Article(id=1246845545592021617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1554998400000, receivedDateStr=2019-04-12, revisedDate=1563724800000, revisedDateStr=2019-07-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775200743339, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1577203200000, pubDateStr=2019-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775200743339, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775200743339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200743339, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246845538742719188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775200741706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200890782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246845545965314692, articleId=1246845545592021617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=A study on particulate nitrogen isotope distribution, isotope characteristics and controlling factors in the southern Yellow Sea in summer, columnId=1243954928637559095, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Chemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Yellow Sea is a semi-enclosed marginal sea that is significantly impacted by human activities. One of the major characteristics of Yellow Sea is the long-term existence of intensive cold water mass in summer. In order to study the cycling of particulate nitrogen in summer Yellow Sea, we analyzed the organic carbon and nitrogen content and isotope of the suspended particulate matter and of the surface sediments in South Yellow Sea in summer, 2016. We focus on the spatial variances in particulate nitrogen content, isotope character and the controlling factors respectively in coastal waters and cold water masse realm. In the coastal waters, the particulate nitrogen (PN) are comparatively higher and the vertical variances of nitrogen isotope (δ15NPN) are small, while total nitrogen content (TN) in coastal sediment are lower and the nitrogen isotope (δ15NTN) are mostly negative. In central south Yellow Sea where cold water masses exists, the PN is characterized of low content, significant vertical variances in δ15NPN, while TN in sediment are characterized of high content and positive δ15NTN. We further run bottom critical shear stress simulation and environmental factors analysis, and found out that the spatial variances of particulate nitrogen content and nitrogen isotopes in the South Yellow Sea was mainly controlled by the vertical mixing in water column, benthic boundary dynamic processes, and partially contributed by re-mineralization and terrestrial PN input.

, correspAuthors=Yu Xin, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Maojun Yan, Shuhang Dong, Xiaosong Zhong, Xiaoyan Ning, Yu Xin), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246845549559833374, articleId=1246845545592021617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=夏季南黄海颗粒氮同位素分布特征及影响因素研究, columnId=1243954928834691394, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋化学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄海是人类活动影响显著的半封闭陆架边缘海,在夏季存在特征鲜明的冷水团结构。为研究南黄海颗粒态氮的循环转化过程,本文通过分析2016年夏季南黄海水体颗粒物和表层沉积物的碳、氮含量及同位素,探讨南黄海近岸海域和冷水团海域颗粒物和表层沉积物氮含量、同位素的分布差异和影响因素。近岸海域颗粒氮(Particulate Nitrogen,PN)呈现出含量较高、氮同位素值(δ15NPN)垂向差异较小、沉积物总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)含量较低且氮同位素值(δ15NTN)偏负的分布特征;冷水团海域PN呈现出含量低、δ15NPN垂向差异显著、沉积物TN含量高且δ15NTN偏正的分布特征。通过海底边界剪切应力模拟、环境因子分析并结合颗粒物与沉积物δ15N示踪分析,发现南黄海海域颗粒态氮及同位素分布主要受到水体/底边界动力过程影响,陆源输入和矿化过程亦共同参与调控。

, correspAuthors=辛宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*辛宇,讲师,主要从事同位素示踪海洋氮循环过程研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+p4C/BUNc2TyOvHw2eGdyQ==, magXml=JhGstqsCmWAAmbJXw3oJ5Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YwVutQwAg2xpMp2PF7yj6w==, pdfFileSize=7893295, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=IZDNG8tG1wsMPIg0nAI+TQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=scr5soRCG0Ifl+/8OtykmQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

晏茂军(1993—),男,河南省信阳市人,主要从事海洋氮循环过程研究。E-mail:

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晏茂军(1993—),男,河南省信阳市人,主要从事海洋氮循环过程研究。E-mail:

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Blue points stand for stations of water, particle matter and sediment sampling; black points stand for stations of water and particle matter sampling; main water masses include Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) ,Yellow Sea Coastal Current (YSCC), Korean Coastal Current (KCC), Taiwan Warm Current (TWC), Kuroshio Current (KC) and Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCDM); A and B stand for two sections at 36°N and 35.5°N; color bar stands for the bottom depth

, figureFileSmall=kWxaLmgMthxaoKtCoaVPLg==, figureFileBig=54kv0sT7XKdIBz8Bar+kJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506334225896307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=CN, label=图2, caption=南黄海采样站位分布

蓝色圆点站位颗粒物、沉积物和水体样品全部采集,黑色圆点站位只采集悬浮颗粒物和水体样品;南黄海主要海流和水团(CDW:长江冲淡水,YSCC:黄海沿岸流,KCC:朝鲜沿岸流,TWC:台湾暖流,KC:黑潮,YSCWM:黄海冷水团)[39]由蓝色箭头标识;A、B为2个断面标识,色棒标识水深

, figureFileSmall=kWxaLmgMthxaoKtCoaVPLg==, figureFileBig=54kv0sT7XKdIBz8Bar+kJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506334414639990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Spatial distribution of PN (a, b), δ13CPOC (c, d) and δ15NPN (e, f) at surface and bottom in the southern Yellow Sea, figureFileSmall=q+20ZCodyhqgdSlaWz5bkg==, figureFileBig=N0Tu5DyyouemQUl9FgjEmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506334712435578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=CN, label=图3, caption=南黄海表、底层颗粒物PN(a、b)及碳(c、d)、氮(e、f)同位素分布, figureFileSmall=q+20ZCodyhqgdSlaWz5bkg==, figureFileBig=N0Tu5DyyouemQUl9FgjEmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506335236723582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Spatial distribution of TOC (a), TN (b), δ13CTOC (c) and δ15NTN (d) in sediments of the southern Yellow Sea, figureFileSmall=ZSsgvwKVxe94GM081PJM5g==, figureFileBig=LB+1zTTAoRp2iM3rHVI8xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506335656153984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=CN, label=图4, caption=南海黄沉积物TOC(a)、TN(b)含量及碳(c)、氮同位素(d)分布, figureFileSmall=ZSsgvwKVxe94GM081PJM5g==, figureFileBig=LB+1zTTAoRp2iM3rHVI8xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506335861674884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Vertical distribution of temperature in sectionS A (a) and B (b), figureFileSmall=epqlnzaTYKIgkXbgTEKKOA==, figureFileBig=ni3obOsYkE8aSNpJCi8Wxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506336008475525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=CN, label=图5, caption=A、B断面温度、盐度断面分布, figureFileSmall=epqlnzaTYKIgkXbgTEKKOA==, figureFileBig=ni3obOsYkE8aSNpJCi8Wxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506336172053385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Results of principal component analysis of environment parameters at bottom layer (a) and stations categorized based on principal component analysis in the southern Yellow Sea

(a)及划分水团(b)绿色三角代表冷水团特征站位,黑色矩形和蓝色圆形代表近岸站位

Cold water masses stations are marked with green triangles, inshore stations are marked with blues circle and black squares

, figureFileSmall=NEn6NKH/bjE/Oa2amDn+tQ==, figureFileBig=Tz8OMt61Y4agDaJ2tXBwBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506338097238926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=CN, label=图6, caption=南黄海底层环境参数主成分分析, figureFileSmall=NEn6NKH/bjE/Oa2amDn+tQ==, figureFileBig=Tz8OMt61Y4agDaJ2tXBwBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506338369868687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Variation of SPM concentration(a), POC(b), δ13CPOC(c)、PN%(d)、PN(e) and δ15NPN(f)with bottom depth

Cold water masses stations are marked with green triangles, inshore stations are marked with blue circles and black squares

, figureFileSmall=YlhbScrp5SuL6DjElXDeLQ==, figureFileBig=y8BPyOvME7xZ+H/hsgaSrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506338516669330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=CN, label=图7, caption=调查站位水体SPM质量浓度(a)、POC(b)、δ13CPOC(c)、PN%(d)、PN(e)和δ15NPN(f)随底深变化

绿色三角代表冷水团特征站位,黑色矩形和蓝色圆形代表近岸站位

, figureFileSmall=YlhbScrp5SuL6DjElXDeLQ==, figureFileBig=y8BPyOvME7xZ+H/hsgaSrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506338697024406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Spatial distribution of sediment C/N ratio (a) and organic matter proportion of marine source (b) in surface sediments of the southern Yellow Sea, figureFileSmall=SNjrtUP8OF23REFnno8q4g==, figureFileBig=AeYSldrgaCBpcuI7lnqfMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506338885768090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=CN, label=图8, caption=表层沉积物碳氮比(a)、海源有机碳占比(b)分布, figureFileSmall=SNjrtUP8OF23REFnno8q4g==, figureFileBig=AeYSldrgaCBpcuI7lnqfMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506339032568734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Relationship between bottom critical shear stress (τ) and sedimentary TN % (a) and δ15NTN (b) in sediments of the southern Yellow Sea

Cold watermasses stations are marked with green triangles, inshore stations are marked with black square and blue circles

, figureFileSmall=EkBPfJwK6JVp8+gg1KDeRw==, figureFileBig=f4w7ua34tSqcVHzKXIIbXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506339212923808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=CN, label=图9, caption=南黄海沉积物TNsed与底临界应力关系(a);南黄海沉积物δ15NTN与底临界应力关系(b)

绿色三角代表冷水团站位,蓝色圆点和黑色矩形代表近岸站位

, figureFileSmall=EkBPfJwK6JVp8+gg1KDeRw==, figureFileBig=f4w7ua34tSqcVHzKXIIbXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506339426833316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Spatial distribution of δ15N deviation between sediments and surface particulate nitrogen (a) and relationship of δ15N deviation versus τ (b)

Cold watermasses stations are marked with green triangles, inshore stations are marked with black square and blue circles

, figureFileSmall=lqZW7rYIlKtdVV0dt0hvXA==, figureFileBig=JcIb2B4s5DIH3eVkvnIBKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506339582022569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545592021617, language=CN, label=图10, caption=沉积物与表层颗粒物δ15N偏差值(a)及随底边界应力变化关系(b)

绿色三角代表冷水团站位,黑色矩形代表近岸站位

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夏季南黄海颗粒氮同位素分布特征及影响因素研究
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晏茂军 1 , 董书航 1 , 钟晓松 1 , 宁晓燕 2 , 辛宇 2, *
海洋学报 | 海洋化学 2019,41(12): 14-25
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海洋学报 | 海洋化学 2019, 41(12): 14-25
夏季南黄海颗粒氮同位素分布特征及影响因素研究
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晏茂军1 , 董书航1, 钟晓松1, 宁晓燕2, 辛宇2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 晏茂军(1993—),男,河南省信阳市人,主要从事海洋氮循环过程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*辛宇,讲师,主要从事同位素示踪海洋氮循环过程研究。E-mail:
A study on particulate nitrogen isotope distribution, isotope characteristics and controlling factors in the southern Yellow Sea in summer
Maojun Yan1 , Shuhang Dong1, Xiaosong Zhong1, Xiaoyan Ning2, Yu Xin2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Collge of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100 China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2019-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.002
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黄海是人类活动影响显著的半封闭陆架边缘海,在夏季存在特征鲜明的冷水团结构。为研究南黄海颗粒态氮的循环转化过程,本文通过分析2016年夏季南黄海水体颗粒物和表层沉积物的碳、氮含量及同位素,探讨南黄海近岸海域和冷水团海域颗粒物和表层沉积物氮含量、同位素的分布差异和影响因素。近岸海域颗粒氮(Particulate Nitrogen,PN)呈现出含量较高、氮同位素值(δ15NPN)垂向差异较小、沉积物总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)含量较低且氮同位素值(δ15NTN)偏负的分布特征;冷水团海域PN呈现出含量低、δ15NPN垂向差异显著、沉积物TN含量高且δ15NTN偏正的分布特征。通过海底边界剪切应力模拟、环境因子分析并结合颗粒物与沉积物δ15N示踪分析,发现南黄海海域颗粒态氮及同位素分布主要受到水体/底边界动力过程影响,陆源输入和矿化过程亦共同参与调控。

南黄海  /  颗粒氮  /  沉积物  /  氮同位素

Yellow Sea is a semi-enclosed marginal sea that is significantly impacted by human activities. One of the major characteristics of Yellow Sea is the long-term existence of intensive cold water mass in summer. In order to study the cycling of particulate nitrogen in summer Yellow Sea, we analyzed the organic carbon and nitrogen content and isotope of the suspended particulate matter and of the surface sediments in South Yellow Sea in summer, 2016. We focus on the spatial variances in particulate nitrogen content, isotope character and the controlling factors respectively in coastal waters and cold water masse realm. In the coastal waters, the particulate nitrogen (PN) are comparatively higher and the vertical variances of nitrogen isotope (δ15NPN) are small, while total nitrogen content (TN) in coastal sediment are lower and the nitrogen isotope (δ15NTN) are mostly negative. In central south Yellow Sea where cold water masses exists, the PN is characterized of low content, significant vertical variances in δ15NPN, while TN in sediment are characterized of high content and positive δ15NTN. We further run bottom critical shear stress simulation and environmental factors analysis, and found out that the spatial variances of particulate nitrogen content and nitrogen isotopes in the South Yellow Sea was mainly controlled by the vertical mixing in water column, benthic boundary dynamic processes, and partially contributed by re-mineralization and terrestrial PN input.

southern Yellow Sea  /  particulate nitrogen  /  marine sediment  /  nitrogen isotope
晏茂军, 董书航, 钟晓松, 宁晓燕, 辛宇. 夏季南黄海颗粒氮同位素分布特征及影响因素研究. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (12) : 14 -25 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.002
Maojun Yan, Shuhang Dong, Xiaosong Zhong, Xiaoyan Ning, Yu Xin. A study on particulate nitrogen isotope distribution, isotope characteristics and controlling factors in the southern Yellow Sea in summer[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (12) : 14 -25 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.002
海洋水体颗粒氮虽然仅占海洋总氮库的0.5%,但具有易降解、循环速度快(1~2周)的特点,是海洋氮库的重要组成部分[1]。颗粒氮主要来源包括海洋浮游植物及死亡后碎屑、陆源输入、浮游动物/鱼类排泄物、大气沉降、生物固氮等[2],不同来源的颗粒氮同位素值存在显著差异[3-4]图1)。作为海洋颗粒氮的主要来源之一,浮游植物在同化吸收硝酸盐过程中氮同位素会发生分馏[2],颗粒氮同位素相对硝酸盐同位素(δ15 ${\rm N}_{{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $ )的分馏系数(ε)约为5‰,因此δ15NPN的时空分布特征与浮游植物初级生产有一定的对应关系[5-7]。海洋颗粒氮一部分会被降解转化为无机态氮为浮游植物提供氮营养盐,另一部分会经过一系列絮凝、吸附和解吸等最终沉降到海底形成沉积物总氮[8-9]。颗粒氮在降解过程中,会优先释放出14N而剩余颗粒氮富集15N[10-11],因此表层沉积物总氮同位素亦反映出颗粒氮的来源途径及转化过程[3, 9, 12]。海水−沉积物界面的再悬浮过程(图1)进一步促进颗粒氮和表层沉积物总氮的降解和转化,进而改变颗粒氮和表层沉积物总氮的氮同位素特征值[15-17],因此水体δ15NPN和沉积物δ15NTN能够反映颗粒氮矿化过程。综上,海洋颗粒氮和表层沉积物总氮同位素特征综合反映了颗粒氮的源−汇−循环过程[8-9],其时空分布和调控机制一直是海洋氮循环的重要研究方向并具有重要的科学意义[6, 18-20]
黄海是一个半封闭性陆架浅海,位于中国大陆与朝鲜半岛之间。黄海平均水深44 m,最大水深140 m,海底地势从东、西、北3个方向向中央和东南方向倾斜,地形主要由黄海中部海槽、苏北舌状台地和朝鲜沿岸台地等组成[21]。黄海主要受长江冲淡水、苏北沿岸流和黄海暖流等水系共同影响。特别在夏季,受季风及地形影响,黄海中部海域水体层化形成近底层特征低温的黄海冷水团[22-23]。黄海周围河流输送大量颗粒物,特别是含沙量极高的黄河,其中黄河15%的泥沙通过渤海海峡进入到黄海,山东半岛水下三角洲和南黄海的沉积物都是直接或间接来自于黄河[24-25]。表层沉积物粒度分析揭示了沉积物在水动力的存在下被搬运、聚集和沉降形成了中部泥质区[26-27]
近些年随着全球变暖加剧,黄海沿岸海域海表温度增高显著[28]。由于大规模水产养殖和陆源污染物输送造成氮磷营养结构显著改变,黄海近岸水体富营养化现象严重[29] ,赤潮、绿潮等生态灾害频发[30],上述变化对黄海的氮循环过程影响显著[31-32]。目前对南黄海氮循环的研究主要围绕营养盐结构[29, 33-34]、悬浮颗粒物输送和沉积物迁移[35-37]等方面。在氮同位素示踪颗粒物循环转化方面研究鲜有报道。目前仅有刁明亚[38]对夏季南黄海两个断面(共10个站位)的颗粒物和浮游植物碳、氮同位素进行了分析,揭示了陆源长江冲淡水和黄海冷水团对颗粒有机物和浮游生物碳、氮同位素组成与分布的影响。但是仍然缺乏对南黄海颗粒氮的时空分布、调控机制的深入研究。
本文针对南黄海颗粒氮及其同位素分布特征和调控机制,通过测定夏季南黄海悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物碳、氮同位素并结合环境因子分析,旨在:(1)准确刻画南黄海海域颗粒氮和表层沉积物总氮及其同位素的空间分布和变化特征;(2)探究南黄海典型区域(近岸和冷水团)颗粒氮转化和降解过程;(3)探讨颗粒氮降解和沉积物总氮再矿化的调控因素。
通过搭载2016年夏季“国家自然科学基金委黄渤海共享航次”(2016年6月28日至7月6日),在南黄海海域采集水体样品、悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物样品,采样站位分布于32°~36°N,121°~124°E,共计42个站位(图2)。温度、盐度、深度数据由船载CTD(SeaBird 911,美国)测定,溶解氧和水体荧光强度由CTD加载溶解氧探头和荧光探头测定。
水体样品是由船载CTD(SeaBird 911,美国)Niskin采水器获取,经0.45 μm醋酸纤维膜过滤后储存于125 mL高密度聚乙烯瓶(Nalgene HDPE,美国Thermo公司)并−20℃保存至营养盐测定;另准确量取一定体积(0.2~2.0 L)海水经0.7 μm GF/F膜(Whatman,美国,马弗炉500℃烧5 h并在干燥器恒湿24 h后称重至使用)过滤取双样,放置于洁净铝箔中烘箱45℃干燥24 h后−20℃保存;表层沉积物样品由箱式采样器获取,取表层0~3 cm沉积物−20℃保存至测定。
水体样品营养盐(硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐)通过营养盐自动分析仪(QuAAtro,德国Seal公司)测定,铵盐采用Holmes等[40]方法随船测定,精密度小于3%[41]。颗粒物样品差减称重得到悬浮颗粒物含量(Suspended Particulate Matter,SPM;十万分之一电子天平,Sartorious,德国);GF/F滤膜样品和冻干研磨后的表层沉积物样品用浓盐酸酸熏12 h除去无机碳测定颗粒碳、氮含量和同位素[42]。颗粒物和沉积物样品使用Elementar元素分析仪(Elementar,德国)串接IsoPrime同位素比质谱仪(IsoPrime,英国)测定颗粒有机碳(Particulate Organic Carbon,POC)、颗粒氮和总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)、总氮,及颗粒有机碳同位素 (δ13CPOC)、氮同位素值和和总有机碳同位素(δ13CTOC)、氮同位素值。碳氮同位素标准是国际同位素标准咖啡因(IAEA-600,δ13C=–27.77‰,δ15N=1.00‰)和是USGS40(δ13C=–26.39‰,δ15N=–4.50‰),碳氮含量标准是乙酰苯胺(TC%=71.02%,TN%=10.36%)和土壤标准(GBW07314,国家海洋局第二研究所)。δ15C和δ15N精密度分别为0.2‰和0.3‰。在后续分析讨论中对颗粒氮含量表达方式有两种,其中PN代表颗粒氮在水体中的质量浓度(μg/L),PN%代表颗粒氮占颗粒物质量的百分比(%)。
本文所用海底边界剪切应力模型数值是在Guo等[43]基于普林斯顿海洋模型(Princeton Ocean Model)通过配制嵌套方法在得到高水平分辨率[(1/18)°]的基础上,包含海面和河流淡水输入以及横向的边界的潮汐力得到[44]。在全年的模型数据中取7月和8月的平均值作为夏季的海底边界剪切应力数值(τ,单位N/m2)。
研究海域POC含量范围为45~1 000 μg/L。表、底层POC均在长江口东北部有最高区,在南黄海中部海域含量普遍较低。PN分布趋势与POC相似,表层含量范围为9~193 μg/L,总体呈现近岸高、外海低的趋势,最高值在H30站位。底层最高值在长江口北部H33站位和H29站位(图3)。
颗粒有机碳同位素值为–26.9‰~–19.1‰,平均值为–23.4‰(n=144)。δ13CPOC表、底层分布趋势相似,总体呈现近岸高、外海低的分布特征,高值区在江苏外海和长江口海域,低值区在南黄海中部海域。颗粒氮同位素范围为0.2‰~7.4‰,平均值为3.4‰(n=140),表、底层分布差异较大,表层高值区在长江口附近,低值区在南黄海中部海域。长江口向外海δ15NPN呈现先降低后升高的趋势;而底层最高值在南黄海中部,向四周总体呈现递减趋势,在苏北近岸和长江口附近又略微升高。
南黄海表层沉积物TOC含量范围为0.07%~1.31%,平均为0.56%(n=40)。表层沉积物TN含量范围为0.01%~0.19%,平均值为0.08%(n=40)。TOC与TN分布规律类似,江苏沿岸和长江口附近较低,向南黄海中部逐渐升高,最低值和最高值分别在H34和H06站位。沉积物δ13CTOC范围为−19.7‰~−22.9‰,平均值为−22.1‰(n=40),最高值位于长江口外海H39站位,向南黄海中部和江苏近海方向逐渐降低。沉积物δ15NTN为3.2‰~5.5‰,平均值为4.6‰±0.7‰(n=40),高值区位于南黄海中部,向江苏近海和长江口方向逐渐降低,在苏中近海和长口外海有低值区(图4)。
黄海在夏季具有鲜明的冷水团环境特征且初级生产力维持在较高水平[以碳计为(316±277) mg/m2 [45]],海洋(微)生物过程较为旺盛,长江冲淡水影响显著,因此夏季是研究黄海颗粒氮源、汇和循环转化过程的最佳时期。针对于黄海颗粒氮同位素空间分布特征和调控机制,本文首先对航次调查期间南黄海环境特征进行分析,明确南黄海水团划分和环境因子空间分布特征;其次结合环境因子分析结果对南黄海海域颗粒氮和氮同位素空间分布的影响因素开展讨论,重点围绕氮同位素特征如何示踪主要调控过程;最后结合底边界临界应力模拟数据和颗粒物与沉积物氮同位素对应关系,分析探讨底边界动力过程对颗粒氮沉降和沉积物总氮再矿化的影响。
在调查站位中,A、B两个断面较为完整地覆盖了从近岸到黄海中部冷水团的海域,其断面温、盐剖面能够较好地反映出冷水团与近岸水体温、盐结构差异。从图5可以看出,在10~20 m的温跃层以下,很明显地存在两个低于8℃的“冷核”,表明调查海域已经形成了冷水团结构[46]。冷水团海域站位表底层温差为13.5~16.4℃,平均值(14.6±0.9)℃(n=14),相对以往研究结果偏高[28, 47],说明冷水团海域水体温跃层强度加强,冷水团结构更加稳定。
为分析各个站位的底部环境参数对悬浮颗粒物沉降及表层沉积物再悬浮的影响,本文对各站位底层各项环境参数(水深、温度、盐度、浊度、溶解氧、荧光值、密度、底边界剪切应力、SPM、POC、PN、δ13CPOC、δ15NPN和5项营养盐)进行主成分分析(SPSS 22.0,美国),得到3个主成分可解释环境参数空间变化的80%。
以第一和第二主成分在每个环境参数主成分得分为坐标轴作图并标识站位名称(图6a)。其中第一、四象限诸点分布在长江口及江苏浅滩站位(图6b蓝色圆形站位),第二象限诸点都分布在南黄海中部(绿色三角站位),第三象限诸点分布在苏北沿岸以及山东半岛东南(黑色矩形站位)。因此调查站位可归类分为冷水团站位(绿色三角)和近岸站位(蓝色圆点和黑色矩形),旨在更加清晰地分析在不同环境特征下颗粒物和沉积物中氮元素的循环和转化过程。
水体表、底层PN水平分布均呈现出显著差异(图3a, b)。研究海域近岸站位表、底层PN含量都明显高于冷水团特征站位。近岸海域表层水体颗粒物δ13CPOC均高于–23‰(图3c),表明颗粒物主要来源是海洋初级生产[48],则近岸表层δ15NPN主要反映了同化吸收氮源的氮同位素信号(图3e)。冷水团海域表层水体颗粒物δ13CPOC均低于−23‰(图3c),显示出部分陆源信号特征,表层颗粒物δ13CPOC向北逐渐偏负变化趋势同时暗示了颗粒物从黄河输送而来的可能性[49-50],因此冷水团海域表层颗粒物δ15NPN相对近岸偏负这一特征可能与颗粒氮来源(陆源输送、大气沉降和微生物活动等)有关。研究海域水体底层颗粒物δ13CPOC同样呈现近岸较高、冷水团海域低的分布特征(图3d),–20‰~–24‰的分布范围反映出底层颗粒有机碳以海源为主要来源的物源特征。水体底层颗粒物δ15NPN空间变化在近岸海域较小(图3f),在冷水团海域则站位间变化较大。水体底层颗粒物δ15NPN与δ13CPOC的空间变化差异说明了底层颗粒物δ15NPN分布是受到源、汇及转化过程等多因素共同控制。
水体悬浮颗粒物碳、氮含量及其同位素垂向分布亦呈现出明显变化(图7a-f)。近岸站位SPM、POC和PN含量垂向分布呈现出的随水深增加(15~50 m)而降低的变化趋势(图7a, b, e,蓝色圆点和黑色矩形)以及δ13CPOC范围–20‰~–24‰一同说明近岸水体PN主要源于海洋初级生产[45]。近岸站位PN含量相对较高[(65±30)μg/L,n=70],但PN%基本低于1%且随水深无显著变化趋势,这可能是由于陆源输入或再悬浮造成颗粒物中包含较多无机物质从而降低了PN%[51]。近岸颗粒物δ15NPN分布范围较窄,为0.5‰~6.5‰(平均3.7‰±1.2‰,n=70),反映出垂向混合的强烈造成水体颗粒氮及其同位素分布比较均匀。δ15NPN与ln[PN%]关系不符合瑞利分馏模型(R 2=0.003,p>0.50),反映出降解过程信号不显著[7],表明矿化过程不是影响近岸颗粒氮垂向分布的主要过程。由于近岸陆源输入或底边界再悬浮过程扰乱了水体原位初级生产和矿化过程的信号,因此无法从PN、PN[%]、POC、δ15NPN等的空间变化推断出近岸水体颗粒氮的主要转化过程。
冷水团站位水体SPM、POC、PN垂向变化相对近岸站位均较小(图7abe,绿色三角),而PN%垂向变化较大(图7d,绿色三角),结合δ13CPOC范围−23‰~−27‰可以推测冷水团区域颗粒氮来源可能有陆源输入的贡献。已有研究结果表明,冷水团中的颗粒会随时间而逐渐向更深处下沉[49],韦钦胜等[52]和蔡德陵等[53]对南黄海悬浮体迁移和沉积物来源研究也表明近岸颗粒物向南黄海输送是南黄海颗粒物的重要来源(图1所示)。颗粒氮δ15NPN垂向变化范围较大,随深度增加δ15NPN呈现明显升高的趋势(图7f,绿色三角),反映出颗粒氮沉降深度增加导致颗粒氮降解增强,释放14N从而使颗粒物δ15NPN趋向偏正[11, 15]。因此颗粒氮δ15NPN和ln[PN%]之间观察到存在有微弱的相关关系(R 2=0.07, p<0.05),表明矿化过程对冷水团海域颗粒氮循环有一定的影响。
沉积物δ15NTN影响因素主要是物源性质和埋藏环境[19, 54]。南黄海表层沉积物碳、氮物质的量的比(C/N)为7.21~10.87(图8a),在长江口及黄海中部海域变化较小,但是在近岸变化显著,表明中部海域沉积物的来源/转化过程相对单一,而近岸站位的来源比较复杂。陆、海源δ13CTOC特征值分别取–20‰和–26‰[48, 55],根据二端元混合模型大致估算沉积物有机质海源比重(图8b)。从图上看出苏北近海陆源输入比重最高,这与以往研究结果一致[56]。长江口外海123°E以东海域海源比重较高,可能与黄海暖流和台湾暖流的输入累积有关[57]。沉积物有机质海源比重在黄海冷水团海域无显著空间变化,且陆、海源来源占比相当[24]
沉积物δ15NTN与ln[TN%]存在显著线性正相关(R 2=0.68,p<0.01,n=38),即高氮含量对应高氮同位素值,与矿化过程中瑞利分馏所导致的δ15NTN与ln[TN%]负相关关系相反[12, 19],这说明表层沉积物δ15NTN分布的控制因子并不是矿化过程。韩天伟等[58]对南黄海海域表层沉积物粒径进行分析,发现TN较低的近岸站位沉积物粒径较大,而TN高的南黄海中部粒径较小,因而可以推断不同粒径代表的物源性质差异是造成沉积物δ15NTN与ln[TN%]正相关性的主要原因。
海底底边界动力过程是影响颗粒物迁移和沉积的主要因素[59],因此本文采用模拟得到的海底临界剪切应力表征海底动力过程。结合τ与TN和δ15N的关系(图9ab)可以看出在冷水团海域,随着τ减小(<0.2)TN%显著升高,表层沉积物δ15NTN站位间差异较小,沉积物主要源于粒径较小、含氮较高的单一来源细颗粒物沉降形成。在近岸海域,随着τ的增大(>0.2),沉积物TN%仅为0.05%左右,推测近岸沉积物主要源于粒径较大、含氮较低的粗颗粒物沉降形成。由沉积物C/N和δ13CPOC看出近岸沉积物陆、海源比重站位间差异较大[60],因而造成近岸沉积物δ15NTN相对外海偏负且变化范围较大这一空间分布趋势。总之,近岸沉积物δ15NTN的主要调控因子是陆/海源输送和底边界动力过程;在冷水团海域,底边界动力过程是控制颗粒氮沉降进而影响δ15NTN特征的主要因素。
表层海水颗粒氮主要源于海洋初级生产,而中、底层海水颗粒氮来源更加复杂且经历了矿化等转化过程。因此本文以沉积物δ15NTN与表层颗粒物δ15NPN的偏差(δ15Nsed-sur)表征颗粒氮在水体中所经历的转化过程直至沉降埋藏到沉积物(图10a)。δ15Nsed-sur在南黄海海域变化范围为−2.3‰~5.3‰(1.8‰±1.7‰,n=39)。δ15Nsed-sur在长江口北部近岸海域较低至负值,向北部和南黄海中部逐渐增大,在南黄海中部普遍偏正。在冷水团海域τ较低,δ15Nsed-sur均是正值(0.2‰~5.3‰),与τ在0~0.2范围内没有明显的变化趋势(图10b,绿色三角),说明颗粒物从表层沉降到沉积物表层主要经历了矿化过程[19]。在近岸海域,δ15Nsed-surτ在0.2~0.8范围内呈现显著负相关关系(R 2=0.51,p<0.01,图10b 蓝色圆点及黑色矩形)。这说明一方面底边界剪切应力增大致使颗粒物更难沉降,增加了颗粒物在水体中矿化时间,因此颗粒物矿化程度更高,δ15NPN也更偏正[19];另一方面原位生产的有机质颗粒相对粒径较小,而τ的增大不利于原位初级生产来源的颗粒物沉降,所以近岸海域沉积物多以陆源输入的大粒径颗粒物为主,因此沉积物δ15NTN相对偏负,而沉积物δ15NTN与水体颗粒物δ15NPN差值δ15Nsed-sur则应随τ增大而趋向负值[48]。总之,以海底临界剪切应力表征底边界动力过程可以很好地解释南黄海水体颗粒物与沉积物之间空间对应关系的差异。
颗粒氮作为重要的生源要素之一,其在黄海的源、汇和转化过程是一个非常有研究意义的科学问题。本文通过采集和测定南黄海颗粒物和表层沉积物的碳、氮含量及同位素,结合环境因子分析,得出以下主要结论。南黄海悬浮颗粒氮及其同位素从近岸到外海空间分布差异显著,在黄海冷水团区域颗粒物δ15NPN垂向升高的分布特征是由冷水团层化形成的稳定水体结构所造成。表层沉积物TNsed含量和δ15Nsed均呈现从近岸到外海逐渐升高的分布特征,引入海底边界剪切应力可以较好地解释水体颗粒氮与沉积物总氮的对应关系。南黄海颗粒氮“源−汇”过程主要受水动力过程和海底边界动力过程调控,在近岸站位沉积物并不是颗粒氮主要的“汇”;在冷水团站位矿化过程和沉积物埋藏则是颗粒氮主要的“汇”。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(41576082);青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室“鳌山人才”计划项目(2015ASTP-OS08)。
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2019年第41卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.002
  • 接收时间:2019-04-12
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-04-12
  • 修回日期:2019-07-22
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41576082);青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室“鳌山人才”计划项目(2015ASTP-OS08)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100

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*辛宇,讲师,主要从事同位素示踪海洋氮循环过程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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