Article(id=1246845540357526242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1545148800000, receivedDateStr=2018-12-19, revisedDate=1559145600000, revisedDateStr=2019-05-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775200742091, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1577203200000, pubDateStr=2019-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775200742091, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775200742091, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200742091, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246845538742719188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775200741706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200890782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246846164105060672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246845538742719188, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246845540697264878, articleId=1246845540357526242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Transcriptome analysis of marine microalga Emiliania huxleyi in response to virus infection, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Emiliania huxleyi, the numerically dominant coccolithophore in the modern oceans and its specific lytic virus EhV exert a critical impact upon the oceanic carbon, sulfur cycle and global climate, thus serving as a key host-pathogen model system. Despite their impact on biogeochemical cycling, the transcriptional dynamics of these important oceanic events is still poorly understood. To understand the host-virus interaction in E. huxleyi-EhV system, the transcriptome of E. huxleyi BOF92 involved in virus infection was investigated by using Illumina HiSeq 2 000 high-throughput sequencing technology. Two cDNA libraries, generated 6 h and 45 h after viral infection (Exp) were compared with two libraries from the corresponding times uninfected cultures (Con). A total of 32 909 unigenes with an average length of 1 153 bp were generated. Totally 2 617 and 5 229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with viral infection were identified in 6 hpi and 45 hpi, respectively, among which 465 genes were the common DEGs in the two time points. Ten DEGs were random selected for quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, and the results confirmed that the transcriptome analysis was reliable. Furthermore, the DEGs were subject to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. The results showed that most of the DEGs were involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, glutathione metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and signal transduction. Some of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging genes were screened out, in which 9 genes were up-regulated and 11 genes were down-regulated. These results suggested that ROS signaling molecules might play a central role during host-virus interaction.

, correspAuthors=Jingwen Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue Tian, Weicong Cai, Jinjing Su, Shuyan Wu, Jingwen Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246845543356453672, articleId=1246845540357526242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=病毒感染海洋球石藻Emiliania huxleyi的转录组分析, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海洋球石藻Emiliania huxleyi及其特异性裂解病毒E. huxleyi virus (EhVs)在调节海洋碳、硫循环及全球气候变化中起着重要作用,也是开展真核生物病毒–宿主相互作用研究的良好模型系统之一。为了探究病毒感染条件下E. huxleyi基因表达水平的变化,以海洋球石藻E. huxley–BOF 92及其专一性裂解病毒EhV-99B1为研究对象,利用Illumina HiSeq 2000高通量测序技术,分别对E. huxleyi病毒感染组(Exp)和非感染对照组(Con)6 h和45 h的藻细胞样品进行转录组测序分析。共得到32 909条平均长度为1 153 bp的基因。病毒感染6 h和45 h分别得到2 617和5 229个差异表达基因,其中共差异表达基因465个。随机选取10条差异表达基因,采用qRT-PCR进行实验验证,结果证实转录组分析可靠。GO功能注释和KEGG通路富集,发现大量基因与氧化应激反应、脂类代谢、碳水化合物代谢及信号转导等代谢过程相关,其中变化最显著的是谷胱甘肽代谢途径。从病毒感染球石藻转录组中筛选出部分与氧化应激反应相关的基因,其中9个基因显著上调,11个基因显著下调,表明宿主能够通过体内的氧化应激反应响应病毒胁迫。

, correspAuthors=刘静雯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘静雯,教授,主要从事海洋微型生物分子生物学研究。E-mail: ;
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田雪(1992—),女,河南省南阳市人,主要从事海洋微生物生化与分子生物学研究。E-mail:

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Environmental Microbiology, 2014, 16(4): 1137−1149., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506338063684493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(41576166);福建省自然科学基金项目(2019J01696)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506321512960692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506321525543606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, companyId=1254506321512960692, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Food and Bioengineering College of Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506321538126520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, companyId=1254506321512960692, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 集美大学 食品与生物工程学院,福建 厦门 361021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506321626206907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506321634595516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, companyId=1254506321626206907, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506321642984125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, companyId=1254506321626206907, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室,福建 厦门 361021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506330048369477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Length distribution of the transcripts, figureFileSmall=thGyoes5VV3WiXSYy6z0YA==, figureFileBig=CCFMi6PXcucnB01yOJN3ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330241307465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=CN, label=图1, caption=转录本的长度分布, figureFileSmall=thGyoes5VV3WiXSYy6z0YA==, figureFileBig=CCFMi6PXcucnB01yOJN3ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330673320785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The Venn diagram of differentially expressed genes in 6 h and 45 h post infection

a. The number of up-regulation differentially expressed genes; b. the number of down-regulation differentially expressed genes

, figureFileSmall=1JGf2eAdDH/dDE/Ouu1Ctw==, figureFileBig=sif3EL7dYNslY6ieUzNTJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506330883035987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=CN, label=图2, caption=病毒感染不同时间点差异表达基因的韦恩图

a. 上调差异基因韦恩图;b 下调差异基因韦恩图

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Cells infected by the virus at 6 h (a) and 45 h (b)

, figureFileSmall=xhtuLbFr9wJV2NEVTlxsOA==, figureFileBig=Fjs1O60+BL8qXshpyLWP1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506331583484772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=CN, label=图4, caption=差异表达基因GO富集结果

病毒感染6 h(a)和45 h(b)

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OPase:羟脯氨酸酶;MAP:膜氨肽酶I;GSH:γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶;GGT:γ-谷氨酰转移酶;GSHS:谷胱甘肽合成酶;GR:胱甘肽还原酶;G6PDH:葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶;GPx:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶;GDA:谷胱甘肽脱氢酶;SSase:亚精胺合成酶;ODase:鸟氨酸脱羧酶。基因名称框的颜色表示基因表达水平的倍数变化,log2 FC > 0表示上调,log2 FC < 0表示上调

, figureFileSmall=RkGvBJBzaCSJEx5wM03sbQ==, figureFileBig=D+tgqwJFs/WD6EjGhkHmug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506333751939951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in the experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因 正向引物序列 (5′-3′) 反向引物序列 (5′–3′)
β-Tublin (17257729) TCATGTGCTCCTACTCGGTCTTC TTCAGCGTGCGGAAACAGA
ATG13 (17261891) GCGAAACTGCGTCCAGAAGA CGCTCGAGAAGCACGAGATG
MC1 (17277722) TTATCAGCGACGAGGACAGTTC GCTCAACATGCCCTCCCTAG
MC2 (17251088) TGGGGCTTTTCAGAGGAAGAT CCGTCGCCTGAGTAAAAGATAA
MC3 (17269785) CGACTGGCTGAATGAGGAGAA ACCTTGTGGCTCTTGAGCATG
MC4 (17283241) TCGCTGATGGTCTTTATGGA TCCCTCGGAGGTCTCGTA
hSPT (17255778) TCTCGGACACGCTCAACCA CCCTCGACGATGATGATGATC
ATG3 (17287351) TCAAGACAGTCACCCTCGAGTC GGATGACGGAGGAGATGAACT
FADS (17253431) CTTCTCCGAGATGCCCTTCTA CAGTAGCCGAGAAACTCGGA
AMO (17252058) GCTTGTGGTAACCTTCGTCC GTGACCGCGTGAAACCAGT
DLD2 (19046437) AATCATCGGGTCGGGGTAC CATGGGGCTGGGCTACTAA
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334049735538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验所用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因 正向引物序列 (5′-3′) 反向引物序列 (5′–3′)
β-Tublin (17257729) TCATGTGCTCCTACTCGGTCTTC TTCAGCGTGCGGAAACAGA
ATG13 (17261891) GCGAAACTGCGTCCAGAAGA CGCTCGAGAAGCACGAGATG
MC1 (17277722) TTATCAGCGACGAGGACAGTTC GCTCAACATGCCCTCCCTAG
MC2 (17251088) TGGGGCTTTTCAGAGGAAGAT CCGTCGCCTGAGTAAAAGATAA
MC3 (17269785) CGACTGGCTGAATGAGGAGAA ACCTTGTGGCTCTTGAGCATG
MC4 (17283241) TCGCTGATGGTCTTTATGGA TCCCTCGGAGGTCTCGTA
hSPT (17255778) TCTCGGACACGCTCAACCA CCCTCGACGATGATGATGATC
ATG3 (17287351) TCAAGACAGTCACCCTCGAGTC GGATGACGGAGGAGATGAACT
FADS (17253431) CTTCTCCGAGATGCCCTTCTA CAGTAGCCGAGAAACTCGGA
AMO (17252058) GCTTGTGGTAACCTTCGTCC GTGACCGCGTGAAACCAGT
DLD2 (19046437) AATCATCGGGTCGGGGTAC CATGGGGCTGGGCTACTAA
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334225896309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistics results of the sequencing data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 原始数据大小/bp 原始读段量 有效数据大小/bp 有效读段量 有效数据比率/%
Con_45_1 1 206 811 650 24 136 233 1 197 441 650 23 948 833 99.22
Con_45_2 1 206 812 550 241 362 51 1 197 176 200 23 943 524 99.20
Con_6_1 1 200 867 450 24 017 349 1 194 086 550 23 881 731 99.43
Con_6_2 1 206 840 250 24 136 805 1 200 300 350 24 006 007 99.45
Exp_45_1 1 206 808 350 24 136 167 1 200 167 600 24 003 352 99.44
Exp_45_2 1 206 837 050 24 136 741 1 200 482 550 24 009 651 99.47
Exp_6_1 1 206 850 000 24 137 000 1 200 301 150 24 006 023 99.45
Exp_6_2 1 018 654 150 20 373 083 1 013 573 600 20 271 472 99.50
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334402057077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测序数据量统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 原始数据大小/bp 原始读段量 有效数据大小/bp 有效读段量 有效数据比率/%
Con_45_1 1 206 811 650 24 136 233 1 197 441 650 23 948 833 99.22
Con_45_2 1 206 812 550 241 362 51 1 197 176 200 23 943 524 99.20
Con_6_1 1 200 867 450 24 017 349 1 194 086 550 23 881 731 99.43
Con_6_2 1 206 840 250 24 136 805 1 200 300 350 24 006 007 99.45
Exp_45_1 1 206 808 350 24 136 167 1 200 167 600 24 003 352 99.44
Exp_45_2 1 206 837 050 24 136 741 1 200 482 550 24 009 651 99.47
Exp_6_1 1 206 850 000 24 137 000 1 200 301 150 24 006 023 99.45
Exp_6_2 1 018 654 150 20 373 083 1 013 573 600 20 271 472 99.50
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334532080504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Clean reads mapped to reference genome

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 总读段量 总映射读段占比/% 单一位点映射占比/% 多位点映射占比/% 未映射读段占比/%
Con_45_1 23 948 833 78.52 30.71 47.81 21.48
Con_45_2 23 943 524 80.59 30.67 49.92 19.42
Con_6_1 23 881 731 62.24 24.60 37.64 37.77
Con_6_2 24 006 007 76.02 31.18 44.84 23.99
Exp_45_1 24 003 352 42.84 16.69 26.15 57.16
Exp_45_2 24 009 651 53.74 20.94 32.80 46.26
Exp_6_1 24 006 023 75.69 30.36 45.33 24.31
Exp_6_2 20 271 472 75.19 30.54 44.65 24.81
), ArticleFig(id=1254506334775350140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

有效读段与参考基因组比对结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 总读段量 总映射读段占比/% 单一位点映射占比/% 多位点映射占比/% 未映射读段占比/%
Con_45_1 23 948 833 78.52 30.71 47.81 21.48
Con_45_2 23 943 524 80.59 30.67 49.92 19.42
Con_6_1 23 881 731 62.24 24.60 37.64 37.77
Con_6_2 24 006 007 76.02 31.18 44.84 23.99
Exp_45_1 24 003 352 42.84 16.69 26.15 57.16
Exp_45_2 24 009 651 53.74 20.94 32.80 46.26
Exp_6_1 24 006 023 75.69 30.36 45.33 24.31
Exp_6_2 20 271 472 75.19 30.54 44.65 24.81
), ArticleFig(id=1254506335295443839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Oxidative stress enzymes that are significantly differentially expressed in 6 hpi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因ID log2 (倍数) P 描述
jgi|Emihu1|434150 −1.65 2.79×10−13 L-ascorbate peroxidase L-抗坏血酸过氧化物酶
jgi|Emihu1|444342 −2.36 3.57×10−19 L-ascorbate peroxidase L-抗坏血酸过氧化物酶
jgi|Emihu1|63449 9.58 1.24×10−20 thioredoxin reductase 硫氧还蛋白还原酶
jgi|Emihu1|74843 −11.38 1.39×10−15 Thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白
jgi|Emihu1|109275 −6.71 1.30×10−3 glutathione S-transferase 谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶
jgi|Emihu1|447453 −1.59 5.98×10−6 glutathione-S-transferase 谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶
jgi|Emihu1|439607 7.16 2.10×10−5 glutathione dehydrogenase 谷胱甘肽脱氢酶
jgi|Emihu1|115948 −1.50 1.65×10−5 glutathionedehydrogenase 谷胱甘肽脱氢酶
), ArticleFig(id=1254506335685514114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

病毒感染6 h显著差异表达的氧化应激反应酶

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因ID log2 (倍数) P 描述
jgi|Emihu1|434150 −1.65 2.79×10−13 L-ascorbate peroxidase L-抗坏血酸过氧化物酶
jgi|Emihu1|444342 −2.36 3.57×10−19 L-ascorbate peroxidase L-抗坏血酸过氧化物酶
jgi|Emihu1|63449 9.58 1.24×10−20 thioredoxin reductase 硫氧还蛋白还原酶
jgi|Emihu1|74843 −11.38 1.39×10−15 Thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白
jgi|Emihu1|109275 −6.71 1.30×10−3 glutathione S-transferase 谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶
jgi|Emihu1|447453 −1.59 5.98×10−6 glutathione-S-transferase 谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶
jgi|Emihu1|439607 7.16 2.10×10−5 glutathione dehydrogenase 谷胱甘肽脱氢酶
jgi|Emihu1|115948 −1.50 1.65×10−5 glutathionedehydrogenase 谷胱甘肽脱氢酶
), ArticleFig(id=1254506335861674883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Oxidative stress enzymes that are significantly differentially expressed in 45 hpi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因ID log2 (倍数) P 描述
jgi|Emihu1|103927 8.21 6.41×10−4 glutathione peroxidase 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
jgi|Emihu1|433534 6.03 1.87×10−16 glutathione peroxidase 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
jgi|Emihu1|464198 1.24 4.00×10−3 peroxidase/catalase 过氧化物酶/过氧化氢酶
jgi|Emihu1|241133 −8.61 1.89×10−5 cytochrome c peroxidase 细胞色素c过氧化物酶
jgi|Emihu1|74843 11.08 4.51×10−12 thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白
jgi|Emihu1|59424 10.06 7.34×10−6 thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白
jgi|Emihu1|198128 −1.25 5.00×10−4 thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白
jgi|Emihu1|66962 1.49 6.48×10−5 glutathione S-transferase 谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶
jgi|Emihu1|446089 1.31 2.33×10−7 glutathione S-transferase 谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶
jgi|Emihu1|109275 −8.32 1.89×10−5 glutathione S-transferase 谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶
jgi|Emihu1|63987 −1.22 1.18×10−9 glutathione reductase 谷胱甘肽还原酶
jgi|Emihu1|63016 −1.03 7.00×10−3 glutathione reductase 谷胱甘肽还原酶
), ArticleFig(id=1254506336016864134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246845540357526242, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

病毒感染45 h显著差异表达的氧化应激反应酶

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因ID log2 (倍数) P 描述
jgi|Emihu1|103927 8.21 6.41×10−4 glutathione peroxidase 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
jgi|Emihu1|433534 6.03 1.87×10−16 glutathione peroxidase 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
jgi|Emihu1|464198 1.24 4.00×10−3 peroxidase/catalase 过氧化物酶/过氧化氢酶
jgi|Emihu1|241133 −8.61 1.89×10−5 cytochrome c peroxidase 细胞色素c过氧化物酶
jgi|Emihu1|74843 11.08 4.51×10−12 thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白
jgi|Emihu1|59424 10.06 7.34×10−6 thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白
jgi|Emihu1|198128 −1.25 5.00×10−4 thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白
jgi|Emihu1|66962 1.49 6.48×10−5 glutathione S-transferase 谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶
jgi|Emihu1|446089 1.31 2.33×10−7 glutathione S-transferase 谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶
jgi|Emihu1|109275 −8.32 1.89×10−5 glutathione S-transferase 谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶
jgi|Emihu1|63987 −1.22 1.18×10−9 glutathione reductase 谷胱甘肽还原酶
jgi|Emihu1|63016 −1.03 7.00×10−3 glutathione reductase 谷胱甘肽还原酶
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病毒感染海洋球石藻Emiliania huxleyi的转录组分析
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田雪 1, 2 , 蔡伟聪 1, 2 , 苏金净 1, 2 , 吴书燕 1, 2 , 刘静雯 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019,41(12): 103-112
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019, 41(12): 103-112
病毒感染海洋球石藻Emiliania huxleyi的转录组分析
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田雪1, 2 , 蔡伟聪1, 2, 苏金净1, 2, 吴书燕1, 2, 刘静雯1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 集美大学 食品与生物工程学院,福建 厦门 361021
  • 2 福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室,福建 厦门 361021
  • 田雪(1992—),女,河南省南阳市人,主要从事海洋微生物生化与分子生物学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘静雯,教授,主要从事海洋微型生物分子生物学研究。E-mail: ;
Transcriptome analysis of marine microalga Emiliania huxleyi in response to virus infection
Xue Tian1, 2 , Weicong Cai1, 2, Jinjing Su1, 2, Shuyan Wu1, 2, Jingwen Liu1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Food and Bioengineering College of Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361021, China
出版时间: 2019-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.010
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海洋球石藻Emiliania huxleyi及其特异性裂解病毒E. huxleyi virus (EhVs)在调节海洋碳、硫循环及全球气候变化中起着重要作用,也是开展真核生物病毒–宿主相互作用研究的良好模型系统之一。为了探究病毒感染条件下E. huxleyi基因表达水平的变化,以海洋球石藻E. huxley–BOF 92及其专一性裂解病毒EhV-99B1为研究对象,利用Illumina HiSeq 2000高通量测序技术,分别对E. huxleyi病毒感染组(Exp)和非感染对照组(Con)6 h和45 h的藻细胞样品进行转录组测序分析。共得到32 909条平均长度为1 153 bp的基因。病毒感染6 h和45 h分别得到2 617和5 229个差异表达基因,其中共差异表达基因465个。随机选取10条差异表达基因,采用qRT-PCR进行实验验证,结果证实转录组分析可靠。GO功能注释和KEGG通路富集,发现大量基因与氧化应激反应、脂类代谢、碳水化合物代谢及信号转导等代谢过程相关,其中变化最显著的是谷胱甘肽代谢途径。从病毒感染球石藻转录组中筛选出部分与氧化应激反应相关的基因,其中9个基因显著上调,11个基因显著下调,表明宿主能够通过体内的氧化应激反应响应病毒胁迫。

海洋球石藻Emiliania huxleyi  /  病毒感染  /  转录组  /  差异表达基因  /  qRT-PCR  /  氧化应激反应

Emiliania huxleyi, the numerically dominant coccolithophore in the modern oceans and its specific lytic virus EhV exert a critical impact upon the oceanic carbon, sulfur cycle and global climate, thus serving as a key host-pathogen model system. Despite their impact on biogeochemical cycling, the transcriptional dynamics of these important oceanic events is still poorly understood. To understand the host-virus interaction in E. huxleyi-EhV system, the transcriptome of E. huxleyi BOF92 involved in virus infection was investigated by using Illumina HiSeq 2 000 high-throughput sequencing technology. Two cDNA libraries, generated 6 h and 45 h after viral infection (Exp) were compared with two libraries from the corresponding times uninfected cultures (Con). A total of 32 909 unigenes with an average length of 1 153 bp were generated. Totally 2 617 and 5 229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with viral infection were identified in 6 hpi and 45 hpi, respectively, among which 465 genes were the common DEGs in the two time points. Ten DEGs were random selected for quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, and the results confirmed that the transcriptome analysis was reliable. Furthermore, the DEGs were subject to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. The results showed that most of the DEGs were involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, glutathione metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and signal transduction. Some of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging genes were screened out, in which 9 genes were up-regulated and 11 genes were down-regulated. These results suggested that ROS signaling molecules might play a central role during host-virus interaction.

Emiliania huxleyi  /  virus infection  /  transcriptome sequencing  /  differentially expressed genes  /  qRT-PCR  /  oxidative stress
田雪, 蔡伟聪, 苏金净, 吴书燕, 刘静雯. 病毒感染海洋球石藻Emiliania huxleyi的转录组分析. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (12) : 103 -112 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.010
Xue Tian, Weicong Cai, Jinjing Su, Shuyan Wu, Jingwen Liu. Transcriptome analysis of marine microalga Emiliania huxleyi in response to virus infection[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (12) : 103 -112 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.010
海洋球石藻(Coccolithphores)是一种全球广泛分布且具有重要生态功能的真核微型浮游植物,其中赫氏圆石藻(Emiliania huxleyi)是球石藻中最为重要, 也是迄今研究最多的一种,几乎每年都在大洋中形成大面积赤潮[1-2]E. huxleyi因其可以产生由碳酸钙构成的“球石粒”及高产二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(dimethylsulfoniopropionate, DMSP)的能力,在海洋碳、硫生物地化循环中具有重要作用[3-5]。自然海域中,某些株系的E. huxleyi能够被特异性病毒(E. huxleyi virus, EhVs)感染,并通过诱导宿主细胞凋亡及自噬(即细胞程序性死亡,Programmed Cell Death, PCD)控制赤潮消亡及宿主的种群动力学过程[6-8]。因此,E. huxleyi已成为当今研究海洋碳、硫生物地化循环及气候变化的一个关键物种,而且由于该藻赤潮的瓦解有赖于病毒感染而更显重要。
EhVs是一种大型核质双链DNA病毒,属于球石藻病毒属(Coccolithoviruses)。目前分离到的大部分病毒株系为裂解性病毒,其基因组大小为320~407 kb[9-11]。该病毒与宿主之间具有高度的特异性,即一株病毒只专一地感染一个宿主株系,这种藻类病毒宿主范围的高度特异性对浮游植物多样性和种群结构具有很大影响,改变着我们对微藻种群动力学过程的认识。因此,E. huxleyi-EhV相互作用是决定海洋碳命运的一个主要因素,并在重塑海洋生物群落结构、全球生态系统物质循环及地质演变中占据重要地位。随着对该病毒−宿主复杂的基因组结构、基因间水平转移现象以及病毒和宿主丰富的遗传多样性特点等的逐渐认识,E. huxleyi-EhV已成为研究真核生物宿主−病毒相互作用关系的关键模式系统[11-13]。但迄今为止,对其相互作用机制尚不十分清楚,不能在分子水平上系统阐释病毒−藻类宿主的互作机制。
近年来,随着各种组学和系统生物学的兴起,为揭示病毒−宿主互作网络关系提供了有力的实验和理论工具。Kegel等[14]利用表达序列标签(EST)结合微阵列法,分析EhV-86感染海洋球石藻E. huxleyi-CCMP 1516后基因差异表达情况,发现病毒感染对宿主光合作用、转录与翻译、信号转导、新陈代谢(特别是脂质代谢和糖酵解)等多种生物过程产生明显影响。随后的研究表明病毒感染抑制宿主光系统Ⅱ的功能,叶绿体结构受损、光合效率显著下降[15]。采用RNA-seq高通量测序技术结合代谢组学比较EhV-201感染E. huxleyi-CCMP 2090后早期(1 h)和中期(24 h)宿主和病毒转录组差异表达情况,发现EhV感染重构了宿主靶向脂肪酸合成的转录组以支持病毒组装,如感染早期脂肪酸合酶(Fatty Acid Synthase, FAs)显著上调并伴随多数游离脂肪酸(C8-C16脂肪酸)水平升高[16]。有趣的是,对EhV-86和E. huxleyi-CCMP 1516全基因组测序注释发现,在共进化过程中,EhV通过基因水平转移从宿主基因组中“劫获”了一组鞘脂类从头生物合成途径(Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Pathway, SBP)中的关键酶基因,这些基因从未在任何其他病毒基因组中发现[10]。在感染过程中EhV通过表达这些鞘脂代谢相关酶在一定程度上掌控了宿主鞘脂代谢途径,合成病毒特有的新型鞘糖脂(Virus Glycosphingolipid, vGSL)[17-18],这些vGSL似乎被定位在膜质“脂筏”区域作为病毒出入宿主细胞的门户[19]。另外,vGSL还能作为一种脂质信号分子严格控制EhV的产生和宿主的胞内应答,诱发自由基(Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS)[20]及NO[21]的产生,进而诱导宿主PCD过程[22-24]。病毒诱导的氧化胁迫导致宿主细胞裂解死亡,这一过程加剧了对海洋碳、硫生物地化循环的影响。尽管E. huxleyi-EhV相互作用过程在调节海洋碳、硫生物地化循环及及全球气候变化过程中具有举足轻重的作用。但目前我们对调控EhV感染的细胞、生化和分子过程的了解仍十分有限。本文以海洋球石藻E. huxleyi-BOF 92及其特异性裂解病毒EhV-99B1为研究对象,利用Illumina HiSeq 2000高通量测序技术分析EhV感染的转录组差异表达特点,从中挖掘关键基因及其调控途径,深度解析海洋球石藻与病毒之间的互作关系特别是EhV感染诱导的细胞胁迫应答反应,了解E. huxleyi-EhV在激烈的互利共生和敌对(Jekyll-and-Hyde)“双重”关系相互转化过程中的共进化意义。
本研究所用的海洋球石藻株系Emiliania huxleyi-BOF 92及其特异性裂解病毒株系E. huxleyi virus-99B1均由挪威卑尔根大学生物系微生物研究所Gunnar Bratbak教授赠送并保存于作者的实验室。球石藻的培养采用70%海水配制f/2-Si加富培养基,光照强度为40~50 μmol/(m2·s)、 温度(16±1)℃、光周期为14∶10(光∶暗)。
将海洋球石藻接种于2 L的f/2-Si加富培养基中培养至指数生长期,加入适量EhV-99B1病毒超滤液,继续培养直至藻细胞彻底裂解,培养物变得澄清(约7~10 d左右),于8 000 r/min离心去除细胞碎片(4℃,5 min),上清液分别经0.45 μm和0.22 μm滤膜过滤后,用切向流超滤系统(MASTERFLEX,Sigma公司,Minimate TM TFF Capsule 82213D)进行超滤浓缩,病毒浓缩液保存于4℃备用。
将4 L处于指数生长期(密度约为2.37×106 个/mL)的E. huxleyi-BOF 92平均分成两组,一组不作病毒处理设为对照组(Con),一组按1:50(EhV : Eh)的体积比加入浓缩的病毒裂解液作为实验组(Exp)(感染体系中病毒的起始丰度约为2.8×106 个/mL)。在病毒加入后的6 h和45 h,分别离心(7 000 r/min, 5 min)收集实验组和对照组细胞样品,立即置于液氮中速冻,然后−80℃保存备用。每个时间点的每组样品设置2个平行,共4组,8个样品。
藻细胞样品的后续处理包括总RNA的提取(天根生化科技有限公司植物总RNA提取试剂盒)、纯化、质控分析、cDNA文库构建以及转录组测序工作由深圳华大基因完成。将去除接头和低质量序列后得到的有效读段(Clean reads)使用Bowtie2[25]和HISAT[26]软件比对球石藻E. huxleyi-CCMP1516参考基因组(https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Emihul/Emihul,home.html)。
使用RSEM[27]工具进行基因表达水平的定量。在实验过程中,病毒对宿主细胞的感染是非同步的,即细胞被感染的时间或被感染的藻细胞的生理状态不尽相同,因此感染和非感染不同时间点的每组样品的定量结果显示的是这一过程中的平均值[14]。将P ≤ 0.05且 ${\rm {log}}_2^{FC} $ 绝对值大于1作为差异表达筛选条件,并将所有差异表达基因映射到Gene Ontology(GO)数据库(http://www.geneontology.org/)和KEGG公共数据库进行功能注释和代谢通路富集分析。
随机选择10个差异表达基因,用Primer 5.0设计引物(表1),进行qRT-PCR分析。将建库使用的总RNA采用第一链cDNA合成试剂盒(Promega公司)反转录为cDNA,以反转录产物为模板,以微管蛋白(β-tubulin)为内参,使用ChamQTM Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix荧光定量预混酶(诺唯赞生物科技有限公司),利用7300 qRT-PCR系统(Applied Biosystems)进行荧光定量检测。每个样品每个基因设置3个实验重复,采用2−Δ ΔCT法进行相对定量计算[28]
RNA-Seq测序8个样品,平均产生23 651 203条原始读段,去除低质量读段数据,剩余的有效读段平均数目为23 508 824,每个样品测序数据量统计情况见表2(NCBI登录号为SRP189555)。有效读段比对到E. huxleyi-CCMP 1516参考基因组,平均比对率为68.10%,每个样品与参考基因组比对情况见表3
对组装获得的32 909条基因进行长度统计。基因平均长度为1 153 bp,主要集中于2 500 bp以下。其中,数目最多的是分布在500~1 000 bp之间的转录本,有12 397条,占转录本总数的37.67%;其次是分布在1 000~1 500 bp之间和小于等于500 bp的转录本,分别有7 874条(占总转录本23.93%)和5 446条(占总转录本16.55%)(图1)。对转录本进行开放阅读框(ORF)预测,88.6%的转录本ORF的长度小于等于 600 bp,其中56.10%的ORF长度小于300 bp。
对实验组和对照组不同时间点的转录本表达水平进行比较分析,病毒感染6 h(Exp 6 vs Con 6) 差异表达基因2 617个,其中上调674个,下调1 943个;病毒感染45 h (Exp 45 vs Con 45) 差异表达基因5 229个,其中上调828个,下调4 401个;病毒感染6 h和45 h共差异表达基因465个(图2)。
随机选取10个病毒感染条件下差异表达的基因(其中6个上调基因和4个下调基因),分别是宿主丝氨酸棕榈酰转移酶(hSPT)、半胱天冬蛋白酶(MC1、MC2、MC3、MC4)、自噬相关蛋白(ATG3、ATG13)、脂肪酸去饱和酶(FADS)、硫辛酰胺脱氢酶(DLD2)以及烷烃单加氧酶(AMO)等。利用qRT-PCR进行实验组和对照组基因差异表达分析,qRT-PCR结果与转录组测序结果的表达趋势基本一致(图3),转录组测序结果可靠。
测序得到的基因中共有20 872条获得GO功能注释,包括生物过程、细胞组分及分子功能3个本体化。其中,注释到分子功能上的基因数目最多,为9 602个,其次是细胞组分6 473个,生物过程4 797个。KEGG功能注释11 959条基因,归属于218条代谢通路,包括细胞过程、环境信息、遗传信息处理、代谢途径及生物系统等5类代谢途径。其中,数量最多的是参与代谢途径相关的基因,包括脂类代谢、能量代谢、碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢及核苷酸代谢等多种代谢途径。
差异表达基因GO功能富集分析显著的术语结果见图4。在这些功能分类中,与ATP结合、锌离子结合、DNA结合、核酸结合、膜的整体组分及细胞核功能相关的差异表达基因数目较多。其中,感染早期(6 h)(图4a),膜的整体组分类别中涉及的差异表达基因最多,感染晚期(45 h)(图4b),ATP结合类别中涉及的差异表达基因最多。
差异表达基因KEGG Pathway显著性富集分析显示,感染早期,富集较显著的是碳代谢、DNA复制、嘧啶代谢、核糖体生物发生、次生代谢物的生物合成、糖酵解/糖异生、氨基酸的生物合成与代谢、谷胱甘肽(glutataione, GSH)代谢、甘油磷脂代谢及过氧化物酶体参与的代谢等过程。感染晚期,除上述代谢过程外,内质网蛋白质加工、剪接、泛素介导的蛋白降解、自噬调节、三羧酸循环(TCA循环)及氨酰基-tRNA生物合成等代谢途径也显著富集。选择其中与细胞氧化胁迫相关且变化显著的GSH代谢绘制代谢通路图(图5),感染过程中参与GSH合成的大多数酶基因表达下调,而参与GSH降解及氧化的大多数酶基因表达上调。
氧化应激是指机体在遭受各种有害刺激时,体内高活性分子产生过多,如ROS的积累,从而产生的一种负面作用。一方面,病毒感染引起ROS释放;另一方面,ROS在病毒感染的进程中也能激活机体免疫系统,起到正面的调节作用。本文筛选36个与氧化应激反应相关的差异表达基因,如超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin, Trx)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GPx)、谷胱甘肽还原酶及硫氧还蛋白还原酶等,其中感染早期6个基因显著下调,2个基因显著上调(表4);感染晚期5个基因显著下调,7个基因显著上调(表5)。
自然海域中病毒感染、杀死和裂解浮游植物是海洋生态系统中的普遍现象,且病毒感染是导致浮游植物自然死亡的主要因素之一。病毒可以通过减少宿主种群数量或防止藻类宿主种群数量达到高峰的方式控制浮游植物动力学指标[7]。因此,病毒−宿主之间相互作用对于海洋生态系统的重塑具有重要的生态学意义和进化动力学作用。目前关于海洋真核微藻类病毒与宿主相互关系的知识了解甚少,病毒的感染和宿主的防御机制在分子水平上体现为两者在基因传递与表达、信号转导及代谢调控等方面的变化。海洋病毒(特别是噬菌体)在感染过程中通过创建“病毒细胞代谢”这一独特新兴代谢模式,触发了一个显著的代谢重构过程,为病毒生产另辟蹊径[13]。尽管有明确证据表明感染过程中,病毒在一定程度上掌控了宿主某些代谢通路,但目前我们对病毒劫持策略及宿主防御反应之间的关系及其分子机制尚不清楚,特别是在这一具有重要生态意义的E. huxleyi-EhV互作模式系统中。
本实验中,EhV-99B1感染球石藻E. huxleyi BOF92平均产生23 508 824条有效读段,68.10%能够比对到E. huxleyi-CCMP 1516参考基因组,与Bochenek等[29]报道的E. huxleyi-CCMP 1516硫限制条件下82.22%的比对率相比偏低,这可能是由于E. huxleyi-BOF 92与E. huxleyi-CCMP 1516株系基因组间存在一定的种内差异所致[30-31]。病毒感染早期差异表达基因2 617个,感染晚期差异表达基因5 229个,显著大于硫限制条件下差异表达的1 718个基因,表明病毒感染导致转录组发生了较大规模的变化,病毒与宿主相互作用过程更为复杂。如,E. huxleyi的生活史中存在具有球石粒的二倍体世代和具有鞭毛可游动的单倍体世代,病毒感染过程中,宿主可以通过改变其倍性来抵御病毒侵染[32]。这种复杂的生活史可能伴随着与DNA损伤、减数分裂及单倍体特异性转录因子等相关的转录组基因表达水平的变化。病毒感染诱导的差异表达基因中,下调转录本的数量(早期1 943个,晚期4 401个)明显高于上调的数量(早期674个,晚期828个),这与Rosenwasser等[16]报道的EhV-201感染E. huxleyi-CCMP 2090转录组大部分基因(30 658/42 385)的表达水平下调的结果类似,表明病毒感染在很大程度上抑制了宿主基因的表达。
EhV-201感染E. huxleyi-CCMP 2090导致与转录和翻译、脂肪酸生物合成、氨基酸和核苷酸生物合成、脂质代谢、糖酵解及信号转导等代谢通路发生明显变化[15]。本文EhV-99B1感染E. huxleyi-BOF 92的转录组研究结果进一步强调病毒感染重塑了宿主脂质代谢、糖酵解、氨基酸及核苷酸等关键代谢过程。作为大的DNA双链病毒,EhV具有更高的代谢需求以满足构建自身的脂类、DNA及蛋白合成。特别是细胞脂质代谢在病毒感染中具有重要意义,脂类不仅提供了代谢需要的能量,参与多重防御信号级联过程,而且是细胞内膜的重要结构成分[19, 33]。另外,鞘磷脂、鞘糖脂及胆固醇等还是作为病毒出入宿主细胞门户—“脂筏”的主要脂质成分[19]。EhV正是利用“脂筏”作为进出细胞的策略,借助自身基因编码合成病毒特有的鞘糖脂胞膜与宿主细胞膜融合、内吞侵入宿主细胞;子代病毒粒子同样可以借助其鞘糖脂膜包裹以出芽的方式释放到细胞外[17-19]。因此在EhV感染早期,宿主细胞的膜组分发生了大规模的重构以利于病毒的识别与感染。感染晚期,随着病毒粒子的大量复制、组装和释放,对核酸、蛋白及脂质等资源的需求大幅度增加,进而诱导ATP结合组分中如ATP酶的大量合成以提供充足的能量供给。特别是由ABC转运蛋白(ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter)介导的脂质合成、分泌及跨膜转运过程加速了ATP的水解。可见,病毒感染通过构建倾向于脂质生物合成的代谢流为自身的复制、组装及释放营造良好的细胞环境。最近,我们对病毒EhV-99B1感染E. huxleyi-BOF 92的脂质组学研究结果也进一步支持了本研究中病毒介导脂质代谢的转录组重构特点,如感染早期宿主脂代谢向着三酰甘油(Triacylglycerol, TGAs)生物合成方向进行重编程以支持病毒生产,同时TGAs还可以对宿主在感染早期产生的脂毒性FAs进行解毒,防止ROS的产生,在预防宿主细胞过早死亡方面起着至关重要的作用;而在感染后期,宿主细胞面临高水平的氧化胁迫,动员和利用储备的TGAs有助于感染后期脂肪酸的积累,以支持病毒的装配(未发表数据)。另外,EhV感染还通过调控宿主SBP途径合成病毒特有的vGSL,该物质作为一种脂质信号分子严格控制EhV的产生和宿主的胞内应答,诱发ROS(H2O2[20]和NO[21]的产生。表明EhV通过重塑宿主脂质代谢、诱导宿主氧化还原代谢过程的失衡,从而增加了宿主对病毒入侵的易感性并最终导致宿主细胞死亡。
值得注意的是,除了上述代谢通路外,EhV感染早期和晚期与氧化应激反应相关的GSH代谢酶(图5)及过氧化物酶基因如GST、Trx、POD及GPx等均发生显著差异表达。GSH是生物体内普遍存在的小分子抗氧化物质,在氧化还原敏感的信号传导调节以及响应生物与非生物环境胁迫中起着重要作用。EhV感染导致了诸如H2O2 ${\rm O}_2^- $ 等活性氧细胞信号分子的合成[20, 23],同时也通过调节氧化胁迫相关基因的表达以应答细胞的氧化胁迫,如GSH水平的升高可以防止在高度氧化的细胞环境中过早地诱导宿主细胞PCD[22],而H2O2和GSH的共同作用在触发细胞自噬过程中起着重要作用[22-23]。因此,病毒感染一方面引起ROS释放;同时,ROS在病毒感染的进程中也能激活机体免疫系统,起到正面的调节作用。可见,氧化应激反应也是海洋球石藻宿主响应病毒胁迫的一种天然免疫应激反应。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41576166);福建省自然科学基金项目(2019J01696)。
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2019年第41卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.010
  • 接收时间:2018-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-12-19
  • 修回日期:2019-05-30
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41576166);福建省自然科学基金项目(2019J01696)。
作者信息
    1 集美大学 食品与生物工程学院,福建 厦门 361021
    2 福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室,福建 厦门 361021

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*刘静雯,教授,主要从事海洋微型生物分子生物学研究。E-mail: ;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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