业生态学研究。E-mail:
Relationship between the habitat factors and the abundance of small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) in Haizhou Bay based on the Tweedie-GAM model
Yunlei Zhang1 , Binduo Xu1, Chongliang Zhang1, Yiping Ren1, 2, Ying Xue1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2019-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.008
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本研究根据2011年及2013—2016年春季和秋季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深、底质类型,以及脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)、细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)、鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)等小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)主要饵料生物的资源丰度数据,采用条件数κ和方差膨胀因子(VIF)度量多重共线性的程度,选取关键环境因子,再应用基于Tweedie分布的广义可加模型(GAM)研究不同季节和不同生长阶段的小黄鱼资源丰度与环境因子的关系。多重共线性的检验表明,所有初始变量之间没有显著的多重共线性,均可作为解释变量代入模型。结果表明:不同季节和生长阶段,影响小黄鱼资源分布的主要因子及其偏差解释率各不相同,各变量所对应的适宜范围也不同。例如:影响春季小黄鱼幼体资源分布的主要因子有底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深和脊腹褐虾的分布,其中偏差解释率最大的因子为水深(16.09%);而影响春季成体资源分布的因子为底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深及脊腹褐虾和鳀的分布,其中偏差解释率最大的因子为底层海水盐度(13.56%)。本研究表明,海州湾及其邻近海域不同季节和不同生长阶段小黄鱼的资源分布与其自身的生态习性、海洋环境以及饵料生物的分布密切相关。

Tweedie分布  /  广义可加模型  /  饵料生物  /  多重共线性  /  资源分布

According to the data collected from bottom-trawl surveys in Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters during spring and fall in 2011 and 2013–2016, generalized additive model (GAM) based on the Tweedie distribution was used to examine the relationship between the distribution of small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) and environment factors in different seasons and ontogenetic stages. Combined with the bottom sea water temperature (BSWT), bottom sea water salinity (BSWS), water depth, sediment types, and abundance of prey (Crangon affinis, Leptochela gracilis, Engraulis japonicus, Thrissa kammalensis), the conditional index k and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) were used to measure the degree of multicollinearity between these factors. The results of multicollinearity indicated that all factors can be used as explanatory variables. The results of Tweedie-GAM show that the factors affecting the distribution of small yellow croaker and their deviance explained varied greatly with seasons (spring and fall) and ontogenetic stages (juvenile and adult). For example, the factors affecting the spring-juvenile small yellow croaker distribution were BSWT, BSWS, water depth and the abundance of C. affinis, which depth had the largest deviance explained (16.09%). In addition, the factors affecting the spring-adultl yellow croaker distribution were BSWT, BSWS, water depth and the abundance of C. affinis and E.japonicus, which BSWS had the largest deviance explained (13.56%). The distribution of small yellow croaker in different seasons and ontogenetic stages was found to be closely related to its ecological habits, environmental factors and distribution of prey in Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters.

Tweedie distribution  /  GAM  /  prey  /  multicollinearity  /  resource distribution
张云雷, 徐宾铎, 张崇良, 任一平, 薛莹. 基于Tweedie-GAM模型研究海州湾小黄鱼资源丰度与栖息环境的关系. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (12) : 78 -89 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.008
Yunlei Zhang, Binduo Xu, Chongliang Zhang, Yiping Ren, Ying Xue. Relationship between the habitat factors and the abundance of small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) in Haizhou Bay based on the Tweedie-GAM model[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (12) : 78 -89 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.008
小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)隶属鲈形目、石首鱼科、黄鱼属,系暖温性底层鱼类[1]。广泛分布于黄海、渤海、东海及朝鲜半岛西岸海域,主要集中在28°00′N以北、125°30′E以西,水深不超过100 m的海域[2]。近年来,受捕捞压力和气候变化的影响,小黄鱼的种群数量及其生物学特征发生较大的变化[3]。尽管实行了伏季休渔制度,补充群体得到了保护,资源有所恢复,但渔获物仍呈现小型化、低龄化、性成熟提前的特点[4]。另外,小黄鱼摄食生态学的研究表明[5-6],不同海域其优势饵料种类也有所不同,但主要饵料生物均为甲壳类。小黄鱼的食物组成随生长阶段而变化[7],随着体长的增大,鱼类、虾类等饵料生物的比例增大。在体长达100 mm之后,营养生态位宽度明显增加[8]
广义可加模型(Generalized Additive Model,GAM)采用平滑函数研究高维数据中响应变量与解释变量之间的非线性关系[9],在渔业中常被用来分析渔业资源数量分布与环境因子之间的关系[10],以及每个因子的重要程度[11]。例如,陈新军和田思泉[12]应用GAM模型分析海水表面温度对西北太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)资源状况的影响;李敏等[13]利用GAM模型分析时空和环境因子对海州湾方氏云鳚(Pholis fangi)资源丰度分布的影响。然而,常规GAM模型的概率密度函数常使用对数正态分布或者伽马分布,这些概率密度函数不允许存在0值的数据。但实际调查中资源丰度数据存在大量0值数据,使得资源丰度呈偏态分布(主要是正偏态分布)。因此必须对资源丰度为0的数据进行相应的处理,而Tweedie分布较适合拟合资源丰度存在较多0值的情况,能够处理包含0值的数据[14]。有关研究也表明,在分析存在0值的CPUE数据时,Tweedie分布要优于其他方法[15],因此基于Tweedie分布的GAM(Tweedie-GAM)更加适用上述数据的分析。
海州湾位于在山东省与江苏省交界处,毗邻黄海,宽42 km,海岸线长96.81 km,面积约876.39 km2,为新月形海湾[16-17]。湾内水质肥沃,饵料生物丰富,曾是我国著名的渔场之一,也是小黄鱼的产卵场、育幼场和索饵场[18]。然而,由于过度捕捞、气候变化以及环境污染的影响,海州湾小黄鱼的生物学特征发生较大的变化。另外,在不同季节和不同生长阶段鱼类对各种环境因子的适应能力是不同的,其最为适宜的环境条件也会随之出现差异[19-20]。因此,在此背景下研究该海域不同季节和不同生长阶段小黄鱼的资源分布与环境因子的关系,有助于深入了解其渔业资源状况及其资源分布对环境因子的响应。
本研究根据2011年及2013—2016年春季(5月)和秋季(9—10月)在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的渔业资源和环境调查数据,研究了小黄鱼资源丰度的分布,并应用Tweedie-GAM模型分析其与环境因子和饵料生物之间的关系,探讨生物和非生物因子对不同生长阶段和不同季节小黄鱼资源分布的影响,以期为合理预测海州湾小黄鱼资源的时空变动以及生态系统模型的构建提供科学依据。
小黄鱼样品采自海州湾及其邻近海域(34°20′~35°40′N,119°20′~121°10′E)2011年及2013—2016年春季和秋季开展的底拖网调查。采用分层随机取样的方法设计调查站位[21],根据水深、底质、纬度等差异将调查海域分为5个区域(图1),每个航次在各个区域中随机选取一定数量的站位。2011年每个航次设置24个站位,2013年以后对站位设置进行了优化,将站位数设置为18个。
调查船为单拖渔船,功率为220 kW,拖速在2~3 kn之间,在每站拖曳时间约1 h,调查网具网口高度约6 m,网囊网目约17 mm。在每一调查站位使用CTD同步测定水深、水温、盐度等环境数据。根据《海洋调查规范》[22]进行样品的采集、处理和分析。根据50%性成熟体长,小黄鱼成体和幼体的临界体长为103.55 mm[23]。在进行数据分析前对调查数据进行拖速2 kn和拖曳时间1 h的标准化处理,采用单位面积内的渔获尾数(ind./km2)作为相对资源丰度。
选取小黄鱼的资源丰度作为响应变量。根据前期小黄鱼空间分布的相关研究[7, 24],针对小黄鱼的幼体,选取底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深、底质类型4个环境因子和细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)、脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)2个饵料因子的分布,共6个因子作为初始解释变量;针对成体,选取底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深、底质类型4个环境因子和细螯虾、脊腹褐虾、鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)4个饵料因子的分布,共8个因子作为初始解释变量。本研究采用条件数 ${\rm{\kappa }}$ [9]和方差膨胀因子(VIF)[25]度量多重共线性的程度,并对选取的初始因子进行多重共线性检验,筛选得到可以加入模型的因子。
${x_{\left( 1 \right)}}$ ${x_{\left( 2 \right)}}$ ,···, ${x_{\left( p \right)}}$ 是初始因子, ${\boldsymbol X_1}$ ${\boldsymbol X_2}$ ,···, ${\boldsymbol X_p}$ 是经过中心化和标准化得到的向量,记 ${\boldsymbol X} = \left( {{x_{\left( 1 \right)}},{x_{\left( 1 \right)}}, \ldots ,{x_{\left( p \right)}}} \right)$ ,设 $\lambda $ ${\boldsymbol X^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol X$ 的一个特征值, $\boldsymbol\varphi$ 为对应的特征向量,其长度为1,即 ${\boldsymbol\varphi^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol\varphi = 1$ 。度量多重共线性严重程度的一个重要指标是矩阵 ${X^T}X$ 的条件数,即
${\rm{\kappa }}\left( {{\boldsymbol X^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol X} \right) = \left\| {{\boldsymbol X^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol X} \right\| \cdot \left\| {{{\left( {{\boldsymbol X^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol X} \right)}^{ - 1}}} \right\| = \frac{{{\lambda _{\max}}\left( {{\boldsymbol X^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol X} \right)}}{{{\lambda _{\min}}\left( {{\boldsymbol X^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol X} \right)}},$
式中, ${\lambda _{\max}}\left( {{\boldsymbol X^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol X} \right)$ ${\lambda _{\min}}\left( {{\boldsymbol X^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol X} \right)$ 分别表示矩阵 ${\boldsymbol X^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol X$ 的最大、最小特征值。条件数表征了 ${\boldsymbol X^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol X$ 的特征值差异的大小,若 ${\rm{\kappa }} < 100$ ,则认为多重共线性程度很小;若 $100 \leqslant {\rm{\kappa }} \leqslant 1\;000$ ,则认为存在中等程度或较强的多重共线性;若 ${\rm{\kappa }} > 1\;000$ ,则认为存在严重的多重共线性[9]
VIF的平方根表示变量回归参数的置信区间能膨胀与模型无关的预测变量的程度。通过使用R语言中的car包中的vif函数确定VIF值。一般认为, $\sqrt {vif} > 2$ 即存在多重共线问题[25]
Tweedie分布是指数散布族分布中一类特殊的概率分布,由英国统计学家Tweedie在1984年首次提出[26]。一般用 ${T_{{W_p}}}\left( {\theta ,\;\phi } \right)$ 来表示,并由方差函数 ${V_{\left( \mu \right)}} = {\mu ^p}$ 完全确定。Tweedie类分布中包含了几个常见的重要分布,p=0, 1, 2, 3分别对应于正态分布、泊松分布、伽玛分布和逆高斯分布[26-27]。在1<p<2时,相应的 ${T_{{W_p}}}\left( {\theta ,\;\phi } \right)$ 是一个复合泊松分布。其概率密度方程为[17]
$f\left( {y:\theta ,\phi ,p} \right) = {\rm{\alpha }}\left( {y:\phi ,p} \right){\rm{exp}}\left\{ { - \frac{1}{{2{\sigma ^2}}}d\left( {y:\theta ,p} \right)} \right\},$
式中, $\theta $ 为Tweedie类分布的规范参数, $\phi $ 为分散参数, $p$ 为能效参数, $p \in \left( { - \infty } \right.\left. {,0} \right] \cup \left[ {\left. {1, + \infty } \right)} \right.$ $d\left( {y:\theta ,p} \right)$ 为单位偏差,σ为标准差。
GAM模型的一般表达式如下[10]
$g\left( Y \right) = \alpha + \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n {f_i}\left( {{x_i}} \right) + \varepsilon ,$
式中, $Y$ 是小黄鱼资源丰度(ind./km2),即各调查站位的渔获数量;函数 $g\left( Y \right)$ 为联系函数,本文采用的联系函数为自然对数[28] ${x_i}$ 表示解释变量,即各站位的环境和饵料生物因子; $\alpha$ 是适合函数的截距, $\varepsilon $ 表示残差, ${f_i}\left( {{x_i}} \right)$ 为用来描述 $g\left( Y \right)$ 与第 $i$ 个解释变量关系的平滑函数,可通过局部加权回归平滑或样条平滑得到,本研究采用样条平滑法。
建立的Tweedie-GAM模型为[14, 27]
$\left\{ {\begin{aligned} & {Y \sim {T_{{W_p}}}\left( {\theta ,\;\phi } \right)} \\ & {\mu = E\left( Y \right)} \\ & {\ln\left( \mu \right) = X\boldsymbol\alpha + s\left( {factors} \right)} \end{aligned}} \right.,$
式中, $\,\mu = E\left( Y \right)$ 为小黄鱼资源丰度的期望值;解释变量中 $X$ 为线性部分的影响因子的指示变量,向量 $\boldsymbol\alpha = $ $ \left( {{\alpha _0},{\alpha _1}, \ldots ,{\alpha _n}} \right)$ 为模型截距项和各变量的系数等 $n$ 个待估参数; $s$ 为自然样条平滑; $factors$ 为因子变量。
首先要通过调用R 3.5.1统计软件中Tweedie软件包里相应的tweedie.profile函数确定能效参数 $p$ [15, 29],进而确定小黄鱼的资源丰度数据服从Tweedie类中的哪种分布。
依照赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion,AIC),在AIC值最小的因子预测函数上依次加入其他因子,进而得到AIC值最小的多因子预测模型[13, 30]。当模型的AIC值不再变化,构建过程结束,即得到最适模型。通过AIC[31]、方差解释率、残差偏差等检验模型的拟合效果。其中,AIC值越低,模型的拟合效果越好[32];方差解释率越高,模型拟合效果越好。
AIC由以下公式计算:
${{AIC}} = 2k - 2\ln L,$
式中, $k$ 是参数的个数, $L$ 是似然函数。
海州湾小黄鱼的资源分布在不同季节和不同生长阶段呈现出不同的分布规律(图2)。其中,秋季的资源丰度高于春季,成体的资源丰度高于幼体。春季,小黄鱼幼体的分布范围较小,主要集中于35°N以南的沿岸海域和120.8°E附近海域;小黄鱼成体的分布范围较幼体的明显扩大,主要分布在35°N以北的沿岸海域和35°N以南的全部海域。秋季,小黄鱼幼体的空间分布范围与春季大致相同,但资源丰度值较春季高;小黄鱼成体的空间分布范围与春季大致相同,主要分布在30 m以浅的海域(图2)。
通过条件数 ${\rm{\kappa }}$ 和VIF度量多重共线性的程度,对选取的初始因子进行多重共线性检验(表1)。小黄鱼4个类群(春季幼体、春季成体、秋季幼体、秋季成体)的条件数 ${\rm{\kappa }}$ 均小于100,且4个分类组的候选变量的 $\sqrt {vif} $ 值均小于2。故表1中的因子均可作为本研究的初始变量,即春季幼体和秋季幼体选取底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深、底质类型、细螯虾的分布和脊腹褐虾的分布共6个影响因子;春季成体和秋季成体选取底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深、底质类型、细螯虾的分布、脊腹褐虾的分布、鳀的分布和赤鼻棱鳀的分布共8个影响因子。
通过计算得出小黄鱼4个类群Tweedie分布中的能效参数p分别为1.614、1.655、1.578和1.600。1<p<2,相应的4个类群 ${T_{{W_p}}}\left( {\theta ,\phi } \right)$ 均服从复合泊松分布。利用AIC最小原则,通过逐步向前法,筛选后的GAM最优模型依次为:
a. 春季幼体: ${\rm{lg}}\left( {Y + 1} \right) = {\rm{\alpha }} + {S_1}\left( {\text{底层海水温度}} \right) + $ ${S_2}\left( {\text{底层海水盐度}} \right) + {S_3}\left( {\text{水深}} \right) + {S_4}\left( {\text{脊腹褐虾丰度}} \right) + \varepsilon$
b. 春季成体: ${\rm{lg}}\left( {Y + 1} \right) = {\rm{\alpha }} + {S_1}\left( {\text{底层海水温度}} \right) + $ ${S_2}\left( {\text{底层海水盐度}} \right) +{S_3}\left( {\text{水深}} \right) \,+ {S_4}\left( {\text{脊腹褐虾丰度}}\right) +\,{S_5}$ $ \left( {\text{鳀丰度}} \right) + \varepsilon $
c. 秋季幼体: ${\rm{lg}}\left( {Y + 1} \right) = {\rm{\alpha }} + {S_1}\left({\text{底层海水温度}} \right) + $ ${S_2}\left( {\text{底层海水盐度}} \right) + {S_3}\left( {\text{水深}} \right) + {S_4}\left( {\text{细鳌虾丰度}} \right) + \varepsilon$
d. 秋季成体: $ {\rm{lg}}\left( {Y + 1} \right) = {\rm{\alpha }} + {S_1}\left( {\text{底层海水温度}} \right) + {S_2} $ $ \left( {\text{底层海水盐度}} \right) + {S_3}\left( {\text{水深}} \right) + {S_4} \left( {\text{脊腹褐虾丰度}} \right) +{S_5} \left( {\text{细}}\right.\,$ $ \left.{\text{鳌虾丰度}} \right) + {S_6}\left( {\text{赤鼻棱鳀丰度}} \right) +{\text{底质类型}}+ \varepsilon \;$
式中,S为自然样条平滑。
小黄鱼最优GAM模型及各影响因子的相关参数表明(表2),春季影响幼体资源分布的变量为底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深和脊腹褐虾的分布,累积偏差解释率为45.53%,其中偏差解释率最大的因子为水深(16.09%),最小的是底层海水温度(8.03%);影响成体资源丰度分布的变量为底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深、脊腹褐虾的分布和鳀的分布,累积偏差解释率为35.42%,其中偏差解释率最大的因子为底层海水盐度(13.56%),最小的是水深(3.76%)。
秋季,影响幼体资源分布的变量为底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深和细螯虾的分布,累积偏差解释率为54.35%,其中偏差解释率最大的因子为水深(25.11%),最小的是底层海水盐度(5.69%);影响成体资源分布的变量为底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深、底质类型、脊腹褐虾的分布、细螯虾的分布和赤鼻棱鳀的分布,累积偏差解释率为52.89%,其中偏差解释率最大的因子为水深(20.82%),最小的是底层海水温度(1.96%)。
底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深和脊腹褐虾的分布对海州湾春季小黄鱼幼体资源分布的影响如图3所示。春季小黄鱼幼体的资源丰度随底层海水温度的升高呈先增大后降低再增大的趋势,在底层海水温度大于18°C时出现峰值;随底层海水盐度的增大而增大,盐度对资源丰度具有正的效应;随水深的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,在约15 m水深处资源丰度最大;脊腹褐虾资源丰度对小黄鱼幼体资源分布的影响呈波动状,在其资源丰度大于8 个/km2(自然对数转换后)时,小黄鱼幼体的资源丰度呈增加的趋势(图3)。
底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深、脊腹褐虾的分布和鳀的分布对海州湾春季小黄鱼成体资源丰度的影响如图4所示。春季小黄鱼成体的资源丰度随底层海水温度的增大而增大;随底层海水盐度的增大先减小后增大,盐度值在30.3时出现资源丰度最小值,盐度值在31.3~32时具有明显的正效应;随水深的增加呈逐渐下降的趋势;脊腹褐虾资源丰度对春季小黄鱼成体资源丰度的影响呈波动上升趋势;鳀资源丰度(自然对数转换后)在大于5 ind./km2时春季小黄鱼成体的资源丰度呈上升趋势(图4)。
底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深和细鳌虾分布对海州湾秋季小黄鱼幼体资源丰度的影响如图5所示。秋季小黄鱼幼体的资源丰度随底层海水温度的升高呈平缓增大的趋势;随底层海水盐度的增大呈先平缓增大后下降的趋势,盐度值在30时资源丰度最大;随水深的增加呈先下降后增大的趋势,在水深约 20 m处资源丰度最小;随细鳌虾的资源丰度增加呈平缓增大的趋势(图5)。
底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深、脊腹褐虾的分布、细鳌虾的分布、赤鼻棱鳀的分布以及底质类型对海州湾秋季小黄鱼成体资源丰度的影响如图6所示。秋季小黄鱼成体的资源丰度随底层海水温度的增大而平缓增大;随底层海水盐度的增大逐渐增大,盐度值在30~32时资源丰度最高;随着水深的增大,资源丰度呈逐渐下降的趋势,在23~40 m水深时资源丰度基本保持不变;脊腹褐虾资源丰度对秋季小黄鱼成体资源丰度的影响呈先下降后增加的趋势;小黄鱼成体资源丰度随细螯虾和赤鼻棱鳀资源丰度的增加基本呈增大的趋势;小黄鱼成体资源丰度较高的底质类型主要为粗砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂质黏土和黏土质砂(图6)。
有学者曾提出西北太平洋区系小黄鱼种群学说,他们认为小黄鱼群体可以分为3个地理种群,即黄海和渤海群、南黄海群和东海群[33-35]。仲霞铭等[36]在研究江苏近海小黄鱼时空分布时,基于种群学说,通过分析小黄鱼3个地理种群的栖息范围和洄游路径,推断出江苏近岸海域的小黄鱼资源主要受南黄海群支配,另外,也受黄海和渤海群以及东海群的影响[37]。海州湾位于黄海中南部,是小黄鱼的产卵场之一[18],按照3个地理种群学说理论,该海域的小黄鱼主要涉及到南黄海群、黄海和渤海群。
本研究表明,海州湾小黄鱼幼体集中分布在35°N以南的近岸海域,而成体主要分布在35°N以南的江苏近岸海域,35°N以北的海域也有零星分布。金显仕等[38]研究发现黄、渤海小黄鱼主要产卵期为4—5月,由南向北略有推迟,产卵区一般分布在河口区和入海径流较大的沿海区。结合本研究春季幼体和成体小黄鱼的资源分布可推测,达到性成熟的小黄鱼群体陆续洄游至35°N以南、10 m等深线处的江苏沿岸海域进行产卵、孵化,这与邹易阳等[39]在海州湾小黄鱼栖息地适宜性研究中的得出的小黄鱼产卵群体的适宜分布区范围大致相同。
本研究发现,春季小黄鱼主要分布在该海域35°N以南,35°N以北海域分布较少;而秋季小黄鱼密集分布在黄海东南部的深水区域[40],分布范围较春季出现向北延伸的趋势。秋季调查月份主要为10月下旬,小黄鱼洄游至深水区为越冬洄游做准备[38]。另外,结合黄海和渤海群越冬海域所处位置及生殖洄游路线等[33-34]分析,黄海和渤海群进入江苏近岸海域进行产卵的群体数量十分有限,对江苏近岸海域的影响较小[36]
鱼类对各种环境因子的适应能力受到季节及生长阶段的影响,在不同的季节和生长阶段,其最为适宜的环境条件会发生变化[19-20]。本研究表明,底层海水温度、底层海水盐度、水深这3个环境因子均影响小黄鱼4个组群(春季幼体、春季成体、秋季幼体、秋季成体)资源分布的主要因子。除春季成体外,其余3个组群中对小黄鱼资源丰度空间分布影响较大的环境因子为水深,是因为水深直接影响水体的温度、盐度、水色、光照、透明度和含氧量等,从而能够间接地影响鱼类及其饵料的生存,使鱼类分布受到限制[41]。水温是影响鱼类生存、生长和繁殖的重要环境因子之一,它能够影响渔汛期长短、渔期早晚、中心渔场分布和鱼群的集群行为,还能通过影响饵料生物的行为和分布影响鱼类的洄游分布[39, 19-20]。盐度能够影响鱼类的生长代谢等生理活动,盐度一旦发生变化就会致使鱼类自身通过内部生理变化来调节体内外渗透压的平衡,迫使其生长和摄食等活动发生相应变化[39],同时还能够通过水团、海流影响鱼类行为[41],并直接影响鱼类生长速度和初始生长时间[42]
有关研究表明[34, 38-39],春季小黄鱼主要集中分布于底层海水温度16~17°C、底层海水盐度31~32的近岸或河口附近,其产卵的适宜底层海水温度为16~22°C,适宜底层海水盐度是31.59~34.65[4]。本研究发现,小黄鱼幼体在底层海水温度17~18°C,底层海水盐度31~32时资源丰度较大;成体在底层海水温度15~18°C,底层海水盐度31.3~32时资源丰度较大。较高的水温和适宜的盐度为成体性腺的发育、鱼卵的孵化提供保障,也为幼体的生长提供必要的环境条件。另外,近岸海域受大陆径流、海流水团等因素的影响,营养盐丰富,既能为成体的繁殖活动提供适宜的场所,又能为幼体的生长发育提供充足的饵料供给,有利于孵化后的幼体进行索饵和生长[17]。秋季小黄鱼密集分布在底层海水温度19.2~22.9°C,底层海水盐度31.6~32.8的海域[38-39],并有向外海移动的趋势[34]。本研究发现,幼体在底层海水温度20.5~24°C,底层海水盐度30时资源丰度较大;成体在底层海水温度20~23°C,底层海水盐度32时资源丰度较大。秋季是小黄鱼的主要索饵季节,水温的变化直接或间接影响饵料生物的分布,从而间接影响小黄鱼的空间分布。
小黄鱼的食物组成随着个体的生长发育,摄食鱼类和虾类等较大个体饵料的比例开始增大,其营养生态位也随之变宽[8]。本研究表明,在选取的饵料生物中,影响小黄鱼幼体分布的仅为脊腹褐虾的分布,而影响成体分布的除脊腹褐虾的分布外,还有鳀的分布。这可能是因为随着体长的增大,小黄鱼的口器、齿及鳃耙等摄食器官正在逐步发育,故摄食饵料生物的种类和比例也随体长增加发生明显转变[5-7]。研究表明,对春季小黄鱼成体影响较大的饵料因子为赤鼻棱鳀的分布,由于春季到达产卵场的小黄鱼多为繁殖群体,充足的饵料可以保证其生殖活动的顺利进行。
GAM模型被广泛应用于研究渔业资源分布与影响因子之间的关系[11-12]。GAM模型的概率密度函数为对数正态分布或者伽马分布,这些概率密度函数不允许存在0值数据。但实际调查中,不同物种对环境及生物变量有着不同的适宜性,因此资源丰度的数据中常存在大量的0值,使得资源丰度呈偏态分布(主要是正偏态分布)。有学者研究表明,基于Tweedie分布建立的GAM模型对于变量的分析更加灵活准确[15, 27, 43]。为提高GAM模型中资源丰度与变量间的拟合度,需要对0值数据进行相应的处理,而Tweedie分布较适合拟合资源丰度存在较多0值的情况[14]
Tweedie分布既属于指数分布族,又包含正态分布、泊松分布等常用概率分布的特殊分布族,Tweedie-GAM模型为研究物种分布提供新的方法。但Tweedie分布中关于参数p的计算方法仍需要更加深入的研究。其次,本研究选取的环境和饵料生物丰度因子是基于调查获得的数据,其他因子例如海洋环流和气候因子等没有考虑,有待在今后的研究中加以改进。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFE0104400);国家自然科学基金项目(31772852);中央高校基本科研业务费专项(201562030,201612004)。
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2019年第41卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.008
  • 接收时间:2018-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-10-09
  • 修回日期:2018-12-21
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFE0104400);国家自然科学基金项目(31772852);中央高校基本科研业务费专项(201562030,201612004)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266071

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*薛莹,教授,主要从事渔业生态学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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