Article(id=1246843135775629571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246843131040260216, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1567612800000, receivedDateStr=2019-09-05, revisedDate=1568563200000, revisedDateStr=2019-09-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775200168794, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1571932800000, pubDateStr=2019-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775200168794, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775200168793, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200168793, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246843131040260216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775200167665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200689635, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845320404034096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246843131040260216, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845320404034097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246843131040260216, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246843137658872082, articleId=1246843135775629571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Ocean drilling and major advances in marine geological and geophysical research of the South China Sea, columnId=1246843132063670397, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Progress on Marine Science and Technology Research over the Past 70 Years in China, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea in the Western Pacific Ocean. Major advances in understanding SCS tectonic processes have been made in the last several decades, especially through the implementation of five international ocean drilling expeditions during 1999-2018 and the “South China Sea Deep” major research program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (2011-2019). Critical data have been acquired and important scientific results have been obtained, which have changed our view of how the SCS marginal sea basin developed and evolved. Major progresses have been made in multiple aspects: (1) the SCS is proposed as a new type of “plate-edge rifting” model, which differs from the classic Atlantic-type “intra-plate rifting” model; (2) Ocean drilling obtained the SCS basement basalt samples for the first time, which together with the first deep-towed magnetic survey, enabled the determination of SCS basin ages and revealing that the SCS seafloor spreading propagated stepwise from east to west; (3) Magmatism appeared rapidly during thinning of lithosphere in the SCS northern margin, in sharp contrast to serpentinite exposure by relatively slow rifting of the Atlantic Ocean; (4) Magmatic activity is still significant after the cessation of SCS seafloor spreading, being controlled by multiple tectonic and mantle processes; (5) Geochemical evidence and geodynamic simulations show that the SCS magmatism is affected by the surrounding subduction zones. At present, marine geoscience research of the SCS is being extended to studies of its interaction with surrounding ocean basins. Through conducting large-scale research programs, building ocean drilling platform, and strengthening international collaboration, China’s contributions to marine geoscience research are expected to increase.

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南海是西太平洋地区规模最大且具有代表性的边缘海盆地之一。经过近几十年的研究积累,尤其是通过实施5个国际大洋钻探航次(1999–2018年)与国家自然科学基金委“南海深海过程演变”重大研究计划(2011–2019年),我国科学家获得了大量宝贵的第一手资料,取得了一系列创新进展与重大突破,标志着南海海洋地质与地球物理研究正走向国际前沿。重要研究成果包括:(1)新提出南海是“板缘张裂”盆地,与经典的大西洋型陆缘模式不同;(2)大洋钻探首次获取了基底玄武岩样品,结合中国在南海首次深拖地磁测量实验,精确测定了南海海盆玄武岩年龄,揭示南海海盆从东向西分段扩张;(3)大洋钻探结果发现南海陆缘岩石圈减薄之初岩浆迅速出现,未发现缓慢破裂造成的蛇纹岩出露;(4)发现南海扩张结束后仍存在大量岩浆活动,可能受控于多种构造与地幔因素;(5)地球化学证据与地球动力学模拟都显示南海岩浆的形成受到周边俯冲带的影响。目前我国的海洋地球科学正在进入崭新的发展阶段,有望以南海为基点,开始拓展到周边大洋,通过主导大型研究计划以及建设我国大洋钻探平台,以提升我国在南海、西太平洋与印度洋海洋地质科学研究的实质性影响力与引领地位。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=dQpV/+OK9/c2DcWmr9d2Ow==, magXml=WJlZcauqAIxeyUwgI399Wg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CBnaLz1DyRsN0cVXknD+tA==, pdfFileSize=30605387, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Yd6IdeVrEKdd0pZerxUyjQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=C2GJKZuXx8wowFsLcXgQzg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

林间(1959—),男,福建省福州市人,主要从事海洋地球物理与地球动力学研究。E-mail:

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林间(1959—),男,福建省福州市人,主要从事海洋地球物理与地球动力学研究。E-mail:

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language=CN, label=图1, caption=南海构造背景及IODP钻探站位分布(图来源自参考文献[1];磁条带数据源自参考文献[2];IODP站位位置见参考文献[3-5]), figureFileSmall=IeaO6Glj0N6WKCF5W4Bz0Q==, figureFileBig=KxKYySYMCeJ2PIWu9Nq+tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215513348858539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Northern margin of the South China Sea and IODP drill sites

a. Major tectonic units and seismic sections; b. tectonic interpretation of a seismic profile, showing reflectors associated with magmatism, including sills, dikes, underplating, and intrusion (from reference [14])

, figureFileSmall=7rqQiLCQeDHr0m/DEuV/Rg==, figureFileBig=BXH/DjmSAKbVNxoqYmrgHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215513453716141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=CN, label=图2, caption=南海北部陆缘及部分大洋钻探站位

a.主要构造单元与地震剖面;b. 地震剖面解释图。剖面中侧重解释了岩浆反射,包括岩席、岩墙和岩浆底侵,伴随岩浆侵位(图来源自参考文献[14])

, figureFileSmall=7rqQiLCQeDHr0m/DEuV/Rg==, figureFileBig=BXH/DjmSAKbVNxoqYmrgHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215513545990831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Conceptual model of mantle and magmatic processes during thinning and rifting of the South China Sea

a. Early subduction stage; b. early rifting stage; c. late rifting to early spreading stages. Plates 1 and 2 indicate the northern and southern blocks of the ancient South China Sea plate (from reference [14])

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a. 早期俯冲阶段;b.早期裂谷阶段;c.张裂晚期至扩张早期。板1和板2分别代表古南海板块的北部和南部板块(图来源自文献[14])

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The red dashed circle indicates the approximate range of Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks

, figureFileSmall=5qRwsxbrPVmw5TCCBIRviw==, figureFileBig=Nm6cemNgtxNBoJnnMh65CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215514628121304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=CN, label=图9, caption=南海海盆洋壳区及印支半岛海底火山分布(图来源自文献[63])

红色虚线圆圈代表新生代岩浆岩大致分布范围

, figureFileSmall=5qRwsxbrPVmw5TCCBIRviw==, figureFileBig=Nm6cemNgtxNBoJnnMh65CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215514724590299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Schematics of the crustal-mantle magma channel system in the northern South China Sea (from reference [60]), figureFileSmall=7/n4GXtAYfNHSpZ3TR+2LQ==, figureFileBig=lvm2mTJnvinJIoDFaBE+/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215514816864990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=CN, label=图10, caption=南海北部岩浆活动壳幔通道系统示意图(图来源自文献[60]), figureFileSmall=7/n4GXtAYfNHSpZ3TR+2LQ==, figureFileBig=lvm2mTJnvinJIoDFaBE+/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215514888168161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Seismic tomography of the South China Sea and surrounding subduction systems (data from the global model LLNL- G3Dv3, reference [67]), figureFileSmall=6d0BqcOhJVc5NNP6Zps6UQ==, figureFileBig=22jPgek9Jbk9wDjN61qbkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215514963665634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=CN, label=图11, caption=南海及周边俯冲系统地震层析成像结果(数据源自全球模型LLNL-G3Dv3,参考文献[67]), figureFileSmall=6d0BqcOhJVc5NNP6Zps6UQ==, figureFileBig=22jPgek9Jbk9wDjN61qbkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215515055940327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Free-air gravity anomaly (a), and geometry of slabs (b) surrounding the South China Sea (gravity data from reference [77]; slab geometry data from global model Slab2.0, reference [78]), figureFileSmall=x0oI6UOysc3qkhCMwqTiaQ==, figureFileBig=wHW6ONcgiC6WR/CtyVStxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215515135632105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=CN, label=图12, caption=南海及周边俯冲系统的自由空气重力异常(a)与俯冲板片形态(b)(重力数据源自文献[77];俯冲板片数据源自全球模型Slab2.0,参考文献[78]), figureFileSmall=x0oI6UOysc3qkhCMwqTiaQ==, figureFileBig=wHW6ONcgiC6WR/CtyVStxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215516742050539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Isotope geochemistry of basalts in the South China Sea, comparing to the global samples (figures from reference [1]; South China Sea data from reference [57]; global data from reference [80]), figureFileSmall=HEkvor/mL3ypmQCOjGnCVg==, figureFileBig=FYRii0utij9hL84RUvE0fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215516855296751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=CN, label=图13, caption=南海海盆玄武岩同位素地球化学观测(图来源自参考文献[1];南海数据源自参考文献[57];底图的全球数据源自参考文献[80]), figureFileSmall=HEkvor/mL3ypmQCOjGnCVg==, figureFileBig=FYRii0utij9hL84RUvE0fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215516934988531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Geodynamic simulation showing mantle upwelling at 20 Ma: linear upwelling at 100 km depth induced by seafloor spreading(a); doom-shaped upwelling at 500 km depth possibly related to subduction return flow(b) (from reference [1]), figureFileSmall=kVWZgl9z4xIijZFf7mKivw==, figureFileBig=GJUcgDRaTTQt/MbgEEw+JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215517023068918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=CN, label=图14, caption=地球动力学模拟显示20 Ma时的地幔上涌:100 km处线性上涌与洋中脊扩张有关(a);500 km处圆顶状上涌与周边俯冲回转流有关(b)(图来源自文献参考[1]), figureFileSmall=kVWZgl9z4xIijZFf7mKivw==, figureFileBig=GJUcgDRaTTQt/MbgEEw+JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248215517098566394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

IODP expeditions in the South China Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航次 时间 井位 岩芯长度/m 水深/m 基底岩芯/m
ODP 184 1999年2–4月 1143–1148 5 463 2 037~3 294
IODP 349 2014年2–4月 U1431–U1435 1 603 3 253~4 379 78.0
IODP 367 2017年2–4月 U1499–U1500 940 3 760~3 802 114.9
IODP 368 2017年4–6月 U1501–U1505 1 601 2 843~3 868 180.0
IODP 368X 2018年11–12月 U1503 176 3 868 47.9
总计 约8.5个月 18个 9 783 420.8
), ArticleFig(id=1248215517199229693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246843135775629571, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南海大洋钻探航次

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航次 时间 井位 岩芯长度/m 水深/m 基底岩芯/m
ODP 184 1999年2–4月 1143–1148 5 463 2 037~3 294
IODP 349 2014年2–4月 U1431–U1435 1 603 3 253~4 379 78.0
IODP 367 2017年2–4月 U1499–U1500 940 3 760~3 802 114.9
IODP 368 2017年4–6月 U1501–U1505 1 601 2 843~3 868 180.0
IODP 368X 2018年11–12月 U1503 176 3 868 47.9
总计 约8.5个月 18个 9 783 420.8
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林间 1, 2 , 李家彪 3 , 徐义刚 4 , 孙珍 1, 5 , 夏少红 1, 5 , 黄小龙 4 , 解习农 6 , 李春峰 7 , 丁巍伟 3 , 周志远 1, 5 , 张帆 1, 5 , 罗怡鸣 1, 5
海洋学报 | 中国海洋科技研究发展70年 2019,41(10): 125-140
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海洋学报 | 中国海洋科技研究发展70年 2019, 41(10): 125-140
南海大洋钻探及海洋地质与地球物理前沿研究新突破
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林间1, 2 , 李家彪3, 徐义刚4, 孙珍1, 5, 夏少红1, 5, 黄小龙4, 解习农6, 李春峰7, 丁巍伟3, 周志远1, 5, 张帆1, 5, 罗怡鸣1, 5
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
  • 2 美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所 地质与地球物理系,马萨诸塞州 伍兹霍尔 02543
  • 3 自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 4 中国科学院广州地球化学研究所 同位素地球化学国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510640
  • 5 中国科学院南海生态环境工程创新研究院,广东 广州 510301
  • 6 中国地质大学(武汉) 海洋学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 7 浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 林间(1959—),男,福建省福州市人,主要从事海洋地球物理与地球动力学研究。E-mail:

Ocean drilling and major advances in marine geological and geophysical research of the South China Sea
Jian Lin1, 2 , Jiabiao Li3, Yigang Xu4, Zhen Sun1, 5, Shaohong Xia1, 5, Xiaolong Huang4, Xinong Xie6, Chunfeng Li7, Weiwei Ding3, Zhiyuan Zhou1, 5, Fan Zhang1, 5, Yiming Luo1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
  • 3 Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 4 State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 5 Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 6 College of Marine Science and Technology, Chinese University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 7 College of Ocean Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
出版时间: 2019-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.008
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南海是西太平洋地区规模最大且具有代表性的边缘海盆地之一。经过近几十年的研究积累,尤其是通过实施5个国际大洋钻探航次(1999–2018年)与国家自然科学基金委“南海深海过程演变”重大研究计划(2011–2019年),我国科学家获得了大量宝贵的第一手资料,取得了一系列创新进展与重大突破,标志着南海海洋地质与地球物理研究正走向国际前沿。重要研究成果包括:(1)新提出南海是“板缘张裂”盆地,与经典的大西洋型陆缘模式不同;(2)大洋钻探首次获取了基底玄武岩样品,结合中国在南海首次深拖地磁测量实验,精确测定了南海海盆玄武岩年龄,揭示南海海盆从东向西分段扩张;(3)大洋钻探结果发现南海陆缘岩石圈减薄之初岩浆迅速出现,未发现缓慢破裂造成的蛇纹岩出露;(4)发现南海扩张结束后仍存在大量岩浆活动,可能受控于多种构造与地幔因素;(5)地球化学证据与地球动力学模拟都显示南海岩浆的形成受到周边俯冲带的影响。目前我国的海洋地球科学正在进入崭新的发展阶段,有望以南海为基点,开始拓展到周边大洋,通过主导大型研究计划以及建设我国大洋钻探平台,以提升我国在南海、西太平洋与印度洋海洋地质科学研究的实质性影响力与引领地位。

南海  /  国际大洋钻探  /  海洋地质与地球物理  /  构造与岩浆活动  /  大陆岩石圈张裂  /  海底扩张

The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea in the Western Pacific Ocean. Major advances in understanding SCS tectonic processes have been made in the last several decades, especially through the implementation of five international ocean drilling expeditions during 1999-2018 and the “South China Sea Deep” major research program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (2011-2019). Critical data have been acquired and important scientific results have been obtained, which have changed our view of how the SCS marginal sea basin developed and evolved. Major progresses have been made in multiple aspects: (1) the SCS is proposed as a new type of “plate-edge rifting” model, which differs from the classic Atlantic-type “intra-plate rifting” model; (2) Ocean drilling obtained the SCS basement basalt samples for the first time, which together with the first deep-towed magnetic survey, enabled the determination of SCS basin ages and revealing that the SCS seafloor spreading propagated stepwise from east to west; (3) Magmatism appeared rapidly during thinning of lithosphere in the SCS northern margin, in sharp contrast to serpentinite exposure by relatively slow rifting of the Atlantic Ocean; (4) Magmatic activity is still significant after the cessation of SCS seafloor spreading, being controlled by multiple tectonic and mantle processes; (5) Geochemical evidence and geodynamic simulations show that the SCS magmatism is affected by the surrounding subduction zones. At present, marine geoscience research of the SCS is being extended to studies of its interaction with surrounding ocean basins. Through conducting large-scale research programs, building ocean drilling platform, and strengthening international collaboration, China’s contributions to marine geoscience research are expected to increase.

South China Sea  /  IODP ocean drilling  /  marine geology and geophysics  /  tectonics and magmatism  /  continental breakup  /  seafloor spreading
林间, 李家彪, 徐义刚, 孙珍, 夏少红, 黄小龙, 解习农, 李春峰, 丁巍伟, 周志远, 张帆, 罗怡鸣. 南海大洋钻探及海洋地质与地球物理前沿研究新突破. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (10) : 125 -140 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.008
Jian Lin, Jiabiao Li, Yigang Xu, Zhen Sun, Shaohong Xia, Xiaolong Huang, Xinong Xie, Chunfeng Li, Weiwei Ding, Zhiyuan Zhou, Fan Zhang, Yiming Luo. Ocean drilling and major advances in marine geological and geophysical research of the South China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (10) : 125 -140 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.008
全球75%的边缘海盆地集中分布在西太平洋地区,其中南海规模最大(图1)。南海地处欧亚、印–澳和太平洋三大板块交界处,是研究特提斯构造域与太平洋构造域相互作用的关键区块,更是认识海洋–大陆岩石圈板块相互关系的重要窗口。南海经历了复杂的构造形成和演化过程,其动力学机制仍不清楚,是边缘海地质研究的重大科学问题。
近年来,在国家自然科学基金委重大研究计划“南海深海过程演变”(简称“南海深部计划”[6])与国际大洋发现计划(IODP)的支持下,南海已成为一个观测资料较为丰富的边缘海盆地,大量新成果相继涌现,中国科学家已经逐渐开始在南海研究中起到领军作用。本文将从大洋钻探以及南海构造与岩浆方向入手,概述近年来我国在南海海洋地质和地球物理研究方面的重大进展。
南海构造与岩浆演化过程复杂,需要多学科交叉研究。最近几年突出的研究手段包括:大洋钻探、深拖地磁异常观测、深部地震实验、地球化学分析和动力学模拟等。南海大洋钻探三大阶段的研究核心分别为东亚季风、海底扩张和大陆裂解(表1)。
第一阶段(1999年ODP 184航次):主要研究南海与东亚季风的关系[7],并揭开了南海构造研究的序幕。ODP 184航次共钻探5个井位(1143–1148),其井口水深为2 037~3 294 m,钻取岩芯总长5 463 m。该航次取得了约32 Ma前南海开始扩张以来连续的深海沉积,重建了东亚季风的演变与波动历史,揭示了构造隆升、侵蚀与风化、沉积与气候变化之间的关系[7]
第二阶段(2014年IODP 349航次):该航次在南海打了5口井位(U1431–U1435),其水深约3 253~4 379 m,岩芯总长1 603 m,其中包括基底岩芯约78 m[3, 8-9]。首次获得深海盆完整沉积记录和大洋玄武岩岩芯,精确测定了东部次海盆和西南次海盆海底扩张结束的时间分别为~15 Ma和~16 Ma[10]。通过大洋钻探岩芯和深拖地磁异常的综合分析得出南海东北部的初始扩张时间为~32~34 Ma[3]。通过对大洋钻探岩芯的分析,研究团队在地幔地球化学方面获得重大进展[11]
第三阶段(2017–2018年IODP 367/368/368X航次):IODP 367航次钻取了U1499–U1500 2口井位,水深3 760~3 802 m,岩芯总长940 m,包括基底岩芯约114.9 m[4];IODP 368航次钻取了U1501–U1505 5口井位,水深2 843~3 868 m,岩芯总长1 601 m,包括基底岩芯约180 m[5];IODP 368X航次钻取了U1503A井,水深3 868 m,岩芯总长176 m,包括基底岩芯约47.9 m[12]。这一阶段的3个航次主要研究南海大陆边缘的裂解过程,通过分析南海北部获得的钻探和地震数据,科学家们发现南海大陆在裂解过程中,玄武岩型岩浆快速出现[13];南海的岩浆还具有俯冲带的特征,表明南海的发育过程中受到俯冲带的影响[14]。大洋钻探在南海北部洋陆过渡带并未钻探到地幔剥露物质,因此提出南海北边缘与大西洋地幔剥露的经典模型不同[13-14]。但是南海东北部最新的深地震资料揭示显著的地幔抬升,是否存在地幔剥露有待进一步钻探验证[15-17]
全球大陆边缘研究表明,岩浆与水在从大陆裂解到海底扩张过程中起着关键作用[18-19]。经典的大西洋模式将被动大陆边缘划为两种端元类型,即贫岩浆(非火山)型和富岩浆(火山)型。贫岩浆型的经典代表是伊伯利亚–纽芬兰,由于缺乏岩浆,地幔剥露至海底宽达200多km[20-23]。富岩浆型的经典代表则是英格兰–格陵兰–挪威陆缘,受冰岛地幔柱的影响,大量的岩浆喷发并侵入地壳[24-32]。富岩浆边缘应具有三大特征:岩浆底侵形成了高速下地壳、岩浆侵入大陆地壳、大量向海倾斜的反射层;不同时具备3个特征的所有边缘都被划分为贫岩浆型[33]。传统上南海也被划分为贫岩浆型[34-39]
但新的大洋钻探发现,南海兼具贫岩浆和富岩浆的双重特征[1314]。IODP367/368/368X航次共钻探了7个站位(图2),从外缘隆起到洋陆过渡带,再到早期洋盆[45, 12]图2),均没有钻遇蛇纹石化地幔。反而在U1500和U1502站位分别钻遇了厚度超过120 m的较新鲜洋中脊玄武岩和厚180 m左右的蚀变玄武岩。因此,推测陆洋转换带很窄,陆洋转换过程较迅速[13]。同时,地震剖面揭示,下地壳存在高速体和较多岩浆侵入(图2b[14]
南海北部陆缘岩浆作用“东强西弱”,岩石圈薄化程度不一。西南次海盆的洋陆过渡带较为狭窄,地幔温度较低,岩浆作用弱,洋陆过渡带区莫霍面抬升至近海底,并发育大量的拆离断层构造,同时深部未发现下地壳高速层。因此,西部陆缘的破裂过程中岩浆作用较弱,以构造伸展作用为主。
综上所述,南海北部大陆边缘有别于经典的大西洋贫岩浆型陆缘。南海张裂早期地壳强烈薄化,表现出贫岩浆型;而在张裂后期高速下地壳底侵丰富,表现出富岩浆型,因此,南海陆缘表现出岩浆“先贫后富”的特征。
科学家们对IODP349/367/368航次的大洋玄武岩以及在南海海盆中拖网获得的洋岛玄武岩进行了地球化学分析。结果发现,早中新世晚期的海山玄武岩,多数表现出受俯冲板片影响的富集地幔特征,但在台湾南部发现的25 Ma的大洋玄武岩样品不具有富集地幔特征[40]。由此推测,富集地幔软流圈上升流可能在25 Ma以后到达海底;这与早中新世南海东北部大陆边缘岩浆活动大量增加的现象相一致,那里深水区海山的钻探和拖网表明岩浆活动的峰值年龄为22~24 Ma[41]
南海海山岩浆的主量与微量元素都显示出富集组分特征,带有强烈的俯冲板块信号。地震层析成像结果,可以解释为在南海地幔过渡带处存在一个掉落的俯冲板块(图3)。在该板块北缘,岩石圈内强烈的P波负异常可能指示地幔上涌(图3b)。在裂谷过程中,上涌的深地幔物质可能被拉向变薄的岩石圈,并引起岩浆底侵、侵入和喷发(图3c)。因此,南海在张-破裂过程中表现出岩浆从贫到富的转变,且推测深源岩浆体受俯冲作用的影响(图3)。
近年来深水油气勘探不断取得突破,已成为全球油气增长的主体。南海深水油气前景巨大,被称为第二波斯湾。深水盆地构造发育与沉积过程直接控制了油气富集与成藏,因此,需要研究大陆岩石圈破裂过程对南海陆缘沉积盆地发育的影响。
南海大陆岩石圈的伸展破裂不是一个瞬时的过程,从陆到洋变化显著。依据岩石圈厚度减薄方向,即从陆向洋依次区分出近端带、细颈化带、远端带、洋陆过渡带和洋盆带[42-43]。通过对油气公司高精度地震剖面的分析,研究团队提出了南海破裂不整合系统概念,揭示了岩石圈减薄过程中所形成的与各破裂阶段相对应的不整合界面及其特征[44]
研究还发现,南海陆缘珠江口盆地同裂陷期地层样式从陆向洋也具有显著差异(图4)。近端带表现为多幕裂陷作用,既有简单的半地堑、地堑样式,也有复杂的半地堑和地堑的多个洼陷组合,垂向上构成了低角度铲式–坡坪式断层控制的侧向迁移多幕裂陷样式,以及“跷跷板”型的垂向叠置多幕裂陷样式;细颈化带–远端带为地壳强烈减薄区带,常发育拆离断层和与之相伴生的深水拆离盆地。近端带破裂不整合界面为断陷与拗陷分界面,而细颈化带–远端带破裂不整合界面,则成为局部小凹陷与区域性由热沉降所形成的大型拗陷的分界面[45]。这些研究对南海深水油气的评估与开发具有重要作用。
早期对南海海盆扩张过程的认识几乎全部依赖于解释磁异常条带,而且各种结果分歧很大。一部分研究认为南海东部次海盆扩张开始于~32 Ma并结束于~17 Ma[46-47];虽然西南次海盆开始扩张时间较晚,但其结束扩张时间与东部次海盆较为相近。但另一部分研究则有完全不同的解释,认为西南次海盆扩张的开始与结束均早于东部次海盆[48]。造成观点严重分歧的主要原因包括:(1)早期磁异常数据精度较低;(2)南海沉积层较厚,缺乏洋壳的岩石样品,因而无法进行同位素定年分析;(3)南海西南次海盆扩张量相对较小,从破裂到扩张时间短,磁条带不典型。早期磁异常数据来自30年前美国的船测资料[46-47],受到当时技术等方面的限制,其结果精度低,在西南次海盆问题尤其严重;后来虽经法国[2, 49]、德国[50]和我国两岸学者[48, 51]等多次补充、修改,但基本构造格局没大变化,以致南海海盆构造研究近30年来缺乏突破性进展。
在南海深部计划与大洋钻探支持下,南海深拖地磁实验与基底玄武岩取样均获得了突破性进展。2012–2013年,在南海进行的首次深拖地磁实验提高了鉴别磁条带的能力与计算海底扩张速率的精度[3]图5)。大洋钻探IODP 349航次于2014年初在南海海盆打了5口钻井[3, 8-9, 52]图5),首次精确测定了南海扩张结束的年代:东部次海盆和西南次海盆海底扩张结束的时间分别为~15 Ma和~16 Ma[3, 10];通过大洋钻探岩芯和深拖地磁异常的综合分析得出南海东北部的初始扩张时间为~32~34 Ma;通过深拖地磁探测与地震剖面分析,推断23.6 Ma时东部次海盆发生了一次向南的洋中脊跃迁,与此同时西南次海盆开始扩张[3, 53-54]
最近对下地壳反射体的研究发现,南海扩张脊两次向南跃迁[53]。第一次跃迁发生在晚渐新世,洋盆刚开始扩张不久,扩张脊发生了向南约20 km的跃迁;第二次向南跃迁发生在23.6 Ma前后。多次的洋脊向南跃迁,以及由东北向西南的渐进式扩张,形成南海海盆独特的不对称扩张模式,刻画出南海海盆“东宽西窄”和洋中脊偏向南侧的独特构造地貌特征。
基于全球板块运动的重构模型并利用超算平台,研究团队将全球表面板块运动与地球内部地幔对流耦合在一起模拟,建立了迄今为止最精细的南海三维地幔演化模型[1]。模拟结果显示,东部次海盆与西南次海盆下的地幔温度自35 Ma以来随时间具有显著变化,扩张脊的跃迁与地幔活动导致上涌位置变化[1]图6)。在扩张期间洋中脊下的地幔温度最高(图6b),并随着洋脊的跃迁而变化(图6c),洋中脊停止扩张后,地幔温度逐渐冷却(图6e)。
南海等边缘海盆地的张开受制于周缘巨大的板块(如欧亚板块,印度–澳大利亚板块等)的相互作用,与大西洋等较稳定的大洋中脊扩张不同。南海的扩张脊位置不断移动,南部陆缘的南沙地块和礼乐地块向南漂移,而北部陆缘位置相对不动。同时南海形成了“东宽西窄”的V字形的海盆(图5)。这种南北向、东西向的不对称性的机制一直是研究的热点。
南海海盆扩张的特点是从东向西分阶段型扩张。从东北向西南,南海的磁条带与洋中脊扩张中心近似平行,海盆内不同段的扩张速率变化不大。不论在海盆还是残余洋中脊,扩张期后的岩浆活动向西南逐渐减少[55]。在南海海盆形成过程中,扩张中心从东向西逐段传播推进,早扩张的东部洋段有更宽阔的海盆,从而形成了南海海盆的喇叭口特征(图5[56]
IODP349航次首次获得了南海海盆洋中脊玄武岩样品,分别采集于东部次海盆(U1431井)与西南次海盆(U1433井和U1434井)的残余洋中脊。分析结果发现:
(1)东部次海盆:主要为橄榄玄武岩,微量元素组成显示其主要为亏损型洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB),少量为富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)。Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb同位素组成显示印度洋型地幔域特征[57]。主、微量元素成分特征表明,其地幔源区熔融区间较大,岩浆熔融程度相对较高,具有相对快速扩张洋中脊的特点[58],其原始橄榄石的结晶温度高于正常的洋中脊玄武岩,与地幔柱相关的玄武岩橄榄石结晶温度相似(图7),但无明显洋壳增厚,也未形成海山链,因此有别于经典地幔柱模型。
(2)西南次海盆:主要为斜斑玄武岩,微量元素成分显示为富集型洋中脊玄武岩。Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb同位素组成显示印度洋型地幔域特征,并具少量大陆下地壳的成分信息[57]。主、微量元素成分特征表明,其地幔源区熔融区间相对较小,岩浆熔融程度相对较低,洋中脊的岩浆供给率相对较小,岩浆经历了较复杂的演化,具有慢速扩张洋中脊的特点[59]
大量研究揭示了南海海底存在强烈的火山岩浆活动,定年结果表明这些岩浆活动主要集中在裂后期,尤其是海底扩张停止后。利用南海北部多波束等水深数据、新采集的单道地震以及前人发表的多道地震测线[41],研究团队识别出南海北部45座海山,计算出平均每座海山的体积达到54.1 km3,岩浆喷出总体积达2 436.16 km3。海底火山椭椎底部长轴的走向与南海北部断裂的走向基本一致,表明这些断裂为后期的岩浆提供了很好的上升通道(图8)。通过上覆沉积地层的接触关系,表明海山的喷发时间较晚,海底扩张停止之后仍有强烈岩浆活动。
岩浆活动不仅在陆缘地区广泛发育,在海盆洋壳区及印支半岛也极为强烈(图9)。海底地震实验发现[61],在中央海盆珍贝–黄岩海山链附近的残余扩张脊内,地壳顶部速度较低,可能与断层及扩张停止后的岩浆活动有关。珍贝–黄岩海山下有明显山根,地壳增厚,受后期火山活动影响较大。西南次海盆残留脊处的轴部海山的地壳增厚。但与东部次海盆相比,西南次海盆岩浆作用较弱,沿残留脊发育的海山仅在与东部次海盆衔接处大量发育,向西南逐渐减少,而且西侧发现了大型基底拆离断层[62]
南海裂后期尤其是停止扩张后如此强烈的岩浆活动到底受哪一深度层面地幔的控制和影响?深部物质是如何上升到海底表层的?其输运通道具有怎样的特征?这些问题是系统认识和理解岩浆活动的关键信息。
研究报道了泰国晚新生代玄武岩的主、微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素组成,表明其具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)特征,富含大离子亲石元素(LILE)和高场强元素(HFSEs),其地幔源区为亏损印度洋型地幔和EM II型地幔的混合物[63]。对玳瑁海山玄武岩的研究也表明其具有OIB特征,其同位素组成与海南玄武岩的亲缘性[64]
研究团队通过OBS三维地震探测及远震层析成像获取了南海北部深部壳幔结构,提出了从浅到深的岩浆通道系统模型[60, 65],认为岩浆通道主要由北东向断裂带、浅部岩脉系统、下地壳高速层及深部地幔上涌区构成。下地壳高速层扮演了壳内岩浆聚集房的角色,断裂系统作为壳内岩浆运移通道,浅部岩脉作为中转站,在沉积层中形成岩席、岩墙、强制褶皱,在地表形成海山(图10[60]。研究认为板块运动与岩石圈冷却造成了陆缘和板内伸展,进而导致减压熔融,产生大量岩浆[66]
南海海盆受多个俯冲带的包围(图1)。地震层析成像[67]结果表明(图11),西边苏门达腊俯冲带的俯冲物质在下地幔深度可能已经到达南海的边缘;南边爪哇俯冲带向北俯冲同样可能在一定深度进入南海底下;东边菲律宾与马尼拉俯冲带正分别从两方向俯冲到菲律宾岛弧与吕宋海峡下;东南边较短的俯冲带也直接与周边海盆群的演化有关。此外,前人还提出在地质时代上有古南海向北的俯冲。因此,南海构造演化过程与周边的俯冲系统的相互作用是密不可分的。
前人研究发现,海南岛深部可能存在一个上涌的地幔柱[68-72],但该概念从提出到现在一直存在较大争议,主要原因是其深部地幔结构与形成机制尚不清楚。近年来,越来越多的地球物理观测与模拟研究结果都指出南海北部可能存在一个较大范围的地幔上涌区,而不一定是地幔柱,并且推测南海北部地幔上涌与周边俯冲的作用密不可分[1, 65, 73-75]
研究发现南海北部上地幔存在较大范围的地震波低速异常区[65],被解释为地幔热上涌区。然而并未在下地幔发现明显的低速异常区,从而提出南海北部地幔也有可能是成层式的上涌模式,推测可能是由俯冲作用诱发的地幔上涌。印支半岛地震各向异性研究表明,印度板块在西南的俯冲引发地幔上涌,可能为南海演化提供新生代岩浆源[73, 76]
南海南部到苏门达腊–爪哇海沟之间,绝大部分区域为自由空气重力异常高值区(图12a),面积甚至比青藏高原高值异常区还大,反映出该区内俯冲板片及部分被包围区正在强烈受力与变形,处于重力极度不均衡的状态。南海周边俯冲板片位置(图12b)表明,南海南部的苏门达腊–爪哇俯冲板片较深且范围较大。南海海盆、南海东北部海域以及南海南部陆地区域具有相对较高的热流异常值,海沟附近热流值相对较低[79]。这些观测都是南海深部地幔特征的表现,蕴藏着南海与周边俯冲系统相互作用的重要信息。
通过分析南海洋壳玄武岩样品[8, 57, 59],发现南海东、西海盆都属于印度洋型地幔(地球化学上称为“Dupal异常”),但存在明显的组成差异(图13)。此外,西南次海盆扩张期玄武岩具有富集型洋中脊玄武岩特征(E-MORB),而东部次海盆同时存在富集型(E-MORB)和亏损型玄武岩(N-MORB)。研究还发现,东部次海盆具较大的岩浆熔融区间和较高的岩浆熔融程度,而西南次海盆反之[58- 59]。这些观测都表明南海的两个次海盆之间具有不同的地幔演化历史,其地幔物质演化如何受到周边俯冲系统的影响,需要更深入的研究。
近期的地球动力学模拟研究发现,南海北部地幔上涌区源于太平洋大型横波低速带(Large Low-Shear-Velocity Provinces,简称LLSVPs)西部边界的D″层[74],随后由于菲律宾海板块的俯冲作用导致该上涌区被分割,之后随着俯冲系统的运动而迁移到现今的南海北部底下。
最新的南海与周边地幔三维地球动力学模拟研究发现[1],南海下至少有两种地幔上涌方式,既有由板块扩张引发的浅部(<200 km)地幔上涌(图14a),又有由南海周边俯冲板块下沉诱发的深部(600 km或更深)更大规模的区域性地幔上涌(图14b)。俯冲系统有可能诱发了南海北部以及印支半岛的地幔上涌。这些理论模型为解释南海及周边在不同时期观测到的岩浆活动提出了新思路。
通过南海深部计划与南海国际大洋钻探,科学家们取得了一系列创新进展和重大突破,标志着我国海洋地质与地球物理研究正走向国际前沿。
(1)新提出南海是“板缘张裂”盆地,与经典的大西洋型“板内张裂”陆缘模式不同;
(2)大洋钻探首次获取了基底玄武岩样品,与中国在南海首次深拖地磁异常资料一起,精确测定了南海海盆玄武岩年龄和扩张速率的变化,发现南海海盆扩张分阶段和洋中脊跃迁,先后从东向西逐渐传播,而不是连续的“剪刀型”扩张;
(3)大洋钻探发现,南海陆缘岩石圈减薄之初未发现缓慢破裂造成的蛇纹岩出露,而且岩浆迅速出现。地震资料显示南海东北部洋陆边界有显著的地幔抬升,是否存在地幔剥露还有待进一步钻探验证;
(4)南海扩张结束后仍存在大量岩浆活动,其成因仍需要进一步研究;
(5)地球化学证据与地球动力学模拟都显示南海的岩浆形成受到周边俯冲带的影响,其具体过程与机制需要更精确的深部地震资料约束。
目前我国的海洋地球科学正在进入崭新的发展阶段,有望以南海为基点,开始扩展到周边大洋,通过主导大型研究计划以及建设我国大洋钻探平台,进一步提升我国在南海、太平洋与印度洋海洋地质科学研究的引领地位。建议下一步的研究方向包括:
(1)研究扩展到南海周边区域:从以研究南海北部为主,扩展到研究南海南部周边地区的构造岩浆与沉积演化;
(2)南海与周边大洋板块相互作用:研究环东南亚俯冲带与南海的演化关系,包括苏门答腊、爪哇、菲律宾与马尼拉俯冲带等;揭示南海与周边大洋及大陆板块相互作用的动力学过程与机制;
(3)西太平洋边缘海宏观演化:研究西太平洋边缘海系统的演化与规律,强调多学科交叉研究;
(4)大洋钻探与前沿科学:通过主导国际大洋钻探合作以及建设我国大洋钻探平台,加速探索南海与太平洋、印度洋的重大地质科学、海洋学与生命科学等问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(91628301,41890813,U1606401,41976066,41976064,41706056);中国科学院项目(Y4SL021001,QYZDY-SSW-DQC005,133244KYSB20180029)。
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2019年第41卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.008
  • 接收时间:2019-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-09-05
  • 修回日期:2019-09-16
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国家自然科学基金项目(91628301,41890813,U1606401,41976066,41976064,41706056);中国科学院项目(Y4SL021001,QYZDY-SSW-DQC005,133244KYSB20180029)。
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    1 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
    2 美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所 地质与地球物理系,马萨诸塞州 伍兹霍尔 02543
    3 自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
    4 中国科学院广州地球化学研究所 同位素地球化学国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510640
    5 中国科学院南海生态环境工程创新研究院,广东 广州 510301
    6 中国地质大学(武汉) 海洋学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    7 浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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