Article(id=1246840128132502258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1536336000000, receivedDateStr=2018-09-08, revisedDate=1543075200000, revisedDateStr=2018-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775199451716, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1569340800000, pubDateStr=2019-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775199451716, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775199451716, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775199451716, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246840121887187126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775199450227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200621889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=181, endPage=190, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246840128581292804, articleId=1246840128132502258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Sea surface oil spill identification method based on SAR polarization ratio and texture feature, columnId=1243867133881466948, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Information Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the characteristics of SAR images on the ocean surface, the texture feature method based on gray level co-occurrence matrix is a common method for extracting oil spill information from the sea surface, but the complex information on the actual ocean surface makes the SAR image produce a dark spot area similar to the oil spill phenomenon. The false alarm rate is obtained when the oil feature information is extracted by the texture feature method, and the extraction precision of the oil spill information is reduced. Based on the RADARSAT-2 SAR quadratic polarization image, this paper proposes a texture feature recognition method based on SAR polarization ratio image to identify and extract the oil film on the sea surface. The results show that the texture feature recognition method based on SAR polarization ratio image can effectively and accurately extract the oil spill information on the sea surface. Compared with the texture feature recognition method of VV polarization image, the false alarm rate in the oil spill monitoring process is reduced by 17.96 %, the overall accuracy of oil spill monitoring reached 96.83%.

, correspAuthors=Tao Xie, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Han Chen, Tao Xie, He Fang, Lei Meng, Li Zhao, Runbing Ai), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246840130967851953, articleId=1246840128132502258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于SAR极化比和纹理特征的海面溢油识别方法, columnId=1243867134770659409, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋信息科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对海洋表面SAR影像的特点,采用基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征方法是提取海面溢油信息的常用方法,但实际海洋表面复杂的信息使得SAR图像上产生类似溢油现象的暗斑区域,这导致在利用纹理特征方法提取溢油信息时存在虚警率,降低了溢油信息的提取精度。基于RADARSAT-2 SAR四极化影像,本文提出基于SAR极化比影像的纹理特征识别方法对海面油膜进行识别提取。结果显示,基于SAR极化比影像的纹理特征识别方法可以有效且准确地提取海面溢油信息,相比于VV极化影像的纹理特征识别方法,溢油监测过程中的虚警率降低了17.96%,溢油监测总体精度达到96.83%。

, correspAuthors=谢涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*谢涛(1973—),男,湖南省张家界市人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事海洋微波遥感、极地卫星遥感等研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1N7QzVm6HJcdMeB4oha7ew==, magXml=xmUmXJNhQlLmOpJ873yF3A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FXElhhq7fPNAcBOtdNdGSA==, pdfFileSize=9894857, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=YW4LoLS9yeGZtV0MaQSXog==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=xh6y9J5W2MkW1MOsSDex3Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈韩(1995—),男,江苏省南通市人,主要从事海洋环境遥感研究。E-mail:

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陈韩(1995—),男,江苏省南通市人,主要从事海洋环境遥感研究。E-mail:

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陈韩(1995—),男,江苏省南通市人,主要从事海洋环境遥感研究。E-mail:

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Dalian: Dalian Maritime University, 2009., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506267590975954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(41776181);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1401007);全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划项目(2015CB953901);江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX18_1012)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506243461144813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506243515670766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, companyId=1254506243461144813, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Marine Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506243532447984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, companyId=1254506243461144813, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506243788300533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506243805077750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, companyId=1254506243788300533, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506243817660663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, companyId=1254506243788300533, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506243935101178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506243964461307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, companyId=1254506243935101178, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506243977044220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, companyId=1254506243935101178, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 南京信息工程大学 遥感与测绘工程学院,江苏 南京 210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506244199342338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506244207730947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, companyId=1254506244199342338, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 Beijing City 5111 Mailbox, Beijing 100094, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506244262256900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, companyId=1254506244199342338, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 北京市511信箱,北京 100094)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506257960853896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Gulf of Mexico oil spill SAR images

a. HH polarization, b. VV polarization; imaging time is 12:25 on May 8, 2010

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a.HH极化,b.VV极化;成像时间为2010年5月8日12时25分

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a. HH polarization, b. VV polarization; imaging time is 12:01 on May 8, 2010

, figureFileSmall=iTuoIJ/2zG6pMle/PsiLhg==, figureFileBig=4iKdTwytJxplRRWEe3lJEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506258854240664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, language=CN, label=图2, caption=墨西哥湾溢油SAR图像

a.HH极化,b.VV极化;成像时间为2010年5月8日12时01分

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a.SAR data imaging at 12:25 on May 8, 2010; b.SAR data imaging at 12:01 on May 8, 2010

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a.原始数据成像时间2010年5月8日12时25分;b.原始数据成像时间2010年5月8日12时01分

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a. Energy texture image of the VV polarization image; b. energy texture image of the PR image; c. homomorphic texture image of the VV polarization image; d. homogeneity texture image of the PR image; the original data imaging time is 12:25 on May 8, 2010

, figureFileSmall=O5HteG172bHWZUcH/f2+PQ==, figureFileBig=pC9jU3TqEASplextenpiTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506261815419310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, language=CN, label=图5, caption=墨西哥湾油识别结果对比

a.VV极化图像的能量特征向量图; b.PR图像的能量特征向量图; c.VV极化图像的同质性特征向量图; d.PR图像的同质性特征向量图;原始数 据成像时间为2010年5月8日12时25分

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a. Energy texture image of the VV polarization image; b. energy texture image of the PR image; c. homomorphic texture image of the VV polarization image; d. homogeneity texture image of the PR image; the original data imaging time is 12:01 on May 8, 2010

, figureFileSmall=qwPN/znfz9pft4+Y3gbpdA==, figureFileBig=07TSl9vVT4sT3gPySAvzrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506262239044020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, language=CN, label=图6, caption=墨西哥湾油识别结果对比

a.VV极化图像的能量特征向量图; b.PR图像的能量特征向量图; c.VV极化图像的同质性特征向量图; d.PR图像的同质性特征向量图; 原始数 据成像时间为2010年5月8日12时01分

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The white solid line represents a transect used in Fig. 8, SAR data imaging at 12:25 on May 8, 2010

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白色实线表示图8中使用的样带,原始数据成像时间2010年5月 8日12时25分

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a. Original data imaging at 12:25 on May 8, 2010; b. original data imaging at 12:01 on May 8, 2010

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a.原始数据成像时间2010年5月8日12时25分; b.原始数据成像时间2010年5月8日12时01分

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RADARSAT-2 satellite and sensor parameters

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轨道 轨道高度/km 重量/kg 倾角/(°) 运行周期/min 重访周期/d
太阳同步轨道(晨昏) 798 2 750 98.6 100.7 24
每天轨道数 卫星过境当地时间 极化方式 光束入射角度/(°) 分辨率/m 幅宽/km
14 约早6点,晚6点 HH、VV、HV、VH 18~50 3~100 20~500
), ArticleFig(id=1254506264290058696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RADARSAT-2卫星和传感器参数

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轨道 轨道高度/km 重量/kg 倾角/(°) 运行周期/min 重访周期/d
太阳同步轨道(晨昏) 798 2 750 98.6 100.7 24
每天轨道数 卫星过境当地时间 极化方式 光束入射角度/(°) 分辨率/m 幅宽/km
14 约早6点,晚6点 HH、VV、HV、VH 18~50 3~100 20~500
), ArticleFig(id=1254506265980363211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Common texture feature formulas and characteristics

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纹理特征 公式 特性
相关度 $\begin{array}{l} COR = \displaystyle\mathop \sum \limits_i \mathop \sum \limits_j \frac{{\left( {i - \mu } \right)\left( {j - \mu } \right)}}{{{\sigma ^2}}}p\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right) \end{array}$ 相关度反映图像局部灰度相关性
对比度 $CON = \displaystyle\mathop \sum \limits_i \mathop \sum \limits_j {\left( {i - j} \right)^2}p{\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)^2}$ 对比度反映图像的清晰度和纹理的沟纹深浅
同质性 $HOM = \displaystyle\mathop \sum \limits_i \mathop \sum \limits_j \frac{1}{{1 + {{\left( {i - j} \right)}^2}}}p\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)$ 同质性反映图像的均匀程度
能量 $ASM = \displaystyle\mathop \sum \limits_i \mathop \sum \limits_j p{\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)^2}$ 能量反映图像灰度分布的均匀程度和纹理粗细程度
), ArticleFig(id=1254506266202661324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840128132502258, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常用纹理特征公式及特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纹理特征 公式 特性
相关度 $\begin{array}{l} COR = \displaystyle\mathop \sum \limits_i \mathop \sum \limits_j \frac{{\left( {i - \mu } \right)\left( {j - \mu } \right)}}{{{\sigma ^2}}}p\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right) \end{array}$ 相关度反映图像局部灰度相关性
对比度 $CON = \displaystyle\mathop \sum \limits_i \mathop \sum \limits_j {\left( {i - j} \right)^2}p{\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)^2}$ 对比度反映图像的清晰度和纹理的沟纹深浅
同质性 $HOM = \displaystyle\mathop \sum \limits_i \mathop \sum \limits_j \frac{1}{{1 + {{\left( {i - j} \right)}^2}}}p\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)$ 同质性反映图像的均匀程度
能量 $ASM = \displaystyle\mathop \sum \limits_i \mathop \sum \limits_j p{\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)^2}$ 能量反映图像灰度分布的均匀程度和纹理粗细程度
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基于SAR极化比和纹理特征的海面溢油识别方法
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陈韩 1 , 谢涛 2, 3, * , 方贺 1 , 孟雷 4 , 赵立 1 , 艾润冰 1
海洋学报 | 海洋信息科学 2019,41(9): 181-190
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海洋学报 | 海洋信息科学 2019, 41(9): 181-190
基于SAR极化比和纹理特征的海面溢油识别方法
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陈韩1 , 谢涛2, 3, * , 方贺1, 孟雷4, 赵立1, 艾润冰1
作者信息
  • 1 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3 南京信息工程大学 遥感与测绘工程学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 4 北京市511信箱,北京 100094
  • 陈韩(1995—),男,江苏省南通市人,主要从事海洋环境遥感研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*谢涛(1973—),男,湖南省张家界市人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事海洋微波遥感、极地卫星遥感等研究。E-mail:
Sea surface oil spill identification method based on SAR polarization ratio and texture feature
Han Chen1 , Tao Xie2, 3, * , He Fang1, Lei Meng4, Li Zhao1, Runbing Ai1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Marine Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3 School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 4 Beijing City 5111 Mailbox, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2019-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.017
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针对海洋表面SAR影像的特点,采用基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征方法是提取海面溢油信息的常用方法,但实际海洋表面复杂的信息使得SAR图像上产生类似溢油现象的暗斑区域,这导致在利用纹理特征方法提取溢油信息时存在虚警率,降低了溢油信息的提取精度。基于RADARSAT-2 SAR四极化影像,本文提出基于SAR极化比影像的纹理特征识别方法对海面油膜进行识别提取。结果显示,基于SAR极化比影像的纹理特征识别方法可以有效且准确地提取海面溢油信息,相比于VV极化影像的纹理特征识别方法,溢油监测过程中的虚警率降低了17.96%,溢油监测总体精度达到96.83%。

合成孔径雷达  /  溢油识别  /  极化比  /  纹理特征

Aiming at the characteristics of SAR images on the ocean surface, the texture feature method based on gray level co-occurrence matrix is a common method for extracting oil spill information from the sea surface, but the complex information on the actual ocean surface makes the SAR image produce a dark spot area similar to the oil spill phenomenon. The false alarm rate is obtained when the oil feature information is extracted by the texture feature method, and the extraction precision of the oil spill information is reduced. Based on the RADARSAT-2 SAR quadratic polarization image, this paper proposes a texture feature recognition method based on SAR polarization ratio image to identify and extract the oil film on the sea surface. The results show that the texture feature recognition method based on SAR polarization ratio image can effectively and accurately extract the oil spill information on the sea surface. Compared with the texture feature recognition method of VV polarization image, the false alarm rate in the oil spill monitoring process is reduced by 17.96 %, the overall accuracy of oil spill monitoring reached 96.83%.

synthetic aperture radar  /  oil spill identification  /  polarization ratio  /  texture feature
陈韩, 谢涛, 方贺, 孟雷, 赵立, 艾润冰. 基于SAR极化比和纹理特征的海面溢油识别方法. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (9) : 181 -190 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.017
Han Chen, Tao Xie, He Fang, Lei Meng, Li Zhao, Runbing Ai. Sea surface oil spill identification method based on SAR polarization ratio and texture feature[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (9) : 181 -190 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.017
海路石油运输是我国石油进口的一个重要路径,对石油需求的日益增长,使沿海和港口油轮密度加大,油轮尤其是超大油轮在我国海域频繁出现,使得原本已十分繁忙的通航环境更加复杂,导致船舶溢油污染的风险增加。例如,2018年1月6日20时,巴拿马籍油船“桑吉”号与香港籍散货船“长峰水晶”号在长江口以东约160海里发生碰撞。事故造成油船“桑吉”号全船失火,船员失联。此外,该事故导致大量难以挥发的重油和轻型凝析油发生泄漏,溢入东海,溢油总面积约332 km2,对我国海洋环境造成巨大危害[1]。因此,当溢油事故发生后,及时发现溢油所在位置并准确地监测溢油的污染范围,对海洋生态环境保护具有重要意义。
随着卫星雷达技术的日益发展,大范围、快速的遥感监测溢油成为可能,利用卫星影像对海洋溢油进行监测、识别和分类的技术逐渐成为研究重点。其中,合成孔径雷达(SAR)由于能够实现全天时、全天候的对地监测及不受光线和大气条件限制的成像功能,被认为是世界上可能的、效率最高的海表面污染物监测遥感手段,可对海面油膜进行全天候、大范围的成像监测[2-3]
SAR通过向海面发射电磁波并接收后向散射(Back Scattering,BS)信号对海面成像,由于BS信号对海面粗糙度极为敏感[4],海面上的油膜对海面毛细波和短重力波的阻尼作用使得其在SAR图像上呈现出低散射区[5-6]。当发生海上溢油时,在一定的海况条件下(风速3~12 m/s),油膜覆盖海水会阻尼原本纯净海面的毛细波降低海水表面的粗糙度,与无油膜覆盖区的海水后向散射相比,海面存在溢油区域的后向散射相对弱一些,在SAR影像上呈现出暗斑现象,与周边纯净海水呈现的明亮区形成鲜明对比[7]。由此可见,SAR可以用于海洋溢油监测,且在理论上存在对SAR油膜进行分类的可能。
到目前为止,利用SAR对海洋溢油监测的研究主要集中在4个方面:(1)基于人工神经网络(Artifical Neural Network,ANN)的机器训练所获取的溢油区域SAR图像极化特征的学习经验,进行海面溢油识别[8-10];(2)采用共极化相位差因子,可以区别比较溢油和生物薄膜的雷达回波特征,从而达到溢油自动监测的目的[11];(3)源于陆地遥感分类一致性分析方法的启发,利用全极化SAR图像计算一致性系数并以此进行海面溢油监测[12];(4)利用极化SAR图像分离参数,计算平均α角和熵,用于估计溢油海域面积[13-14]。尽管学者们在海面溢油算法领域取得了很大的进展,但现有的技术理论基础,主要是基于简单的Bragg散射模型进行油膜的识别。然而,该模型存在一定的局限性,其无法完全的反映空气–油膜–海水分层介质的后向电磁散射特征。比如,除海洋溢油外,还有很多因素致使SAR图像显示“暗”的特性,如低风速区、降水区、海冰区、生物油膜、海洋内波、河口冲击区等。其中,由于低风速区域因其出现频率高、“暗”特征面积大,利用现有溢油识别算法还不能有效地自动识别海面溢油区域和海面低风速低后向散射区域。Xie等[15]研究了海面表面薄膜介质,提出可以利用空气–油膜–海水分层介质的后向电磁场散射模型,进行海面溢油极化比电磁散射特征研究,从而对疑似溢油区域进行有效地排除。
针对SAR单极化影像提取溢油信息存在虚警误判的问题[16-17],本文提出基于SAR极化比影像和灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征分析方法来提取溢油信息,并对提取结果进行分析讨论。
本文选取的2景海洋溢油影像为加拿大RADARSAT-2合成孔径雷达卫星提供的精细四极化(Quad Fine)数据,其极化方式包括VV、VH、HV和HH极化,RADARSAT-2精细四极化影像数据采用单视复型处理(Single-Look Complex,SLC)模式,该模式最大程度的保留了SAR相位信息,卫星轨道参数及传感器参数如表1所示。本文所用图像尺度为25 km×25 km,空间分辨率为5 m×5 m,入射角范围为41.94°~43.30°。中心点位置分别为(26°47′31″N,92°1′20″W)和(26°37′2″N,92°3′29″W)。此外,由于四极化模式相比于其他成像模式处于较低的噪声平台,使得该模式下获取的SAR影像具有更好的信噪比,更有利于准确地获取海表面环境参数。
为了使选取的SAR影像满足海洋溢油检测的需求,需要对原始SAR数据进行辐射定标,即将影像灰度值转化为以dB为单位的归一化雷达后向散射系数σ 0(Normalized Radar Cross Section,NRCS),从而建立起影像强度与目标的定量关系。本文采用的定标方法来自加拿大航空局数据处理中心的RADARAT-2用户手册,其辐射定标公式见文献[18]。本文选取的海洋溢油SAR影像来自2010年5月8日墨西哥溢油海域,图1图2为SAR影像经过辐射定标后的NRCS分布。在图1 SAR图像以北100 km处有浮标42047(坐标为27°53′48″N,93°35′50″W),在SAR成像时,浮标测得的风速为6.5 m/s,在最佳风速范围之内。
SAR是主动成像的雷达系统,地物的雷达后向散射系数与图像上的灰度特征强相关,单一的凭借灰度特征和几何特征无法有效地进行图像分类。因此,还需要借助非光谱特征(如纹理特征)来提高图像分类的精度。SAR图像虽然包含着丰富的地物纹理信息,但因为不具有周期重复和局部纹理不规则特点,使得SAR影像的纹理特征只限于统计学的意义。Haralick等[19]提出的灰度共生矩阵(The Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix,GLCM)很好地阐述了图像的灰度值关于方向确定,步长选择与相邻间距选择上的空间相关特性,其可以简单的理解为:在图像中相隔某段距离的两个像素存在一定的灰度关系进而统计出这样两个像元的联合分布规律。目前,该统计方法在广泛应用于阐述纹理的随机性与细节性特征,对各种图像分类应用具有普遍适用性。邹亚荣等[20-21]采用GLCM方法对南海溢油SAR图像进行纹理分析,结果表明均值、变化等特征对溢油纹理有很好的表现,后面结合纹理特征与SVM方法对礁岛信息进行提取分析,为岛礁的遥感监测和后期的合理利用提供科学依据。
令1景SAR图像的尺度为A×B,则GLCM即为在相隔距离d且方向为θ的一对灰度值为ij的像元出现的概率,其表达式为
${p_{ij}} = \frac{{p\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)}}{{\displaystyle\mathop \sum \limits_i \mathop \sum \limits_j p\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)}},$
式中,d为步长;θ为方向,θ的取值为0°、45°、90°、135°;当dθ为定值时, $ {{p\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)} } $ 表示一对像元灰度值分别为ij的出现的次数, $\displaystyle\sum\limits_i {\sum\limits_j }p( {i,j,} $ ${{d,\theta } )} $ 表示所有像元灰度值对数的个数。对于不同的SAR图像,最佳的纹理特征计算方法与dθ的设置有所不同。图像中相近的灰度值越接近越可能是同一种物质,因此灰度共生矩阵可以很好地表现出图像的纹理规律。基于这一理论,Haralick等[19]从灰度共生矩阵提出了描述纹理特征的14个统计量,这些统计量可以很好地用于纹理分析。为简便起见,一般采用相关度、对比度、同质性、能量的特征来获取SAR影像的纹理特征(表2),这4种特征可以很好地反映遥感图像的纹理。
表2中,μσ分别为图像灰度的均值和标准差,其表达式如下
$\mu = \sum\limits_i {\sum\limits_j {ip\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)} } ,$
${\sigma ^2} = \sum\limits_i {\sum\limits_j {{{\left( {i - \mu } \right)}^2}p\left( {i,j,d,\theta } \right)} } .$
在实际提取图像纹理特征的过程中,需要先对影像进行直方图均衡化处理,扩大影像灰度值的动态范围,从而增强影像的整体对比效果,达到图像增强的目的。再对0~255灰度级的图像进行压缩,以便减小灰度共生矩阵的尺寸,加快运行处理速度,参考文献[22],本文将灰度压缩至16级。
当海面处于低风速状态时,雷达回波散射信号小,因此在SAR图像上显示为“暗”区域。研究表明,低风速下,单分子表面薄膜覆盖水面的测量极化比(Polarization Ratio,PR)要比利用简单的Bragg散射模型计算出来的极化比大。Gade等[23]提出并利用三尺度模型(短Bragg波、长波以及中等波长波耦合海浪)来解释这个现象。基于这一理论,可以利用PR对海面油膜和低风速区进行识别,PR的一般表达式为
${\rm{PR}} = \frac{{{{\sigma }}_{{\rm{VV}}}^0}}{{{{\sigma }}_{{\rm{HH}}}^0}}.$
式中, ${{\sigma }}_{{\rm{VV}}}^0$ ${{\sigma }}_{{\rm{HH}}}^0$ 分别表示VV和HH极化的NRCS值。
为了提高油水的反差,取对数如下
${\rm{PR}} = 10 \times {\log _{10}}\left( {{\rm{PR}}} \right).$
图3a为2010年5月8日12时25分获取的墨西哥湾RADARSAT-2全极化PR分布,图3b为2010年5月8日12时01分获取的墨西哥湾RADARSAT-2全极化PR分布。从两幅极化比图像上可以看出,相比于VV极化图像,海水与油的反差更大,且一些干扰因素大大降低,这有利于后期使用灰度共生矩阵进行溢油区域的纹理特征提取。
本文选取2幅RADARSAT-2全极化SAR影像,分别基于VV极化影像和PR影像利用纹理特征识别方法对海面溢油区域进行识别提取,探究两种情况下识别溢油信息产生的虚警率大小及其精度差异,其流程如图4所示。
在利用灰度共生矩阵进行SAR溢油识别时,选择一个合适的纹理特征的分类效果是否明显取决于纹理特征的选择。最大程度使得纹理特征图上不同地物的灰度值差异,进而可以很好地区分不同的地物。从4个纹理特征的定义、本文SAR数据处理方法与前人研究结果上看,本文数据采用重采样的处理方法改变其清晰度故不采用对比度,相关性是衡量共生矩阵在行或者列上的相似程度同样也不适用于本文对溢油纹理特征的描述,故采用能量与同质性特征进行油膜信息的提取。
SAR影像在计算灰度共生矩阵时,方向θ的取值共有4种情况,会生成4个方向(分别为0°、45°、90°、135°)的共生矩阵,为了获得SAR图像在各个方向的纹理特征,本文选取这4个方向灰度共生矩阵的平均值作为局部图像中心像元位置的特征值[24],且选择步长d=1[25],即用两个直接相邻的像元做运算。为了使纹理特征图可以较为清晰地显示细节部分,故采用3×3的窗口来遍历整个SAR图像,计算窗口内对应的灰度共生矩阵,再基于此计算纹理特征值,得到与原SAR图像尺寸相同的纹理特征图,效果如图5图6所示。
为了区分溢油和洁净海面,本文选取能量和同质性两种参数,利用基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理分析方法提取溢油信息,此分析方法可以描绘出SAR图像中油膜的结构特征及空间分布。其原理可以解释为:在能量值和同质性值较高区域,海水表面毛细重力波受到浮油的强烈阻尼作用,致使溢油覆盖区域的后向散射以非布拉格散射为主,随着油膜厚度的增加,会导致海面上的布拉格散射减小,从而能量值和同质性值也就更高(最高为1)。
在两景SAR溢油数据的识别检测过程中,一组是仅基于VV NRCS单极化影像的识别结果,另一组则是应用极化比影像的识别结果。结果表明,能量和同质性这两个纹理参数对溢油的表现均比较明显。其中,能量对浮油表现明显情况下,PR值在–0.22~0.24之间,而在同质性对浮油表现明显情况下,PR值为–0.65~0.24,因此可以认为同质性对浮油识别的表现能力强于能量。就纹理特征的特性而言,能量反映的是SAR图像上纹理的粗细,对于溢油区域呈现为细长型的暗斑区的提取存在些许欠缺,但在提取面积较大的溢油区域的方面上存在明显的优势。由于本文采用的SAR图像中的溢油形状以细长型为主,故而本文数据结果分析更多的以采用同质性为主。从最终实验结果图上可以看出,在油和水的分界处,基于VV NRCS单极化影像的同质性特征向量图明显存在扩大实际溢油区域的缺陷,而基于PR影像的同质性特征向量图则与实际溢油区域较为接近。图8图7中所示的横断线在图5d中取阈值0.6得到的折线图,图9是选用阈值0.6对基于PR影像得到同质性向量图绘制的溢油结果,且两组SAR图像中浮油覆盖范围分别为14.35 km2和5.24 km2
在本文数据中,以图7中白色矩形框对应的区域及周围区域为例,当VV极化的NRCS ${\rm{\sigma }}_{{\rm{VV}}}^0$ 处于–26.2~–22.0 dB之间(为海水)或处于–34.0~–31.0 dB之间(为浮油)时,纹理特征对这两段的NRCS表现均明显,所以基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理分析方法可以很好地分离溢油和海水;而当 ${\rm{\sigma }}_{{\rm{VV}}}^0$ 处于–31.0~–26.2 dB之间时,纹理参数对其表现并不是很明显,从而导致基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理分析方法会将这部分后向散射系数对应的区域误判为溢油区域,可以看出仅仅基于单极化VV图像的强度信息的纹理特征分析方法在检测浮油信息方面能力有限,会受到大气和海洋的复杂环境影响,易产生较大的虚警率,所以本文提出采用基于SAR极化比影像的纹理特征分析方法。
图7中白色矩形框对应的区域同样可以体现出本文方法在解决溢油识别虚警率问题上的优越性。 $\sigma _{\rm {VV}}^0$ 处于–31.0~–26.2 dB之间,采用纹理特征分析法易产生虚警,此处的PR处于–0.6~–0.4之间,纹理参数同质性对这一范围的极化比有着较好的表现力。通过分别对比图5a图5b图5c图5d,可看出基于VV单极化图像,采用灰度共生矩阵纹理提取方法时,得到的同质性特征向量图将薄油膜与海水的混合区域都识别为溢油,而利用PR图像信息得到的同质性特征向量图则较好的将薄油膜与海水区分开。在本文实验结果中,对图6c图6d进行虚警像素比较可发现,基于PR影像的纹理分析方法相比于VV单极化影像的纹理分析方法虚警像素减少4 329个,虚警率降低了17.96%,同时利用混淆矩阵计算得到本文识别检测方法的精度为96.83%。因此,本文提出的方法在减少溢油虚警率及提高溢油检测精度方面有着明显的优势。
利用合成孔径雷达对海洋表面大范围溢油区域的监测是海洋遥感的研究热点,但只限于利用VV单极化信息提取溢油信息是远远不够准确的。近些年,大量学者研究了极化比(包括同极化比和交叉极化)与海洋溢油信息的关系,针对基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征提取方法存在虚警误判的问题,提出利用基于极化比图像的溢油纹理特征识别方法。本文选取两幅RADARSAT-2全极化SAR影像,通过计算其PR图像,利用基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征提取方法分别对VV单极化影像和PR影像进行溢油信息提取。在基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征识别溢油过程中,需要根据自身数据特点和图像纹理特征选择合适的纹理特征,选择合适的窗口、步长、方向这些参数,是影响SAR溢油信息提取的较为关键性的因素。因此,本文提出的利用PR影像得到的同质性特征向量图方法可区分出油层和干净的海面,在纯净海水区域,同质性值小于0.6,而在油覆盖区域内,同质性值大于0.6。因此,基于极化比影像和纹理特征的海面溢油识别方法,可以用来较好区分浮油和周围海水。
本文所用两组2010年墨西哥湾溢油数据得到的结果表明:基于极化比图像的纹理特征方法识别溢油信息可以很好地实现对溢油区域的监测,减少监测过程中因为类溢油现象产生的误判问题,使得溢油识别过程中的虚警率降低了17.96%,浮油总体检测精度达到96.83%。
然而,无论是基于VV单极化图像还是极化比图像,得到的溢油信息只是和雷达后向散射系数相关,想要更准确地获取溢油信息需要对溢油覆盖海面的物理机制进行分析,还需要依赖大量的光学遥感数据和现场实测数据的支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41776181);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1401007);全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划项目(2015CB953901);江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX18_1012)。
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2019年第41卷第9期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.017
  • 接收时间:2018-09-08
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-09-25
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2018-09-08
  • 修回日期:2018-11-25
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41776181);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1401007);全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划项目(2015CB953901);江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX18_1012)。
作者信息
    1 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3 南京信息工程大学 遥感与测绘工程学院,江苏 南京 210044
    4 北京市511信箱,北京 100094

通讯作者:

*谢涛(1973—),男,湖南省张家界市人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事海洋微波遥感、极地卫星遥感等研究。E-mail:
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