Article(id=1246840128900063683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1532880000000, receivedDateStr=2018-07-30, revisedDate=1540915200000, revisedDateStr=2018-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775199451898, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1569340800000, pubDateStr=2019-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775199451898, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775199451898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775199451898, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246840121887187126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775199450227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200621889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=126, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246840129453711841, articleId=1246840128900063683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Analysis of rapid changes of tropical cyclones over the South China Sea for 1949–2017, columnId=1243867131083862618, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Physical Oceanography, Marine Meteorology and Marine Physics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The statistical characteristics of rapid changes of different grade tropical cyclone intensity and path in the South China Sea are analyzed by the best track data set of tropical cyclones for 69 years from 1949 to 2017 compiled by Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administrator. The results show that: (1) The change from a severe tropical storm to a typhoon, and from a typhoon to a severe typhoon, are the most frequent events of rapid intensity changes. Most tropical cyclones experience intensity change no more than twice. However, most of the rapid intensifying tropical cyclones occur mainly outside the South China Sea in the western Pacific, and the probability of rapid intensifying over the South China Sea is only 9.8%. (2) The duration of intensity maintenance has an important effect on rapid intensity changes for different grade tropical cyclones. It is the highest rapid change stage during the first 24 hours. Rapid intensity change to typhoon or above grade is easily to occur when the decreasing velocity of central pressure exceeds –12.0 hPa/(6 h). Moreover, the rapid intensifying of tropical cyclones is easily to occur in areas with high sea surface temperature. (3) The deflection of the tropical cyclone path in the South China Sea is mainly in the westbound path, in which the deflection of 5°–30° is the most common, accounting for 48.65% of the total number of tropical cyclones. However, According to the defined path mutation criterion, the probability of path sharp turning is only 15.13%. With the increase of tropical cyclone intensity, the frequency of path sharp turning in the South China Sea decreases rapidly, and the path sharp turning occurs mainly in the coastal area and the east-central region of the South China Sea. This work further refines and enriches the understanding of the intensity and path rapid changes of tropical cyclones in the South China Sea.

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为进一步认识南海地区热带气旋强度和路径快速变化的统计特征,利用中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的1949–2017年的热带气旋最佳路径数据集,统计分析了不同强度等级热带气旋发生强度和路径快速变化的特征。结果表明:(1)由强热带风暴快速加强为台风、以及由台风快速加强为强台风是热带气旋强度快速加强发生频率最多的事件;强度快速加强次数以1次居多,一般不会超过2次;但大部分途经南海的热带气旋出现快速加强时都在南海以外的地区,在南海出现快速加强的概率仅为9.8%。(2)不同强度的热带气旋,其强度的维持时间长短对其强度快速加强有重要影响,一般在该强度的前24 h是快速加强的最佳阶段,当其中心气压下降速度超过−12.0 hPa/(6 h)时容易出现台风级别或以上的强度快速加强,且热带气旋快速加强容易出现在海温偏高地区。(3)南海地区热带气旋路径的偏转主要出现在西行路径中,其中以5°~30°的偏转为最常见,占到全部热带气旋总数的48.65%,不过,按照定义的路径快速转向标准,路径快速转向的概率仅有15.13%。随着热带气旋强度的增强,南海地区发生路径快速转向的频次迅速减少,路径快速转向主要出现在近海岸地区和南海中北部偏东区域。这些结果进一步细化和丰富了对南海地区热带气旋强度和路径快速变化的认识。

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廖菲(1979—),男,江西省赣州市人,博士,主要从事海洋气象观测研究。E-mail:

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廖菲(1979—),男,江西省赣州市人,博士,主要从事海洋气象观测研究。E-mail:

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a–e represents tropical depression, tropical storm, strong tropical storm, typhoon, strong typhoon, super typhoon, respectively

, figureFileSmall=3hPkeGo1cjHQH6dDdY/Ruw==, figureFileBig=8fRTSm8Ss+4XqTlqMye1fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506244899799592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128900063683, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1949–2017年南海热带气旋向其更高一级强度快速加强的发生地及次数(a–e),及2017年海温异常分布(f)

a–e分别代表热带低压、热带风暴、强热带风暴、台风、强台风

, figureFileSmall=3hPkeGo1cjHQH6dDdY/Ruw==, figureFileBig=8fRTSm8Ss+4XqTlqMye1fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506245407310385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128900063683, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Distribution of rapid change probability of tropical cyclones intensity and its sustain time with different intensities, figureFileSmall=dRbzsbQ1GaxmDC2Sr7QwaA==, figureFileBig=PEFISmSS8N+EssOzsmQAyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506246070010421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128900063683, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同强度热带气旋快速加强发生概率与强度维持时间的分布, figureFileSmall=dRbzsbQ1GaxmDC2Sr7QwaA==, figureFileBig=PEFISmSS8N+EssOzsmQAyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506247814840893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128900063683, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Sites and frequencies of tropical cyclones sharp turning over the South China Sea during 1949–2017

a–e分别代表热带低压、热带风暴、强热带风暴、台风、强台风

a–e represents tropical depression, tropical storm, strong tropical storm, typhoon, strong typhoon, and super typhoon, respectively

, figureFileSmall=C9n3ikwzvwhr5ODbWVCDdw==, figureFileBig=pxqxuJ7go2VGTxZLa6iCUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506248108442177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128900063683, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1949–2017年热带气旋路径在南海出现快速转向时的地点及次数, figureFileSmall=C9n3ikwzvwhr5ODbWVCDdw==, figureFileBig=pxqxuJ7go2VGTxZLa6iCUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506248452375107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128900063683, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistical characteristics of tropical cyclone intensity rapid change over the South China Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
快速加 强次数 占全部快速加 强总数的比例/% 强度跨越 等级数 变化类型 西北太平洋 地区总次数(a) 南海地区 总次数(b) 快速加强的 速度/hPa·(6 h)−1 上一等级平均 持续时间/h
1次 53.22 1个等级 热带低压→热带风暴 18 8 −8.76 38.9
热带风暴→强热带风暴 66 25 −9.9 21.9
强热带风暴→台风 148 41 −10.98 24.5
2次 30.63 台风→强台风 143 27 −12.6 26.7
强台风→超强台风 93 7 −13.14 15.2
2个等级 热带低压→强热带风暴 4 0 −10.74 12.7
3次及以上 16.15 热带风暴→台风 4 0 −12.78 12.7
强热带风暴→强台风 5 0 −24 12.7
台风→超强台风 10 1 −30.78 12.7
), ArticleFig(id=1254506248808890952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128900063683, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南海地区的热带气旋强度快速加强的统计特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
快速加 强次数 占全部快速加 强总数的比例/% 强度跨越 等级数 变化类型 西北太平洋 地区总次数(a) 南海地区 总次数(b) 快速加强的 速度/hPa·(6 h)−1 上一等级平均 持续时间/h
1次 53.22 1个等级 热带低压→热带风暴 18 8 −8.76 38.9
热带风暴→强热带风暴 66 25 −9.9 21.9
强热带风暴→台风 148 41 −10.98 24.5
2次 30.63 台风→强台风 143 27 −12.6 26.7
强台风→超强台风 93 7 −13.14 15.2
2个等级 热带低压→强热带风暴 4 0 −10.74 12.7
3次及以上 16.15 热带风暴→台风 4 0 −12.78 12.7
强热带风暴→强台风 5 0 −24 12.7
台风→超强台风 10 1 −30.78 12.7
), ArticleFig(id=1254506249186378315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128900063683, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical characteristics of tropical cyclone sharp turning over the South China Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
偏转角度 出现的比例/% 出现地点比例/% 转向比例/%
西 陆地 海上 左折 右折
5°<转向<30° 6.07 2.54 48.65 16.65 31.90 42.01 38.63 39.08
30°≤转向<60° 1.71 1.28 5.89 4.82 5.60 8.10 7.75 6.95
60°≤转向<90° 0.72 0.53 0.92 1.10 1.25 2.03 1.85 1.69
转向≥90° 1.43 0.60 1.04 0.74 1.29 2.52 2.93 1.12
), ArticleFig(id=1254506249375121999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128900063683, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

南海地区热带气旋路径偏转的统计特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
偏转角度 出现的比例/% 出现地点比例/% 转向比例/%
西 陆地 海上 左折 右折
5°<转向<30° 6.07 2.54 48.65 16.65 31.90 42.01 38.63 39.08
30°≤转向<60° 1.71 1.28 5.89 4.82 5.60 8.10 7.75 6.95
60°≤转向<90° 0.72 0.53 0.92 1.10 1.25 2.03 1.85 1.69
转向≥90° 1.43 0.60 1.04 0.74 1.29 2.52 2.93 1.12
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1949–2017年南海海域热带气旋强度和路径快速变化统计特征
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廖菲 1 , 李文婷 2 , 张子然 3 , 苏冉 1 , 齐彦斌 4, 5
海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019,41(9): 126-135
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海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019, 41(9): 126-135
1949–2017年南海海域热带气旋强度和路径快速变化统计特征
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廖菲1 , 李文婷2, 张子然3, 苏冉1, 齐彦斌4, 5
作者信息
  • 1 广州市气象台,广东 广州 511430
  • 2 中国科学院大学 经济与管理学院,北京 100190
  • 3 广东省清远市气象局,广东 清远 511515
  • 4 中国气象局/吉林省人民政府人工影响天气联合开放实验室,吉林 长春 130062
  • 5 吉林省人工影响天气办公室,吉林 长春 130062
  • 廖菲(1979—),男,江西省赣州市人,博士,主要从事海洋气象观测研究。E-mail:

Analysis of rapid changes of tropical cyclones over the South China Sea for 1949–2017
Fei Liao1 , Wenting Li2, Ziran Zhang3, Ran Su1, Yanbin Qi4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangzhou Meteorological Observatory, Guangzhou 511430, China
  • 2 School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3 Qingyuan Meteorological Service, Qingyuan 511515, China
  • 4 Joint Open Laboratory for Weather Modification of China Meteorological Administration/People’s Government of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, China
  • 5 Jilin Weather Modification Office, Changchun 130062, China
出版时间: 2019-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.012
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为进一步认识南海地区热带气旋强度和路径快速变化的统计特征,利用中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的1949–2017年的热带气旋最佳路径数据集,统计分析了不同强度等级热带气旋发生强度和路径快速变化的特征。结果表明:(1)由强热带风暴快速加强为台风、以及由台风快速加强为强台风是热带气旋强度快速加强发生频率最多的事件;强度快速加强次数以1次居多,一般不会超过2次;但大部分途经南海的热带气旋出现快速加强时都在南海以外的地区,在南海出现快速加强的概率仅为9.8%。(2)不同强度的热带气旋,其强度的维持时间长短对其强度快速加强有重要影响,一般在该强度的前24 h是快速加强的最佳阶段,当其中心气压下降速度超过−12.0 hPa/(6 h)时容易出现台风级别或以上的强度快速加强,且热带气旋快速加强容易出现在海温偏高地区。(3)南海地区热带气旋路径的偏转主要出现在西行路径中,其中以5°~30°的偏转为最常见,占到全部热带气旋总数的48.65%,不过,按照定义的路径快速转向标准,路径快速转向的概率仅有15.13%。随着热带气旋强度的增强,南海地区发生路径快速转向的频次迅速减少,路径快速转向主要出现在近海岸地区和南海中北部偏东区域。这些结果进一步细化和丰富了对南海地区热带气旋强度和路径快速变化的认识。

热带气旋  /  强度  /  路径  /  快速变化  /  南海

The statistical characteristics of rapid changes of different grade tropical cyclone intensity and path in the South China Sea are analyzed by the best track data set of tropical cyclones for 69 years from 1949 to 2017 compiled by Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administrator. The results show that: (1) The change from a severe tropical storm to a typhoon, and from a typhoon to a severe typhoon, are the most frequent events of rapid intensity changes. Most tropical cyclones experience intensity change no more than twice. However, most of the rapid intensifying tropical cyclones occur mainly outside the South China Sea in the western Pacific, and the probability of rapid intensifying over the South China Sea is only 9.8%. (2) The duration of intensity maintenance has an important effect on rapid intensity changes for different grade tropical cyclones. It is the highest rapid change stage during the first 24 hours. Rapid intensity change to typhoon or above grade is easily to occur when the decreasing velocity of central pressure exceeds –12.0 hPa/(6 h). Moreover, the rapid intensifying of tropical cyclones is easily to occur in areas with high sea surface temperature. (3) The deflection of the tropical cyclone path in the South China Sea is mainly in the westbound path, in which the deflection of 5°–30° is the most common, accounting for 48.65% of the total number of tropical cyclones. However, According to the defined path mutation criterion, the probability of path sharp turning is only 15.13%. With the increase of tropical cyclone intensity, the frequency of path sharp turning in the South China Sea decreases rapidly, and the path sharp turning occurs mainly in the coastal area and the east-central region of the South China Sea. This work further refines and enriches the understanding of the intensity and path rapid changes of tropical cyclones in the South China Sea.

tropical cyclones  /  intensity  /  path  /  rapid change  /  the South China Sea
廖菲, 李文婷, 张子然, 苏冉, 齐彦斌. 1949–2017年南海海域热带气旋强度和路径快速变化统计特征. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (9) : 126 -135 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.012
Fei Liao, Wenting Li, Ziran Zhang, Ran Su, Yanbin Qi. Analysis of rapid changes of tropical cyclones over the South China Sea for 1949–2017[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (9) : 126 -135 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.012
热带气旋是一个巨大的涡旋系统,尤其是在沿海及登陆后,往往会造成巨大的人员和财产损失。热带气旋移动路径决定了其影响的区域,而热带气旋强度则决定了其影响的程度,因而对临近登陆的热带气旋强度和路径的准确预报是十分重要的[1],这也是当前热带气旋预报业务中最重要的两个方面。
热带气旋在初生、加强、成熟、衰亡过程中有着剧烈的动量、热量和水汽交换,目前对台风强度演变机理的认识仍然存在许多未知的科学问题[2],对台风强度的预报技术提升也并不明显[3]。尽管利用统计分析的方法提高了对西北太平洋热带气旋强度突变频数及其分布特征的认识[4],于玉斌 [5]还提出了可用于提前预测近海热带气旋突然增强的若干物理参数,但强度预报中的强度突变预报仍为难点所在。通过对2001–2012年期间中央气象台热带气旋强度预报误差分析发现,当热带气旋强度稳定少变时,其强度预报误差最小,对于强度迅速加强的热带气旋,其预报误差最大[6]。这种强度的突然增强,与副高西南侧或南侧的低空明显西南气流卷入,以及与强的低空辐合、高空辐散和充足的水汽输送有关[7]。统计分析结果还表明,热带气旋在近海突然加强主要发展在500 hPa高度图上呈现东高西低、北高南低和弱背景环流中,西南季风、越赤道气流、东风波、弱冷空气、西风槽是诱发近海热带气旋急剧加强的主要天气系统[8]。其中,南海夏季风爆发时间及强度对热带气旋影响显著:当南海夏季风爆发早时,会导致西北太平洋副热带高压北抬和季风槽加强,这将引起吕宋岛和南海北部沿海低层大气气旋性涡旋异常,进而促进登陆我国东南沿海的热带气旋增多[9];不过南海夏季风强度与西北太平洋地区气旋性涡旋异常是反相关的,南海夏季风越弱,越有利于热带气旋的形成[10]
在热带气旋路径预报方面,我国近海发生路径突变的个数年均达5.4个[11],在南海北部海域发生路径突然转向的达3.2个[12]。由于热带气旋路径突然转向受多种因素的影响,准确预报十分困难[13],不过与热带气旋强度预报相比,由于台风移动路径主要取决于其所处的大尺度环境气流,在全球模式预报能力不断提高的背景下,台风路径预报能力有显著的提高[14]。南海地处西北太平洋海域,西北太平洋上多时间尺度环境气流相互作用不仅能造成对热带气旋强度的影响,其对热带气旋突变路径也有重要影响[15]。南海海域的热带气旋比西北太平洋海域的具有更明显的非对称结构[16],南海海域海陆分布也十分复杂,相比而言,南海热带气旋路径平均预报误差要大于西北太平洋热带气旋,同一阶段登陆华南的路径预报误差大于登陆华东[17]。因而,目前我国台风业务预报特别是对路径异常、强度突变等异常台风的预报误差较大,远不能满足防台抗台的现实需求[18]
广东是我国沿海热带气旋活动最频繁、全年影响时间最长的地区[19],每年在近海约有2个加强的台风,南海沿岸约占1.5个[20],针对南海地区台风快速变化的预报技术提高仍然十分迫切。过去不少的研究主要集中在对热带气旋登陆频数[21]、登陆地点[22]、生成源地[23]等方面,对南海地区热带气旋强度快速加强和路径突然转向的细致特征的研究还不多见。为此,利用1949–2017年共69年的《热带气旋年鉴》资料,详细分析在南海地区发生不同强度等级快速增强和路径快速转向的特征(由于热带气旋强度和路径变化只是变化剧烈程度不同,且突变的定义尚未统一,因而对其变化的分析重点关注是否快速变化;且强度快速加强是预报工作中的重点和难点,所以本文只分析快速加强情况),这对了解南海地区热带气旋发生快速变化特征有着积极的帮助。
所用的资料是中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的1949–2017年共69年的热带气旋最佳路径数据集,该资料包含每6小时一次的热带气旋等级、中心经纬度、中心最低气压及中心最大风速。
热带气旋强度变化一般可以用某一时间段内气压或中心最大风速的变化来衡量,如:于玉斌[5]用6 h气压变化定义热带气旋强度变化快慢,而Ventham和Wang[24]用24 h中心最大风速变化来确定热带气旋强度变化快慢。为与国内学者前期相关研究结果相比较,本文采用于玉斌[5]的定义,即:根据6 h变压的平均值 $\overline {\Delta p} $ 、标准差s,定义强度快速加强的标准为 $\Delta p > \overline {\Delta p} + s$ 。通过统计1949–2017年所有西北太平洋地区强度加强的热带气旋,计算得到Δp的平均值为−4.30 hPa/(6 h),标准差为3.67 hPa/(6 h),因而强度增强的标准为:Δp≤−8 hPa/(6 h)。除满足该标准条件外,本文所考虑的热带气旋快速加强还必须满足其强度等级向更高一级的跨越(如从热带低压发展为热带风暴等),在同时满足这两种条件前提下,才计入该热带气旋发生强度快速增强。
假定t +1tt −1是某个热带气旋的未来一个时次、当前时次、前一个时次,以从t −1t的移动轨迹为参照标准,一方面,确定热带气旋从前一时次移动到当前时次的方向(如向西、向北等);另一方面,确定从tt +1的移动时的方向与前一时次移动方向的偏转角Δθ,当Δθ>0时,路径相比于上一时次向左偏转,Δθ<0时则向右偏转。为分析路径转向的分布规律,不仅考虑了偏转角较大的情况,也同样考虑偏转角较小的情况,故按照5°~30°、30°~60°、60°~90°、>90°四个区间对路径变化程度进行统计。为进一步分析南海地区热带气旋移动路径的快速偏转特征,参考前述对热带气旋强度快速加强标准的定义,规定路径快速偏转的标准为:路径转向角度的平均值+6小时标准差。通过计算得到,途径南海的热带气旋路径偏转角的平均值为16.11°,标准差为22.88°,那么路径快速偏转的标准即为偏转角≥39°。
同时,为重点分析发生在南海海域的热带气旋快速变化特征,选取出现在(0°~25°N,105°~122°E)的区域作为南海地区的大致范围,只要某一热带气旋的移动路径中进入了该范围,那么该热带气旋就算影响南海地区的热带气旋。在统计时,还进一步区分了强度和路径变化是否发生在南海地区,并重点分析南海地区热带气旋快速变化的细致规律。
在西北太平洋地区发生发展的热带气旋中,仅有部分热带气旋将途经南海。为分析对南海地区有影响的热带气旋强度快速加强特征,我们从以下两个方面分别讨论:一是针对路径中有经过南海的全部西北太平洋热带气旋,讨论其总体强度快速加强的统计特征;二是分析上述热带气旋中强度快速变化只出现在南海地区的情况。
统计结果显示,1949–2017年期间,西北太平洋海域中途径南海的热带气旋共有1 101个,根据上述热带气旋强度快速加强的定义,出现强度快速加强的热带气旋有297个,约占26.98%。由于热带气旋移动发展过程中可能出现一次或多次的强度快速加强情况,为此,分别统计了热带气旋在生命史过程中发生1次、2次、3次及以上强度快速加强的比例。统计结果还指出,虽然发生强度快速加强的热带气旋有297个,但出现快速加强的次数有491次,说明存在部分热带气旋有多次快速加强的情况,表1给出了热带气旋强度快速加强的统计特征。
从出现快速加强的频次来看,仅发生1次强度快速加强的热带气旋有158个,占出现快速加强的热带气旋总数的约53%;而在生命史中出现2次强度快速加强的热带气旋有91个,约占31%;因而,发生1次或2次强度快速加强的热带气旋占近84%。由此可见,对于途经南海地区的热带气旋,大约每4个当中将有1个会发生强度快速加强,并且强度的快速加强一般不会超过2次。
根据统计的1949–2017年的热带气旋强度快速加强的情况,将强度快速加强的情况分为跨越1个等级(如热带低压→热带风暴,热带风暴→强热带风暴等),跨越2个等级(如热带低压→强热带风暴,热带风暴→台风等)。绝大部分的热带气旋在快速加强过程中只能从当前的强度等级发展为更强的上一个等级,即跨越1级的快速加强为主,占快速加强热带气旋总数的近95%,仅有5%的快速加强出现了跨越2级。其中,最为常见的强度快速增强情况是由强热带风暴增强为台风,出现148次;而由台风快速增强为强台风的情况也近乎相同,出现143次,两种情况合计占近60%,因而,当热带气旋处于强热带风暴或台风时,其快速加强的可能性最高。对于热带风暴快速增强为强热带风暴,以及强台风快速增强为超强台风的情况则为相对小概率事件,其分别占总数的比例仅约为13%(66次)和19%(93次)。可以看出,当热带气旋较弱或较强时,发生强度快速增强的可能性较小,且强度越小,发生快速加强的可能性越小。
此外,热带气旋快速加强的速度与热带气旋强度呈正相关,热带气旋强度等级越高,快速加强的速度越快。值得指出的是,尽管热带气旋强度发生跨越2级的情况比例低,但其快速加强速度明显快于强度跨越1级的情况,并且将这两种情况的快速加强速度相对比还可以看出,当热带气旋中心气压降低的速度超过−12.0 hPa/(6 h)时,热带气旋发生快速增强的可能性往往是台风级别以上的跨越1级的加强,但也有极少可能是强度等级跨越2个等级的快速加强过程。
从强度快速加强的发生地点来看(图略),西北太平洋地区大部分热带气旋出现强度快速加强的地点在南海地区以外的西北太平洋上,发生在南海地区的比例相对较少。从表1可知,在强度快速加强跨越1级的468次事件中,发生在南海地区的仅108次(9.8%)。从各种强度快速加强的次数来看,强度越强的热带气旋,在南海地区发生快速加强的相对比例越小,这说明途径南海地区的热带气旋主要是在南海地区以外的西北太平洋上发生快速加强。
不过,在南海地区发生强度快速加强的事件仍以强热带风暴快速加强为台风次数最多,共出现41次,也就是说,1949–2017年期间约2年将发生1次;这类快速加强多发生在南海北部临近登陆时刻(8次),以及南海中部西行过程中(33次,图1c)。
南海地区由台风快速加强为强台风事件共出现了27次,是南海地区发生次多的快速加强类型(图1d),占该类型的24.8%。这类情况大部分发生在向西北移动的热带气旋中,主要出现在南海中偏北地区,有两个明显的集中区,一个是中沙群岛经西沙群岛向海南岛方向,另一个是东沙群岛附近。
而由热带风暴快速加强为强热带风暴的典型特点是:集中在离广东沿岸200 km附近的南海北部海域,以西行路径偏多(图1b)。这类近海快速加强的热带气旋虽然是南海地区发生频次第三多的类型(25次),但与途径南海地区的热带气旋总快速加强次数(491次)相比仅占约5%。
目前,被广泛使用的全球海温数据资料集主要有HadISST、ICOADS、ERSST、OISST等4种,空间分辨率最高为1° × 1°,时间分辨率最高为周[25],NOAA高分辨率数据中海温时间最高分辨率为天。但是,热带气旋最佳路径集(1949–2017年)时间分辨率为6 h,因而,当前各种海温数据都难以描述热带气旋发生强度或路径快速变化时海温的同步分布情况。NCEP/NCAR海温日平均的再分析数据时间段为1948年1月至2017年12月,参考NCEP/NCAR的定义,选取1981–2010年的平均海温作为海温气候态平均值;在此基础上,利用2017年的海温平均值减去海温气候态平均值,可以得到2017年海温异常(偏高或偏低)分布(图1f)。结合前述有关不同强度热带气旋发生强度快速变化的分布特征,从趋势分布来看,由热带风暴快速加强为强热带风暴多出现在南海北部的海岸带,这也是南海地区海温通常偏高的最大值地区;而其他强度的热带气旋快速加强多集中在南海的中北部,这是南海地区海温异常偏高的次大值区;南海南部海温通常偏低,热带气旋快速加强的情况也明显偏少。由此可见,热带气旋强度的快速变化与南海地区高海温分布是大体一致的,说明海温对强度快速变化影响明显,不过,由于海温异常偏高幅度并不很大,因此发生在南海地区的热带气旋快速加强概率仍然是相对较小的。虽然图1f只给出了2017年海温异常分布情况,但通过对比其他年份海温的异常分布特征(图略),可以大体看到南海中北部往往都是海温偏高的地区,这与热带气旋快速加强的易发地点是吻合的,由此可以看出,高海温有利于热带气旋出现快速加强。
热带气旋在其发展过程中若遇到合适的条件将会向更高一个强度等级演变,为统计热带气旋在何种强度下容易发生快速加强,表1还给出了1949–2017年期间南海地区出现1次快速加强的热带气旋基本情况。总的来看,在强度快速加强的491次数据样本中,强热带风暴快速加强为台风的情况最多,仅次其后的为台风突然加强为强台风的情况,两类台风大约都需要经过24~27 h完成强度快速加强。
尽管西北太平洋地区强台风快速加强为超强台风只有93次,不过此时热带气旋的强度已经为强台风级别,因而其向上继续发展所需的时间大大缩短,平均仅需15.2 h,是所有跨1级强度快速加强的热带气旋强度历时最短的情况。而热带风暴快速加强为强热带风暴所需的时间也相对短暂,为21.9 h。而由热带低压快速加强为热带风暴的情况,不仅该类事件发生概率非常小,即便发生,也通常需要热带低压经历漫长的38.9 h才能出现。因此,当热带气旋处于强热带风暴和台风等级时,最容易发生强度快速加强,不过一般需要约25 h的发展才可能出现快速加强;虽然强台风发生快速加强的可能性相对小,但往往仅需要15 h左右即可触发,因而更需要关注该类热带气旋短时间内强度的持续加强。这种平均持续时间较短的情况同样存在于强度跨2级的快速加强过程中,不过这种快速加强2级的情况在1949–2017年期间南海地区仅出现过1次。
为进一步分析热带气旋处在不同强度等级下,其发生强度快速加强的概率(南海地区某种强度等级的快速加强总数/1 101个热带气旋总数)与该强度下持续时间有何关系,图2给出了相应的概率分布。可以看出,相对而言,强热带风暴和热带风暴发生快速加强的概率最大,台风发生快速加强的概率次之,各类热带气旋随着持续时间的增加而呈现出典型的单峰型分布,其中强热带风暴最大概率出现在18 h(约0.9%),即当强热带风暴和台风持续发展维持18 h将发生强度快速加强的可能性最大,而若强热带风暴持续时间达24 h后,快速加强的概率将陡降到约0.3%。可见,强热带风暴、热带风暴和台风的快速发展在前24 h最为重要,若在此期间不能发生强度快速加强,则24 h后强度快速加强的可能性更低。
对于强台风而言,其发生快速加强的概率随持续时间的变化呈现双峰型分布特征,在强台风持续12 h、24 h分别都出现了一个峰值,约0.3%。这与强热带风暴和台风有着非常相似的特征,即前24 h是快速加强的最为关键期,其后发生快速加强是一种小概率事件。
热带风暴发生强度快速加强的概率也呈双峰型分布,在热带风暴持续12 h时,快速加强概率为0.65%,持续30 h时,快速加强概率约为0.4%,因而前12 h是热带风暴发生快速加强的最大可能阶段。相比于上述4种强度的热带气旋,热带低压出现快速加强的可能性非常之低,基本不超过0.2%,因而热带低压一般处于缓慢逐步发展的状态。
综上所述,不同强度的热带气旋在其生命史中,发生强度的快速加强是有着不同的关键期。对于出现快速加强频次最多的强热带风暴和台风而言,在其强度形成维持的初始18 h发生快速加强的概率最大;而对于热带风暴,在其初期的12 h内快速加强的可能性相对较大;强台风在12~24 h内发生快速加强的可能性大;热带低压发生快速加强的概率几乎可以忽略。因此,在热带气旋移动发展的过程中,都应重点关注其在每个强度阶段的前24 h。不过,在南海地区,总体上热带气旋发生强度的快速加强仍然是小概率的情况。
根据前述对路径偏转的计算方法,计算得到1949–2017年期间发生在南海地区路径偏转(偏转角Δθ>5°)的次数共有10 352次,其中向左偏转有5 296次,向右偏转共5 056,两种偏转移动的概率几乎相当。
从南海地区热带气旋路径偏转的统计表(表2)可以看到,绝大部分的热带气旋在移动过程中以发生5°~30°的偏转为主,这占到所有热带气旋的73.91%。其中又以在热带气旋西行过程中发生5°~30°的偏转为最常见,占到全部热带气旋总数的48.65%;其次是北行过程中,约占16.65%。移动路径向南的热带气旋,其发生5°~30°的偏转概率最低。
南海地区热带气旋路径发生转向角度超过30°的概率明显偏少。其中,发生偏转角度在30°~60°的占13.70%,偏转角度在60°~90°的概率为3.27%,偏转角超过90°的情况占3.81%,可见,超过60°偏转的情况都是小概率事件(这与戴高菊等[11]的结论是一致的)。在这种大角度偏转过程中,仍然主要出现在西行热带气旋移动过程中,其次是北行时,这主要是由于南海地区的热带气旋主要是受副热带高压外围引导气流为主。
将偏转分为向左和向右时,发现两者的概率几乎相当。这种相当的概率同样出现在偏转角度在30°~60°、60°~90°、≥90°的情况,说明热带气旋在移动过程中,不管转向角度多大,向左或向右的概率各占一半,并没有明显的趋向。
不过,在路径发生偏转过程中,哪些偏转过程属于路径的突变仍然是一个需要讨论的问题,这主要是由于有关热带气旋路径的突变的定义目前尚无统一的标准。以往对路径突变的研究,多以12 h内转角达到一定角度作为突变的主要判断依据,如南海北部的热带气旋若12 h内向左偏转角度≥30°或向右偏转角度≥45°即认为路径突变[23];而董贞花[26]则更加强调12 h平均移动向右偏转角≥45°,或者是偏西行或西北行突然转向偏东行或东北的情况;Wu等[27]对东海地区热带气旋路径突变的定义为转向超过90°。前期的研究关注突变为主,本文按照路径偏转的情况,将分析其转向特征,并根据前述对路径快速转向的定义,分析快速转向的主要特点。
计算结果指出,热带气旋快速转向(即偏转角≥39°)与强度快速加强的特征相比,1949–2017年期间在南海地区发生路径发生快速转向的次数有1 567次(约占15.13%),略高于在南海地区发生的强度快速加强的概率(9.8%)。同时,按照上述对路径快速转向的定义,给出了发生在南海地区不同强度热带气旋发生路径快速转向时的路径分布(图3)。不难看出,热带气旋发生路径快速转向具有以下几个特征:(1)随着热带气旋强度的不断增强,发生路径快速转向的频次迅速减少;热带风暴和强热带风暴在南海中北部各地区出现路径快速转向的情况非常多,随着热带气旋达到台风或以上级别时,路径快速转向的情况明显偏少,且出现的位置逐渐向南海中北部偏东集中,超强台风路径快速转向的情况很少;(2)路径快速转向主要出现在靠近陆地的近海地区(如广东沿海、海南岛、越南东侧、菲律宾群岛西侧),其次是出现在南海中北部偏东地区(东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛附近)。因而,当热带气旋从西北太平洋经过菲律宾群岛、移入南海地区后容易发生路径快速转向,同时,当热带气旋在近海岸地区时,也是容易发生路径快速转向。
热带气旋的强度和路径准确预报一直是热带气旋预报最核心的问题,而热带气旋快速变化又是其准确预报的难点所在。为此,利用中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的1949–2017年共69年的热带气旋最佳路径数据集,统计分析了发生在南海地区的热带气旋强度和路径快速变化特征,结果表明:
(1)途径南海的热带气旋发生强度快速加强的概率为26.98%,但大部分热带气旋的快速加强出现在西太平洋地区中南海以外的地区,发生在南海地区的热带气旋快速加强的概率为9.8%。绝大部分的热带气旋在生命史中的发生快速加强次数不过超过2次,由强热带风暴增强为台风、以及由台风增强为强台风的情况是出现最多的强度快速加强情况。当热带气旋中心气压降低的速度超过−12.0 hPa/(6 h)时,热带气旋发生快速加强为台风或以上的可能性较大,强度越强的热带气旋快速加强前气压下降速度也越快。
(2)除热带低压外,其他强度的热带气旋在前24 h内是其发生快速加强的关键期,但不同强度热带气旋的情况有所不同。对于强热带风暴和台风而言,在其强度形成维持的初始18 h发生快速加强的概率最大;而对于热带风暴,在其初期的12 h内出现快速加强的可能性相对较大;强台风在12~24 h内发生快速加强的可能性相对较大。热带气旋快速加强容易发生在海温偏高的地区,但南海海域海温偏高幅度相对较小,热带气旋发生强度快速加强仍然是小概率事件。
(3)南海地区受副热带高压影响下,路径的偏转主要出现在西行热带气旋移动过程中,其次是北行时,其中又以西行过程中发生5°~30°的偏转为最常见,占到全部热带气旋总数的48.65%。偏转过程中,向左和向右偏转的概率基本相当,没有明显的趋势。根据定义的路径快速转向标准,在全部热带气旋总数中,有15.13%存在路径快速转向,高于强度快速加强。
(4)热带气旋路径快速转向主要出现在海岸带地区和南海中北部偏东海域,随着热带气旋强度的增大,路径快速转向的情况迅速减少,且出现路径快速转向的位置逐渐集中在南海中北部偏东海域。
热带气旋移动过程中出现快速变化对于预报工作提出了巨大的挑战,通过本文的分析,进一步加深了对热带气旋强度、路径的快速变化特征的认识。然而,受最佳路径数据集时间分辨率的限制,还无法进一步分析其快速变化的细致特征,这将是今后利用更高时间分辨率资料开展相关分析的关注重点。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41305029,41775140);广州市科技计划项目(201604020069,201607020043);广东省气象局科研项目(GRMC2017Q12)。
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2019年第41卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.012
  • 接收时间:2018-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-07-30
  • 修回日期:2018-10-31
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41305029,41775140);广州市科技计划项目(201604020069,201607020043);广东省气象局科研项目(GRMC2017Q12)。
作者信息
    1 广州市气象台,广东 广州 511430
    2 中国科学院大学 经济与管理学院,北京 100190
    3 广东省清远市气象局,广东 清远 511515
    4 中国气象局/吉林省人民政府人工影响天气联合开放实验室,吉林 长春 130062
    5 吉林省人工影响天气办公室,吉林 长春 130062
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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