Article(id=1246845541238334003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1545753600000, receivedDateStr=2018-12-26, revisedDate=1563724800000, revisedDateStr=2019-07-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775200742300, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1577203200000, pubDateStr=2019-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775200742300, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775200742300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200742300, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246845538742719188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775200741706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200890782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246845541590655541, articleId=1246845541238334003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatial heterogeneity of growth traits of four fish species in the Haizhou Bay, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Growth parameters of fish are commonly assumed homogeneous in traditional fish stock assessment. However, increasing studies in recent years have shown that the growth of marine fish is characterized by spatial heterogeneity. To evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of growth traits of the fishes in the Haizhou Bay and its adjacent waters, this study analyzed the spatial distribution of 4 fish species and estimated their von Bertalanffy growth function parameters using otter trawl data collected from 2013 to 2018. We fitted the growth equations for Pholis fangi, Syngnatus acus, Larimichthys polyactis and Thryssa kammalensis using Electronic Length Frequency Analysis method in combination with the Bootstrap and compared the differences in growth parameters between deep- and shallow-water regions. The results show that growth parameters of the fish species exhibit certain levels of spatial heterogeneity, in particular Syngnatus acus and Larimichthys polyactis show substantial spatial heterogeneity. These differences may be attributed to the variations in spatial physical and chemical conditions, community structure and migration of the species.

, correspAuthors=Chongliang Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun Wang, Chongliang Zhang, Jing Wang, Yiping Ren), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246845544279204423, articleId=1246845541238334003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海州湾4种鱼类生长特征的空间异质性, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统的渔业资源评估均假设鱼类的生长参数是匀质的,然而近年来越来越多的研究表明海洋鱼类生长存在空间异质性。为探究海州湾鱼类生长参数的空间异质性现象,本研究分析了2013–2018年海州湾及其邻近海域方氏云鳚(Pholis fangi)、尖海龙(Syngnatus acus)、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)的空间分布,使用电子体长频率分析方法结合Bootstrap重抽样方法估算了这4种鱼类的生长参数及其在深、浅水区域中的差异。结果显示,这4种鱼类生长参数均表现出一定的空间异质性,其中尖海龙和小黄鱼生长参数的空间异质性表现较为明显。这种差异可能是由于空间上的理化条件、群落结构以及物种本身洄游分布的差异而产生的。

, correspAuthors=张崇良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张崇良,副教授,研究方向为渔业资源。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6Qed7zP+Sd3VqDDU6lDuOA==, magXml=OVLiXA4ivaIMhBGK/CL26A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=i5EIjL5ZA1+UOwwWyfvpvg==, pdfFileSize=4304679, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=qhKTDC0YCwrFhzb47WvjFQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HWoOl/+h/VP/TEgN8WvAwQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王琨(1995—),男,内蒙古自治区乌海市人,研究方向为渔业资源评估。E-mail:

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王琨(1995—),男,内蒙古自治区乌海市人,研究方向为渔业资源评估。E-mail:

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王琨(1995—),男,内蒙古自治区乌海市人,研究方向为渔业资源评估。E-mail:

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a. Pholis fangi; b. Syngnatus acus; c. Thryssa kammalensis; d. Larimichthys polyactis

, figureFileSmall=ZIobZcpmGPIMpaavR7izIQ==, figureFileBig=xQ3wXMZ0JHWR38C9MLhIkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330471990258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=CN, label=图2, caption=方氏云鳚、尖海龙、赤鼻棱鳀和小黄鱼在海州湾海域的生物量分布

a.方氏云鳚;b.尖海龙;c.赤鼻棱鳀;d.小黄鱼

, figureFileSmall=ZIobZcpmGPIMpaavR7izIQ==, figureFileBig=xQ3wXMZ0JHWR38C9MLhIkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330862060534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Body length frequency distribution of four fish species in different regions, figureFileSmall=6d3odHAe+6Gdv3UiEVjopA==, figureFileBig=H71PI9rZp+paTaYp7mfgLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331008861173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=CN, label=图3, caption=研究的4个鱼种在两区域中的体长分布频率, figureFileSmall=6d3odHAe+6Gdv3UiEVjopA==, figureFileBig=H71PI9rZp+paTaYp7mfgLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331168244727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The differences in distribution of growth parameters in different areas

The shaded gray area represents the 95% simultaneous confidence intervals between L and K

, figureFileSmall=zvhV80sEKLJKOSwU4aAgcQ==, figureFileBig=59GnxOxDeqXqmQmP+N4EgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331344405498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同区域中生长参数分布的差异

L 表示生物体的极限体长;K表示生长曲线的平均曲率;灰色阴影区域表示L K的95%联合置信区间

, figureFileSmall=zvhV80sEKLJKOSwU4aAgcQ==, figureFileBig=59GnxOxDeqXqmQmP+N4EgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331516371963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The distribution of von Bertalanffy growth function curves of four fish species

Each panel consists of 1 000 growth curves. The dashed line (CI=95%) represents the growth curve corresponding to the 95% Bootstrap confidence interval. The heavy line represents the growth curve corresponding to the parameter values with the maximum probability density

, figureFileSmall=XKoUvGTs3y6n/puYXmX+1Q==, figureFileBig=GxV8RH7Tb+vZQnT4+LsBzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506333286368253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=CN, label=图5, caption=研究的4种鱼类von Bertalanffy生长方程曲线的分布

每张图片由1 000条生长曲线组成,虚线(CI=95%)表示95% Bootstrap置信区间所对应的生长曲线, 粗实线(Max.Dens.)表示概率密度最大的参数值所对应的生长曲线

, figureFileSmall=XKoUvGTs3y6n/puYXmX+1Q==, figureFileBig=GxV8RH7Tb+vZQnT4+LsBzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506333680632832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Spatial diagram of clustering of fish community structure in the Haizhou Bay and its adjacent waters, figureFileSmall=S3zAgmC8aHORU31KMDyBzg==, figureFileBig=ERA8cUX/0yih4P/qKv7P7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506334007787523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=CN, label=图6, caption=海州湾及其邻近海域渔业生物群落结构聚类分析结果空间示意图, figureFileSmall=S3zAgmC8aHORU31KMDyBzg==, figureFileBig=ERA8cUX/0yih4P/qKv7P7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506334150393862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Estimation of growth parameters by species and areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种 区域 L /mm K/a−1
方氏云鳚 1 182.92±4.33 0.48±0.09
方氏云鳚 2 185.56±3.48 0.50±0.05
尖海龙 1 213.28±8.69 0.74±0.07
尖海龙 2 203.34±6.67 0.44±0.06
赤鼻棱鳀 1 223.05±6.85 0.26±0.09
赤鼻棱鳀 2 125.52±4.49 0.50±0.06
小黄鱼 1 183.79±0.29 0.29±0.06
小黄鱼 2 215.00±0.21 0.21±0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334297194505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845541238334003, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各物种在不同区域中生长参数的估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种 区域 L /mm K/a−1
方氏云鳚 1 182.92±4.33 0.48±0.09
方氏云鳚 2 185.56±3.48 0.50±0.05
尖海龙 1 213.28±8.69 0.74±0.07
尖海龙 2 203.34±6.67 0.44±0.06
赤鼻棱鳀 1 223.05±6.85 0.26±0.09
赤鼻棱鳀 2 125.52±4.49 0.50±0.06
小黄鱼 1 183.79±0.29 0.29±0.06
小黄鱼 2 215.00±0.21 0.21±0.03
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海州湾4种鱼类生长特征的空间异质性
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王琨 1 , 张崇良 1, * , 王晶 1 , 任一平 1, 2
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019,41(12): 62-70
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019, 41(12): 62-70
海州湾4种鱼类生长特征的空间异质性
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王琨1 , 张崇良1, * , 王晶1, 任一平1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266071
  • 王琨(1995—),男,内蒙古自治区乌海市人,研究方向为渔业资源评估。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张崇良,副教授,研究方向为渔业资源。E-mail:
Spatial heterogeneity of growth traits of four fish species in the Haizhou Bay
Kun Wang1 , Chongliang Zhang1, * , Jing Wang1, Yiping Ren1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2019-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.006
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传统的渔业资源评估均假设鱼类的生长参数是匀质的,然而近年来越来越多的研究表明海洋鱼类生长存在空间异质性。为探究海州湾鱼类生长参数的空间异质性现象,本研究分析了2013–2018年海州湾及其邻近海域方氏云鳚(Pholis fangi)、尖海龙(Syngnatus acus)、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)的空间分布,使用电子体长频率分析方法结合Bootstrap重抽样方法估算了这4种鱼类的生长参数及其在深、浅水区域中的差异。结果显示,这4种鱼类生长参数均表现出一定的空间异质性,其中尖海龙和小黄鱼生长参数的空间异质性表现较为明显。这种差异可能是由于空间上的理化条件、群落结构以及物种本身洄游分布的差异而产生的。

海州湾  /  鱼类  /  生长参数  /  空间异质性  /  电子体长频率分析

Growth parameters of fish are commonly assumed homogeneous in traditional fish stock assessment. However, increasing studies in recent years have shown that the growth of marine fish is characterized by spatial heterogeneity. To evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of growth traits of the fishes in the Haizhou Bay and its adjacent waters, this study analyzed the spatial distribution of 4 fish species and estimated their von Bertalanffy growth function parameters using otter trawl data collected from 2013 to 2018. We fitted the growth equations for Pholis fangi, Syngnatus acus, Larimichthys polyactis and Thryssa kammalensis using Electronic Length Frequency Analysis method in combination with the Bootstrap and compared the differences in growth parameters between deep- and shallow-water regions. The results show that growth parameters of the fish species exhibit certain levels of spatial heterogeneity, in particular Syngnatus acus and Larimichthys polyactis show substantial spatial heterogeneity. These differences may be attributed to the variations in spatial physical and chemical conditions, community structure and migration of the species.

Haizhou Bay  /  fish  /  growth parameter  /  spatial heterogeneity  /  electronic length frequency analysis
王琨, 张崇良, 王晶, 任一平. 海州湾4种鱼类生长特征的空间异质性. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (12) : 62 -70 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.006
Kun Wang, Chongliang Zhang, Jing Wang, Yiping Ren. Spatial heterogeneity of growth traits of four fish species in the Haizhou Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (12) : 62 -70 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.006
渔业生物的生长特征是渔业资源评估中的一个基础性问题,许多研究探讨了鱼类生长的描述方法,其中包括von Bertalanffy生长方程(von Bertalanffy growth function, VBGF)。该方程应用广泛[1-2],方程中的参数如生长曲线的平均曲率是Beverton-Holt单位补充量渔获量等渔业模型中的基本参数[3]。需要注意的是,传统渔业资源评估中往往假设鱼类的生长参数是匀质的,即假设整个群体有共同的生长特征。然而,近年来越来越多的证据表明海洋鱼类的生长存在空间异质性[4-9],即同一群体由于个体所处生活环境的理化条件、群落结构等各方面的差异,表现出不同的生长特征。目前国内生长异质性研究多集中于不同地理群体间差异的比较[10-12],对小尺度下鱼类生长的空间异质性研究较少。由于生长速率往往作为衡量一个鱼类群体生产力的指标,生长参数估计的准确性会影响生物参考点的估算,因此忽略鱼类生长的异质性可能会对渔业资源的评估与管理带来风险[13-14]
本研究基于2013–2018年海州湾渔业生物群落调查数据,利用电子体长频率分析(Electronic Length Frequency Analysis, ELEFAN)方法,结合Bootstrap重抽样方法估算了海州湾4种主要鱼类的VBGF生长参数,比较了其在深、浅水区域中生长参数的差异。本文旨在评估海州湾鱼类生长参数的空间异质性现象,反映空间覆盖的差异对参数估计的影响,为海州湾的渔业资源评估与管理提供相关参考。
研究样本来自2013–2018年春(4月、5月)、秋(9月、10月)两季的海州湾及其邻近海域底拖网调查。调查海域范围为34°20′~35°40′N,119°20′~121°10′E,共设76个站位。调查站位设计采用分层随机采样方案[15],根据调查区域的深度、纬度等环境特征差异将调查海区分为5个区域(图1, AE)。每个航次在A~E的5个区域中分别随机选取2个、 4个、2个、7个、3个站位,共18个站位。各区域采样站数与其面积成比例。所用调查船为功率220 kW的单拖渔船,拖网速度为2~3 kn,每站拖网时间为1 h。调查网具囊网网目为17 mm,网口扩张高度约为6 m,网口扩张宽度约为25 m。样品的采集和分析参考《海洋调查规范》(GB/T 12763.6–2007)[16]。调查共捕获鱼类105种,根据调查数据,按栖息水层的差异选择了方氏云鳚(Pholis fangi,底层,3 202尾)、尖海龙(Syngnatus acus,底层,1 389尾)、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis,近底层,1 370尾)及赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis,中上层,756尾)共4种生物量或个体数较多的种类进行研究。本研究主要比较上述4种鱼类在深、浅水区域生长参数生物体的极限体长和生长曲线的平均曲率的差异,其中浅水区范围为A~C区(记为区域1,水深小于20 m),深水区范围为D~E区(记为区域2,水深大于20 m)。
按拖网速度2 kn,拖网时间1 h进行标准化,求得2013–2018年间各站位主要渔业生物(鱼类、虾类、蟹类、头足类)分物种生物量,得出上述4种鱼类在2013–2018年间各站位拖网调查生物量的平均值(部分站位在2013–2018年间经过多次调查),并对各站位的平均生物量进行对数转化,其公式为B std = lg (B 0 + 1),其中B 0为各物种的原始生物量,B std为对数转化后的生物量。基于此数据使用克里金法 (Kriging method)进行插值,模拟各物种的生物量分布,半变异函数模型采用普通克里金的球面函数模型。根据插值结果绘制各物种生物量的分布图,分析各物种的分布规律。
本研究假设鱼类的生长符合VBGF:
${L_t} = {L_\infty }\{(1 - {\rm{exp}}\left( { - K\left[ {t - {t_0}} \right]} \right)\},$
式中,L 表示生物体的极限体长,也称渐近体长或理论最大体长(mm);K表示生长曲线的平均曲率,可以衡量个体体长趋向于其渐近值的相对速率(a−1);t 0表示理论上体长为0时所对应的年龄,通常为负值(a)。
ELEFAN方法使用一定时间序列的体长频率数据估算VBGF参数,是一种重要的基于体长数据的资源评估方法,在国内外均有广泛的应用[17]。使用ELEFAN方法估计VBGF参数的主要操作步骤如下:
(1)将各物种的体长数据按照一定的体长分组组距进行重整,合并同一体长组的个体,按频率绘制体长频率图,图上峰值对应体长频率密度较大的点。
(2)重新调整体长分组组距,并设定移动平均值的项数,计算移动平均值,高于移动平均数的为正峰值,低于移动平均数的为负峰值。
(3)根据体长组分布的波峰数计算可拟合的波峰数之和(Available Sum of Peaks, ASP),不断调整VBGF参数来获得一系列的生长曲线,所获曲线每穿过一次正峰值认为成功拟合1个峰值,穿过负峰值则减少1个峰值。所求的最大值为解释波峰和(Explained Sum of Peaks, ESP)。在优化过程中不断计算参数组合以及对应ESP/ASP,根据拟合优度指数Rn=10(ESP/ASP)/10,选取Rn最大的一组(Rn max)作为最优解,其对应的L K即为最优拟合参数。
ELEFAN方法在拟合生长方程的过程中存在一个对目标函数的优化过程,其优化过程可能受算法限制而导致参数估计不具有稳健性。同时单次的ELEFAN运算只能提供具体的参数值,无法得出参数值的分布情况及误差[18]。Bootstrap作为一种重要的非参数统计方法,可以用于对目标统计量进行区间估计,进而衡量参数估计的不确定性,在渔业中也有着广泛的应用[19-20]。因此本研究采用结合Bootstrap的ELEFAN方法进行生长参数的区间估计,对各组数据进行1 000次有放回的重抽样,对重抽样获取的新样本进行ELEFAN运算求解生长参数,根据运算结果绘制L K的95%二维联合置信区间[21],比较同一物种在深、浅水区域中生长参数分布情况的差异。优化过程使用遗传算法 (Genetic Algorithm, GA)完成。
本研究中的数据处理、图形构建主要使用R 3.5.1版本中TropFishR[22]等软件包中的函数以及ArcGIS 10.6完成。
研究的4个鱼种的生物量分布在不同的分区内均有一定的差异(图2)。方氏云鳚在E区生物量较高,部分站点生物量接近105 g数量级,在B区与C区生物量较低;尖海龙在A区,以及B区、D区同A区相邻的区域中生物量较高,接近102.5 g数量级,在C区和E区生物量较低;赤鼻棱鳀的分布呈现两个明显的峰值,B区及其邻近区域生物量较高,接近102.5 g数量级,在E区生物量较低,特别是在E区北部的部分站位几乎没有分布;小黄鱼在B区、C区、E区中生物量较高,接近103.25 g数量级,在A区和D区生物量较低。
各鱼种在两个区域的样本体长频率分布在两个区域存在一定的差异(图3)。方氏云鳚在区域1中共测量802尾个体生物学信息,体长分布范围45~164 mm;方氏云鳚在区域2中共测量2 400尾个体生物学信息,体长分布范围53~165 mm,在两区域体长频率分布较为接近。尖海龙在区域1中共测量725尾个体生物学信息,全长分布范围72~194 mm;尖海龙在区域2中共测量664尾个体生物学信息,全长分布范围30~190 mm,在区域1中的个体平均大小和优势全长均大于区域2中。赤鼻棱鳀在区域1中共测量518尾个体生物学信息,叉长分布范围50~205 mm;赤鼻棱鳀在区域2中共测量238尾个体生物学信息,叉长分布范围60~117 mm,区域1中个体显著大于区域2中。小黄鱼在区域1中共测量686尾个体生物学信息,体长分布范围40~171 mm;小黄鱼在区域2中共测量684尾个体生物学信息,体长分布范围68~202 mm,在区域1中的个体平均大小和优势全长均大于区域2中。
研究的4个鱼种在两个海区中生长参数的分布以及VBGF生长曲线均有一定程度的差异(图4图5表1)。对各鱼种L -K的霍特林(Hotelling's)T 2统计量进行显著性检验,结果表明,方氏云鳚在区域1中参数L K的联合置信区间分布与区域2重叠面积较大,不具有显著差异;尖海龙在区域1中具有较高的L K,其参数L K的联合置信区间与区域2的参数分布重叠面积小于0.05,二者具有显著差异;赤鼻棱鳀在区域1中具有较高的L 和较低的K,其参数L K的联合置信区间与区域2相差较大,几乎没有重叠部分,二者具有显著差异;小黄鱼在区域1中具有相对较低的L 和较高的K,其参数L K的联合置信区间与区域2的参数分布重叠面积小于0.05,二者具有显著差异。
海州湾及其邻近海域环境、底质特征复杂[23-24],受多种海流以及黄海冷水团的辐射影响[25],其复杂多变的环境特征可能导致物种分布呈现区域化、斑块化特征。传统的基于单鱼种的渔业资源评估通常只考虑了鱼种本身,而忽略了群落和生态系统结构的影响[26-27]。而鱼类所处群落和生态系统结构的差异很可能会通过饵料、捕食等方面因素影响鱼类的种群动态[28]。生境和群落结构的差异可能影响栖息于该环境生物的生长、繁殖和补充过程,进而影响渔业资源的开发利用,因此探讨鱼类生长特征的时空异质性对于深入了解生态系统的作用机制,科学管理渔业资源具有重要意义。本研究结果表明,方氏云鳚、尖海龙、赤鼻棱鳀和小黄鱼具有不同的异质性生长特征,可能是由于不同的生态机制所导致。因此本研究也对海州湾及其邻近海域各站位间的群落结构进行相似性分析,聚类分析的结果表明,可以将各站位分为两个大的类群(图6)。这两个类群与水深的分布有较为明显的关系,即类群1大部分为分布在A~C区域的站位,其水深范围均在20 m以浅;类群2大部分为分布在D~E区域的站位,水深均为20 m以深。许多研究也表明,水深是影响海洋生物群落结构差异的重要因素之一[29-31],这也同本研究中的结果相符合。因此,本研究中将海州湾海域分为深、浅水两个区域,很大程度代表了鱼类生境和群落结构的异质性,一定程度上体现了不同生物环境、种间关系可能对鱼类生长的影响。
方氏云鳚的VBGF参数没有体现明显的空间异质性,区域2中具有相对较高的极限体长L 和生长参数K,这可能同其分布特征有关。本研究中方氏云鳚在海州湾东北角存在一个明显的分布高峰区。先前研究表明,海州湾方氏云鳚群体的分布受到水深和离岸距离的显著影响,在离岸距离70 km,水深36 m时群体生物量达峰值[32],这可能与南黄海冷水团中心部分存在上升流有关。上升流区的理化环境有利于产生高生产力,从而提供丰富的饵料来源[33],其周围海区具有较高的生物量以及良好的生长条件。
尖海龙的VBGF参数体现了明显的空间异质性,在两个区域中的生长参数K具有显著的差异,相比深水区在离岸较近的浅水区具有更快的生长速率,这可能与生存环境的差异和季节性洄游有关。近岸海域通常受人类活动、陆地径流等影响,营养盐含量较高,具有较高的初级生产力[34],更有利于个体快速生长。另一方面,尖海龙是一种近岸暖温性底层鱼类[35],先前研究表明底温是影响尖海龙分布最重要的环境因子,尖海龙在春季和夏季主要分布在近岸海区,在秋冬季节则在离岸海区分布较多[36]。季节性生长现象是许多鱼类在生长过程中所具有的现象,通常夏季具有较高的温度和较好的饵料条件,使个体具有较快的生长速率,在冬季则相反。
赤鼻棱鳀的VBGF参数在两个区域中具有明显的差异,特别是在区域2中所求得的极限体长L 显著小于区域1中的估算结果,但产生这种差异的原因可能不是生物学上的,而是由于采样的代表性差异而导致的。本研究中所进行的渔业资源调查使用的网具为底拖网,而赤鼻棱鳀作为一种小型的中上层鱼类,通常活动在中上层水域,因此其只是底拖网作业的兼捕种。从样本的体长频率组成中可以看出,赤鼻棱鳀在离岸深水区只捕获了小个体(叉长范围60~117 mm),不能真实地反映海域中群体的体长组成,一方面可能是由于赤鼻棱鳀属于沿岸、河口的小型鱼类,主要分布在近岸而在离岸区较少,另一方面可能与调查所采用网具的网口高度(6 m)以及调查海区水深(大于20 m)有关。由于缺少叉长较大的个体,使用本研究中深水区所采样品进行生长参数估算,可能导致与估算结果真实值存在较大的偏差,严重低估其极限体长。调查结果之所以显示在近岸的B区仍有相对较多的个体分布,可能是由于B区离岸距离较近,赤鼻棱鳀大量分布,以及B区水深相对较浅,网具高度所能涉及的水深仍在其活动范围内。
小黄鱼的VBGF参数体现了明显的空间异质性,小黄鱼在区域1中具有较低的L 和较高的K,这可能与其洄游习性和产卵场分布有关。小黄鱼是一种广泛分布于我国沿海的洄游性鱼类,徐兆礼和陈佳杰[37]的研究表明,海州湾及其邻近海域是小黄鱼的产卵场和洄游通道之一,其海州湾产卵场主要位于本研究调查海区的B区,其越冬和产卵洄游通道主要位于海区的E区南侧以及E区和C区的交接部分,调查结果也表明小黄鱼在这些区域均有一定量的分布。通常鱼类的产卵场往往具有较好的饵料基础和生长环境,有利于个体生长,而在洄游过程中则减少摄食,从而导致生长速度缓慢甚至是生长停滞[38-39],这也与本研究的观察结果相符合。需要注意的是,对于小黄鱼等洄游性鱼类来说,由于其长距离洄游的特性,有可能在不同区域的捕获个体均属于同一群体,即不同的区域的个体可能是同一群体在其生活史各阶段的洄游分布。因此对于这种长距离洄游的种类来说,在实际研究中往往很难保证调查范围的空间覆盖率能包含其洄游范围,导致参数估计存在误差。因此本研究中生长参数的差异可能是空间覆盖率的差异而产生的,而非物种本身生长特征的差异。
总体来看,海州湾的4种主要鱼类生长参数均表现出一定的空间异质性,其中尖海龙和小黄鱼生长参数的空间异质性表现较为明显。这种差异可能是由于空间上的理化条件、群落结构以及物种本身洄游分布的差异而产生的,但由于本研究调查海域尺度相对较小,仅涉及海州湾及其邻近海域,因此对于导致几种鱼类生长参数的空间异质性的具体原因难以获得普适性的规律,今后可以考虑进行更大范围的研究以弥补本研究的不足。例如一些研究已证实在一定程度上增加温度会导致一些海洋鱼类的生长速率发生适应性的改变,以及极限体长的相应变化,从而表现出在纬度上的生长异质性[9, 40-41]。一些学者也提出鱼类个体所处群落结构的差异可能对个体的生长产生一定的影响,如捕食饵料生物的难度,以及饵料生物的生物量大小等因素都会导致个体生长状况发生一定的变化[42];另一方面,在鱼类群落中会发生下行控制,例如产生同鱼体大小相关的死亡率[43-44]而使群体中快速生长的大个体被移除,导致群体生长速率的降低[45]
本研究求解VBGF所使用的ELEFAN方法作为一种基于体长的评估方法,其所使用的最理想数据类型为一周年内,每月进行月度调查而获得的体长频率组成数据[17],这样所求解的生长参数误差较小。而现实中受调查成本等各方面因素影响,这样良好质量的数据可能难以获取,例如本研究所进行的调查即为半年时间间隔的连续多年调查数据,这样可能会导致参数估计不确定性的增大。因此也有一些研究探讨了减少ELEFAN方法估算生长参数不确定性的方法[18, 46]。例如Schwamborn等[46]的研究表明,结合Bootstrap的ELEFAN方法可以更好地评估由于样本质量问题所引起生长参数估算的不确定性,给出相应的生长参数估算置信区间。本文也采用了相同的方法,对各样本进行1 000次的重抽样并估算生长参数,以减少本研究中由于采样月度不足所产生的不确定性。
需要注意的是,本研究使用VBGF生长参数作为衡量各物种生长情况的指标,并使用ELEFAN方法进行生长参数的估算,其准确程度主要依赖于以下几点基本假设的合理性:(1)VBGF可以较好的拟合所研究物种的生长特征;(2)所研究的物种在调查时间段内的生长特征没有发生显著的变化;(3)所研究物种生长情况的个体变异性较小,即体长的差异主要是由个体年龄的差异决定的。这些假设条件的合理性会对估算结果产生较大的影响,在今后的研究中也需要进行进一步的探讨。例如,本研究中假设所研究的物种生长特征在调查期间没有发生显著的变化,但许多研究表明,近年来海洋生态系统因受到气候变动、捕捞压力等方面的胁迫而使许多鱼类生活史特征发生了一定的变化,如鱼体小型化、生长速度加快等[47-49]。因此,今后的研究中应该同时考虑鱼类生长在时间和空间上的变化,以更好地应对气候变化、捕捞压力、近海环境变化等对海洋生态系统的胁迫。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0900904)。
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2019年第41卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.006
  • 接收时间:2018-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-12-26
  • 修回日期:2019-07-22
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0900904)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266071

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*张崇良,副教授,研究方向为渔业资源。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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