Article(id=1246845540902785782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1550246400000, receivedDateStr=2019-02-16, revisedDate=1556467200000, revisedDateStr=2019-04-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775200742220, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1577203200000, pubDateStr=2019-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775200742220, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775200742220, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200742220, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246845538742719188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775200741706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200890782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246845541255107335, articleId=1246845540902785782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Distribution and budget of nitrogen and phosphorus in the coastal area of Rushan Bay, columnId=1243954928637559095, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Chemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the seven comprehensive surveys in the coastal area of Rushan Bay in summer of 2009 and 2014, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and nutrient structure were analyzed, and the budgets of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) were estimated based on the water balance calculated by Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The results show that the high concentrations of DIN and DIP in adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer appears in the mouth area of Rushan Bay. Their concentrations and distributions are influenced by the terrestrial inputs, tides and currents significantly. The DIN and DIP effluxes from the sediment to the overlying water at the sediment-water interface result in the higher concentrations of DIN and DIP in the bottom water than those in the surface water. The budget of DIN shows that internal cycling is the dominant source of DIN for the primary production, accounting for 86% of uptake by primary production, followed by water exchange (11%), and benthic efflux (3%); the removal of DIN in the water column is dominant by sedimentation (80%), export to the offshore (16%), and denitrification (4%). The DIP budget shows that internal cycling in the water column is the dominant source of DIP for the primary production, accounting for 91% of uptake by primary production, followed by water exchange (9%), and benthic efflux (lower than 1%); the removal of DIP in the water column is also dominant by sedimentation (67%) and export to the off shore by water exchange (33%). Based on the budgets of DIN and DIP, internal recycling is the dominant source for both of DIN and DIP supplies in the coastal water column, and the burial efficiency of P is higher than N into the sediment in the area off Rushan Bay. However, the different nutrient structure between external and internal sources of the study area would result in a long-term effect on the nutrient balance and primary production due to the differential budget of DIN and DIP.

, correspAuthors=Jun Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiaye Zang, Chenying Zhao, Jun Liu, Aijun Zhang, Xunqiang Yin, Jihua Liu, Hao Wang, Yibin Wang, Xiangbin Ran), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246845544224674682, articleId=1246845540902785782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=乳山湾外邻近海域氮和磷的分布与收支过程研究, columnId=1243954928834691394, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋化学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2009年6–9月,2014年5月,2014年7–8月在乳山湾外邻近海域的综合调查资料,分析了该开放海域水体与沉积物中氮、磷营养盐的组成和分布,并在潮汐潮流数值模式计算水通量的基础上分析了近岸开放区域无机氮(DIN)和无机磷(DIP)的循环与收支的主要过程,量化了潮汐潮流、初级生产的消耗与转化、底界面过程与内部循环等过程对氮和磷营养盐循环与收支的影响。结果表明,夏季乳山湾外邻近海域水体DIN和DIP的浓度与分布受陆源输入和潮汐潮流的共同影响,高值均出现在湾口区域;沉积物-水界面存在DIN和DIP从沉积物向上覆水释放的现象,使得底层水体的氮、磷营养盐浓度高于表层水体。氮的收支表明,研究海域水体内部循环过程是初级生产所需DIN的主要来源,占初级生产总消耗量的86%,其次是水交换作用(11%),底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献相对较小(3%);水体DIN的移出主要是通过埋藏、向外海的输送和水体反硝化作用,其比例分别为80%、16%和4%。磷的收支显示,研究海域水体内部循环过程贡献了初级生产所需DIP的91%,其次是水交换作用(9%),底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献小于1%;水体DIP支出主要是通过沉积埋藏和向外海的输送,其比例分别为67%和33%。研究结果表明内部循环过程是近海水体氮和磷获得补充的主要途径,不过外部来源的氮、磷营养盐结构与系统内部具有显著的差异,且系统内磷的埋藏效率要高于氮,其必将对乳山湾外邻近海域营养盐结构和初级生产产生长远的影响。

, correspAuthors=刘军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘军(1985—),男,湖北省宜昌市人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事海洋生物地球化学方面研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=lPJzTD1FmbBx4Ia7Uf7sWw==, magXml=if86CDo0i8a7eeIdIZK+Gg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8N+qF44Ir615Hx0tOn3MpQ==, pdfFileSize=6423586, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=x+aPXgqze5vYxWySPoWjMQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PKHxE5DCP0b3o0kVt5E+CA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

臧家业(1962—),男,山东省青岛市人,研究员,主要从事海洋环境科学方面研究。E-mail:

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臧家业(1962—),男,山东省青岛市人,研究员,主要从事海洋环境科学方面研究。E-mail:

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臧家业(1962—),男,山东省青岛市人,研究员,主要从事海洋环境科学方面研究。E-mail:

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arrow shows the water current direction), figureFileSmall=9Mf5OgoRWRuun+ddOsZGcQ==, figureFileBig=VmuDvprZ60vJKQr43uFnPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506329016562428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=CN, label=图1, caption=乳山湾口及其邻近海域采样站位(红色虚框为收支计算边界,箭头代表水流方向), figureFileSmall=9Mf5OgoRWRuun+ddOsZGcQ==, figureFileBig=VmuDvprZ60vJKQr43uFnPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506329217889024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Horizontal distribution of DIN concentration in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer 2009, figureFileSmall=vRlsb3sq+X3YRNq7XAOCIQ==, figureFileBig=d4wR5z3p+DoCvIt/UUYnyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506329419215620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2009年夏季乳山湾邻近海域DIN浓度平面分布, figureFileSmall=vRlsb3sq+X3YRNq7XAOCIQ==, figureFileBig=d4wR5z3p+DoCvIt/UUYnyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506329679262473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Horizontal distribution of DIP concentration in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer 2009, figureFileSmall=1Ndf5y0TezetVtK6ovlGXw==, figureFileBig=0S0cGVTvNZr6p+mlfcrfXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506329779925772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2009年夏季乳山湾邻近海域DIP浓度平面分布, figureFileSmall=1Ndf5y0TezetVtK6ovlGXw==, figureFileBig=0S0cGVTvNZr6p+mlfcrfXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330019001108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The N/P ratio of DIN and DIP in the water column in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer 2009, figureFileSmall=Lh3C4tbfFuCHybJKXS6T0A==, figureFileBig=F5KxMBiYf7HTgB9vf3XYNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330211939095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2009年夏季乳山湾邻近海域水体DIN和DIP的N/P比值, figureFileSmall=Lh3C4tbfFuCHybJKXS6T0A==, figureFileBig=F5KxMBiYf7HTgB9vf3XYNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330488763161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Vertical distributions of N and P nutrients in the pore water of sediment cores in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer 2014 (dotted lines represent the sediment-water interface), figureFileSmall=ppRiWeHF3LfqFXs72AU3qg==, figureFileBig=hAZeb0RRIBRCImJrQT0DKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330736227100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2014年夏季乳山湾邻近海域沉积物间隙水中氮、磷营养盐的剖面变化(虚线代表沉积物–水界面), figureFileSmall=ppRiWeHF3LfqFXs72AU3qg==, figureFileBig=hAZeb0RRIBRCImJrQT0DKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330950136608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Vertical distribution of organic nitrogen (ON) and organic phosphorus (OP) contents in sediment cores (dotted lines represent the sediment-water interface), figureFileSmall=81Dm6CD5XkpDhPjLDP/27w==, figureFileBig=MnHIoa4gOEaJPlHTofOzRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331075965732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=CN, label=图6, caption=沉积物柱状样中有机氮(ON)和有机磷(OP)的剖面变化(虚线代表沉积物–水界面), figureFileSmall=81Dm6CD5XkpDhPjLDP/27w==, figureFileBig=MnHIoa4gOEaJPlHTofOzRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331239543591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Budget of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the coastal area of Rushan Bay in summer(flux unit: 106 mol), figureFileSmall=y9/Q6qKsSy9mRv8Kp80mJA==, figureFileBig=d3LNd6/K+R0W3W1oYHfnZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331356984105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=CN, label=图7, caption=夏季乳山湾邻近海域水体氮、磷营养盐的收支(通量单位为106 mol), figureFileSmall=y9/Q6qKsSy9mRv8Kp80mJA==, figureFileBig=d3LNd6/K+R0W3W1oYHfnZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331499590444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Nitrogen and phosphorus in the water column in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer 2009

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 层次 6月 7月 8月 9月
范围 /μmol·L–1 平均值 /μmol·L–1 范围 /μmol·L–1 平均值 /μmol·L–1 范围 /μmol·L–1 平均值 /μmol·L–1 范围 /μmol·L–1 平均值 /μmol·L–1
${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ 表层 0.05~2.95 0.76±0.66 0.05~3.32 0.83±0.53 0.38~4.13 1.32±0.73 0.01~6.05 0.53±1.00
底层 0.01~2.76 0.81±0.70 0.09~6.67 0.99±0.99 0.46~8.58 1.87±1.57 0.01~6.25 0.61±1.13
${\rm {NO}}_2^-$ 表层 0.01~0.57 0.10±0.09 0.02~1.19 0.21±0.21 0.02~3.84 0.31±0.63 0.01~5.00 1.01±1.47
底层 0.01~0.44 0.10±0.09 0.12~0.89 0.21±0.15 0.02~6.19 0.59±1.12 0.02~6.19 1.07±1.35
${\rm {NO}}_3^-$ 表层 0.02~14.7 3.47±3.33 0.16~23.7 2.63±4.72 0.16~11.0 2.21±2.85 0.05~17.3 2.65±3.95
底层 0.22~14.3 2.95±3.30 0.39~32.6 2.71±4.87 0.27~13.8 3.32±3.28 0.07~21.3 3.10±3.93
DIN 表层 0.49~16.6 4.33±3.60 0.76~25.6 3.67±4.96 0.86~13.9 3.84±3.41 0.13~27.1 4.19±5.90
底层 0.35~15.0 3.86±3.56 0.83~10.7 3.11±2.27 0.94~19.6 5.79±4.35 0.18~30.7 4.78±5.66
DIP 表层 0.06~0.89 0.29±0.19 0.06~1.53 0.47±0.31 0.14~0.74 0.32±0.11 0.10~0.96 0.28±0.13
底层 0.02~0.89 0.29±0.19 0.13~0.82 0.41±0.18 0.14~0.71 0.37±0.14 0.17~0.90 0.32±0.12
TN 表层 5.29~24.9 12.9±5.54 4.44~51.6 9.73±9.54 6.85~18.7 10.1±2.58 4.79~18.4 8.70±3.57
底层 3.23~25.0 11.4±6.99 3.52~27.6 9.59±5.96 6.89~20.1 11.6±3.42 3.57~46.2 16.3±8.73
TP 表层 0.50~1.28 0.72±0.18 0.27~1.70 0.73±0.35 0.43~1.24 0.63±0.17 0.14~0.97 0.48±0.21
底层 0.10~1.86 0.80±0.39 0.20~0.87 0.64±0.16 0.41~1.60 0.71±0.28 0.21~2.29 1.06±0.44
), ArticleFig(id=1254506331679945519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2009年夏季乳山湾邻近海域水体氮和磷的变化范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 层次 6月 7月 8月 9月
范围 /μmol·L–1 平均值 /μmol·L–1 范围 /μmol·L–1 平均值 /μmol·L–1 范围 /μmol·L–1 平均值 /μmol·L–1 范围 /μmol·L–1 平均值 /μmol·L–1
${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ 表层 0.05~2.95 0.76±0.66 0.05~3.32 0.83±0.53 0.38~4.13 1.32±0.73 0.01~6.05 0.53±1.00
底层 0.01~2.76 0.81±0.70 0.09~6.67 0.99±0.99 0.46~8.58 1.87±1.57 0.01~6.25 0.61±1.13
${\rm {NO}}_2^-$ 表层 0.01~0.57 0.10±0.09 0.02~1.19 0.21±0.21 0.02~3.84 0.31±0.63 0.01~5.00 1.01±1.47
底层 0.01~0.44 0.10±0.09 0.12~0.89 0.21±0.15 0.02~6.19 0.59±1.12 0.02~6.19 1.07±1.35
${\rm {NO}}_3^-$ 表层 0.02~14.7 3.47±3.33 0.16~23.7 2.63±4.72 0.16~11.0 2.21±2.85 0.05~17.3 2.65±3.95
底层 0.22~14.3 2.95±3.30 0.39~32.6 2.71±4.87 0.27~13.8 3.32±3.28 0.07~21.3 3.10±3.93
DIN 表层 0.49~16.6 4.33±3.60 0.76~25.6 3.67±4.96 0.86~13.9 3.84±3.41 0.13~27.1 4.19±5.90
底层 0.35~15.0 3.86±3.56 0.83~10.7 3.11±2.27 0.94~19.6 5.79±4.35 0.18~30.7 4.78±5.66
DIP 表层 0.06~0.89 0.29±0.19 0.06~1.53 0.47±0.31 0.14~0.74 0.32±0.11 0.10~0.96 0.28±0.13
底层 0.02~0.89 0.29±0.19 0.13~0.82 0.41±0.18 0.14~0.71 0.37±0.14 0.17~0.90 0.32±0.12
TN 表层 5.29~24.9 12.9±5.54 4.44~51.6 9.73±9.54 6.85~18.7 10.1±2.58 4.79~18.4 8.70±3.57
底层 3.23~25.0 11.4±6.99 3.52~27.6 9.59±5.96 6.89~20.1 11.6±3.42 3.57~46.2 16.3±8.73
TP 表层 0.50~1.28 0.72±0.18 0.27~1.70 0.73±0.35 0.43~1.24 0.63±0.17 0.14~0.97 0.48±0.21
底层 0.10~1.86 0.80±0.39 0.20~0.87 0.64±0.16 0.41~1.60 0.71±0.28 0.21~2.29 1.06±0.44
), ArticleFig(id=1254506333353472821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters and diffusive fluxes of DIN and DIP across the boundaries of the study area in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界与方向 平均水深 /m 界面跨度 /km 界面面积 /km2 平均流速 /m·s–1 水交换通量 /km3·d–1 DIN浓度 /μmol·L–1 DIP浓度 /μmol·L–1 DIN交换通量 /106 mol DIP交换通量 /106 mol
北侧 16 54 0.87 0.005 0.19 8.50 0.47 145 7.9
南侧 26 54 1.40 –0.004 –0.24 2.72 0.29 –60 –6.4
东侧 23 33 0.77 0.007 0.24 3.51 0.37 75 7.9
西侧 20 33 0.68 –0.007 –0.19 2.72 0.29 –43 –4.6
), ArticleFig(id=1254506333751931703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

夏季乳山湾邻近海域收支区域边界相关参数与DIN和DIP的交换通量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界与方向 平均水深 /m 界面跨度 /km 界面面积 /km2 平均流速 /m·s–1 水交换通量 /km3·d–1 DIN浓度 /μmol·L–1 DIP浓度 /μmol·L–1 DIN交换通量 /106 mol DIP交换通量 /106 mol
北侧 16 54 0.87 0.005 0.19 8.50 0.47 145 7.9
南侧 26 54 1.40 –0.004 –0.24 2.72 0.29 –60 –6.4
东侧 23 33 0.77 0.007 0.24 3.51 0.37 75 7.9
西侧 20 33 0.68 –0.007 –0.19 2.72 0.29 –43 –4.6
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334028755770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Diffusive fluxes of DIP and DIN across the sediment-water interface in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位 孔隙率* 沉积速率* 时间 交换速率/μmol·m–2·d–1
DIP ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ ${\rm {NO}}_3^-$ ${\rm {NO}}_2^-$ DIN
C1 0.764 1.63 7月 0.86 238 17.5 2.28 258
C2 0.753 1.44 5月 0.09 225 –26.9 0.94 199
8月 0.09 135 3.6 –0.22 139
C5 0.749 1.62 5月 0.02 106 7.6 0.17 113
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334167167806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540902785782, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

夏季乳山湾邻近海域沉积物−水界面DIN和DIP的交换通量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位 孔隙率* 沉积速率* 时间 交换速率/μmol·m–2·d–1
DIP ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ ${\rm {NO}}_3^-$ ${\rm {NO}}_2^-$ DIN
C1 0.764 1.63 7月 0.86 238 17.5 2.28 258
C2 0.753 1.44 5月 0.09 225 –26.9 0.94 199
8月 0.09 135 3.6 –0.22 139
C5 0.749 1.62 5月 0.02 106 7.6 0.17 113
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乳山湾外邻近海域氮和磷的分布与收支过程研究
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臧家业 1 , 赵晨英 1 , 刘军 1, 2, * , 张爱军 1 , 尹训强 1 , 刘季花 1, 2 , 王昊 1 , 王以斌 1 , 冉祥滨 1, 2
海洋学报 | 海洋化学 2019,41(12): 26-38
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海洋学报 | 海洋化学 2019, 41(12): 26-38
乳山湾外邻近海域氮和磷的分布与收支过程研究
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臧家业1 , 赵晨英1, 刘军1, 2, * , 张爱军1, 尹训强1, 刘季花1, 2, 王昊1, 王以斌1, 冉祥滨1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 臧家业(1962—),男,山东省青岛市人,研究员,主要从事海洋环境科学方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘军(1985—),男,湖北省宜昌市人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事海洋生物地球化学方面研究。E-mail:
Distribution and budget of nitrogen and phosphorus in the coastal area of Rushan Bay
Jiaye Zang1 , Chenying Zhao1, Jun Liu1, 2, * , Aijun Zhang1, Xunqiang Yin1, Jihua Liu1, 2, Hao Wang1, Yibin Wang1, Xiangbin Ran1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resource, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Marine Geology and Environment, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2019-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.003
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基于2009年6–9月,2014年5月,2014年7–8月在乳山湾外邻近海域的综合调查资料,分析了该开放海域水体与沉积物中氮、磷营养盐的组成和分布,并在潮汐潮流数值模式计算水通量的基础上分析了近岸开放区域无机氮(DIN)和无机磷(DIP)的循环与收支的主要过程,量化了潮汐潮流、初级生产的消耗与转化、底界面过程与内部循环等过程对氮和磷营养盐循环与收支的影响。结果表明,夏季乳山湾外邻近海域水体DIN和DIP的浓度与分布受陆源输入和潮汐潮流的共同影响,高值均出现在湾口区域;沉积物-水界面存在DIN和DIP从沉积物向上覆水释放的现象,使得底层水体的氮、磷营养盐浓度高于表层水体。氮的收支表明,研究海域水体内部循环过程是初级生产所需DIN的主要来源,占初级生产总消耗量的86%,其次是水交换作用(11%),底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献相对较小(3%);水体DIN的移出主要是通过埋藏、向外海的输送和水体反硝化作用,其比例分别为80%、16%和4%。磷的收支显示,研究海域水体内部循环过程贡献了初级生产所需DIP的91%,其次是水交换作用(9%),底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献小于1%;水体DIP支出主要是通过沉积埋藏和向外海的输送,其比例分别为67%和33%。研究结果表明内部循环过程是近海水体氮和磷获得补充的主要途径,不过外部来源的氮、磷营养盐结构与系统内部具有显著的差异,且系统内磷的埋藏效率要高于氮,其必将对乳山湾外邻近海域营养盐结构和初级生产产生长远的影响。

氮  /  磷  /  营养盐结构  /  营养盐限制  /  收支  /  乳山湾

Based on the seven comprehensive surveys in the coastal area of Rushan Bay in summer of 2009 and 2014, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and nutrient structure were analyzed, and the budgets of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) were estimated based on the water balance calculated by Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The results show that the high concentrations of DIN and DIP in adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer appears in the mouth area of Rushan Bay. Their concentrations and distributions are influenced by the terrestrial inputs, tides and currents significantly. The DIN and DIP effluxes from the sediment to the overlying water at the sediment-water interface result in the higher concentrations of DIN and DIP in the bottom water than those in the surface water. The budget of DIN shows that internal cycling is the dominant source of DIN for the primary production, accounting for 86% of uptake by primary production, followed by water exchange (11%), and benthic efflux (3%); the removal of DIN in the water column is dominant by sedimentation (80%), export to the offshore (16%), and denitrification (4%). The DIP budget shows that internal cycling in the water column is the dominant source of DIP for the primary production, accounting for 91% of uptake by primary production, followed by water exchange (9%), and benthic efflux (lower than 1%); the removal of DIP in the water column is also dominant by sedimentation (67%) and export to the off shore by water exchange (33%). Based on the budgets of DIN and DIP, internal recycling is the dominant source for both of DIN and DIP supplies in the coastal water column, and the burial efficiency of P is higher than N into the sediment in the area off Rushan Bay. However, the different nutrient structure between external and internal sources of the study area would result in a long-term effect on the nutrient balance and primary production due to the differential budget of DIN and DIP.

nitrogen  /  phosphorus  /  nutrient structure  /  nutrient limitation  /  flux and budget  /  Rushan Bay
臧家业, 赵晨英, 刘军, 张爱军, 尹训强, 刘季花, 王昊, 王以斌, 冉祥滨. 乳山湾外邻近海域氮和磷的分布与收支过程研究. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (12) : 26 -38 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.003
Jiaye Zang, Chenying Zhao, Jun Liu, Aijun Zhang, Xunqiang Yin, Jihua Liu, Hao Wang, Yibin Wang, Xiangbin Ran. Distribution and budget of nitrogen and phosphorus in the coastal area of Rushan Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (12) : 26 -38 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.003
营养盐是影响海洋初级生产和生物资源的关键物质,与海洋生态系统稳定密切相关。营养盐的生物地球化学循环一直是海洋科学研究的重点和热点问题,是海洋生态环境研究的关键内容。近海营养盐水平受人为活动和自然因素的多重制约;近年来,人类活动范围的扩大和强度的增加导致近海营养盐浓度激增和营养盐结构的改变,这对近海生态环境产生了一系列的影响,如富营养化、低氧和赤潮等[1-6]。明确近海营养盐的循环与收支过程,是控制和预测与营养盐相关环境问题的关键。目前国内有关营养盐收支的研究大多集中在渤海、黄海和东海以及一些典型的海湾等相对封闭的海区[3-4, 7-8];受制于水文过程与生物地球化学耦合研究,针对受人类活动最为密切的近岸开放海域的研究却较少,因而难以准确地揭示近海环境变化的基本规律。
获取准确的水交换通量是估算物质收支研究的基础。近岸水体具有受潮汐和沿岸流等的影响较大、与其邻近开放水域存在物质交换的不稳定性等特征,其水量和物质交换通量受陆源输入和与外部水体混合的多重影响,因而针对近岸小尺度水域的氮、磷收支研究难度较大且并不多见,这使得近海开放区域物质循环的量化和相关环境问题的深入研究受到了一定程度的限制。本研究以受人类活动影响较为突出的养殖区乳山湾邻近开放海域为研究对象,分析了该海域水体和沉积物中氮和磷的组成与结构、内部循环和底界面过程;在此基础上,基于潮汐潮流数值模式计算了水平输送作用对区域物质的输入和输出的贡献,评估了该海域氮、磷营养盐的收支,探讨了影响水体氮、磷营养盐分布和组成的关键过程,旨在量化开放的近海海域物质循环的基本规律,加深对近岸海域环境问题的认识。
2009年6–9月在山东乳山湾邻近海域逐月进行4个航次的综合调查,采集了水样,用于营养盐的分布与影响因素的分析;另于2014年5月,2014年7–8月在湾口及邻近海域选取了6个代表性站位采集了表层沉积物(A3站、C0站、C1站、C2站、C5站和E3站)和3个代表性站位柱状样(C1站、C2站和C5站),用于底界面过程的分析,沉积物采样站位的分布与选择力求覆盖整个调查区域(图1),并考虑了陆源输入和潮汐等因素的影响。调查中使用日本JFE有限公司AAQ122型采水器采集水样,现场获取水体温度和盐度等水文参数;水样采样层次水深为表层(0.5 m)、5 m、10 m和近底层,并根据水深和温盐度剖面增加或减少层次。水样主要用于分析溶解无机氮(DIN,包括亚硝酸盐( ${\rm {NO}}_2^- $ )、硝酸盐( ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $ )、氨氮( ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ ))、溶解无机磷(DIP)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和叶绿素a(Chl a)等;采样、预处理和分析方法按照《海洋调查规范》[9]和《海洋监测规范》[10]进行。TN和TP采用过硫酸钾(K2S2O8)氧化法(GB 17378–2007)消解后同DIN和DIP一样,利用德国SEAL公司QUTRRAO型自动分析仪进行测定,相对标准偏差小于5%[8],TN和TP的回收率为90%;Chl a样品用9∶1丙酮提取后,使用上海仪电科学仪器公司970CRT型荧光分光光度计测定。
表层沉积物使用箱式采泥器采集,除去上覆水后,刮取表层沉积物(0~2 cm)于密封袋中,–20℃冷冻保存,用于分析沉积物中有机氮(ON)和有机磷(OP)。沉积物柱状样使用丹麦KC-Denmark公司13570型重力取样器获取。柱状样采集后,立刻用一次性注射器采集上覆水,现场过滤后,–20℃冷冻保存,用于营养盐的测定;上覆水采集后,柱状样立刻放入充氮气的手套箱内分割取样,取样间隔为1~5 cm(0~10 cm取样间隔为1 cm,10~30 cm为2 cm,30 cm以深为3~5 cm);取一部分分割后的沉积物离心过滤制取间隙水(4 000 r/min,10 min),–20℃冷冻保存用于营养盐的分析;另取一部分沉积物于密封袋中冷冻保存,用于ON和OP的分析。
沉积物样品冷冻干燥后研磨,过200目筛,充分混合后准确称取0.50 g加入5 mL 浓度为1 mol/L的HCl溶液浸泡12 h,再加入新的HCl溶液直至不再有气泡冒出,完全反应后离心去掉酸液,Milli-Q水清洗数遍至中性,低温烘干至恒重后再称重;称取15 mg左右处理后的样品用德国EURO公司EA 3000型元素分析仪测定ON;利用酸洗前后重量差校正得到沉积物样品ON的质量分数,其分析误差为±0.005%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%[11]。另准确称取研磨后的沉积物样品0.20 g用于颗粒物中磷的赋存形态分析;磷的赋存形态分析采用改进后的SEDEX方法进行[12-13]:依次采用MgCl2溶液、柠檬酸钠–连二亚硫酸钠–碳酸氢钠溶液、醋酸缓冲溶液、盐酸溶液和灼烧+盐酸溶液将颗粒态磷划分为可交换态磷、铁结合态磷、自生磷灰石磷、碎屑磷和有机磷共5个形态,我们的研究中主要分析有机磷,采用中国近海沉积物标准物(GBW 07314,自然资源部第二海洋研究所提供)重复分析,OP的RSD为6.6%。
研究区域氮和磷的收支评估为零维稳态箱式模型,并以箱体内水柱作为收支研究的对象。因此,水量收支是进行氮、磷收支评估的前提,乳山湾邻近海域水收支平衡主要受潮汐和沿岸流的影响,研究中收支计算系统边界的选取见图1。这里收支计算系统边界的选取主要考虑2个方面的因素:一是系统所选区域尽可能覆盖乳山湾外邻近海域,有利于潮汐潮流数值模式的模拟; 二是需要同时满足系统内外有足够的数据来支撑水交换作用下氮和磷输入和输出的计算。
利用美国普林斯顿大学海洋模式(POM)[14]建立变网格的潮汐潮流数值模式,模拟研究海区的分潮,并提取主要分潮的调和常数;以潮汐潮流模式为基础,在POM的计算框架下,利用T-tide预报程序提取研究区域流场(包括流速和流向的数据),基于各界面面积与流速,计算各界面水通量,结合收支系统内外水体氮和磷数据,计算水交换过程对区域氮、磷营养盐的输入和输出的贡献[15]。在水收支平衡的基础上(水收支计算误差为1%),基于物质收支平衡,以水体DIN和DIP为核心,考虑主要的水文、化学与生物过程,将DIN和DIP的外部输入(水交换向系统内的输入和底界面的扩散)和支出(向系统外的输出和沉积埋藏)以及内部循环(初级生产吸收与固定、内部循环)等过程纳入到收支模型中。由于研究海域面积较小,水体停留时间(11.6 d)[13]远小于黄、渤海等(2~8 a) [3-4, 8],大气干湿沉降对该区域的营养盐贡献比应远低于黄、渤海等陆架边缘海,而大气来源的DIN和DIP对黄、渤海外源输入的贡献小于10%[8],故本研究中大气氮磷营养盐输入的贡献可忽略。
DIP和DIN的生物可利用性与海洋初级生产、碳循环等密切相关[16]。初级生产力的分析方法参见臧家业等[15]在本研究区域的工作,利用Redfield比值(C∶N∶P = 106∶16∶1)[17]估算浮游植物从海水中吸收DIN和DIP的速率,再根据研究区域的水域面积计算因初级生产力所消耗的DIN和DIP的总量。
乳山湾邻近海域ON和 OP的沉积速率由其平均沉积速率和系统计算面积所得,由于氮、磷的快速再生[18-19],研究中ON和OP的沉积与埋藏速率根据以下公式进行计算[13]
${F_{\rm{S}}} = {C_0} \times MAR \times 10\;000/365,$
${F_{\rm{B}}} = {C_{\rm{B}}} \times MAR \times 10\;000/365,$
式中,F S为ON或OP的沉积速率,单位为µmol/(m2·d);F B为ON或OP的埋藏速率,单位为µmol/(m2·d);C 0C B分别为表层沉积物(0~2 cm)和深层沉积物(>20 cm)中ON或OP质量摩尔浓度,单位为µmol/g;MAR为沉积物累积速率,单位为g/(cm2·a)。
DIN和DIP在沉积物–水界面的交换主要考虑分子扩散和生物扰动等过程[20],分子扩散、生物扰动引起的交换通量根据以下公式计算[20-22]
${F_{\rm{E}}} = - \varphi \times {D_{\rm{D}}}\left( {\partial C/\partial z} \right),$
${D_{\rm{D}}} = {D_{\rm{M}}} + {D_{\rm{B}}},$
${D_{\rm{M}}} = {D_0}/[1 - \ln \left( {{\varphi ^2}} \right)],$
${D_{\rm{B}}} = 15.7 \times {r^{0.69}},$
式中,F E为DIN和DIP的交换通量,单位为µmol/(m2·d);负号表示扩散是由沉积物向水体方向进行的;φ为沉积物孔隙率,单位为cm3/cm3D D为交换系数,单位为cm–2/d;D M $ {\rm {NO}}_3^-$ $ {\rm {NO}}_2^- $ $ {\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ $ {\rm {HPO}}_4^{2-}$ 的分子扩散系数,单位为cm–2/d;D B为生物扰动系数,单位为cm–2/d; $\partial $ C/ $\partial $ z为沉积物–水界面处DIN和DIP的浓度梯度,单位为µmol/(L·cm);D 0为无限稀释溶液中溶质的分子扩散系数,单位为cm–2/d [21]r为沉积速率,单位为cm/a。
反硝化作用为水体氮去除的重要途径, 基于多个河口和近海水体的观测结果[23],反硝化作用与水体停留时间具有如下关系:
${R_{{\rm{Den}}}} = 16.1 \times {\tau ^{0.30}},$
${F_{{\rm{Den}}}} = {R_{{\rm{Den}}}} \times {T_{\rm{N}}},$
式中,R Den为反硝化效率;τ为水体停留时间(以月计);F Den为反硝化量,单位为mol/d;T N为外部输入氮的总量,单位为mol/d。另外,陆架边缘海的固氮作用贡献较低,远小于河流输入和大气沉降输入[23],因此在本研究中可予以忽略。
初级生产合成的有机颗粒在向沉积物界面输送的过程中会有部分氮、磷释放出来,其应为初级生产合成的氮、磷总量与沉积通量的差值;除了上述过程,其他内部过程(水体颗粒态和溶解态氮、磷的转化,沉积物中氮、磷的早期成岩作用和矿化过程等)则由收支平衡间接得到。
本文中数据的统计分析使用SPSS 18.0 软件进行,图形由Surfer 11.0和Origin 9.0软件绘制。
2009年4个航次中研究海域各形态氮的月变化和分布见表1图2。夏季(6–9月)乳山湾邻近海域水体TN的浓度变化范围为2.58~51.6 μmol/L,平均值为(11.4±7.1)μmol/L。海洋中能够被直接利用的氮源主要是DIN,其主要形态为氨氮、硝氮和亚硝氮等[23]。夏季乳山湾邻近海域水体DIN的浓度变化范围为0.13~30.70 μmol/L,平均值为(4.20±2.29)μmol/L。
总体上2009年4个月表底层水体DIN浓度分布均呈现近岸高、离岸低的分布趋势,高值区都集中在湾口(图2),DIN与盐度呈显著负相关(r=–0.55, p<0.01, n=384),反映了陆源输入对近岸水体DIN分布的影响显著。DIN的平均浓度7月显著低于6月、8月和9月(表1),这可能与7月乳山湾海域的浮游植物水华有关[15] $ {\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ $ {\rm {NO}}_2^- $ 均表现为底层浓度显著高于表层(p<0.05),而 $ {\rm {NO}}_3^- $ 没有显著的差异(p>0.1),不同DIN形态的分布差异主要是由硝化和反硝化作用以及沉积物–水界面氮营养盐的交换共同控制[24-25]。4个月表层水体DIN浓度在TN中所占的比例呈上升的趋势,9月最大(48%),6月相对较小(34%); $ {\rm {NO}}_3^- $ 是DIN的主要组成部分(58%~80%),其次是 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ (13%~34%),6月、7月和8月 $ {\rm {NO}}_2^-$ 所占比例最小(平均值分别为2%、6%和8%),但9月 $ {\rm {NO}}_2^- $ 对DIN的贡献(24%)高于 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ (13%)。底层水体4个月DIN占TN的比例为28%~49%, $ {\rm {NO}}_3^-$ 是DIN的主要形态(57%~76%),其次是 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ (13%~32%), $ {\rm {NO}}_2^-$ 对DIN的贡献最低(2%~24%),同表层一样,9月 $ {\rm {NO}}_2^-$ 对DIN的贡献(22%)比 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ (13%)高。
不同形态氮的组成与氮的转化、沉积物向水体的释放以及陆地排污有关[24-26] ${\rm {NO}}_2^- $ 的浓度在9月较高,并且高于 $ {\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ 的浓度,这与6月、7月和8月不一致; ${\rm {NO}}_2^-$ 在硝化和反硝化作用过程中都可以产生;贺惠等[27-28]在本研究海域的氮循环研究中发现微生物的反硝化过程是控制氮循环的关键过程,也是导致无机氮损失的原因之一。溶解氧和温度是控制氨氧化微生物和硝化细菌的关键环境因子[27-28];因此9月 $ {\rm {NO}}_2^-$ 浓度的增加可能与硝化细菌的活动加强有关。4个月表底层水体 $ {\rm {NO}}_3^-$ 与TN的比值均呈现近岸高、离岸低的趋势,高值区集中在乳山湾口,这主要是由于陆源排放(如氮肥流失)和乳山湾水产养殖业的影响[29]
研究区域水体磷的浓度和变化趋势如表1图3所示。夏季乳山湾邻近海域水体TP的浓度变化范围为0.08~2.29 µmol/L,平均值为(0.73±0.38)µmol/L;TP的浓度月变化差异不显著(p>0.1)。DIP的浓度变化范围为0.02~1.53 µmol/L,平均值为(0.34±0.13)µmol/L,DIP对TP的贡献为(48±12)%。4个月份表底层水体DIP平面分布差异较大,表层DIP高值区均分布于湾口附近,而底层DIP高值区则呈现不规则的块状分布(图3); DIP与盐度呈显著负相关(r=–0.63, p<0.01, n=384)。底层DIP浓度稍高于表层的,这可能与沉积物磷的再生循环有关,同时夏季底层水体低溶解氧的存在有利于磷的解吸和向水体的释放[13]。表底层DIP的分布差异与沿岸陆源输入、海水的混合过程以及研究区域底界面磷的释放有关。
水体TP主要是以DIP的形态存在,4个月表层水体DIP与TP的比值分别为0.41,0.64,0.50,0.58,底层水体分别为0.37,0.60,0.47,0.50(表1);可见底层水体的溶解态有机磷和颗粒态磷对TP的贡献是高于表层的,这一方面是因为表层浮游植物产生的有机颗粒物下沉所致,另一方面尽管底界面磷的释放会贡献一部分DIP进入水体,受底层水体相对低浓度的溶解氧的影响,有机物的降解矿化受到抑制,导致底层水体DIP占TP的比例小于表层。
当水体中C DIP小于0.1 µmol/L、C DIN小于1 µmol/L时会对浮游植物的生长造成绝对限制[30]。研究区域的DIN和DIP浓度均大于上述最小限制值,说明该区域只存在潜在的营养盐限制。不过,乳山湾邻近海域水体夏季DIN和DIP的氮、磷比值(N/P)各月差异性较大(图4),6月调查的中部海域N/P大于Redfield比值(16),表明DIP可能成为该水域浮游植物生长的主要限制因子;东西部近海N/P小于Redfield比值,说明存在一定程度的氮限制。7月N/P比值除了湾口几个站位外均小于16,这与7月水体浮游植物大量暴发,DIN被大量消耗有关。8月和9月N/P比值分布趋势相似,在湾口和近岸区域较高,外侧普遍偏低,这可能与近岸陆源输入和乳山湾内滨海养殖影响下的高氮水的输入有关[31](2002年8月 N/P平均为25,2006–2007年N/P高达205)。相对于研究区域外侧,湾口区域各月份差异较大,4个月均存在一定程度上潜在的磷限制,不存在潜在的氮限制,这从侧面说明了人类活动对研究海域营养盐结构的影响。
间隙水中DIN的垂直分布如图5所示。间隙水中DIN形态在剖面上的变化主要受降解作用与沉积物中氧化还原条件改变的影响[25, 32];夏季乳山湾邻近海域底层水体的低DO现象[13]有利于间隙水 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ 的生成,使得 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ 的浓度远高于 ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $ ${\rm {NO}}_2^- $ ,成为间隙水中氮营养盐的主要存在形态。有机质的降解和硝酸盐的异化还原作用使得间隙水中 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ 浓度在沉积物上层(0~10 cm)随深度呈增加的趋势, ${\rm {NO}}_3^-$ 则呈下降的趋势,并在一定深度以后趋于稳定或接近于0。3个站位沉积物柱状样间隙水中DIP存在显著的差异;C1站间隙水中DIP随深度呈增加的趋势,C2和C5站DIP均在0~10 cm段呈随深度增加的趋势,10 cm后随深度减小直到保持稳定。沉积物–水界面DIN和DIP明显的浓度梯度反映了氮、磷营养盐从沉积物向上覆水扩散的现象;可见,底界面营养盐的扩散释放是水体DIN和DIP的源。此外,间隙水中N/P(39~5 190)远高于水体中的(1~89),底界面营养盐的释放可能会加剧水体的潜在磷限制。
研究区域表层沉积物中ON的质量摩尔浓度变化范围为59.5~122.0 µmol/g,平均值为(82.2±16.3)µmol/g;OP的质量摩尔浓度变化范围为1.63~4.61 µmol/g,平均值为(2.94±0.89)µmol/g。柱状沉积物中ON的质量摩尔浓度变化范围为27~108 µmol/g,C5站位相对较高,C1站位相对较低(图6);3个站位沉积物中ON在剖面上的分布基本表现为随深度降低的趋势。柱状沉积物中OP的质量摩尔浓度变化范围为1.39~5.13 µmol/g,C1站位相对较高,C5站位相对较低,与ON不同的是,OP的剖面分布没有明显的变化趋势,其在沉积物中的保存相对稳定(图6)。
表层沉积物中ON和OP呈显著正相关(r=0.55, p=0.02, n=17),表明二者可能具有相似的来源,同时ON/OP比值范围为(31±15);柱状沉积物中ON和OP则不存在显著的相关性(r=0.13, p=0.87, n=62),ON/OP比值范围为(24±9),且3个站位的N/P均随深度呈下降的趋势,表明二者在沉积物中的保存过程具有明显的差异;研究区域的沉积环境相对稳定[13],ON随深度降低的剖面变化与间隙水较高的 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ 浓度指示沉积物中存在较强的有机质矿化降解过程[33];可见,ON在沉积和埋藏过程中相当一部分被降解,同时ON相对于OP具有更高的矿化降解速率,在胶州湾也有类似的发现[34]。事实上,近海沉积物中总氮主要以ON的形式存在(约80%),无机态的氮所占比例相对较小[34];研究中根据沉积物中表底层ON的质量摩尔浓度差,ON的流失量估算为30%,其中一部分转化为DIN进入间隙水,另一部分通过反硝化作用去除。贺惠等[28]在本研究区域沉积物反硝化作用的研究表明,微生物的反硝化过程是导致无机氮损失的原因之一;可见,沉积物中氮的早期成岩是水体氮转化和去除的关键过程。
根据对2009年和2014年的调查资料的分析结果,基于氮和磷营养盐的物质平衡,对夏季乳山湾邻近海域水体和沉积物中氮和磷的收支进行了评估。以研究区域的水体和沉积物为核心,区域水深为8~30 m,面积为1 800 km2图1)。根据表2中各界面流速和界面面积,计算研究区域的水收支,结果显示输入和输出系统的水量为0.421 km3/d和0.416 km3/d,水收支计算误差为1%,这也从侧面反映了大气湿沉降对系统的贡献极为有限,大气输送的营养盐可忽略。
根据水交换通量和4个方向上的DIN和DIP的浓度差值计算得到在4个边界上DIN和DIP的交换量,得到水交换作用对区域DIN和DIP的水平输送的贡献(表2)。表2中平均流速正数表示向系统内输入,负数表示从系统内输出,为扣除水体往复运动后的净流速;水交换通量为水体通过界面的净流量;外界输入的DIN和DIP浓度为各边界外DIN和DIP的平均值,系统内向系统外输出的DIN和DIP浓度为系统内DIN和DIP的平均值,系统内外站位的划分见图1;DIN和DIP交换通量为夏季的交换通量;收支计算的时间范围为夏季。
夏季调查区域输入到收支系统的DIN和DIP的通量分别为220×106 mol和16×106 mol,输出至外海及周边区域的DIN和DIP的量分别为103×106 mol和11×106 mol。外界向系统输入的DIN和DIP主要来源于北侧高营养盐水体,反映了陆源输入和人为活动对近海营养盐循环的影响显著。
基于黑白瓶法测定研究海域浮游植物初级生产力平均值为150 g /(m2·a)(以碳计)[15]。由此换算成因初级生产所消耗的DIN和DIP分别为1.90 mol/(m2·a)和0.12 mol/(m2·a),即水体初级生产在夏季吸收DIN和产生ON的量约为860×106 mol,初级生产消耗DIP和产生OP的量约为53×106 mol。
沉积物–水界面是氮和磷生物地球化学循环的关键区域[13, 24, 35]。由式(1)和式(2)计算得到系统内ON和OP的沉积速率分别为3 060 μmol/(m2·d)和135 μmol/(m2·d),埋藏速率分别为2~100 μmol/(m2·d)和123 μmol/(m2·d)。由式(3)至式(6)计算得到系统内DIN和DIP的交换速率(表3),DIN和DIP的平均释放速率分别为152 μmol/(m2·d)和0.39 μmol/(m2·d)。
结合氮和磷的沉积和埋藏速率、溶解扩散速率以及系统的面积,计算得到夏季系统内ON和OP的沉积通量约为500×106 mol和22×106 mol,净埋藏通量约为350×106 mol和20×106 mol(通量计算的时间为夏季,下同);DIN和DIP的交换通量约为30×106 mol和0.1×106 mol。ON和OP的净埋藏量分别为初级生产总量的41%和38%。上述结果表明乳山湾邻近海域是潜在的氮和磷的汇,对区域物质循环和碳的保存意义重大。
乳山湾邻近海域水体停留时间平均值约为11.6 d[13],根据式(7)和式(8)计算得到外部输入到系统的DIN约12.1%由反硝化作用被去除;根据上述水交换作用的结果,外部DIN的输送通量为2.4×106 mol/d,估算得到系统内夏季反硝化量为30×106 mol。
氮、磷营养盐收支各过程通量如图7所示。夏季系统内初级生产者消耗的DIN的总量为860×106 mol,其主要来源为水体中初级生产者新生的ON的再生循环(F R−N),其次为水体其他形态氮的矿化降解(F C−N),系统内部循环的DIN(F R−N+F C−N)贡献了初级生产所需DIN的86%;水体DIN的移除主要是通过沉积埋藏、向外海的输送和水体反硝化作用等过程,其比例分别为80%、16%和4%。底界面过程中沉积的ON仅有6%通过早期成岩作用以DIN的形式进入水体(F E−N),约70%的ON得以永久埋藏(F B−N),另有24%的ON进一步矿化(F M−N)降解。收支评估结果表明水交换作用(F In−NF Out−N)、底界面扩散释放(F E−N)等外部过程提供的DIN的量不足以支撑系统内初级生产,维持水体初级生产的DIN更多地来源于系统内N的内部循环过程。
夏季系统内初级生产所消耗的DIP的总量为53×106 mol,其主要来源为水体中初级生产者新生的OP的再生循环(F R−P),其次为水体其他形态磷的矿化降解(F C−P),内部循环的DIP(F R−P + F C−P)贡献了初级生产所需DIP的91%。底界面过程中,沉积的OP通过早期成岩作用重新活化进入水体的量(F E−P)可以忽略(<1%),约91%的OP得以永久埋藏(F B−P),另有9%的OP进一步矿化(F M−P),形成铁结合磷或自生磷灰石等[13]。收支评估表明外部过程提供的DIP的量对系统内初级生产的贡献仅为10%,维持水体初级生产的DIP更多地来源于水体颗粒态磷的转化和OP的降解。
研究区域内外部DIN和DIP的输入/输出比值分别为1.7和1.5,表明外部输入的DIN和DIP约有41%和31%在系统内固定下来;氮、磷的水平输送主要是由浓度梯度导致的,且主要来自于乳山湾内高浓度营养盐的贡献;可见近岸陆架区对陆源氮、磷向外海的输送具有一定的滞留作用,这也是阻碍陆源氮、磷营养盐向大洋输送的关键原因[36]。潮流所携带的氮、磷营养盐在量级上与初级生产消耗量相当(图7),同时潮汐和沿岸流所携带的营养物质一部分会在潮流等的作用下往复多次进入研究区域,潮流对营养盐的输送作用必然大大高于我们的评估,其对区域氮、磷循环的影响值得进一步研究。
对比氮和磷的收支评估结果,可以看出内部再生循环作用是氮和磷获得补充的主要途径,外部来源的氮、磷营养盐的结构与系统内部具有显著的差异(p<0.001),如水交换作用下氮、磷的输入(N/P =20)和底界面释放(N/P =390)均远高于系统内(N/P =9),这在一定程度上缓解了水体的氮限制。不过,外部高N/P水体的输入,在增加水体初级生产力的同时,可能会进一步增加磷的埋藏,研究中磷的再生循环率(F E/F S)显著低于氮,从长时间尺度上看,外源氮的过量输入,可能会使水体氮限制向磷限制转变。
近岸海域氮、磷的生物地球化学过程与离岸陆架区相比,更易受陆源输入和水动力过程(潮汐潮流)的影响,导致近岸和离岸陆架区的氮、磷循环存在巨大差异。对比乳山湾邻近海域氮、磷营养盐的收支和黄、渤海的相关研究[3-4, 8, 35]发现,尽管上述海域维持初级生产所需的DIN和DIP主要来源于水体内部其他形态氮、磷的转化,但乳山湾邻近海域内部再生循环的贡献(>80%)要显著高于渤海(约60%)[35]和黄海(约53%)[8];本研究中DIN和DIP的陆源输入对初级生产的贡献分别为13%和9%,而对黄、渤海而言,其贡献量显著降低,分别为6%和0.4%;本研究中DIN和DIP的底界面扩散释放对初级生产的贡献分别为3.5%和0.1%,作用不大;而对黄、渤海而言,沉积物–水界面的交换则是维持初级生产的重要来源,其中渤海沉积物–水界面的交换对水体氮、磷的贡献量均为24%[35],黄海底界面DIN的释放量贡献率则高达41%[8]。同样,在大洋中的底界面扩散释放也是初级生产所需的重要来源[37-38],低溶解氧区域底界面的贡献更为突出[13, 39]
近年来,日益加重的富营养化趋势和近海环境变化可能会改变区域初级生产的水平,进而影响氮、磷的循环,特别是向沉积物中的埋藏。对比养殖海域目前看来,养殖海域营养物质的生物地球化学过程对人类活动的响应可能比其他环境系统更为敏感,如胶州湾和桑沟湾[40-41],由于河流和生活废水中营养盐输入的增加,沉积的氮、磷的埋藏效率也相应增加,加大了富营养化的潜在风险。这在近海有机碳的生产与埋藏效率等比开放水域大的情况下,可能会极大地改变水体和沉积物中氮、磷的循环,从而产生长远的生态环境效应。
受人类活动范围的扩大和强度增加的影响,中国东部海域营养盐浓度和结构均发生了显著的变化,表现在氮、磷营养盐浓度的增加和N/P比值的降低[5-6, 8],其必然对区域碳循环产生影响。通常,高营养盐水平下初级生产力也较高,进而造成高的有机碳沉积通量和埋藏通量。从长时间尺度来看,稳定的外源营养盐输入和均衡的N/P是维持海洋初级生产的决定因素,除了短期内影响近海营养盐浓度和结构的变化外,还将对碳的生物地球化学循环以及生态环境演变产生长期的影响。
本文基于乳山湾邻近海域水体和沉积物中氮、磷的组成与分布,初步建立了乳山湾邻近海域DIN和DIP的循环与收支过程模式,量化了潮汐潮流作用、初级生产、底界面过程以及内部循环等过程对氮、磷营养盐循环与收支的影响,主要结论:
(1)夏季乳山湾水体DIN和DIP的空间分布均具有明显的差异性,高值基本都出现在湾口区域;水体DIN主要存在形态为 ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $ ,其次为 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+$ 。潮汐潮流对于水体氮、磷浓度与分布的影响较为明显。沉积物间隙水中DIN和DIP浓度显著高于上覆水体,上覆水−沉积物界面存在DIN和DIP从沉积物向上覆水释放的现象,使得底层水体氮、磷营养盐浓度高于表层水体。
(2)氮的收支评估表明,水体内部循环过程是初级生产所需DIN的主要来源,占初级生产总消耗量的86%,其次是水交换作用(11%),底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献相对较小(3%);水体DIN的移出主要是通过沉积埋藏、向外海的输送和水体反硝化作用,其比例分别为80%、16%和4%;沉积的ON仅有6%重新活化进入水体,约70%的ON得以永久埋藏,另有24%的ON进一步矿化。
(3)磷的收支评估表明,水体内部循环过程贡献了初级生产所需DIP的91%,其次是水交换作用(9%),底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献小于1%;水体DIN的支出主要是通过沉积埋藏和向外海的输送,其比例分别为67%和33%;沉积的OP约90%得以永久埋藏,另有10%的OP进一步矿化。
(4)氮和磷的收支评估结果表明内部再生循环作用是氮和磷获得补充的主要途径,不过外部来源的氮、磷营养盐结构与系统内部具有显著的差异,突出表现在磷的埋藏效率要高于氮,这无疑对系统内部营养盐结构和初级生产具有长远的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41806097, 41376093);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(2017Q10,2016T03)。
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2019年第41卷第12期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.003
  • 接收时间:2019-02-16
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-02-16
  • 修回日期:2019-04-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(41806097, 41376093);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(2017Q10,2016T03)。
作者信息
    1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237

通讯作者:

*刘军(1985—),男,湖北省宜昌市人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事海洋生物地球化学方面研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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