Article(id=1246843135326835544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246843131040260216, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1562169600000, receivedDateStr=2019-07-04, revisedDate=1567526400000, revisedDateStr=2019-09-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775200168687, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1571932800000, pubDateStr=2019-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775200168687, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775200168687, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200168687, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246843131040260216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775200167665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200689635, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845320404034096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246843131040260216, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845320404034097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246843131040260216, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=169, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246843137700811645, articleId=1246843135326835544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Advances in research on deep-sea macrobenthic biodiversity with the progress in China, columnId=1246843132063670397, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Progress on Marine Science and Technology Research over the Past 70 Years in China, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The research progress of macrobenthic biodiversity and ecology from the deep-sea in the world is reviewed in the present paper, especially the advances on the investigations and studies of macrobenthic biodiversity and ecology from the hydrotherms, cold seeps, seamounts, abysses and whale carcasses in China. The prospect of the future researches in China is also discussed.

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综述了国内外深海大型底栖生物多样性、生态学领域的研究进展情况,重点论述了中国在深海热液、冷泉、海山、深渊及鲸尸等特殊环境的考察、研究进展情况,并对中国将来的研究趋势和发展方向做了梳理和展望。

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李新正(1963—),山东省潍坊市人,研究员,主要从事海洋生物学与海洋生态学研究。E-mail:

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深海大型底栖生物多样性研究进展及中国现状
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李新正 1, 2, 3, 4 , 董栋 1 , 寇琦 1 , 杨梅 1 , 龚琳 1 , 隋吉星 1
海洋学报 | 中国海洋科技研究发展70年 2019,41(10): 169-181
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海洋学报 | 中国海洋科技研究发展70年 2019, 41(10): 169-181
深海大型底栖生物多样性研究进展及中国现状
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李新正1, 2, 3, 4 , 董栋1, 寇琦1, 杨梅1, 龚琳1, 隋吉星1
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266071
  • 2 中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266071
  • 3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 4 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 李新正(1963—),山东省潍坊市人,研究员,主要从事海洋生物学与海洋生态学研究。E-mail:

Advances in research on deep-sea macrobenthic biodiversity with the progress in China
Xinzheng Li1, 2, 3, 4 , Dong Dong1, Qi Kou1, Mei Yang1, Lin Gong1, Jixing Sui1
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2 Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 3 Marine Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2019-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.011
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综述了国内外深海大型底栖生物多样性、生态学领域的研究进展情况,重点论述了中国在深海热液、冷泉、海山、深渊及鲸尸等特殊环境的考察、研究进展情况,并对中国将来的研究趋势和发展方向做了梳理和展望。

深海  /  大型底栖生物  /  生物多样性  /  中国

The research progress of macrobenthic biodiversity and ecology from the deep-sea in the world is reviewed in the present paper, especially the advances on the investigations and studies of macrobenthic biodiversity and ecology from the hydrotherms, cold seeps, seamounts, abysses and whale carcasses in China. The prospect of the future researches in China is also discussed.

deep-sea  /  macrobenthos  /  biodiversity  /  China
李新正, 董栋, 寇琦, 杨梅, 龚琳, 隋吉星. 深海大型底栖生物多样性研究进展及中国现状. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (10) : 169 -181 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.011
Xinzheng Li, Dong Dong, Qi Kou, Mei Yang, Lin Gong, Jixing Sui. Advances in research on deep-sea macrobenthic biodiversity with the progress in China[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (10) : 169 -181 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.011
国际上一般将1 000 m及大于1 000 m水深的区域定义为深海。作为海洋系统的重要组成部分,深海包含了平原、海山、海沟、深渊、热液和冷泉等多种复杂环境,进而孕育了独特的生态系统和生命过程,成为地球科学和生命科学的研究热点。
19世纪中叶之前,人们认为500 m水深以下是没有生命的。直到1867–1868年,瑞士工程师Louis F. de Pourtales利用采泥装置从佛罗里达以南约940 m水深的海底采上来了大量生物样品,才打破了上述说法。其后,深海发现生物的水深记录不断被刷新,特别是英国“挑战者”号海洋考察船的环球航行考察,在地球各处的海洋发现生命现象在深海普遍存在,彻底改变了人们对深海生命现象的认知[1-2]。如今,人们已从海洋的最深处,西太平洋的马里亚纳海沟水深大约11 000 m的地方采集到了生物样品。
采泥器和拖网是海洋生物采集的常用工具,普遍用于浅海的生物采样。后来也逐渐地用于深海生物的采样。但海洋生物学者除了对深海生物样品感兴趣,也对深海生物的环境感兴趣。他们很想直接观察深海的生命现象。于是,各种类型和用途的深潜器,包括载人深潜器和无人深潜器便应运而生了。1934年,美国人Edward Beebe乘坐有缆载人潜水器下潜到大约923 m的深度,创造了载人深海探险的纪录。1948–1954年间,法国遥控深海潜水器“FNRS Ⅱ”的下潜深度由1 400 m逐渐达到了4 176 m的深度。1960年, 两名潜航员Jacques Piccard 和 Don Walsh 驾驶美国“特里亚斯特2”号载人深潜器下潜至马里亚纳海沟10 915 m水深的地方。这个深度在很长一段时间内被认为是海洋的最深处。直到1984年,这个纪录才被日本深潜器打破,后者潜到了10 924 m。
除了下潜深度的竞赛,更多的潜器则被用于海洋科学考察。1964年下水的美国“阿尔文”(Alvin)号是第一艘现代意义上的载人深潜器。作为享誉全球的载人深潜器,“阿尔文”号至今已经下潜了数千次,下潜地点遍布全球海洋。第一个热液生物群落就是由“阿尔文”号于1977年在东太平洋的加拉帕戈斯群岛海域发现的。这也是人类第一次发现不依靠太阳光作为能源的生物群落,这一发现说明“万物生长靠太阳”的说法不再完全正确,地球上除了依靠太阳光作为能源的阳光生命系统外,还存在着一个依靠地球内部溢出的物质和热量作为能源的深海黑暗生命系统。这一黑暗生命系统也被称为化能生命系统,是依靠从地球内部通过深海洋壳溢出的甲烷、硫化物等化学物质在海底进行氧化还原反应产生的化学能而繁衍的生命系统。此后,深海化能生物群落,包括热液和冷泉环境化能生物群落不断被发现,不但吸引了科学家的注意,也引起了各国政府和各界人士的关注。美国、法国、日本、中国等多个国家制造的遥控深潜器、载人深潜器以及各种用途的深海机器人相继下水投入使用,人类迎来了深海探索的新纪元。
中国载人深潜器“蛟龙”号于2007年建成下水。它是中国第一艘深海载人潜水器,最深潜水深度为7 062 m(2012年12月在马里亚纳海沟海试时实现),设计最深工作深度为7 000 m,可同时载3人下潜。之后,中国又有多个深潜器下水。例如,中国科学院“科学”号综合考察船自带的无人有缆深潜器“发现”号,2014年开始正式服役;上海“张謇”号科考船作为母船的“彩虹鱼”系列载人深潜器, 以中国科学院“探索”号为母船“深海勇士”载人深潜器等也相继下水。除了深潜器,中国大洋协会的“大洋一号”、“大洋”号、“潜龙”系列,国家海洋局系统的“向阳红”系列,中国科学院系统的“实验”系列,教育部系统的“东方红”系列、“嘉庚”号,等等科学考察船、水下机器人陆续投入使用,还有各科考船上自带的电视抓头、重力取样器、多管取样器等深海探测装备,以及浮标、潜标等成体系的观测系统也相继布放及投入使用。从能力建设上,中国迎来了深海考察探测的黄金时代。
从2013年6月“蛟龙”号进入试验性应用阶段,2017年6月正式投入业务化应用。迄今为止,该潜器已在南海、太平洋、西南印度洋和大西洋进行了120多次潜水,开展了深海海洋地质学、海洋生物学和物理海洋学等领域的深海勘探。“蛟龙”号的第一个试验性应用航次于2013年6–7月在南海实施,有6位海洋地质学和海洋生物学家组成的科学家团队参加了该航次并分别乘“蛟龙”号下潜到南海东北部的冷泉区和中东部海盆的海山区考察,获得了大量生物和地质样品。根据这些样品,海洋科学家们开始研究深海生命现象和生命过程。分类学研究表明,南海深海的动物种类有大量新种和新记录种,非常需要调查研究。2013年“蛟龙”号在南海的深海生物学考察获得的深海大型生物样品对于中国深海大型生物分类学研究起到了里程碑的作用,基于这批样品及之后航段的样品,中国的深海大型生物分类学研究进入了新的历史时期[2]。而中国深海探测能力建设的大幅提升,带动了深海科学研究的快速发展。中国深海生物多样性调查研究在近年来也进入了发展的快车道。
冷泉生态系统自被发现起,其生物多样性和群落结构特征就成为海洋生态学家们的研究重点。1983年,“阿尔文”号载人深潜器在墨西哥湾东部海底天然气渗漏区调查时,意外发现了大量的多毛类和软体双壳类存在,揭开了这一特殊生态系统的神秘面纱[3]。之后科学家在研究石油溢漏对海洋底栖生物的影响时,在墨西哥湾中部发现依赖硫化氢和碳氢能源生存的化能自养生物群落[4]。至目前为止,墨西哥湾是冷泉生态系统研究最充分的地区之一。而世界其他海区的各种类型的冷泉生态系统也陆续被发现。如地中海东部1 900 m深的那不勒斯海底泥火山发现的软体双壳类群落[5-6];加拿大太平洋大陆缘发现了130 m深的麻点型冷泉,栖息着高生物量的软体腹足纲和海葵等生物;南美洲智利大陆缘[7]和南极洲冰架下[8]也都发现冷泉生态系统的存在。在西太平洋,日本学者在日本海沟、琉球海沟、相模湾等板块活动频繁海域发现多处海底冷泉,包括日本海沟中发现的目前世界上已知最深的冷泉[9],采集并鉴定出大量多毛类和软体双壳类等底栖生物[1]
中国学者对中国近海冷泉生态系统的研究主要集中在南海北部,2005年中德合作对南海北部大陆边缘的调查中发现甲烷冷泉和气体水合物冷泉,采集上来大量软体双壳类生物[10],同时对冷泉沉积层中的自养微生物群落组成做了研究[11]。近年来,随着“蛟龙”号载人深潜器的投入使用和“科学”号综合调查船的入役,中国学者对南海东北部的蛟龙冷泉(又称台西南冷泉或Formosa冷泉)进行了大量细致的研究,采集到了大量的底栖生物样品,发现其为平额深海偏顶蛤–柯氏潜铠虾(Bathymodiolus platifrons-Shinkaia crosnieri)优势群落,采集和报道了包括新物种在内的10多种冷泉物种。李新正报道了台西南冷泉区两个真虾类新记录种[12]。董栋和李新正报道了南海台西南冷泉区6种铠甲虾,其中包括2个新种[13]。龚琳等报道了该冷泉区海绵动物门一个新种[14]。隋吉星和李新正报道了该冷泉区一个与贻贝共生的多毛类新记录种[15]。李新正对蛟龙冷泉和邻近海床的生物群落结构进行了概括,列出6科24种底栖生物,门类涵盖甲壳动物、软体动物、海绵动物、棘皮动物、腔肠动物和多毛纲动物等[2]。此外,中国台湾的学者也对台西南冷泉区的大型底栖生物进行了许多研究,例如报道了该冷泉区铠甲虾一个新记录种,石蟹属一个新记录种,莱伯虾一个新种[16-18]。香港学者发现了海马冷泉贻贝科一个新种[19],邱建文与日本学者合作发现软体动物囊螂科一个新种[20]
冷泉生态系统在高阶元类群的组成中与热液生态系统相似,但在物种级别上,二者在群落构成、多样性特征和丰度上存在显著的差异[21]。从全球尺度来看,冷泉生态系统与热液生态系统共享的物种数不超过10%[21-23],而日本周边的冷泉和热液生态系统中共享的物种数约为20%[24]。与热液区不同的是,冷泉区域通常具有较厚的沉积层,并且周围环境更加温和和稳定(热液口环境温度、烃类含量等波动较大,不可预知变化较多)[25],因此冷泉物种的寿命也比较长,其中的底栖生物既包括冷泉特有种(如与化能自养微生物共生种),也包括非特有种(洋底普通物种)[26]。有研究发现大西洋东岸的加的斯海湾泥火山的双壳类在属级分类阶元上与地中海和其他东大西洋泥火山的类群有较大的相似性,但共有种并不多,说明冷泉生态系统物种有较高的狭域性[27];但也有研究证明大西洋热带海域的冷泉生态系统中存在跨洋物种[28]。通过现有数据资料可以看出,冷泉底栖生物密度显著高于周围海底环境的生物密度,但物种多样性一般会较低[27, 29]
1977年,美国科学家利用“阿尔文”号载人深潜器在东太平洋加拉帕戈斯裂谷 (Galapagos Rift, GAR)的2 500 m洋底处首次发现了热液口及生活在周围的特殊生物群落[30],成为海洋生物学研究领域的里程碑事件,并引起了科学界的广泛关注。目前,全球各大洋已经发现的热液活动区有近600个,多集中分布于世界各大洋洋中脊和弧后盆地以及陆内裂谷等地壳运动活跃的深海区域[31],其中太平洋数量最多,达300多个[32]。由于地质条件、喷发情况等各方面存在差异,导致不同热液区的环境条件不尽相同,但总体而言,深海热液口的环境较为极端,包括高压、黑暗、低氧、硫化物和重金属等有毒物质含量高等特征,并因此造就了独特的化能生态系统。在这里化能自养型微生物能够利用热液中的还原性硫化物及甲烷等合成有机物,成为热液生物群落的初级生产者和食物链的基础[33-34]。多种大型底栖动物,如管状蠕虫、贝类和甲壳动物等通过与化能自养微生物共生或以微生物为食的方式在热液口周围繁衍生息。与一般深海生物区系相比,热液生物区系有着优势种突出、生长速度快、生物种类多样性低、生物量和生物密度高等特点[35]
为增进热液生物多样性的研究,科研人员对全球的已知热液区进行了生物区系的划分[22, 36-38],随着新热液区的发现和对高纬度海区的不断探索,热液口的生物区系被不断调整,新生代的构造运动历史、洋流循环类型、喷口化学成分和高优势度物种的出现成为热液生物区系划分的重要凭据。2010年,Vrijenhoek根据最新的研究成果,在之前的基础上进行修改,将全球热液区划分为6个生物地理区:(1)东太平洋海隆北部 (Northern East Pacific Rise, NEPR)和加拉帕戈斯裂谷,(2)东北太平洋区 (Northeast Pacific, NEP),(3)东南太平洋洋脊 (Southern East Pacific Rise, SEPR) 和太平洋–南极海岭(Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, PAR),(4)中大西洋洋脊区 (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MAR),(5)中印度洋洋脊区 (Central Indian Ridge, CIR) 和西南太平洋区 (Southwest Pacific, SWP),(6)西北太平洋区 (Northwest Pacific, NWP)[39]。截止2006年,通过深海化能合成生态系统生物地理计划 (Biogeography of Deep Water Chemosynthetic Ecosystem, ChEss) 已从热液系统中发现了近千种的新物种。其中,节肢动物门的种类最丰富,其次是软体动物门和环节动物门,上述3个门的种类数量占所有热液生物种类数量的90%以上[40]
受调查技术和研究手段的限制,中国对深海热液口的研究开展较晚。2003年仅在东太平洋洋隆使用拖网采集了少量硫化物样品;2005年中国通过大洋环球科学考察先后对东太平洋、大西洋及印度洋的洋中脊进行调查,拉开了中国探测深海热液系统的序幕[36]。近年来,随着中国海洋综合科学考察实力的提升和海洋生物技术的进步,深海热液已成为国家大洋研究的热点之一,中国的海洋工作者较为系统地对西南太平洋、东太平洋海隆和西南印度洋等执行了多个热液科考航次,获取了大量生物样品,并对其中的底栖动物群落进行了生态学和分类学研究[41-42],发现了许多不同门类的新种和新记录种[15, 43-44],填补了中国在深海化能生态系统的物种多样性研究的空白。
海底热液口会随地质运动的变化在短时间内经历喷发或消亡,具有不稳定性、突变性和高度片段化的特征,其生物群落会在新旧热液口不断形成和消亡的过程中完成快速演替及重新殖化[45]。在不同的地理尺度上,诸多环境因素及生物自身的生活史特征都会对群体间的迁移和基因交流产生影响,进而改变物种的遗传多样性水平及遗传结构。例如,盲虾Rimicaris exoculata在跨度达9 000多千米的大西洋中脊上形成几个大种群,其种群间时间和空间的联系吸引了众多科学家的关注。周亚东通过线粒体COI基因片段对南大西洋中脊15°S的R. exoculata进行研究发现该种群的核苷酸多样性低而单倍型多样性高,其单倍型的中介网络图呈星状分布,优势单倍型位于拓扑结构的中心;遗传结构分析表明,赤道南北群体间已产生轻微分化,推测其维持低分化状态的主要因素是大的有效种群[46]。此外,错配分布以及中性检验的结果都显示,大西洋中脊的R. exoculata种群大小并非一直维持在稳定水平,按照其线粒体COI基因0.7%的变异速率,基于马氏链蒙特卡罗(Markov Chain Monte Carlo,MCMC)算法的贝叶斯分析估算,该物种在25万年前有一次大规模的群体扩张事件[46-47]。Shen等[48]采用线粒体COI、Cytb和16S基因片段研究了冲绳海槽热液和南海冷泉B. platifronsS. crosnieri的种群遗传结构,结果表明热液和冷泉的B. platifrons群体间不存在显著的遗传分化,而 S. crosnieri 的热液群体和冷泉群体表现出了显著的分化。推测种群的历史动态、扩散能力和对环境的适应能力是造成上述两个物种群体遗传结构差异的主要原因。随后,科研人员又通过SNPs的方式探究了西南太平洋B. platifrons不同种群间的群体遗传结构,发现南海种群与开放的西南太平洋种群间有着显著的分化,基因流水平低,洋流和地理隔离是导致分化的主要原因[49]
此外,鉴于深海囊螂科物种的系统分类学研究尚存在较多争议,Liu和Zhang[50]尝试用DNA条形码来探究该科物种的遗传多样性,以期为厘清不同物种的系统分类学地位提供参考依据。
关于深海生物的起源问题,主要有两种假说:古老假说和灭绝/重生假说。古老假说是基于发现的古生代热液口生物化石证据及深海热液口生物的形态学证据,认为深海热液口生物是中生代甚至更远时期就存在于深海的生物的遗留种,记录着亿万年来的连续进化历史[51],这些物种经历了相当长时间的演化才形成的,深海很有可能为这些来自远古的生物提供了一个躲避周期性全球生物灭绝事件的避难所;灭绝/重生假说认为曾经的深海物种已经灭绝,现存的深海生物是在较近地质年代演化出来的 (不超过100 Ma)[52],主要论据是采用分子钟对热液口主要的优势种进行系统进化重建推算其分歧时间,表明现今的深海热液口生物大多起源于晚中生代和早新生代之间,全球的海底环境经历过白垩纪和早第三纪的生物灭绝,原始的热液口物种已灭绝殆尽,如今的热液口生物是从浅海环境迁徙和演化而来[53-54]。至今关于深海热液口生物起源的两种理论依旧存在较大争议,但目前的研究结果多支持灭绝/重生假说,日后基于更全面的化石证据及更全面的系统发育研究能够更准确地揭开这一谜题。
例如,Yang等[55]测定了两种热液口甲壳动物的线粒体基因组 (S. crosnieri; 深海汤花蟹 Austinograea yunohana),并与近海亲缘物种进行比较后发现它们的线粒体基因组性状、大小和组成与各自相近的物种无明显差异,系统进化分析也得到了与经典形态学一致的分类关系,表明这些物种的进化并没有滞后或者加速,为热液口生态系统发生的灭绝/重生假说提供了证据。对采自西太平洋和印度洋的深海热液口十足目代表种进行系统发育分析的结果亦支持海底热液口物种的灭绝/重生假说[56]。阿尔文虾 (Alvinocarididae) 是热液生态系统的代表性物种,在不同热液口发现的阿尔文虾属种各不相同,为研究深海热液大型生物的起源与演化机制提供了理想材料。基于多个基因片段联合分析表明,浅海–深海–热液进化模式,即阿尔文虾的祖先首先由浅海入侵到深海,然后入侵到热液,结果支持灭绝/重生假说,即热液物种是通过浅海区生物入侵而重新繁荣起来的[57]。此外,通过线粒体基因组对深海Bathymodiolus 贻贝的研究亦得到了相同的结论[58]
深海热液喷口生物群落是深海生物圈的重要组成部分,极端的生存环境使得这些生物具有十分独特的生理生化特征和能量代谢途径, 是研究适应性进化的理想材料。以深海热液区的典型生物管状蠕虫Ridgeia piscesae为研究对象构建的cDNA文库,揭示了与适应性和防御性相关的基因的多样性,有助于了解生物对极端环境的适应性机制[59]。将海底热液口蟹类Gandalfus yunohana和近海近缘种三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus的肝胰腺mRNA进行的比较研究,揭示了可能参与海底热液口物种适应特殊环境分子机制的关键基因[60]
围绕深海大型生物如何适应深海化能生态系统这一科学问题,科研人员还开展了线粒体基因组、转录组/比较转录组和蛋白修饰组的分析[61-65],获得的一系列结果为深入研究深海化能生态系统大型底栖动物的进化、适应机制及新基因资源的开发提供了基础。聚焦深海热液与冷泉生物群落对环境适应机制是否存在异同这一科学问题,Cheng等[66]以深海甲壳动物优势种S. crosnieri为研究对象,比较其在热液和冷泉不同深海化能合成生态系统中的转录组差异,分析热液与冷泉个体编码基因序列。研究结果揭示, S. crosnieri 在适应热液、冷泉环境时不仅产生了基因表达上的差异,而且大量关键环境适应性相关基因受到了选择作用的影响,主要表现在免疫应答、抗氧化与解毒等方面,推测 S. crosnieri 可能是通过环境适应性相关关键基因的适应性进化及调节关键基因的表达模式来适应不同深海化能生态环境。
通过比较基因组的方法发现, 现代的深海贻贝是浅海贻贝的后裔,它们的祖先约于1亿1千万年前移居到深海,成功度过了约5 700万年前因全球温度上升而造成的海洋底部缺氧导致的大灭绝事件[67-68]。基因组比较显示B. platifrons转座子含量增加,与内吞作用、糖基化以及通道蛋白相关的基因家族在深海贝中扩张或者受到正选择,而这些扩增可能与其对深海环境的适应有关。例如有稳定蛋白结构作用的热休克蛋白70家族,它们的扩增有助于修补深海生物在深海极端环境下蛋白质结构的损伤。另外,负责传送物质的ABC运输蛋白家族也有扩增,这能有利于B. platifrons透过鳃表皮细胞排出有毒物质。通过对贻贝鳃进行蛋白质组学研究,研究人员证明了深海贻贝依靠甲烷营养共生细菌合成养分,因此能在没有光合作用产物的环境中大量繁殖。此外,研究还发现在B. platifrons中, 与渗透压调节相关的甘氨酸和与硫代谢相关的牛磺酸含量较高, 这与其适应深海高盐度高硫化氢浓度的环境相关[69]
海山通常指海洋中位于海面以下,突出海底1 000 m以上的隆起[70],广义的海山指在深度超过200 m的深海,高差大于100 m的海底隆起,包含海山(海拔高度大于1 000 m)和海丘(海拔高度小于1 000 m)[71]。1869年瑞典巡洋舰在北大西洋发现的约瑟芬(Josephine)海山被认为是最早发现的海山,但当时海底山脉还没有统一的名称[72-73]。第一次正式使用“海山”这一名称是美国地理名词委员会在1938年命名的戴维森(Davidson)海山[73]。随后,全球海山的探测进入一个快速发展阶段,并开展了一系列关于海山的科学考察,其中较为有名的是从2005年开始针对海山开展的海洋生物普查(Census of Marine Life on Seamounts,CenSeam),以调查海山的海洋生物为目标,汇总全球海山数据,提高公众对海山的认识[74]
通过对海山生物多样性调查发现,海山几乎栖息着所有门类的大型底栖无脊椎动物,以滤食性生物为主,常见的有海绵,珊瑚,海鳃,水螅,海百合等[75-76]。这些滤食性生物主要生活在海山硬底质区,而在锰结核区,沉积物较多的区域生物稀少[77-78]。海绵动物在较浅的海山200~700 m水深丰富度很高[79]。珊瑚通常分布在海山水流强,沉积物少的地方[78],石珊瑚和柱星螅多生活在水深100~1 000 m,柳珊瑚和角珊瑚的生活水深常大于1 200 m[80]。海百合在海山通常也有很高的生物量[81]。除了滤食性生物外,海山还生活有种类丰富的其他生物。海山在线网(http://seamounts.sdsc.edu)收录了246座海山调查所获得的生物,其中环节动物(1 216种)、软体动物(2 451种)、节肢动物(4 663种)、棘皮动物(1 104种)等生物种类非常丰富,均超过1 000种,占海山已发现大型无脊椎动物种数的80%以上[82-83]。鉴于分类学研究的匮乏,绝大多数种没有鉴定,海山的生物多样性仍被低估。
中国对海山的调查早期主要集中在地质和大洋资源调查方面。20世纪70年代对南海的地质观测,已探测到南海15°N的海山链。在大洋资源调查方面,从1997年开始,先后在麦哲伦海山区,马尔库斯–威克海山区等开展了20个航次进行海山矿产资源调查[84]。海山生物资源的调查起步相对较晚,目前对采集到的海山生物研究也较基础,主要集中在物种分类方面。中国首次较系统地报道海山大型底栖无脊椎动物是在2013年“蛟龙”号开展首个试验性应用航次对“蛟龙海山”进行调查后,Li[2]于2017年报道了该海山发现的10种生物,其中有3新种,包含海绵2新种 (Lophophysema eversa Gong, Li & Qiu, 2014;Saccocalyx microhexactin Gong, Li & Qiu, 2015)和海参1新种(Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li, 2019)[2, 14, 85-86]
依托中国科学院“科学”号探测平台,中国科学院海洋研究所于2014年底开始,先后5年在西太平洋的卡罗琳海山区、马里亚纳海山区、麦哲伦海山区等进行了科学考察,其中仅2017年在卡罗琳海山区就获取了大型底栖生物样品近400个,涉及海绵、珊瑚、海葵、多毛、棘皮动物、甲壳动物和软体动物等170多种生物[87],这些物种多数未进行详细的分类学研究。该单位研究人员仅较分散地报道了海山采集的一些物种[88-97],主要集中在新种描述方面,包含海绵动物1新属(Pheronemoides Gong & Li, 2017)和3新种(Pheronemoides fungosus Gong & Li, 2017; Poliopogon distortus Gong & Li, 2018; Corbitella polyacantha Kou, Gong & Li, 2018),珊瑚1新种(Paragorgia rubra Li, Zhan &Xu, 2017),海葵2新种(Paraphelliactis tangi Li & Xu, 2016;Phelliactis yapensis Li & Xu, 2016),软体动物2新种(Bayerotrochus delicatus Zhang, Zhang & Wei, 2016; Calliotropis yapensis Zhang & Zhang, 2018),异尾类3种含1新种(Munidopsis bairdii (Smith, 1884); Munidopsis kensmithii Jones & Macpherson, 2007; Uroptychus inaequipes Dong, Li, Lu & Wang, 2017)、长臂虾1新种(Urocaridella liui Wang, Chan & Sha, 2015),猥虾1新种(Spongicoloides corbitellus Kou, Gong & Li, 2018)和海参1新种(Psychropotid holothurians Xiao, Li & Sha, 2018)。对于已采集到的海山生物标本,这些已报道的生物仅是非常小的一部分,仍有大量生物有待开展进一步的研究。
除此之外,国内其他单位也进行了海山生物调查研究[98-100],先后在麦哲伦海山区报道了海绵动物3新种(Platylistrum subviridum Wang, Wang, Zhang & Liu, 2016; Poliopogon canaliculatus Wang, Wang, Zhang & Liu, 2016; Semperella retrospinella Wang, Wang, Zhang & Liu, 2016),猥虾1新种(Spongicoloides weijiaensis Xu, Zhou & Wang, 2017)和蛇尾1新记录种(Ophioleila elegans A.H. Clark, 1949)。
海山生物系统进化方面也有少量的研究。Sun等[65]测定了采集自雅浦海山的猥虾Spongiocaris panglao线粒体基因组。通过与浅海的猥虾S. hispidus进行对比,显示S. panglao线粒体基因组更大,A+T含量更高,含更多的串联重复序列。同时推算出猥虾科和俪虾科的分化时间约122 Ma,这与其宿主六放海绵的起源时间(78~144 Ma)一致。
总体上,中国海山生物多样性研究起步较晚,目前仍处于调查层面,相关的研究主要集中在海山新物种描述方面,随着中国“走向深远海”海洋发展战略的实施,日后关于海山与海山之间、海山与非海山区的生物连通性,海山生物多样性起源等方面仍有很多工作亟待我们开展。
超深渊区是指海洋中水深大于6 000 m的区域,虽然包括了约45%的水深范围,但却仅占约1%的海底面积,通常局限于全世界的50余条海沟[101-102]。如此黑暗、寒冷和极端高压的环境,却并非是一片不毛之地。自19世纪以来,人类对超深渊区的调查发现了许多大型生物的种类,包括:海绵、海葵、海参、多毛类环节动物、腹足类软体动物、甲壳动物和鱼类[102-104],揭示超深渊区其实存在着丰富的生物多样性。
国际上对超深渊区的生物多样性研究最早可追溯到19世纪英国皇家海军的“挑战者”号环球探险(1873–1876年)。他们首次从日本海沟7 220 m的水深采集到了含有孔虫外壳的沉积物,揭示在超深渊区可能有生命的存在。20世纪中叶,人类对超深渊区的探索研究进入了一个黄金时期,瑞典人搭载“信天翁”(Albatross)号(1948年)、丹麦人搭载“铠甲虾”(Galathea)号(1951–1952年)、前苏联人搭载“维茨加”(Vitjaz)号(1949–1959年)相继开展了对超深渊区的生物调查,并从多条海沟中(最深约10 700 m处)获取了大量活着的生物样品,证实地球的最深处确实有生物生活。20世纪60年代,美国的载人深潜器“的里雅斯特”(Trieste)号下潜到了马里亚纳海沟的挑战者深渊底部,标志着人类对超深渊区的探索达到了一个顶峰。进入20世纪90年代,日本的“海沟”(Kaikō)号遥控水下机器人对西太平洋的数条海沟进行了多次调查,并结合使用诱捕器获得了大量超深渊区的生物样品[104]
与发达国家相比,中国在超深渊区的生物多样性研究方面起步较晚。2012年,“蛟龙”号在马里亚纳海沟试验海区首次突破7 000 m下潜,标志着中国在超深渊区考察研究的开端。2016年以来,中国科学院“探索一号”科考船陆续在马里亚纳海沟海域开展了数次综合性万米深渊科考活动,利用中国自主研发的深渊着陆器“天涯”号和“海角”号在不同深度断面上,取得大批珍贵的生物样品和数据,填补了中国长期以来在超深渊区,特别是万米海底数据和样品的空白。基于以上调查研究获得的样品和数据,目前我们发现和报道了一些超深渊区的新物种、新记录种,并且结合分子生物学的手段开展了超深渊区生物的生物地理学、系统学和适应性演化的研究,部分研究成果具有一定的国际影响力。
Zhang等[105]基于“蛟龙”号采自雅浦海沟6 377~6 575 m的样品,报道了海星纲瓷海星科(Porcellanasteridae)属一新种(Styracaster yapensis Zhang et al., 2017),这也是该属已报道的最深记录。Kou等[106]根据马里亚纳海沟6 555 m诱捕采集的样品,基于形态学比较,报道了糠虾科的一新记录种(Amblyops magnus Birstein & Tchindonova, 1958),这是继千岛–堪察加海沟和日本海沟后,该种第三次被报道。该物种在北纬10º~50ºN的深渊区和超深渊区都有报道(4 480~7 260 m),揭示超深渊区的糠虾类有着较广的垂直和水平分布。Wang等[107]报道了“蛟龙”号采自雅浦海沟6 754 m的2个多板纲软体动物的样品。形态学比较和分子系统发育分析显示该样品属于Leptochiton属,并且与L. vanbelleiL. deforgesi的亲缘关系较近[108]。该报道也是目前已报道多板纲软体动物深度第三的记录。Kou等报道了在马里亚纳海沟7 526 m通过着陆器诱捕获得的尾刻柄糠虾(Eucopia sculpticauda Faxon, 1893)成年雌性个体,该报道刷新了疣背糠虾目最深的记录。通过对采集自马里亚纳海沟、墨西哥湾、大西洋西部和大西洋中脊的不同个体进行比较,发现18S和COI基因的遗传差异很小,推测是由于其较强的游泳能力和个体发育垂直迁移的习性造成的。此外,Lan等[109]对采集自马里亚纳海沟挑战者深渊的端足类Hirondellea gigas的转录组进行了测序。通过与4种浅海端足类的转录组进行比较分析,显示Hirondellea gigas主要通过某些基因家族扩张和特定蛋白质的氨基酸替代,来实现对超深渊极端环境的适应。Li等[110]测定了采集自马里亚纳海沟挑战者深渊10 908 m的端足目Halice sp.的线粒体基因组。通过与浅海和淡水的端足类种类进行对比,显示在Halice sp.中大量的线粒体基因出现了重排和易位。此外,其线粒体基因组中非极性氨基酸含量偏高,进化速率偏低,这些特征在另一种超深渊端足类Hirondellea gigas中也存在,推测可能与极端环境的适应相关。Wang等[111]对采自马里亚纳海沟的深海狮子鱼的分类、形态和基因组学开展了全面的研究。研究认为,为了适应高压环境,深海狮子鱼的骨骼变得非常薄且具有弯曲能力,头颅不完全封闭,肌肉组织也具有很强的柔韧性;基因组中与色素、视觉相关的基因发生了大量丢失,其中一个与骨骼钙化的关键基因也发生了假基因化;在细胞核蛋白层面,多个与细胞膜稳定和蛋白结构稳定的基因发生了特异突变,这些变异可能共同造就了深海狮子鱼的奇特表型和对极端环境的适应能力。
近年来,随着深海装备和科研经费投入的增加,中国在超深渊区的生物多样性研究发展迅速,并取得了一系列突破。然而,我们在研究的深度和广度上仍然存在着许多不足。今后,需要加强国际间的交流与合作,对全球范围的超深渊区的生物多样性开展综合性的研究,并结合分子系统学、种群遗传学、分子生物学、基因组学等多种手段,进一步揭示超深渊区生物的分布特征、物种形成过程和适应性机制。
Smith等[112]在1987年首次发现了鲸尸群落,其中很多物种与热液口的物种类似。鲸的尸体是深海中食物的重要来源,它可以形成一个小范围的生态栖息环境,为深海生物提供数十年的有机物供给。比如食骨蠕虫(Osedax),它们与细菌共生,降解吸食鲸骨中的脂类物质是近期这一领域的重大发现[113]。这也使得鲸尸群落逐渐成为深海生物多样性研究的重点领域之一[114]。Smith和Baco[115]指出,鲸尸群落的演替分为4个阶段:第一阶段是“移动清除”阶段,发生在鲸尸沉落到海底的两年以内,代表性物种为石蟹、鲨鱼、鳗鱼、端足类等;接下来是“丰富/投机”阶段,可持续两年时间,代表性物种为较小的腹足类和多毛类,这两个阶段的主要特征是群落生物量很大,但物种多样性较低;然后是“化能自养”阶段,包括大量的化能自养细菌和以化能自养细菌为食的动物,如一些囊螂科蛤类。最后是“暗礁”阶段,在这一阶段有机物已经被分解完毕,只剩下“暗礁”为悬浮滤食者提供附着基[115]
鲸尸群落是物种最丰富的深海生态系统之一,迄今已发现超过400种海洋生物与其相关[116]。国内深海生物研究起步较晚,对鲸尸群落还没有系统的研究。Zhang和Zhang[117]首次报道了一种海豚头骨上附着的小笠贝科 (Cocculinidae)新种–海豚小笠贝(Cocculina delphinicula Zhang & Zhang, 2018),这也是国内唯一有关深海鲸尸群落物种的报道。此外,自然资源部第二海洋研究所王春生课题组已在西太平洋深海开展模拟鲸尸群落相关研究,他们将牛骨沉到海底,1年后取出,在其上发现了深海铠甲虾和端足类,相关研究论文正在撰写中。
虽然中国国加强了深海探测能力的建设,研究队伍也正在蓬勃发展时期,但与英国、美国、日本、法国等很早就开展深海和远洋海洋生物多样性调查研究的国家相比,无论深海探测能力、研究队伍还是对深海生物多样性的认识和成果,都还有很大的距离。因此,我们应该在诸多方面奋起直追,发愤图强,充分利用中国社会经济快速发展的时机,加强大型底栖生物等深海生物多样性的研究。
(1)加强对深海生物资源的调查,尽快完成深海大型底栖生物物种多样性编目,逐步完善深海生物基因库、关键物种数据库的构建,查清典型深海环境生物群落的结构、分布及其与环境因子的关系,重点摸底深海底栖生物资源状况;深海生物多样性的研究首先是物种多样性的研究,物种多样性不但是遗传多样性的载体,也是生态系统多样性的具体体现,深海是海洋极端环境,大量新物种有待于发现,其分布、扩散规律需要大量调查才能认识。近年来的考察表明,深海环境的大型底栖动物大部分是科学上的新物种,其分布、生物量不清,只有在了解这些大型底栖生物的基础数据基础上,才能使得后续研究,例如生态学研究,资源开发研究,深海生物群落的形成和演变研究等的开展得以顺利进行。
(2)开展深海生物种类与浅海生物种类之间的系统发育关系和连通性研究,重现深海大型底栖生物群落形成过程和种类演化模式。深海大型底栖生物的环境适应性研究十分重要,深海由于压力大、黑暗、缺氧、极度缺乏食物等成为海洋的极端环境,目前已知深海生物大多由浅海逐渐扩布变异而来,现生深海动物是如何一步步适应这些极端环境条件逐渐演变而来?其分子生物学基础是什么?深海生命的来源与地球生命起源形成的关系是什么?许多深海大型底栖生物有其独特的生长发育模式、代谢模式、能量转换方式、互利共生关系等,那么不同生物类群由浅海逐渐扩散到深海的生物学和演化路线是否相同?等等科学问题需要充分研究。
(3)深入开展热液、冷泉等化能生态系统中底栖动物在食物网食物链中的物质和能量传递机制、次级生产力传输和营养级之间的关系研究,阐释化能生态系统对生物地球化学生源要素循环的意义。
(4)深入研究深海大型底栖生物与环境因子的关系,结合气候变化和人类活动,预测深海生物多样性的未来变化趋势;厘清不同环境因子对深海生态系统结构和多样性的影响,可为深海生物资源的保护和利用提供切实的理论依据。
(5)深海生物多样性的保护是一项很重要的工作,以上研究应为深海生物多样性保护、深海生态环境修复、深海生物资源的合理应用提供科学支撑。
  • 中国科学院科技先导专项(XDB06010101,XDA11030201,XDA11020303);“科学”号高端用户项目(KEXUE2018G25,KEXUE2018G22);国家重点研发计划(2018YFC0310800,2018YFC0309804); 国家自然科学基金面上项目(31572229,41706188); 中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会项目(DY135-E2-1-02)。
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2019年第41卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.011
  • 接收时间:2019-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-07-04
  • 修回日期:2019-09-04
基金
中国科学院科技先导专项(XDB06010101,XDA11030201,XDA11020303);“科学”号高端用户项目(KEXUE2018G25,KEXUE2018G22);国家重点研发计划(2018YFC0310800,2018YFC0309804); 国家自然科学基金面上项目(31572229,41706188); 中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会项目(DY135-E2-1-02)。
作者信息
    1 中国科学院海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266071
    2 中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266071
    3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    4 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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