Article(id=1246843136169894148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246843131040260216, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1561564800000, receivedDateStr=2019-06-27, revisedDate=1566144000000, revisedDateStr=2019-08-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775200168888, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1571932800000, pubDateStr=2019-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775200168888, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775200168888, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200168888, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246843131040260216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775200167665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200689635, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845320404034096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246843131040260216, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845320404034097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246843131040260216, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=161, endPage=168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246843138124439852, articleId=1246843136169894148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Hydrothermal systems at offshore Taiwan: Unique biological and geochemical characteristics, columnId=1246843132063670397, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Progress on Marine Science and Technology Research over the Past 70 Years in China, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Offshore eastern Taiwan situated in the West Pacific active zone, there are multiple hydrothermal vents among which Kueishantao (KST) and Lutao (LT) host the most active systems. This paper reviewed the progress of the geochemical characteristics and biological responses of the KST and LT hydrothermal systems. The vent fluids emanated from the shallow KST hydrothermal vents have the world's lowest pH (1.52) values of any submarine vents. The fluids are rich in heavy metals and are accompanied by gases composed mostly by CO2. The hydrothermal vents are considered to be a source for chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the oceans. The hydrothermal systems showed the world’s lowest concentration of dissolved organic carbon (14 μmol/L) and unique kinetic characteristics in Lutao. Native sulfur chimneys and sulfur balls were found around the KST vents. The highly toxic and acidic KST vent fluids have disturbed the behavior of ambient macro-organisms including crabs which have developed detoxication measures. The active bacteria groups in the KST field are dominated by Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonbacteraeota that are involved in the carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolic pathways. Sulfur-reducing and sulfide-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs account for most of the primary biomass synthesis, which fuels microbial energy flow and element cycling in the hydrothermal systems. Vent crab evolved an adaptive modulation of reproductive behavior to survive in the hydrothermal vent field. Under the stress of the KST hydrothermal activity, the microorganisms have generated cryptic compounds and metabolic products. Furthermore, both the KST and LD hydrothermal systems are affected by tides and catastrophic events such as typhoons and earthquakes. The studies on the hydrothermal systems at offshore Taiwan are of essential importance for investigating the geochemical cycles and eco-environmental impacts of global hydrothermal systems.

, correspAuthors=Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuegang Chen, Bin Wu, Hao Zheng, Wei Fan, Ying Ye, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246843139592446332, articleId=1246843136169894148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=台湾近海热液体系独特的生物及地球化学特征, columnId=1246843132235636863, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=中国海洋科技研究发展70年, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

台湾地处西太平洋构造活动带,近海发育了多处热液活动,其中最典型的为龟山岛和绿岛热液体系。本文对海峡两岸在龟山岛和绿岛热液的地球化学特征以及周边生物体的响应的研究进展进行了综述。龟山岛热液喷出流体具有全球最低的pH(1.52),富含重金属元素和CO2等酸性气体,是周围海水中有色溶解有机质的来源;绿岛具有全球热液中最低的溶解有机碳浓度(14 μmol /L),且具有特殊的动力学特性。喷口周边分布了较为罕见的自然硫烟囱体和硫磺球。喷口的高毒性、高酸性热液改变了热液区生物体如螃蟹的生活习性和解毒机制。热液区的主要活跃菌群为参与碳、硫和氮代谢途径的γ-和ε-变形菌。主要生物质合成以硫还原和硫氧化的化能无机自养型生物为主,微生物硫代谢促进了热液系统中的微生物能量流动和元素循环作用。某些热液生物采用繁殖期迁徙的机制应对高毒性、高酸性热液环境。在热液活动的胁迫下,这些微生物产生了新颖独特的代谢产物。此外,龟山岛和绿岛热液体系还受到了潮汐、台风和地震等灾害性事件的影响。台湾近海热液体系的研究对认识热液地球化学循环、探讨热液的生态环境效应等具有重要的意义。

, correspAuthors=陈镇东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈镇东,男,讲座教授,主要研究海底热液活动以及海洋碳循环。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=p+7OUbPDl0XzRd22rjwl3w==, magXml=qJbYet2noXdNsMv6GZkGVQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=znniemGdGeXG3dl8oPkZBA==, pdfFileSize=28152891, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=1eFfnOPHxU4UTlSu+6287w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=qzbF3RqdrkFfrsUvO3+ccg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈雪刚(1983—),男,浙江省衢州市人,从事海底热液地球化学研究。E-mail:

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陈雪刚(1983—),男,浙江省衢州市人,从事海底热液地球化学研究。E-mail:

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outlook of the Kueishantao hydrothermal system (b, c); and a typical vent of the Lutao geothermal field (d), figureFileSmall=nvHqxeYUWf9D4erLSRDOrQ==, figureFileBig=7qO0Ugg5ELRgtV6XXURQ4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215509729169757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843136169894148, language=CN, label=图1, caption=台湾近海构造地质背景(a);龟山岛热液系统的远景和俯瞰图(b, c);绿岛热液体系的典型喷口(d), figureFileSmall=nvHqxeYUWf9D4erLSRDOrQ==, figureFileBig=7qO0Ugg5ELRgtV6XXURQ4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215509859193188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843136169894148, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Fluid sampling at the Kueishantao vents using self-made samplers (a); spatial distribution pattern of pH in the Kueishantao field that collected using in-situ chemical sensors[6] (b), figureFileSmall=QAsnzDJUXl6UjF6cOYcbpg==, figureFileBig=VH+2bPA8mepkBlAXl211DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215509947273576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843136169894148, language=CN, label=图2, caption=自主研制的热液保真采样器在龟山岛热液喷口进行采样 (a);原位化学传感器链获得的龟山岛海域pH分布[6] (b), figureFileSmall=QAsnzDJUXl6UjF6cOYcbpg==, figureFileBig=VH+2bPA8mepkBlAXl211DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215510010188139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843136169894148, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=the unique native sulfur chimney (a), sulfur mound (b), sulfur balls (c), and Xenograpsus testudinatus of the Kueishantao hydrothermal system (d), figureFileSmall=B/Ul97v/WnAV1hyU9L+Q6A==, figureFileBig=KFwwKHZACajETkXXDV5S3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215510081491313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843136169894148, language=CN, label=图3, caption=龟山岛热液独特的自然硫烟囱体(a)、硫磺丘(b)、硫磺球(c)和热液喷口周围生活的特有物种乌龟怪方蟹(d), figureFileSmall=B/Ul97v/WnAV1hyU9L+Q6A==, figureFileBig=KFwwKHZACajETkXXDV5S3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215510156988789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843136169894148, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The Kueishantao vent fluids were affected by diurnal tides, and the Typhoon “Bilis” at 2000 destroyed the monitored vent (a); semi-diurnal oscillation of water depth induced by tide of the Lutao hydrothermal system (b), figureFileSmall=8hi2OZmBuB7LL78jjYrjiw==, figureFileBig=oNHYFmbxYVsknj41Pec16g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215510245069175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843136169894148, language=CN, label=图4, caption=龟山岛热液流体温度受到全日潮的影响,2000年台风“碧利斯”摧毁了所监测的喷口使其不再活动[4] (a);潮汐对绿岛热液“户外池”水深的影响(b), figureFileSmall=8hi2OZmBuB7LL78jjYrjiw==, figureFileBig=oNHYFmbxYVsknj41Pec16g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215510345732478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843136169894148, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Microbial involved biogeochemical process, and the carbon, sulfur and nitrogen cycles and possible coupling mechanisms of this unique hydrothermal ecological system (modified from referance [23])

rTCA/CCB represents reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle/Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle

, figureFileSmall=M4CueXmZ5OrVavtHevFJqg==, figureFileBig=9J5dzdgG+FHlkd3pxfVY9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215510438007169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843136169894148, language=CN, label=图5, caption=热液口微生物介导的生物地球化学过程,以及这些独特生态系统中碳、硫和氮循环的可能耦合机制(根据文献[23]重新绘制)

rTCA/CCB表示还原性三羧酸循环/卡尔文循环

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台湾近海热液体系独特的生物及地球化学特征
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陈雪刚 1 , 吴斌 1 , 郑豪 1 , 樊炜 1 , 叶瑛 1 , 陈镇东 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 中国海洋科技研究发展70年 2019,41(10): 161-168
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海洋学报 | 中国海洋科技研究发展70年 2019, 41(10): 161-168
台湾近海热液体系独特的生物及地球化学特征
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陈雪刚1 , 吴斌1, 郑豪1, 樊炜1, 叶瑛1, 陈镇东1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 2 台湾中山大学 海洋科学系,台湾 高雄 80424
  • 陈雪刚(1983—),男,浙江省衢州市人,从事海底热液地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈镇东,男,讲座教授,主要研究海底热液活动以及海洋碳循环。E-mail:
Hydrothermal systems at offshore Taiwan: Unique biological and geochemical characteristics
Xuegang Chen1 , Bin Wu1, Hao Zheng1, Wei Fan1, Ying Ye1, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021
  • 2 Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424
出版时间: 2019-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.010
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台湾地处西太平洋构造活动带,近海发育了多处热液活动,其中最典型的为龟山岛和绿岛热液体系。本文对海峡两岸在龟山岛和绿岛热液的地球化学特征以及周边生物体的响应的研究进展进行了综述。龟山岛热液喷出流体具有全球最低的pH(1.52),富含重金属元素和CO2等酸性气体,是周围海水中有色溶解有机质的来源;绿岛具有全球热液中最低的溶解有机碳浓度(14 μmol /L),且具有特殊的动力学特性。喷口周边分布了较为罕见的自然硫烟囱体和硫磺球。喷口的高毒性、高酸性热液改变了热液区生物体如螃蟹的生活习性和解毒机制。热液区的主要活跃菌群为参与碳、硫和氮代谢途径的γ-和ε-变形菌。主要生物质合成以硫还原和硫氧化的化能无机自养型生物为主,微生物硫代谢促进了热液系统中的微生物能量流动和元素循环作用。某些热液生物采用繁殖期迁徙的机制应对高毒性、高酸性热液环境。在热液活动的胁迫下,这些微生物产生了新颖独特的代谢产物。此外,龟山岛和绿岛热液体系还受到了潮汐、台风和地震等灾害性事件的影响。台湾近海热液体系的研究对认识热液地球化学循环、探讨热液的生态环境效应等具有重要的意义。

龟山岛  /  绿岛  /  热液活动  /  高酸性流体  /  热液微生物  /  代谢产物  /  溶解有机碳

Offshore eastern Taiwan situated in the West Pacific active zone, there are multiple hydrothermal vents among which Kueishantao (KST) and Lutao (LT) host the most active systems. This paper reviewed the progress of the geochemical characteristics and biological responses of the KST and LT hydrothermal systems. The vent fluids emanated from the shallow KST hydrothermal vents have the world's lowest pH (1.52) values of any submarine vents. The fluids are rich in heavy metals and are accompanied by gases composed mostly by CO2. The hydrothermal vents are considered to be a source for chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the oceans. The hydrothermal systems showed the world’s lowest concentration of dissolved organic carbon (14 μmol/L) and unique kinetic characteristics in Lutao. Native sulfur chimneys and sulfur balls were found around the KST vents. The highly toxic and acidic KST vent fluids have disturbed the behavior of ambient macro-organisms including crabs which have developed detoxication measures. The active bacteria groups in the KST field are dominated by Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonbacteraeota that are involved in the carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolic pathways. Sulfur-reducing and sulfide-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs account for most of the primary biomass synthesis, which fuels microbial energy flow and element cycling in the hydrothermal systems. Vent crab evolved an adaptive modulation of reproductive behavior to survive in the hydrothermal vent field. Under the stress of the KST hydrothermal activity, the microorganisms have generated cryptic compounds and metabolic products. Furthermore, both the KST and LD hydrothermal systems are affected by tides and catastrophic events such as typhoons and earthquakes. The studies on the hydrothermal systems at offshore Taiwan are of essential importance for investigating the geochemical cycles and eco-environmental impacts of global hydrothermal systems.

Kueishantao  /  Ludao  /  hydrothermal activity  /  highly acidic fluid  /  hydrothermal micro-organism  /  metabolic products  /  dissolved organic carbon
陈雪刚, 吴斌, 郑豪, 樊炜, 叶瑛, 陈镇东. 台湾近海热液体系独特的生物及地球化学特征. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (10) : 161 -168 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.010
Xuegang Chen, Bin Wu, Hao Zheng, Wei Fan, Ying Ye, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. Hydrothermal systems at offshore Taiwan: Unique biological and geochemical characteristics[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (10) : 161 -168 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.010
海底热液系统是地球内部与表面交换物质和能量的通道,也是人类观察地球内部生物、地质、化学过程的窗口,以及研究生命起源、元素分配、矿产资源等重大科学问题的重要媒介。海底热液丰富的热液硫化物矿产、独特的地球化学特征以及热液影响下的生物生态系统受到了科学家的广泛关注,海底热液活动也被认为是20世纪最重要的科学发现之一。
台湾地区位于西太平洋边缘,地处亚欧大陆板块与菲律宾板块碰撞带。台湾近海发育有多处海底热液活动(图1),典型的热液系统包括:(1)台湾东北部龟山岛热液体系:构造上从属于冲绳海槽西南端,为弧后扩张型热液系统[1];(2)台湾东南部的绿岛热液系统,构造上从属于北吕宋火山岛弧,为岛弧火山型热液系统[2-3]。龟山岛和绿岛热液体系的基岩均为安山岩,但两者从属于不同的构造地质背景,这些热液系统尤其是龟山岛体系具有独特的生物生态系统和地球化学特征,自发现以来即成为海峡两岸学术界的研究热点之一。因此,本文以台湾近海热液体系的地球化学特征及其生态环境效应为切入点,综述了海峡两岸近20年来在台湾中山大学陈镇东教授等主导下的双边合作与研究取得的阶段性科研成果,以期增强双边交流与合作、提升我国海底热液研究的国际影响力,并为全球热液研究提供数据和参考。
龟山岛位于台湾宜兰外海,为一新生代火山岛,最后一次喷发于7 000年前。龟山岛最典型的热液喷口“黄泉”水深约8 m,热液流体的温度为92~116°C,pH最低可达1.52,是目前世界上所发现pH最低的海底热液流体[1, 4]。叶瑛团队利用自制的热液保真采样技术采样测试[5]以及化学传感器原位探测[6-7]图2),结果显示热液流体中重金属和pH对周边海域的影响范围局限在喷口周围1 km范围内[8]。热液极低的pH主要是由于SO2和CO2等酸性火山气体的溶解造成的。龟山岛极酸性热液流体的生态环境效应及其对西太平洋强酸性流体喷发的指示作用是今后重点研究的方向[9-10]
相比于深海热液体系常见的黑烟囱,龟山岛热液体系具有独特的自然硫烟囱体;喷口周围还分布了罕见的硫磺球、硫磺丘和硫磺砂(图3)。曾志刚课题组研究发现,这些自然硫产物的硫含量超过98.5%,形成于岩浆脱气作用产生的H2S和SO2反应[4, 11],出现于相对低温、有氧和酸性的环境中[12]。硫磺基底中富集了大量的挥发性亲铜元素,显示了与其中硫化物包体不同的元素富集机理[13]。龟山岛硫磺球的生长速率比自然硫烟囱体更加缓慢[11],其生长过程中产生的层状结构可能记录了龟山岛热液活动历史等特征,因此具有极高的研究价值。在今后的研究中,可以采用原位微区分析技术如纳米离子探针、激光刻蚀–电感耦合等离子体质谱等对这些自然硫产物进行深入分析,研究元素在自然硫包体中的分布和分配规律,重建龟山岛的热液活动历史。
陈雪刚和杨灿尧课题组对龟山岛热液伴生气体进行了深入研究。气体主要成分为CO2 [14],这些CO2大量溶入海水中,可能造成了局部的海洋酸化[15]。气体的3He/4He值达到7.3 Ra ~8.4 Ra ,可能是西太平洋热液中最高的氦同位素比值[14, 16],表明龟山岛热液受到地幔组分的影响。自2000年以来龟山岛热液气体含量组成发生了剧烈变化,可能预示着其下伏岩浆活动强度发生了变化[17]
郑豪及杨丽阳课题组研究发现,龟山岛和绿岛热液系统是周边海水中有色溶解有机质(CDOM)的源。热液CDOM与溶解有机碳(DOC)没有明显的相关性,可能两者具有不同的分布趋势,而不同的CDOM表明了生物可利用度的明显差异[15, 18]。绿岛热液中DOC具有明显的日变化趋势。这种变化趋势的原因可能是受中温区藻类等初级生产力的光合作用的影响。
绿岛热液DOC浓度仅为14 μmol/L左右[2],远低于龟山岛和兰屿热液的浓度[18-19],可能是全球所报道最低的热液DOC浓度。该发现说明在绿岛热液流体排出过程中DOC有一定损失,在地下岩浆区的高温高压环境下,DOC部分受热分解。绿岛DOC浓度与潮汐并无明显相关性,与龟山岛热液系统温度与潮汐密切相关不同[4]
台湾地处西太平洋台风和地震多发区,台风和地震等灾害性事件以及潮汐也对该区的热液体系造成明显的影响(图4),这在深海热液系统中少见报道。陈镇东及陈雪刚等研究发现,龟山岛热液温度受潮汐影响呈现日变化和双月变化[4],而绿岛热液流体的温度和化学组成呈现半日潮变化,滞后时间为4.5~6 h。这些结果表明龟山岛和绿岛热液系统均具有较浅的反应区深度和快速的热液循环过程。此外,绿岛热液4.5~6 h的滞后时间可能预示着该热液系统同时受到潮压和潮流的影响。2000年8月台风“碧利斯”摧毁了龟山岛高达6 m的自然硫烟囱体,掩埋了热液喷口或堵塞了热液通道,并使数个喷口不再活动[4]。2016年Ms5.8级地震以及台风“尼伯特”过境,也剧烈影响了龟山岛热液活动的强度与影响范围1[20]。此外,龟山岛沉积物岩心研究表明其热液活动的年度变化可能与台风以及Ms大于5.0的地震活动有关[21]
与洋中脊的深海热液体系相比,浅海热液体系水深较浅(一般小于200 m),热液喷口的流体和酸性气体排放将直接影响周边海域的海洋生物和生态系统。由于台湾近海的龟山岛热液体系具有极低的pH、较高的重金属浓度和CO2含量,以及特殊的DOM动力学特征,它是研究极端环境下生物响应的理想场所。
在龟山岛浅海热液喷口与地表水微生物群落中,γ-和ε-变形菌是主要的活性细菌类群,并参与碳、硫和氮代谢途径。硫氧化的化能自养菌等核心参与者、通过开尔文循环或反向三羧酸循环氧化还原态的硫化物和固定可溶性无机碳获得能量。硫依赖和反向硫酸盐还原是能量产生的主要途径,可能伴随着硝酸盐提供电子给亚硝酸盐的反硝化过程。在体系中占很小的比例的Nautiliaceae科的硫还原菌,通过氧化氢获得能量,为一些硫氧化细菌提供代谢能量。此外,氨和亚硝酸盐氧化是热液系统中另一种能量产生类型,而且氨和亚硝酸盐氧化过程很可能为硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐还原为一氧化氮这一反硝化过程提供底物。与深海系统不同的是,蓝细菌也可能积极参与主要的代谢途径。该发现更好地揭示了微生物介导的生物地球化学过程(图5),以及这些独特生态系统中碳、硫和氮循环的可能耦合机制[22-23]。在不同热液羽流的细菌群落和古细胞群落之间显示出了巨大的的差异:白色热液羽流中的细菌和古菌群落以还原硫的类群为主,而黄色热液羽流和地表水分别以硫氧化性的类群为主,但两个喷口都缺乏产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌。这些发现说明甲烷与这个浅海热液系统中的微生物过程的联系较少。硫还原和硫氧化的化能无机自养型生物占主要生物质合成的大部分,微生物硫代谢促进了台湾东北海岸的浅海热液系统中的微生物能量流动和元素循环作用[24]
只有少数的大生物被报道可以生活在低pH、高硫和高浓度金属离子的龟山岛热液区。乌龟怪方蟹(Xenograpsus testudinatus )是迄今为止发现的唯一生活在龟山岛热液区域的甲壳类动物。乌龟怪方蟹(图3d)对热液中的重金属产生了与性别相关的异步蜕皮机制[25]。有报道称乌龟怪方蟹的食物来源是被热液羽流杀死的浮游动物形成的“雪”状散落物[26]。但是乌龟怪方蟹的代谢、食物和和它们对所生存的环境的适应行为报道较少。黄将修课题组研究发现乌龟怪方蟹进化出了一种繁殖迁移行为的自适应机制,即成熟的雌性蟹通过在繁殖期迁徙到热液周边毒性相对小的区域来应对浅海热液口的恶劣环境[27]。其他生物体如挠足类动物对热液中的毒性元素也产生了独特的解毒机制和营养途径[28-29]。在酸性水体附近生长的螺类,体型趋于圆形,可能是为了较能抗压[30]
近年来吴斌课题组对采自龟山岛热液口的沉积物和生物样本的真菌、放线菌进行了系统的化学研究,发现热液口来源的微生物有着丰富的二次代谢产物(图6)。化合物的结构类型及其丰度覆盖了生物碱、萜类、环肽、杂萜类和毒素类等化合物[31-36]。研究发现,热液来源的微生物的生物合成途径受到金属离子的影响很大。通过重金属离子胁迫策略获得了很多海洋微生物隐蔽天然产物[37-39]。采用隔膜共培养的方法激活热液口来源真菌的生物合成途径,得到一系列具有抗菌活性的新天然产物,说明热液口来源的微生物的生物合同基因簇的表达可以被不同的培养条件激活[34, 36]
近20年来,海峡两岸对台湾近海的龟山岛和绿岛热液体系进行了深入的研究与合作,并在无机地球化学、生物学、生态学、天然产物等领域取得了一系列阶段性的研究成果。尤其是龟山岛热液体系,其热液流体具有极低的pH以及较高的毒性元素含量和CO2浓度,对龟山岛热液喷口周边的生态环境造成了局部的影响。热液活动的胁迫作用影响了龟山岛热液周边的大生物体的生活习性,促使微生物产生了独特的解毒机制和新颖的代谢产物,形成了微生物介导的生物地球化学循环。龟山岛全球罕见的热液自然硫产物亦吸引了科学家的目光。在今后的研究中,两岸科学家应进一步深入合作,开发新型的原位化学传感器,对龟山岛和绿岛热液体系的地球化学特征进行长期监测;利用纳米离子探针、团簇同位素分析以及原位培养等新兴技术,深入揭示热液产物的来源、分布、演化等地球化学特征,阐明浅海热液体系对周边海域生物体以及生态群落的影响。龟山岛和绿岛热液体系的研究对探讨俯冲带的深部物质循环、研究全球热液体系的生态环境效应以及分析极端环境下生物生态系统的响应和适应机制等均具有重要的指示意义。
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2019年第41卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.010
  • 接收时间:2019-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-06-27
  • 修回日期:2019-08-19
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    1 浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
    2 台湾中山大学 海洋科学系,台湾 高雄 80424

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*陈镇东,男,讲座教授,主要研究海底热液活动以及海洋碳循环。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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