Article(id=1246845545361334884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1539964800000, receivedDateStr=2018-10-20, revisedDate=1576512000000, revisedDateStr=2019-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775200743283, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1577203200000, pubDateStr=2019-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775200743283, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775200743283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200743283, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246845538742719188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775200741706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200890782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246845545696879221, articleId=1246845545361334884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Kinetic characterization of reactivity of iron dissolution and phosphorus release in surface sediments of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea, columnId=1243954928637559095, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Chemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Kinetic dissolution and the reactive continuum model were combined to characterize the reactivity of iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) in surface sediments of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea. Two kinetic parameters, i.e., theoretical amounts (m 0) and apparent rate constant (k) of reactive Fe, were extracted by fitting kinetic dissolution data to the reactive continuum model. Results showed that Fe(Ⅱ) phases occurred in all surface sediments studies, which could be ascribed to rapid reduction of highly reactive organic-bound Fe(Ⅲ) flocculated/precipitated to the sediments. It is inferred that Fe(Ⅱ) occurs mainly as FeCO3 in both the Changjiang (Yangtze )River Estuarine sediments and the adjacent East China Sea sediments. The m 0 and k values of Fe(Ⅱ) were controlled mainly by total organic carbon (TOC) contents and clay fractions. Simultaneous release of Fe(Ⅱ) and associated P (mainly exchangeable P and authigenic P) resulted in similar pattern of dissolution kinetics. Relative to P adsorbed on surfaces of Fe(Ⅱ) solid phases, coprecipitated P with Fe(Ⅱ) phases has higher m 0 but lower k. In fine-grained sediments with high TOC contents, Fe(Ⅲ) oxides have lower m 0 values but higher k in comparison with those in coarse-grained sediments with lower TOC contents, which is caused by different processes of Fe redox cycling. Overall, the dissolution reactivity of P associated with Fe(Ⅲ) phases is largely controlled by the reductive reactivity of Fe(Ⅲ) phases. Our kinetic characterization indicates that flocculation/precipitation has caused reactive Fe enrichment in the estuarine sediments, occurring mainly in a narrow zone of low salinity, but the enrichment could not be revealed by conventional Fe speciation.

, correspAuthors=Maoxu Zhu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li Xiao, Di Wang, Weiwei Ma, Wenjun Li, Tie Li, Maoxu Zhu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246845549303980811, articleId=1246845545361334884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=长江河口及邻近海域表层沉积物中铁溶解和磷释放活性的动力学表征, columnId=1243954928834691394, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋化学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

运用溶解动力学实验及活性连续体模型表征了长江河口至东海邻近海域表层沉积物中铁(Fe)和磷(P)的活性。通过动力学数据拟合得到了活性组分的理论含量m 0和表观速率常数k。结果表明,Fe(Ⅱ)普遍存在于表层沉积物中,这应是高活性有机络合态Fe(Ⅲ)絮凝/沉淀到沉积物中后快速还原的结果。沉积物中黏土及总有机碳(TOC)含量对Fe(Ⅱ)的m 0及其k值起重要控制作用。从长江河口至邻近海域沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)均以FeCO3形态为主,FeCO3的溶解及与之相结合磷(主要为交换态P和自生P)的释放导致Fe(Ⅱ)和P具有相似的溶解动力学特征。与吸附于Fe(Ⅱ)矿物相的P相比,与Fe(Ⅱ)矿物相共沉淀的P的m 0较高,但k较低。与TOC含量较低的粗粒沉积物中的Fe(Ⅲ)相比,TOC含量较高的细粒沉积物中Fe(Ⅲ)的m 0值较小,但k值较大。以上特征是Fe不同的氧化还原过程导致的。Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的含量(m 0)和活性(k)总体上控制着与之相结合P的含量(m 0)及溶解活性(k)。虽然传统活性Fe形态分析未能揭示出长江河口沉积物中活性Fe的富集作用,但溶解动力学表征结果表明,Fe的絮凝/沉淀导致河口沉积物中活性Fe的明显富集,且该过程主要发生在盐度明显增加的低盐度河口区。

, correspAuthors=朱茂旭, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*朱茂旭(1967—),男,湖南省澧县人,教授,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pTHehgUEjFnjYqoFNXm7mg==, magXml=davlq5JYJU1RqhLGCOOuMg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=U7y1BUKXKA9SfM02CF+qHw==, pdfFileSize=1903203, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=L7TkRA/N1FIA40kltWrmdA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YZQJdbE53kum4JpRuS//yA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

肖丽(1991—),女,山西省岚县人,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:

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肖丽(1991—),女,山西省岚县人,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:

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Geo-Marine Letters, 2008, 28(1): 7−14., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506343168140182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41576078,41776085);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFA0601301)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506324507681416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506324558013068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, companyId=1254506324507681416, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506324675453586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, companyId=1254506324507681416, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506335823913812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Stations of sediment sampling, figureFileSmall=Yx9/vvkihnWATLjROjL2VA==, figureFileBig=bYqfGb2hRlOM3Nj8KnmCMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506336012657498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=CN, label=图1, caption=沉积物采样站位图, figureFileSmall=Yx9/vvkihnWATLjROjL2VA==, figureFileBig=bYqfGb2hRlOM3Nj8KnmCMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506336230761311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Classification of surface sediments (according to classification of clastic sediments[27]), figureFileSmall=gVSmkb3icfiJTTEndMNKNA==, figureFileBig=xRZB9gvOtoxLamyb3USHnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506338130781025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=CN, label=图2, caption=表层沉积物组成分类(根据碎屑沉积物分类方法[27], figureFileSmall=gVSmkb3icfiJTTEndMNKNA==, figureFileBig=xRZB9gvOtoxLamyb3USHnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506338462131045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time dependent Fe(Ⅱ) dissolution and simultaneous release of Fe(Ⅱ)-associated phosphorus in HCl solution at pH 3.0, dots: measured results, curves: fitting to the reactive continuum model (a, b). Kinetic parameters (theoretical amounts m 0 and apparent rate constant k) together with bottom-water salinity, clay fraction, and total organic carbon content at each sampling site (c–f). Obvious differences of kinetic parameters at sites C3, C4, C6, and C7 in comparison with other sites are indicated by red color column, figureFileSmall=b4z0WhIJjM5uFa5vkTxopw==, figureFileBig=inUzeIzeKbmBPu7HUYW0HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506338638291816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=CN, label=图3, caption=pH 3.0盐酸溶液中Fe(Ⅱ)及Fe(Ⅱ)结合态P(Fe(Ⅱ)-P)的溶解动力学曲线,圆点为实测数据,曲线为模型拟合线(a,b);各站位动力学参数(m 0为酸可溶解释放的理论含量,k为溶解速率常数)、底水盐度、黏土比例及总有机碳含量(c~f)。红色柱状图表示该站位(C3、C4、C6和C7)的动力学参数与其他站位具有明显差异, figureFileSmall=b4z0WhIJjM5uFa5vkTxopw==, figureFileBig=inUzeIzeKbmBPu7HUYW0HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506338839618411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Time dependent Fe(Ⅲ) reductive dissolution and simultaneous release of Fe(Ⅲ)-associated phosphorus in HCl+ascorbic acid solution at pH 3.0, dots: measured results, curves: fitting to the reactive continuum model (a, b). Kinetic parameters (theoretical amounts m 0 and apparent rate constant k) together with bottom-water salinity, clay fraction and total organic carbon content at each sampling site (c−f). Obvious differences of kinetic parameters at sites C3, C4, C6, and C7 in comparison with other sites are indicated by red color column, figureFileSmall=RFS48y9AMO4GNpJgQd8Ncw==, figureFileBig=JFig4AHwJwv2MF7qKqX5qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506338948670317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=CN, label=图4, caption=pH 3.0的盐酸+抗坏血酸溶液中Fe(Ⅲ)还原性溶解及Fe(Ⅲ)结合态P(Fe(Ⅲ)-P)溶解动力学曲线,圆点为实测数据,曲线为模型拟合线(a,b);各站位动力学参数(酸可溶解释放的理论含量m 0,溶解速率常数k)、底水盐度、黏土比例及总有机碳含量(c~f)。红色柱状图表示该站位(C3、C4、C6和C7)的动力学参数与其他站位具有明显差异, figureFileSmall=RFS48y9AMO4GNpJgQd8Ncw==, figureFileBig=JFig4AHwJwv2MF7qKqX5qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506339103859569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Time dependent Fe(Ⅲ) reductive dissolution in ascorbic acid solution buffered at pH 7.5 (a), dots: measured results, curves: fitting to the reactive continuum model. Kinetic parameters (theoretical amounts m 0 and apparent rate constant k) together with bottom-water salinity, clay fraction, and total organic carbon content at each sampling site (b, c). Obvious differences of kinetic parameters at sites C3, C4, C6, and C7 in comparison with other sites are indicated by red color column, figureFileSmall=Qj+a3y+pdxOi0HIaqtwXmA==, figureFileBig=M35G721TfbcoTPL5RjNC9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506339296797556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=CN, label=图5, caption=pH 7.5抗坏血酸缓冲溶液中Fe(Ⅲ)的还原性溶解动力学曲线,圆点为实测数据,曲线为模型拟合线(a);各站位动力学参数(酸可溶解释放的理论含量m 0,溶解速率常数k)、底水盐度、黏土比例及总有机碳含量(b,c)。红色柱状图表示该站位(C3、C4、C6和C7)的动力学参数与其他站位具有明显差异, figureFileSmall=Qj+a3y+pdxOi0HIaqtwXmA==, figureFileBig=M35G721TfbcoTPL5RjNC9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506339506512758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Correlations of Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0 with total organic carbon (a) and clay fraction (b), correlations of Fe(Ⅱ)-k with total organic carbon (c) and clay fraction (d)

m 0 is theoretical amounts, k is apparent rate constant

, figureFileSmall=XmOmNPpwAA0rbIUfgdXMzg==, figureFileBig=SvsoPOHdWcGSG/wypPcGXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506339699450744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0及Fe(Ⅱ)-k与总有机碳含量和黏土比例之间的相关性

m 0为酸可溶解释放的理论含量,k为表观溶解速率常数k

, figureFileSmall=XmOmNPpwAA0rbIUfgdXMzg==, figureFileBig=SvsoPOHdWcGSG/wypPcGXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506339921748859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Correlations of kinetic Fe(Ⅱ) dissolution with simultaneous P release (a), and correlations of Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0 with Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0, Ex-P and Au-P(b–d)

m 0 is theoretical amounts; Ex-P is exchangeable or weakly adsorbed phosphorus; Au-P is authigenic phosphorus

, figureFileSmall=rnz5eUuv6hCYasIK8ZpGAQ==, figureFileBig=e2/TMove0Z2CI3Fc775qxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506340097909628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅱ)结合态P动力学释放量之间的对应关系(a)以及Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0与Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0、Ex-P和Au-P之间的相关性(b~d)

m 0为酸可溶解释放的理论含量;Ex-P为交换态或弱吸附态磷P;Au-P为自生磷

, figureFileSmall=rnz5eUuv6hCYasIK8ZpGAQ==, figureFileBig=e2/TMove0Z2CI3Fc775qxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506340257293184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Correlations of Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0 versus Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0 and Fe-P versus Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0

Fe(Ⅲ)-P is phosphorus that is simultaneously released with Fe(III) reductive dissolution ; Fe-P is Fe-associated phosphorus; m 0 is theoretical amounts

, figureFileSmall=6Mt1maMDZuEAsCfWQn4JwA==, figureFileBig=BsieknOlTDU50j68doCwzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506340446036869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0与Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0和Fe-P与Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0之间的相关性

Fe(Ⅲ)-P为与Fe(Ⅲ)同时释放的P;Fe-P为Fe结合态P;m 0,酸可溶解释放的理论含量

, figureFileSmall=6Mt1maMDZuEAsCfWQn4JwA==, figureFileBig=BsieknOlTDU50j68doCwzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506340668334984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=[Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0 + Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0]/FeHR] ratio (a) or 7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0/FeHR ratio (b) together with bottom-water salinity, clay fraction, and total organic carbon content at each sampling site.

m 0 is theoretical amounts; FeHR is total amount of highly reactive Fe; 7.5-Fe(III)-m 0 is Fe(III) that is capable of reductive dissolution at pH 7.5; Obvious differences of [Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0 + Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0]/FeHR] ratio (a) or 7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0/FeHR ratios at sites C3, C4, C6, and C7 in comparison with other sites are indicated by red color column

, figureFileSmall=jFgtG1+2YoPBoE3SOEYiMw==, figureFileBig=z0xtknyB+cPu1bZNR7h+jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506342287336333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各站位 [Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0 + Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0]/FeHR (a) 或7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0/FeHR (b) 以及底水盐度、黏土比例、总有机碳含量

m 0为酸可溶解释放的理论含量;FeHR为总活性铁Fe;7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0为pH为7.5条件下可还原性溶解的Fe(Ⅲ) ;红色柱状图表示该站位(C3、C4、C6和C7)的[Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0 + Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0]/FeHR]或7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0/FeHR比值与其他站位具有明显差异

, figureFileSmall=jFgtG1+2YoPBoE3SOEYiMw==, figureFileBig=z0xtknyB+cPu1bZNR7h+jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506342484468623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and chemical parameters of sampling sites and sediment samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C8 A6-1 A6-2 A6-4 A6-6 A6-8 A6-10
底水盐度 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.25 4.76 14.41 21.28 31.21 32.17 32.36
TOC/% 0.39 0.12 0.17 0.12 0.15 0.63 0.43 0.73 0.57 0.64 0.39 0.33
黏土/% 19.6 6.07 8.73 5.32 4.41 28.2 19.6 30.1 20.3 23.0 11.6 9.41
粉砂/% 73.4 18.1 23.1 12.5 11.0 71.3 53.6 69.8 73.3 74.7 18.8 17.1
砂/% 7.05 75.8 68.2 82.2 84.6 0.47 26.7 0.09 6.38 2.36 69.6 73.5
FeT/% 3.28 2.43 2.48 2.67 3.11 4.31 3.24 4.64 3.74 4.06 2.97 2.60
FeHR/μmol·g−1 188 193 202 190 203 205 228 206 212 212 191 146
Ex-P/μmol·g−1 1.13 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.95 1.67 1.21 1.28 1.39 1.66 1.24 1.27
Fe-P/μmol·g−1 3.90 10.8 6.91 8.56 12.4 7.41 4.24 3.94 3.34 2.26 4.00 3.53
Au-P/μmol·g−1 4.22 1.92 2.74 2.49 1.94 5.13 4.09 5.75 4.43 4.66 2.47 2.28
), ArticleFig(id=1254506342694183825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845545361334884, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

采样点及沉积物相关物理和化学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C8 A6-1 A6-2 A6-4 A6-6 A6-8 A6-10
底水盐度 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.25 4.76 14.41 21.28 31.21 32.17 32.36
TOC/% 0.39 0.12 0.17 0.12 0.15 0.63 0.43 0.73 0.57 0.64 0.39 0.33
黏土/% 19.6 6.07 8.73 5.32 4.41 28.2 19.6 30.1 20.3 23.0 11.6 9.41
粉砂/% 73.4 18.1 23.1 12.5 11.0 71.3 53.6 69.8 73.3 74.7 18.8 17.1
砂/% 7.05 75.8 68.2 82.2 84.6 0.47 26.7 0.09 6.38 2.36 69.6 73.5
FeT/% 3.28 2.43 2.48 2.67 3.11 4.31 3.24 4.64 3.74 4.06 2.97 2.60
FeHR/μmol·g−1 188 193 202 190 203 205 228 206 212 212 191 146
Ex-P/μmol·g−1 1.13 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.95 1.67 1.21 1.28 1.39 1.66 1.24 1.27
Fe-P/μmol·g−1 3.90 10.8 6.91 8.56 12.4 7.41 4.24 3.94 3.34 2.26 4.00 3.53
Au-P/μmol·g−1 4.22 1.92 2.74 2.49 1.94 5.13 4.09 5.75 4.43 4.66 2.47 2.28
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长江河口及邻近海域表层沉积物中铁溶解和磷释放活性的动力学表征
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肖丽 1 , 王迪 1 , 马伟伟 1 , 李文君 1 , 李铁 1 , 朱茂旭 1, *
海洋学报 | 海洋化学 2019,41(12): 1-13
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海洋学报 | 海洋化学 2019, 41(12): 1-13
长江河口及邻近海域表层沉积物中铁溶解和磷释放活性的动力学表征
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肖丽1 , 王迪1, 马伟伟1, 李文君1, 李铁1, 朱茂旭1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 肖丽(1991—),女,山西省岚县人,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*朱茂旭(1967—),男,湖南省澧县人,教授,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:
Kinetic characterization of reactivity of iron dissolution and phosphorus release in surface sediments of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea
Li Xiao1 , Di Wang1, Weiwei Ma1, Wenjun Li1, Tie Li1, Maoxu Zhu1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2019-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.001
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运用溶解动力学实验及活性连续体模型表征了长江河口至东海邻近海域表层沉积物中铁(Fe)和磷(P)的活性。通过动力学数据拟合得到了活性组分的理论含量m 0和表观速率常数k。结果表明,Fe(Ⅱ)普遍存在于表层沉积物中,这应是高活性有机络合态Fe(Ⅲ)絮凝/沉淀到沉积物中后快速还原的结果。沉积物中黏土及总有机碳(TOC)含量对Fe(Ⅱ)的m 0及其k值起重要控制作用。从长江河口至邻近海域沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)均以FeCO3形态为主,FeCO3的溶解及与之相结合磷(主要为交换态P和自生P)的释放导致Fe(Ⅱ)和P具有相似的溶解动力学特征。与吸附于Fe(Ⅱ)矿物相的P相比,与Fe(Ⅱ)矿物相共沉淀的P的m 0较高,但k较低。与TOC含量较低的粗粒沉积物中的Fe(Ⅲ)相比,TOC含量较高的细粒沉积物中Fe(Ⅲ)的m 0值较小,但k值较大。以上特征是Fe不同的氧化还原过程导致的。Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的含量(m 0)和活性(k)总体上控制着与之相结合P的含量(m 0)及溶解活性(k)。虽然传统活性Fe形态分析未能揭示出长江河口沉积物中活性Fe的富集作用,但溶解动力学表征结果表明,Fe的絮凝/沉淀导致河口沉积物中活性Fe的明显富集,且该过程主要发生在盐度明显增加的低盐度河口区。

铁  /  磷  /  活性  /  溶解动力学  /  絮凝  /  沉淀  /  长江河口  /  东海

Kinetic dissolution and the reactive continuum model were combined to characterize the reactivity of iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) in surface sediments of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea. Two kinetic parameters, i.e., theoretical amounts (m 0) and apparent rate constant (k) of reactive Fe, were extracted by fitting kinetic dissolution data to the reactive continuum model. Results showed that Fe(Ⅱ) phases occurred in all surface sediments studies, which could be ascribed to rapid reduction of highly reactive organic-bound Fe(Ⅲ) flocculated/precipitated to the sediments. It is inferred that Fe(Ⅱ) occurs mainly as FeCO3 in both the Changjiang (Yangtze )River Estuarine sediments and the adjacent East China Sea sediments. The m 0 and k values of Fe(Ⅱ) were controlled mainly by total organic carbon (TOC) contents and clay fractions. Simultaneous release of Fe(Ⅱ) and associated P (mainly exchangeable P and authigenic P) resulted in similar pattern of dissolution kinetics. Relative to P adsorbed on surfaces of Fe(Ⅱ) solid phases, coprecipitated P with Fe(Ⅱ) phases has higher m 0 but lower k. In fine-grained sediments with high TOC contents, Fe(Ⅲ) oxides have lower m 0 values but higher k in comparison with those in coarse-grained sediments with lower TOC contents, which is caused by different processes of Fe redox cycling. Overall, the dissolution reactivity of P associated with Fe(Ⅲ) phases is largely controlled by the reductive reactivity of Fe(Ⅲ) phases. Our kinetic characterization indicates that flocculation/precipitation has caused reactive Fe enrichment in the estuarine sediments, occurring mainly in a narrow zone of low salinity, but the enrichment could not be revealed by conventional Fe speciation.

iron  /  phosphorus  /  reactivity  /  dissolution kinetics  /  flocculation  /  precipitation  /  Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary  /  East China Sea
肖丽, 王迪, 马伟伟, 李文君, 李铁, 朱茂旭. 长江河口及邻近海域表层沉积物中铁溶解和磷释放活性的动力学表征. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (12) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.001
Li Xiao, Di Wang, Weiwei Ma, Wenjun Li, Tie Li, Maoxu Zhu. Kinetic characterization of reactivity of iron dissolution and phosphorus release in surface sediments of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (12) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.001
河口区是陆地到海洋物质传输的重要过渡带,在该过渡带发生一系列物理化学过程[1]。其中,絮凝是重要的河口过程,导致许多溶解态和颗粒态物质从河口水体进入沉积物[2]。这些过程不仅控制从河流到海洋的物质通量,还影响邻近海域的生态及生物地球化学过程。溶解态和颗粒态铁(Fe)和磷(P)在大型河口区及其沉积物中的地球化学行为已有广泛研究[3-5]。研究表明,85%~90%的河流“溶解”Fe通过絮凝/沉淀埋藏到河口沉积物中,只有单核有机结合态Fe可在不同盐度梯度的水体中稳定存在[6-7]。溶解态P在低盐度河口区快速絮凝为颗粒态P,且与Fe的絮凝/沉淀具有密切的耦合关系[4, 8]
在沉积物中,不同形态的Fe氧化物具有明显不同的化学活性和吸附亲合性,这不仅影响Fe本身的成岩循环,也影响P的形态和活性,还对有机质的吸附性保存、污染物的生物有效性产生深远影响[9-10]。因此,沉积物中Fe和P的形态和活性分析是沉积物地球化学研究的重要内容,传统的化学提取是固相Fe和P形态分析的重要方法。Poulton和Canfield [11]等提出了精细的Fe形态分析方法,可定量区分Fe(Ⅱ)硫化物(如FeS)、非硫化的Fe(Ⅱ)(如FeCO3)、易还原的Fe氧化物(Feox1)、可还原的Fe氧化物(Feox2)、磁铁矿(Femag)、弱活性Fe(FePR,主要为黏土中部分晶格Fe)和非活性Fe(FeUR)等形态。因此,该方法得到了广泛应用[12]。尽管如此,一般认为化学提取不具有高度的选择性和明确的矿物学含义,提取的Fe(Ⅲ)仍为一系列不同活性的Fe氧化物组合,仍表现出明显不同的还原活性[13]。可见,传统的化学提取并非真正意义上的化学活性“定量”表征方法。
活性连续体动力学模型可用于研究不同溶解机制的动力学特征[14-15],该方法可从多个角度定量表征固相溶解动力学行为及活性。利用该方法定量研究河口至海洋沉积物中Fe和P的溶解活性可更好地了解河口化学过程对这两个元素形态和活性的影响,从而更好地揭示其早期成岩作用行为。
长江为世界大型河流,大量陆源物质从长江河口输入东海,同时也有大量溶解态和颗粒态物质在长江河口被去除[4]。因此,长江河口是研究河口过程对沉积物中Fe和P形态和活性影响的天然实验室。利用传统方法研究长江河口及其近海沉积物中Fe和P形态已有大量报道[3, 16]。我们利用活性连续体动力学模型定量研究了东海表层和不同深度沉积物中Fe的活性[17-18],但从长江河口到东海近海沉积物中Fe和P活性定量表征和系统比较还未见报道。本文利用该方法研究了该体系中Fe和P的活性,并探讨了河口絮凝/沉淀对河口沉积物中Fe和P地球化学特征的影响。
天然沉积物固相的活性差异巨大,但都可认为其活性具有连续性变化的特征,即活性连续体[14, 19]。其活性可用γ分布函数来描述,其溶解动力学速率可表征为[14]
$\frac{J}{{{m_0}}} = k{\left( {\frac{m}{{{m_0}}}} \right)^\gamma },$
式中,J为溶解速率,单位为mol/s;k为一级动力学速率常数,单位为s−1m 0为固相的初始质量,单位为mol;m为时间t时残余固相质量,单位为mol。γ为表观反应级数。当γ ≠ 1时,将式(1)积分得到
$\frac{m}{{{m_0}}} = {\left[ { - k\left( {1 - \gamma } \right)t + 1} \right]^{\frac{1}{{1 - \gamma }}}}.$
由于实验中只能测定时间t时溶解量m t ,残余质量m需通过m 0m t 得到。为方便起见,将式(2)变为
${m_{{t}}} = {m_0}\left\{ {1 - {{\left[ {1 - k\left( {1 - \gamma } \right)t} \right]}^{\frac{1}{{1 - \gamma }}}}} \right\}.$
通过非线性最小二乘法拟合可同时得到m 0kγ。以上方法可应用于不同固相体系、不同溶解机制的活性研究,如沉积物中活性颗粒有机质的矿化[20]、磷酸钙的酸溶解[21]、铁锰氧化物的还原性溶解[13, 22]、Fe氧化物还原性溶解导致的P和砷释放动力学[23-24]
长江口及东海表层沉积物采集于2017年5月5−19日,采集站位如图1。用箱式采样器采集沉积物,然后小心收集表层(3 cm)沉积物于塑料封口袋中,密封并冷冻保存(−20℃)。在实验时,取一定量的冷冻湿样直接用于动力学溶解实验,同时取冷冻湿样测定干湿比用于干沉积物质量计算。冷冻干燥并研磨后的样品用于其他分析。一定量的干沉积物样品用1 mol/L HCl去除无机碳后,再次干燥、研磨至 100目并称重,用Elementar公司Vario MACRO cube型元素分析仪测定酸处理后样品的有机碳含量,并计算初始沉积物的总有机碳(TOC)含量。沉积物样品用H2O2去除有机质后,用Malvern Panalytical公司Mastersizer 2000型激光粒度测定仪测定沉积物粒度。沉积物经HF–HClO4–HNO3混酸全消解后蒸至近干,然后用1.0 mol/L的HNO3溶解并定容,用Thermo Fisher公司iCAP6300型ICP-AES测定总Fe(FeT)含量。用同样方法消解4个沉积物标准物质,测得FeT的回收率为90%~101%,平均回收率为95%。
采用简化的Poulton和Canfield [11]连续提取法测定总活性Fe(FeHR)含量。(1)用0.35 mol/L HAc + 0.2 mol/L柠檬酸钠溶液缓冲(pH 4.8)的Na2S2O4(50 g/L)溶液提取活性Fe(Ⅱ)(如FeS、FeCO3、Fe3(PO4)2等)和Fe(Ⅲ)(记为FeD);(2)用0.2 mol/L草酸铵(含0.17 mol/L草酸,pH 3.2)提取磁铁矿(Femag)。提取的Fe用邻二氮菲显色法进行测定。以上两步提取的Fe之和定义为FeHR,即FeHR = FeD + Femag
采用Zhang等[25]的连续提取法提取3种易溶解的活性P形态。(1)用1 mol/L MgCl2(pH 8.0)提取交换态或弱吸附态P(Ex-P);(2)用0.11 mol/L NaHCO3+0.11 mol/L Na2S2O4(pH 7.0)混合溶液提取Fe结合态P(Fe-P);(3)用1 mol/L NaAc-HAc(pH 4.0)混合溶液提取自生P(Au-P)。每步提取后,均用1 mol/L MgCl2溶液洗涤沉积物,再进行下一步提取,提取的P用磷钼蓝法显色测定。需注意的是,Fe-P样品测定前需将样品敞开放置20 h以上,待剩余的Na2S2O4彻底分解后测定。
动力学溶解实验分别在pH 3.0和pH 7.5条件下进行。pH 3.0下的实验采用Postma[14]建立的动力学方法,pH 7.5下的实验采用Hyacinthe等[26]建立的动力学方法。pH 3.0条件下得到的动力学参数(m 0k)并不代表天然沉积物中固相组分的活性特征,但该方法提供了活性的定量表征和定量比较的标准方法[13]。Hyacinthe等[26]的研究表明,pH 7.5下通过还原性溶解动力学模型得到的m 0值相当于可被微生物还原的高活性Fe(Ⅲ)的最大值。因此,其m 0k值可用来表征高活性Fe(Ⅲ)的含量和活性。
pH 3.0下的动力学溶解实验分两步进行。首先,在pH 3.0的HCl溶液中进行动力学溶解实验。pH 3.0的HCl溶液可溶解FeS、FeCO3、Fe3(PO4)2,但不溶解黄铁矿(FeS2)和Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物[14],因此,该溶解实验测定Fe(Ⅱ)的酸溶解及伴随的P释放动力学。然后取冷冻沉积物样品在pH 3.0(HCl调节)的抗坏血酸(还原剂)溶液中进行动力学溶解。在该条件下,释放的Fe来源于Fe(Ⅱ)的酸溶解以及Fe(Ⅲ)的还原性溶解。Fe(Ⅲ)还原性溶解及伴随的P释放量可通过第一步扣除得到。具体步骤如下,在通入N2及磁力搅拌条件下将一定量(~12 g)冷冻湿沉积物快速加入到含有HCl溶液或HCl+抗坏血酸(10 mmol/L)混合溶液(1.2 L)的反应器中,同时开始计时。实验过程中自动电位滴定仪监测并稳定pH,在预定时间(1 min~12 h)用5 mL的注射器吸取混合悬液约4 mL并迅速通过针头滤器过滤(0.22 μm)。快速取1 mL滤液用邻菲罗啉试剂显色,用分光光度法测定Fe含量;取2 mL滤液用磷钼蓝法显色,用分光光度法测定磷酸盐含量。pH 7.5的动力学溶解实验在柠檬酸钠50 g/L+碳酸氢钠50 g/L+抗坏血酸20 g/L的缓冲体系中进行,pH通过缓冲体系稳定,因此不需要自动电位滴定仪稳定pH[26]
表层沉积物中砂、粉砂和黏土比例分别在0.09%~84.6%、11.0%~74.7%和4.41%~30.1%之间(表1)。根据图2,C3、C4、C6和C7为粉砂质砂,A6-8和A6-10为泥质砂,A6-1为砂质粉砂,其余样品(C2、C8、A6-2、A6-4、A6-6)均为粉砂。TOC含量在0.12%~0.73%之间,FeT含量在2.43%~4.64%之间。FeHR含量在146~228 μmol/g之间,Ex-P含量在0.85~1.67 μmol/g之间,Fe-P在2.26~12.4 μmol/g之间,Au-P在1.92~5.75 μmol/g之间。C3、C4、C6和C7这4个站位的黏土含量、TOC含量明显低于其他站位(p<0.05)。
pH 3.0条件下Fe(Ⅱ)和P溶解动力学的代表性拟合曲线如图3a图3b。酸可溶解的Fe(Ⅱ)理论含量m 0(Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0)在2.57~120 μmol/g之间(图3c),Fe(Ⅱ)的溶解速率常数k(Fe(Ⅱ)-k)在3.4×10–5~4.6×10–4 s–1之间(图3d)。与Fe(Ⅱ)同时释放的P的理论含量m 0(Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0)在1.61~11.5 μmol/g之间(图3e),其溶解速率常数k(Fe(Ⅱ)-P-k)在1.3×10–4~7.7×10–3 s–1之间(图3f)。C3、C4、C6和C7这4个站位的Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0、Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0以及Fe(Ⅱ)-k明显小于其他站位,但Fe(Ⅱ)-P-k则高于其他站位(p<0.05)。
pH 3.0条件下Fe(Ⅲ)和P溶解动力学的代表性拟合曲线如图4a图4b。可还原的Fe(Ⅲ)的理论含量m 0(Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0)在7.39~76.0 μmol/g之间(图4c),其溶解速率常数k(Fe(Ⅲ)-k)在4.1×10–5~2.3×10–3 s–1之间(图4d)。与Fe(Ⅲ)同时释放的P的m 0(Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0)在0.47~13.6 μmol/g之间(图4e),其溶解速率常数k(Fe(Ⅲ)-P-k)在4.0×10–5~1.4×10–3 s–1之间(图4f)。C3、C4、C6和C7这4个站位的Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0和Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0明显高于其他站位,而Fe(Ⅲ)-P-k则低于其他站位(p<0.05)。总体而言,C3、C4、C6和C7这4个站位的Fe(Ⅲ)-k高于其他站位,但其差异不显著(p<0.1)(见后文分析)。
pH 7.5条件下Fe(Ⅲ)溶解动力学的代表性拟合曲线如图5a。该pH条件下,可还原性溶解的Fe(Ⅲ)理论含量m 0(7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0)在10.3~35.4 μmol/g之间(图5b),溶解速率常数k(7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-k)在4.7×10–5~5.0×10–4 s–1之间(图5c)。C8、A6-1和A6-2这3个站位的7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0明显高于其他站位,C3、C4、C6和C7这4个站位的7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-k明显低于其他站位(p<0.05)。
河流通常为氧化环境,河流中溶解态和颗粒态活性Fe以Fe(Ⅲ)形态存在[11, 28]。然而,在pH 3.0的HCl溶液中,溶解动力学结果表明,表层沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)普遍存在。这不可能是Fe(Ⅱ)直接沉降导致,而应是Fe(Ⅲ)沉积后快速还原的结果。
Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0与盐度变化无相关性,但与TOC和黏土组分呈显著正相关(p<0.01)(图6a, 图6b)。Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0值较低的C3~C7 这4个站位为黏土和TOC含量都低的站位(图3c),而在黏土和TOC含量较高的其他站位,Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0值则较高。这可归因于以下两方面因素:(1)沉积物中有机质分解是Fe氧化物还原的驱动力。沉积物中Fe氧化物的还原可通过微生物还原或以硫化物为还原剂的化学还原两种途径[29];无论哪种路径,沉积物中活性有机质的分解都是驱动Fe氧化物还原的关键因素[30]。(2)河口中存在高活性的有机络合态Fe(Ⅲ)(包括溶解态、胶体态和颗粒态),絮凝沉淀到沉积物中后可发生快速还原[31-32]。据此可推断,细粒沉积物易于积累TOC以及有机络合态Fe(Ⅲ),因此,产生的Fe(Ⅱ)较高。黏土比例与Fe(Ⅱ)–m 0之间的良好线性关系进一步表明,细粒沉积物中TOC含量对Fe(Ⅲ)还原起重要控制作用。
通常认为,沉积物中的Fe(Ⅱ)(黄铁矿除外)均为高活性形态,因此,传统的化学形态分析均未对其活性进行更细致的区分[33]。Fe(Ⅱ)-k与黏土比例以及TOC含量之间存在显著的正相关性(p<0.01)(图6c图6d),这不仅表明Fe(Ⅱ)固相的活性存在明显差异,还表明TOC含量可能是Fe(Ⅱ)-k的重要控制因素。有研究表明[34],沉积物中自生矿物的形成可吸附和共沉淀孔隙水溶解有机碳(DOC),从而导致自生矿物的结晶度下降、活性增加。TOC含量较高的细粒沉积物孔隙水中通常可积累较多的DOC,导致更多的DOC与Fe(Ⅱ)共沉淀,从而导致Fe(Ⅱ)-k与黏土比例以及TOC含量之间的正相关性。可见,相对于砂质沉积物,富含有机质的黏土沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)含量及溶解活性都更高。
在pH 3.0的HCl溶液中,Fe(Ⅱ)和P的动力学释放量具有良好耦合关系(p<0.01)(图7a),且Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0与Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0之间也具有良好的线性关系(p<0.01)(图7b)。这表明Fe(Ⅱ)和P具有相似的溶解动力学特征。此外,Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0与Ex-P以及Au-P也具有较好的线性关系(p<0.01)(图7c图7d),这表明P的溶解与Ex-P和Au-P含量密切相关。pH 3.0条件下,Fe(Ⅱ)固相的酸溶解可导致吸附于其表面的Ex-P释放,该酸性条件也可导致Ca3(PO4)2、Fe3(PO4)2和FeCO3等含Fe(Ⅱ)和P的自生矿物的溶解。因此,Fe(Ⅱ)固相的溶解可导致Ex-P和Au-P的同步释放。
在Ex-P轴上的截距为0.71 μmol/g,表明一部分Ex-P与Fe(Ⅱ)矿物相无关。同样,在Au-P轴上的截距为1.0 μmol/g,表明一部分Au-P与Fe(Ⅱ)矿物相(如Ca3(PO4)2等)无关。不同时间点同时释放的Fe(Ⅱ)和P的摩尔比为10 ± 2.4,远大于Fe3(PO4)2的1.5,这表明Fe3(PO4)2不可能是主要组分。
有研究表明[35],在河流沉积物中,异化还原是Fe还原的主要路径,FeCO3通常是Fe(Ⅱ)的重要自生矿物,因此,C2~C8站位的Fe(Ⅱ)应为FeCO3。但在近海海洋沉积物中,硫酸盐还原通常是主要的早期成岩过程,因此,Fe(Ⅱ)硫化物(如FeS、FeS2等)为Fe(Ⅱ)的主要形态[36]。但此类矿物对P的吸附亲合性都很低[37-38],因此,可推测Fe(Ⅱ)硫化物的溶解与Ex-P和Au-P应无显著相关性。但A6-6、A6-8、A6-10等近海沉积物站位仍然表现出一致的相关性,这表明这些站位沉积物中的Fe(Ⅱ)并非以Fe(Ⅱ)硫化物为主。这一推断与东海沉积物中早期成岩作用研究结果一致[39-40]。由于受到长江输入以及东海沿岸流的强烈影响,东海内陆架沉积物强烈再悬浮,使得沉积物以亚氧化环境为主。在该条件下,沉积物的成岩作用以Fe异化还原为主,硫酸盐还原并非主要过程[41]。由于孔隙水中较低的硫化物含量,Fe(Ⅱ)并非以Fe(Ⅱ)硫化物形态为主,而是以FeCO3为主[12],FeCO3的形成可吸附或沉淀P[42]。以上特征表明,从长江河流、河口至东海近海沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)与P的相互作用具有一致性特征,赋存于FeCO3中的Ex-P和Au-P的释放是Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0与Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0之间以及Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0与Ex-P、Au-P之间具有良好线性关系的主要原因。
C3~C7这4个砂质沉积物站位的Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0含量明显低于其他站位(图3e),这与这4个站位Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0含量最低相一致。这4个站位的Fe(Ⅱ)-P-k值与Fe(Ⅱ)-k值却具有相反的关系(图3d图3f),这意味着Fe(Ⅱ)固相的活性较低时,其结合的P具有较高的活性。该结果看似自相矛盾,但可能正是Fe(Ⅱ)与P特定结合方式的体现。这4个站位的Fe(Ⅱ)-k值最低,表明其固相的活性低、结晶度较高,结合P的能力较低。因此,Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0值也最低。这4个站位较高的Fe(Ⅱ)-P-k可能反映了P主要为表面吸附,因为与共沉淀相比,表面吸附的吸附容量和稳定性都低(即溶解活性高)[43]。在黏土含量较高的其他站位,Fe(Ⅱ)-k较高表明Fe(Ⅱ)固相的结晶度较低,Fe(Ⅱ)与P共沉淀为主要结合形式。因此,Fe(Ⅱ)-P-m 0较大,而Fe(Ⅱ)-P-k则较低。
黏土和TOC含量低的C3~C7这4个站位Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0值较高,而其Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0值却最低(图3c图4c),这表明Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0低值并非可还原的Fe(Ⅲ)含量低所致。这4个砂质沉积物站位的Fe(Ⅲ)-k处于低值区,其他站位相对较高(图4d)。沉积物中TOC含量、氧化还原环境以及Fe(Ⅲ)活性等因素可能共同决定了沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0的值。
Fe(Ⅲ)-k值由多种复杂因素决定,其中氧化还原环境以及Fe的氧化物还原循环过程是重要的影响因素[13, 44]。在相对氧化的环境中,Fe经历较低程度的反复氧化还原循环,Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物逐渐老化可导致Fe(Ⅲ)-k值降低[44]。在还原环境中,活性Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物(特别是有机结合态Fe(Ⅲ))可被快速还原[31-32],但在其氧化还原界面上可发生Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的反复再生,使Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物维持较高的活性,导致Fe(Ⅲ)-k值较高。C3~C7这4个站位较低的Fe(Ⅲ)-k值应是在相对氧化的环境下Fe(Ⅲ)逐渐老化的结果。在其他站位,Fe(Ⅲ)-k值总体上较高(A6-1和A6-4站位除外),应是Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物反复再生的结果。需指出的是,尽管A6-1和A6-4也发生了较高程度的Fe还原,但其Fe(Ⅲ)-k却并不高,这表明还有其他复杂因素影响Fe氧化物的活性。
总体而言,C3~C7这4个砂质沉积物中Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0处于高值范围(图4e),而黏土含量较高的其他站位的Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0值则处于低值范围(A6-2和A6-4除外)。这一特征与Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0相似,且Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0与Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0具有较好的线性关系(p<0.05)(图8a)。与Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0相反,C3~C7这4个站位的Fe(Ⅲ)-P-k处于低值范围,而其他站位的Fe(Ⅲ)-P-k则处于高值范围(A6-2和A6-4站位除外)(图4f)。以上特征表明,Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的含量和活性总体上控制着Fe(Ⅲ)结合态P的含量和活性。需指出的是,Fe(Ⅲ)-P-m 0与化学提取得到的Fe结合态P(Fe-P)无明显的耦合关系(图8b),这再次说明了动力学表征方法和传统的化学提取方法之间存在不一致性。
在河口区Fe的絮凝/沉淀是重要的河口过程,已被广泛研究[2, 5],但絮凝/沉淀是否能引起河口沉积物中活性Fe的明显富集却未见有详细研究。鉴于长江河口及近海表层沉积物中发生快速的Fe(Ⅲ)还原作用,在本研究中用Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0和Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0之和来表征絮凝/沉淀对沉积物中活性Fe组成的影响。此外,由于Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0具有明显的粒控性特征(图6b)以及不同站位FeHR含量存在明显差异,我们利用[Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0 + Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0]/FeHR比值来消除粒控效应的影响从而表征高活性Fe的相对富集程度。从图9a可看出,在盐度开始明显增加的C8站位[Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0 + Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0]/FeHR比值出现最大值,在盐度快速增加的A6-1和A6-2这2个站位也有较高的比值,但明显低于C8站位;在其他站位该比值明显低于C8、A6-1和A6-2这3个站位(p<0.1)。这一结果表明,河口中Fe的絮凝/沉淀可导致河口沉积物中活性Fe的明显富集,且富集主要发生在盐度开始明显增加的低盐度河口区。随盐度的增加,这一过程明显减弱,在A6-4站位(盐度为21.28)活性Fe已无明显富集。值得注意的是,该富集作用随盐度的变化特征与悬浮颗粒物浓度随盐度变化特征具有明显的差异性。有研究表明,在盐度开始增加的站位(大约在C8站位)悬浮颗粒物浓度较低,悬浮颗粒物浓度的快速增加和随后的快速减小发生在盐度为5~15的范围内[4]。这表明,Fe的絮凝和沉淀与悬浮颗粒物浓度及沉降无直接关系,C8站位活性Fe的明显富集应是溶解态和胶体态Fe絮凝/沉淀导致,且已有实验结果证实了长江河口中Fe(Ⅲ)的直接絮凝和沉淀[45]。值得指出的是,传统的活性Fe形态分析未能揭示该富集作用[3]
在pH 7.5的缓冲溶液中,7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0可定量表征微生物可还原的Fe(Ⅲ)的最大含量,因此可代表高活性Fe(Ⅲ)的含量[26]。在C8、A6-1、A6-2这3个站位的7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0/FeHR图9b)和[Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0 + Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0]/FeHR图9a)均明显高于其他站位(p<0.1)。这一结果表明高活性Fe(Ⅲ) 很可能也在这3个站位发生明显富集。其富集可能与有机结合态Fe(Ⅲ)的絮凝/沉淀有关,因为此Fe(Ⅲ)形态具有高还原活性[31-32]。可能正因为此原因,这3个站位7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-m 0的高值也导致了Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0的高值(图3c)。与pH3.0下的Fe(Ⅲ)-k相似,C3~C7这4个站位的7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-k值也处于低值范围(图5c),而其他站位的7.5-Fe(Ⅲ)-k值则较高,但无明显的变化趋势,这一特征与这些站位的Fe(Ⅲ)-k值具有相似的特征(图4d),再次说明Fe(Ⅲ)活性的影响因素比较复杂。
Fe(Ⅱ)溶解动力学结果表明,从长江河口至东海邻近海域表层沉积物中普遍存在固相Fe(Ⅱ),这可归因于絮凝/沉淀到沉积物中的高活性有机络合态Fe(Ⅲ)快速还原的结果。Fe(Ⅱ)-k与黏土以及TOC含量之间较好的正相关性表明,黏土及TOC含量对Fe(Ⅱ)-m 0及其Fe(Ⅱ)-k值起重要的控制作用。根据Fe(Ⅱ)和P溶解动力学特征推断,FeCO3为沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)的主要自生矿物,部分交换态和自生P以表面吸附和共沉淀方式与FeCO3结合。表面吸附的P含量低,但溶解活性高;共沉淀的P含量高,但溶解活性低。
Fe(Ⅲ)还原溶解动力学结果表明,Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的还原活性受沉积物粒度及TOC含量的控制,从而控制与之相结合的P的含量及活性。TOC含量较高的细粒沉积物中,Fe(Ⅲ)以及与之结合P的活性高;由于处于较还原环境,Fe(Ⅲ)还原性溶解导致Fe(Ⅲ)及P的含量(m 0)均较低。在TOC含量较低的粗粒沉积物中,其结果则刚好相反。
Fe溶解动力学参数表明,长江河口的絮凝/沉淀作用导致了河口沉积物中活性Fe的明显富集,且富集作用主要发生在盐度开始明显增加的低盐度河口区。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41576078,41776085);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFA0601301)。
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2019年第41卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.001
  • 接收时间:2018-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-10-20
  • 修回日期:2019-12-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(41576078,41776085);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFA0601301)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100

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*朱茂旭(1967—),男,湖南省澧县人,教授,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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