Article(id=1246840126614164149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1548864000000, receivedDateStr=2019-01-31, revisedDate=1558195200000, revisedDateStr=2019-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775199451354, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1569340800000, pubDateStr=2019-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775199451354, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775199451354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775199451354, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246840121887187126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775199450227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200621889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=94, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246840126974874305, articleId=1246840126614164149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Temporal and spatial properties of short-life oceanic eddies, columnId=1243867131083862618, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Physical Oceanography, Marine Meteorology and Marine Physics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mesoscale eddies are widely distributed in the ocean and play a significant role in the mixing and transporting of momentum and nutrients. Statistics suggest that more than 80% eddies’ lifetime are less than 1 month, belonging to the defined “short-life eddies” in this paper. This design adopt statistics and comparison, commit to having a earlier reasearch of global scale, short-life eddies. Results show that short-life eddies have a close correlation with ocean current. The most productive places for short-life eddies are those where warm and cold currents or two currents with opposite directions meet, and except in tropical areas of 30°S–30°N, the short-life eddies in other areas have a slight preference for cyclonic. Seasons with low temperature are favorable for short-life eddies in low latitudes, while seasons with high temperature are favorable in high latitudes. Short-life eddies tend to propagate westward in most of areas, however, they notable propagate eastward in eastward currents areas. Meridional deflection is quite messy, but with a tiny preference for equatorward and poleward deflections of cyclones and anticyclones, respectively. The distribution of average displacement and propagation velocity have similar regulation.

, correspAuthors=Lin Peng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming Xu, Ge Chen, Lin Peng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246840129424347946, articleId=1246840126614164149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=短生命周期海洋涡旋的时空分布特征, columnId=1243867132501540921, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中尺度涡旋在海洋中分布广泛,是海洋动力、营养物质等混合和输运的重要途径。统计发现海洋中超过80%的涡旋生命周期不超过1个月,属于本文定义的短生命周期涡旋。本研究采用统计、对比等方法,对全球尺度,较短生命周期涡旋的时空分布特征进行了分析。研究表明,短生命周期涡旋与大洋中环流系统密切相关,其最易发生在暖流和寒流的交汇处以及运动方向相反的两种环流的交汇处,且在除30°S~30°N的热带地区外均表现为气旋式略多于反气旋式。低纬地区,短生命周期涡旋在每年的冷季数量较多,而高纬地区与之相反。除存在大规模东向环流的海域,短生命周期涡旋一般向西迁移,同时气旋式涡旋略倾向于赤道偏转,反气旋式略倾向于极地偏转。短生命周期涡旋的平均位移和平均迁移速率呈相似的赤道对称分布规律。

, correspAuthors=彭琳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*彭琳,博士生,主要从事海洋大数据挖掘相关研究。E-mail:
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徐茗(1996—),女,四川省广元市人,从事海洋遥感及海洋地理信息系统相关研究。E-mail:

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徐茗(1996—),女,四川省广元市人,从事海洋遥感及海洋地理信息系统相关研究。E-mail:

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Science Advances, 2016, 2(5): e1600282., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506258652922563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401008);青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室鳌山科技创新计划项目(2018ASKJ01);国家自然科学基金(41527901)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506239929549281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506239958909411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, companyId=1254506239929549281, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506239984075236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, companyId=1254506239929549281, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国海洋大学 信息科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506240197984746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506240206373355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, companyId=1254506240197984746, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506240256705004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, companyId=1254506240197984746, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506249358344782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Numbers of short-life eddies

Blue solid line for numbers of cyclones, red solid line for numbers of anticyclones, blue dotted line for average number of cyclones from 1993 to 2015, red dotted line for average number of anticyclones from 1993 to 2015

, figureFileSmall=Ik8xal0hHNfTMcTyfLdiHA==, figureFileBig=r7MTUWtQXfSghgd224Nwag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506249551282771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=图1, caption=短生命周期涡旋数量

蓝色实线代表气旋式涡旋数量,红色实线代表反气旋式涡旋数量,蓝色虚线代表1993–2015年气旋式涡旋平均数量,红色虚线代表 1993–2015年反气旋式涡旋平均数量

, figureFileSmall=Ik8xal0hHNfTMcTyfLdiHA==, figureFileBig=r7MTUWtQXfSghgd224Nwag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506249953935959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Short-life eddy numbers of different months or latitudes

Blue line for numbers of cyclones, red line for numbers of anticyclones. Eddy numbers counted by when and where it generated

, figureFileSmall=8ZHfZiEiBE7dND/BK2efwg==, figureFileBig=h9Tgubv8fBqnW0QZu7uI6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506250348200540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同纬度带海域逐月产生短生命周期涡旋数量

蓝线代表气旋式涡旋数量,红线代表反气旋式涡旋数量。以涡旋产生时间、产生地点计数各个月份、各纬度带涡旋数量

, figureFileSmall=8ZHfZiEiBE7dND/BK2efwg==, figureFileBig=h9Tgubv8fBqnW0QZu7uI6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506250578887265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Generated distribution of eddies

a–d represent short-life cyclones, short-life anticyclones, long-life cyclones, and long-life anticyclones generated distribution, respectively. Using 5°×5° grid, color bar represents the percentage of eddies in each grid to total number

, figureFileSmall=Tbrr8y5AaWONyN32nDsNdg==, figureFileBig=DYZO8Ic8m7K/7ajdGa8vEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506252583764582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=图3, caption=涡旋全球发生地分布

a–d分别表示短生命周期气旋式、短生命周期反气旋式、长生命周期气旋式、长生命周期反气旋式涡旋发生地分布。采用5°×5°经纬度格网, 颜色柱代表每个格网中产生的涡旋数量占全球产生的涡旋总数百分比

, figureFileSmall=Tbrr8y5AaWONyN32nDsNdg==, figureFileBig=DYZO8Ic8m7K/7ajdGa8vEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506252797674090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Dissipated distribution of eddies

a–d represent short-life cyclones, short-life anticyclones, long-life cyclones, and long-life anticyclones dissipated distribution, respectively. Using 5°×5° grid, color bar represents the percentage of eddies in each grid to total number

, figureFileSmall=N/b5tLMeIKESJzAdMB7wcQ==, figureFileBig=rCXu3TVYMoYV7UwDWfducg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506253091275377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=图4, caption=涡旋全球消散地分布

a–d分别表示短生命周期气旋式、短生命周期反气旋式、长生命周期气旋式、长生命周期反气旋式涡旋消散地分布。采用5°×5°经纬度格网, 颜色柱代表每个格网中消散的涡旋数量占全球消散的涡旋总数百分比

, figureFileSmall=N/b5tLMeIKESJzAdMB7wcQ==, figureFileBig=rCXu3TVYMoYV7UwDWfducg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506253376488051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Zonal propagation of eddies

Each blue or red dot represents the generated place for eddies of westward or eastward propagation, respectively. a–d represent short-life cyclones, short-life anticyclones, long-life cyclones, and long-life anticyclones zonal propagation, respectively

, figureFileSmall=k7HfJuhYDC65j+LLPP0Ivw==, figureFileBig=kIIElY1SMgJ8Bz0D1ULLVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506253678477943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=图5, caption=涡旋纬向迁移

每个蓝、红点分别代表1条向西、向东迁移涡旋的发生地。a–d分别表示短生命周期气旋式、短生命周期反气旋式、长生命周期气旋式、长生 命周期反气旋式涡旋纬向迁移

, figureFileSmall=k7HfJuhYDC65j+LLPP0Ivw==, figureFileBig=kIIElY1SMgJ8Bz0D1ULLVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506253896581754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Meridional propagation of eddies

Each blue or red dot represents the generated place for eddies of poleward or equatorward propagation, respectively. a–d represent short-life cyclones, short-life anticyclones, long-life cyclones, and long-life anticyclones meridional propagation, respectively

, figureFileSmall=ydMfbLjSKiQ6uba50lXywg==, figureFileBig=c7+xM15prS82iET9UIFCsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506254181794431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=图6, caption=涡旋经向偏转

每个蓝、红点分别代表1条向极地、赤道偏转涡旋的发生地。a–d分别表示短生命周期气旋式、短生命周期反气旋式、长生命周期气旋式、长 生命周期反气旋式涡旋经向偏转

, figureFileSmall=ydMfbLjSKiQ6uba50lXywg==, figureFileBig=c7+xM15prS82iET9UIFCsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506254517338754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Eddy displacement

a–d represent short-life cyclones, short-life anticyclones, long-life cyclones, and long-life anticyclones generated displacement, respectively. Using 5°×5° grid, color bar represents the average displacement of each grid, eddy number in each grid is counted by its generation place

, figureFileSmall=lf1t4zpY59mQS1E2fJME9A==, figureFileBig=enExgd2PvW8u9GJyANOg7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506254844494472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=图7, caption=涡旋位移

a–d分别表示短生命周期气旋式、短生命周期反气旋式、长生命周期气旋式、长生命周期反气旋式涡旋位移量。采用5°×5°经纬度格网,颜色柱代表格网 中单个所有涡旋的平均位移量,以涡旋发生地计数单个格网中涡旋数量

, figureFileSmall=lf1t4zpY59mQS1E2fJME9A==, figureFileBig=enExgd2PvW8u9GJyANOg7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506254987100814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Eddy velocity

a–d represent short-life cyclones, short-life anticyclones, long-life cyclones, and long-life anticyclones velocity, respectively. Using 5°×5° grid, color bar represents the average velocity of each grid, eddy number in each grid is counted by its generation place

, figureFileSmall=XpdjW17lMve+AKgufNYOEw==, figureFileBig=hCivmug6RlQWfJPsw3VHKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506255062598289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=图8, caption=涡旋迁移速率

a–d分别表示短生命周期气旋式、短生命周期反气旋式、长生命周期气旋式、长生命周期反气旋式涡旋速率。采用5°×5°经纬度格网,颜色柱 代表单个格网中所有涡旋的平均迁移速率,以涡旋发生地计数单个格网中涡旋数量

, figureFileSmall=XpdjW17lMve+AKgufNYOEw==, figureFileBig=hCivmug6RlQWfJPsw3VHKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506255154872980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Eddy numbers of different lifetime

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
涡旋极性 短生命周期 (0~30 d)数量/个 长生命周期 (>180 d)数量/个 总量/个
气旋式 1 554 661 22 222 1 924 032
反气旋式 1 535 103 22 083 1 888 986
), ArticleFig(id=1254506255251341974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同生命周期涡旋数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
涡旋极性 短生命周期 (0~30 d)数量/个 长生命周期 (>180 d)数量/个 总量/个
气旋式 1 554 661 22 222 1 924 032
反气旋式 1 535 103 22 083 1 888 986
), ArticleFig(id=1254506256966812316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Percentage of westward and eastward eddies in different years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
旋涡类型 年际 西向/% 东向/%
气旋式涡旋 1993–1998年短生命周期 64.2 35.8
1999–2004年短生命周期 64.0 36.0
2005–2010年短生命周期 63.9 36.1
2011–2015年短生命周期 63.5 36.5
1993–2015年长生命周期 74.7 25.3
反气旋式涡旋 1993–1998年短生命周期 64.8 35.2
1999–2004年短生命周期 64.8 35.2
2005–2010年短生命周期 64.7 35.3
2011–2015年短生命周期 64.5 35.5
1993–2015年长生命周期 77.1 22.9
), ArticleFig(id=1254506257197499039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同年际西、东向迁移涡旋所占比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
旋涡类型 年际 西向/% 东向/%
气旋式涡旋 1993–1998年短生命周期 64.2 35.8
1999–2004年短生命周期 64.0 36.0
2005–2010年短生命周期 63.9 36.1
2011–2015年短生命周期 63.5 36.5
1993–2015年长生命周期 74.7 25.3
反气旋式涡旋 1993–1998年短生命周期 64.8 35.2
1999–2004年短生命周期 64.8 35.2
2005–2010年短生命周期 64.7 35.3
2011–2015年短生命周期 64.5 35.5
1993–2015年长生命周期 77.1 22.9
), ArticleFig(id=1254506257314939554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Percentage of equatorward and poleward eddies in different years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
涡旋类型 年际 向赤道方向/% 向极地方向/%
气旋式涡旋 1993–1998年短生命周期 50.5 49.5
1999–2004年短生命周期 50.6 49.4
2005–2010年短生命周期 50.5 49.5
2011–2015年短生命周期 50.7 49.3
1993–2015年长生命周期 56.8 43.2
反气旋式涡旋 1993–1998年短生命周期 49.9 50.1
1999–2004年短生命周期 49.9 50.1
2005–2010年短生命周期 49.8 50.2
2011–2015年短生命周期 49.9 50.1
1993–2015年长生命周期 64.8 35.2
), ArticleFig(id=1254506257512071846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同年际分别向赤道、向极地偏转涡旋所占比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
涡旋类型 年际 向赤道方向/% 向极地方向/%
气旋式涡旋 1993–1998年短生命周期 50.5 49.5
1999–2004年短生命周期 50.6 49.4
2005–2010年短生命周期 50.5 49.5
2011–2015年短生命周期 50.7 49.3
1993–2015年长生命周期 56.8 43.2
反气旋式涡旋 1993–1998年短生命周期 49.9 50.1
1999–2004年短生命周期 49.9 50.1
2005–2010年短生命周期 49.8 50.2
2011–2015年短生命周期 49.9 50.1
1993–2015年长生命周期 64.8 35.2
), ArticleFig(id=1254506257658872489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Average displacement of eddies in different years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年际 气旋式涡旋 位移/km 反气旋式涡旋 位移/km
1993–1998年短生命周期涡旋 51.69 52.63
1999–2004年短生命周期涡旋 51.64 52.83
2005–2010年短生命周期涡旋 51.30 52.52
2011–2015年短生命周期涡旋 49.96 51.42
1993–2015年长生命周期涡旋 583.16 545.72
), ArticleFig(id=1254506257759535789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同年际涡旋平均位移

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年际 气旋式涡旋 位移/km 反气旋式涡旋 位移/km
1993–1998年短生命周期涡旋 51.69 52.63
1999–2004年短生命周期涡旋 51.64 52.83
2005–2010年短生命周期涡旋 51.30 52.52
2011–2015年短生命周期涡旋 49.96 51.42
1993–2015年长生命周期涡旋 583.16 545.72
), ArticleFig(id=1254506257981833909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Average velocity of eddies in different years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年际 气旋式涡旋 迁移速率/km·d–1 反气旋式涡旋 迁移速率/km·d–1
1993–1998年短生命周期涡旋 7.58 7.69
1999–2004年短生命周期涡旋 7.58 7.72
2005–2010年短生命周期涡旋 7.55 7.68
2011–2015年短生命周期涡旋 7.35 7.51
1993–2015年长生命周期涡旋 2.18 1.97
), ArticleFig(id=1254506258237686459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840126614164149, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同年际涡旋平均迁移速率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年际 气旋式涡旋 迁移速率/km·d–1 反气旋式涡旋 迁移速率/km·d–1
1993–1998年短生命周期涡旋 7.58 7.69
1999–2004年短生命周期涡旋 7.58 7.72
2005–2010年短生命周期涡旋 7.55 7.68
2011–2015年短生命周期涡旋 7.35 7.51
1993–2015年长生命周期涡旋 2.18 1.97
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短生命周期海洋涡旋的时空分布特征
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徐茗 1 , 陈戈 1, 2 , 彭琳 1, *
海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019,41(9): 94-104
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海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019, 41(9): 94-104
短生命周期海洋涡旋的时空分布特征
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徐茗1 , 陈戈1, 2, 彭琳1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 信息科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 徐茗(1996—),女,四川省广元市人,从事海洋遥感及海洋地理信息系统相关研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*彭琳,博士生,主要从事海洋大数据挖掘相关研究。E-mail:
Temporal and spatial properties of short-life oceanic eddies
Ming Xu1 , Ge Chen1, 2, Lin Peng1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2019-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.009
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中尺度涡旋在海洋中分布广泛,是海洋动力、营养物质等混合和输运的重要途径。统计发现海洋中超过80%的涡旋生命周期不超过1个月,属于本文定义的短生命周期涡旋。本研究采用统计、对比等方法,对全球尺度,较短生命周期涡旋的时空分布特征进行了分析。研究表明,短生命周期涡旋与大洋中环流系统密切相关,其最易发生在暖流和寒流的交汇处以及运动方向相反的两种环流的交汇处,且在除30°S~30°N的热带地区外均表现为气旋式略多于反气旋式。低纬地区,短生命周期涡旋在每年的冷季数量较多,而高纬地区与之相反。除存在大规模东向环流的海域,短生命周期涡旋一般向西迁移,同时气旋式涡旋略倾向于赤道偏转,反气旋式略倾向于极地偏转。短生命周期涡旋的平均位移和平均迁移速率呈相似的赤道对称分布规律。

中尺度涡旋  /  短生命周期  /  时空特征  /  迁移

Mesoscale eddies are widely distributed in the ocean and play a significant role in the mixing and transporting of momentum and nutrients. Statistics suggest that more than 80% eddies’ lifetime are less than 1 month, belonging to the defined “short-life eddies” in this paper. This design adopt statistics and comparison, commit to having a earlier reasearch of global scale, short-life eddies. Results show that short-life eddies have a close correlation with ocean current. The most productive places for short-life eddies are those where warm and cold currents or two currents with opposite directions meet, and except in tropical areas of 30°S–30°N, the short-life eddies in other areas have a slight preference for cyclonic. Seasons with low temperature are favorable for short-life eddies in low latitudes, while seasons with high temperature are favorable in high latitudes. Short-life eddies tend to propagate westward in most of areas, however, they notable propagate eastward in eastward currents areas. Meridional deflection is quite messy, but with a tiny preference for equatorward and poleward deflections of cyclones and anticyclones, respectively. The distribution of average displacement and propagation velocity have similar regulation.

mesoscale eddies  /  short-life  /  spatial and temporal properties  /  propagation
徐茗, 陈戈, 彭琳. 短生命周期海洋涡旋的时空分布特征. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (9) : 94 -104 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.009
Ming Xu, Ge Chen, Lin Peng. Temporal and spatial properties of short-life oceanic eddies[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (9) : 94 -104 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.009
中尺度涡旋,是指海洋中分布广泛,空间尺度几十到几百千米,时间尺度数天到数年的旋转水体[1-4],是海洋动力、水团、热、盐、营养物质及化学元素混合和输运的重要途径[5-6],对海水能量、物质分布,海洋生态系统乃至气候调节都至关重要[1]。遥感观测是目前较为理想的中尺度涡旋观测手段[7-9]
目前国内外对海洋涡旋的研究主要分为4个方面:(1)对卫星高度计融合数据进行分析。如Faghmous等[1]利用高度计资料无选择地跟踪任何时空尺度的涡旋;Chelton等[5-6]对全球尺度较大、生命周期较长的涡旋进行过较为全面的分析;程旭华和齐义泉[2]研究了全球海洋中尺度涡的空间分布及传播特征;林鹏飞等[10]对南海涡旋进行了分区域分时段的细致整理;杜云艳等[11]将海表面高度与海表面温度、表层海流场结合分析了涡旋的移动过程。(2)探究涡旋传递物质,热盐情况。如Zhang等[12]分析水团性质;Benitez-Nelson等[13]研究涡旋对硅的运输;Dong等[14]追踪被涡旋裹挟带动的热盐物质;Zhang等[15]研究深海沉积物的移动,从而分析到涡旋的影响深度。(3)分析涡旋能量传输情况。如Xu等[16]研究了涡旋作为能量载体或能量源的作用,阐释了涡旋进行海洋能量分配的机制。(4)实地探测获取涡旋资料。如Zhong等[17]和Zhang等[18]均是对水体分层,利用声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)、温盐深仪(CTD)等装置对单个涡旋实地测探从而获得涡旋的立体三维结构及生消过程。
限于观测技术,目前对中尺度涡旋的研究主要存在两个局限:其一,研究大多着眼于局部海域;其二,针对生命周期较短的涡旋研究较少(生命周期较短的涡旋通常规模也较小[6]不易观测)。随着遥感技术分辨率的提高及高度计资料制作方式的改变[8],本文尝试对全球海域,生命周期较短的涡旋进行研究。
本文中“短生命周期涡旋”定义为生命周期短于1个月的涡旋,为便于对比提炼其特征,同时定义生命周期超过6个月(180 d)的涡旋为“长生命周期涡旋”,该定义在正文中不再赘述。
研究原始数据来自Archiving,Validation,and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic Data(AVISO 2014),该资料由TOPEX/Poseidon,Jason-1,Jason-2,Environment Satellite(Envisat)等卫星数据融合而成,海平面高度异常数据(SLA)时间分辨率为1 d,空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°。依托中国海洋大学海洋信息技术实验室提供的自动识别算法[3-4],该算法综合考虑涡旋半径、形状、振幅、生命周期以及涡旋间距等特征,提取到1993年至2016年9月所有生命周期的涡旋。由于2016年数据不完整,对年际、季度特性分析造成影响,因此除关于涡旋生命周期的讨论外,其他部分仅采用1993–2015年数据。
在1993年至2016年9月识别到的所有涡旋中,气旋式涡旋1 924 032个,反气旋式涡旋1 888 986个(表1),气旋式比反气旋式涡旋多0.92%((气旋式涡旋总数–反气旋式涡旋总数)/(气旋式涡旋总数+反气旋式涡旋总数))。仅就短生命周期涡旋看,气旋式涡旋1 554 661个,反气旋式涡旋1 535 103个,短生命周期气旋式比反气旋式涡旋多0.63%((短生命周期气旋式涡旋总数–短生命周期反气旋式涡旋总数)/(短生命周期气旋式涡旋总数+短生命周期反气旋式涡旋))。可见气旋式涡旋比反气旋式涡旋更易发生,且对于较长生命周期涡旋更为明显。此外值得注意,如果将全球分纬度带比较,位于30°S~30°N热带区域的短生命周期反气旋式涡旋数量反而多于气旋式(分析见4.2),这与全球其他海域特征相反。
无论是气旋式涡旋还是反气旋式涡旋,海洋中超过80%的涡旋生命周期在1月以内,属于本文定义的短生命周期涡旋,肯定了本文研究价值。
1993–2015年,短生命周期气旋式涡旋年平均65 399个,反气旋式涡旋年平均64 611个。全球海域每年能产生约13万个短生命周期涡旋。
图1所示短生命周期气旋式和反气旋式涡旋在1993–2015年间数量变化趋势大体相似。除前3年两种极性的涡旋数量相当,自1996年后气旋式涡旋略多于反气旋式涡旋,并且从2000年开始数量差异增大。另外,在2000–2007年间,短生命周期气旋式和反气旋式涡旋数量基本都高于各自多年平均值,而在2000年以前和2007年以后涡旋数量稍低(推测涡旋数量可能存在有规律的年际波动),但总体差异不大,都在60 000~70 000个之间波动。
受太阳照射及季风影响,全球各纬度带的季节与气候变化并不一致,为便于研究,我们以20°纬度为单位,将全球分成9个纬度带。统计1993–2015年所有短生命周期涡旋数据,各纬度带不同月份气旋式和反气旋式短生命周期涡旋产生数量如图2
总体来看,同一纬度带上,短生命周期气旋式和反气旋式涡旋逐月产生数量的变化趋势类似。同时,多数纬度带上均表现为气旋式略多于反气旋式,但在热带30°S~30°N海域出现了相反情况,反气旋式比气旋式更多。Dufois等[19]认为这一现象与亚热带地区冬季更强的混合作用有关。
结合图2以及南北半球刚好相反的季节情况,总结出全球各纬度带产生短生命周期涡旋数量有以下规律:
(1)在南、北半球50°~90°的高纬地区,均是暖季产生涡旋多(南半球图2a图2b中1–3月,北半球图2h图2i中8–10月),冷季产生涡旋少(南半球图2a图2b中8–10月,北半球图2h图2i中2–4月);
(2)在南、北半球10°~50°的低、中纬地区,均是冷季产生涡旋多(南半球图2c图2d中7–9月,北半球图2f图2g中12–3月),暖季产生涡旋少(南半球图2c图2d中12–2月,北半球图2f图2g中6–8月),与高纬地区刚好相反;
(3)在10°S~10°N的赤道带上,太阳分别直射南、北回归线的冬至和夏至前后(图2e中12月、7月)产生短生命周期涡旋最多,而其余各个月产生数量上下浮动但差异不大。
综上所述,在平均温度低的高纬地区,短生命周期涡旋更易在一年中的暖季产生;在平均温度高的低、中纬地区,短生命周期涡旋更易在冷季产生;而在常年温度较高且各月差异不大的赤道上,当太阳相对距赤道最远(冬至、夏至前后,太阳分别直射南、北回归线)时更易产生短生命周期涡旋。
此外,全球范围所有短生命周期涡旋总数最多出现在8–10月,此时太阳直射赤道附近。纵向对比显示产生短生命周期涡旋最多的区域位于10°S~10°N赤道带,并且远远超过其他纬度带(赤道带涡旋数量是全球所有纬度带涡旋平均数量的两倍左右,虽然各纬度带海域面积不同是涡旋数量不同的重要因素,但赤道带的涡旋也明显多于南大洋所在连续海域纬度带的涡旋数量)。在不考虑其他季节性因素情况下,我们认为气温较高时比较适宜短生命周期涡旋的产生。
短生命周期涡旋的分布特征几乎不随年际变化。图3a图3b为1993–2015年所有短生命周期涡旋发生地分布,气旋式和反气旋式涡旋没有明显差异,其发生地与涡旋极性无关。
尽管短生命周期涡旋几乎在全球所有海域都有分布,但在寒流和暖流的交汇处以及运动方向相反的两种环流交汇处最易发生,包括白令海北侧、东侧及阿拉斯加半岛海域(阿拉斯加暖流与千岛寒流交汇),鄂霍次克海(日本暖流与千岛寒流交汇),黄海、东海交界(对马暖流分流与黄海沿岸流交汇),奥克兰群岛以东,戴维斯海峡以南至45°N左右(拉布拉多寒流与墨西哥湾流交汇),格陵兰海、挪威海、巴伦支海域(格陵兰寒流与北大西洋暖流交汇),阿根廷东南沿岸海域(巴西暖流与西风漂流交汇),太平洋和印度洋中部的赤道上(赤道流和赤道逆流),以及35°~65°S之间(南极绕极流)海域的几个分散点。此外,短生命周期涡旋也较易发生在大洋环流主流系海域,而在远离海岸的开阔海域不易产生。
相比在环流交汇处更易发生的短生命周期涡旋,长生命周期涡旋多发生在寒流海域(图3c图3d)。例如北美加利福尼亚近海(加利福尼亚寒流),科曼多尔群岛至阿图岛海域(千岛寒流),智利西海岸(秘鲁寒流),法国、葡萄牙西部直到马德拉群岛、加那利群岛海域(加那利寒流),南半球南极绕极流海域的几个分散点都容易产生长生命周期涡旋,其中气旋式涡旋(图3c)还易发生在澳大利亚西海岸(西澳大利亚寒流)。
我们的观测进一步证实了很多学者的研究成果,认为涡旋与环流系统密切相关[3-4, 5-7]。对此,Chelton等[5]认为涡旋的发生可能与环流的不稳定切变或罗斯贝波的不稳定性有关。同时我们也注意到,最易产生短生命周期和长生命周期涡旋的海域几乎没有重合,如上所述,短生命周期涡旋最易发生在寒流和暖流的交汇处以及运动方向相反的两种环流交汇处,而长生命周期涡旋更易发生在多为寒流的东边界流(陆地西海岸附近海域),而在多为暖流的西边界流(陆地东海岸附近海域)不易产生,有理由认为短生命周期涡旋和长生命周期涡旋的形成对应着不完全相同的两种机制。
图4a图4b显示短生命周期气旋式和反气旋式涡旋消散地分布相似。同时比较图4其消散地与图3其发生地分布,差异并不明显,原因在于短生命周期涡旋本身从发生到消散时间较短,并不会进行较远迁移。
相反,长生命周期涡旋的消散地和发生地差异较大。分别对比图4c图3c图4d图3d,长生命周期涡旋较易消散的海域包括了它们较易发生的东边界流(陆地西海岸)海区以及这些海区相应西边的广阔海域,这种分布特性与涡旋的迁移方向相关,随后将进一步讨论。
涡旋纬向迁移带动的海洋物质运输可与风生大洋环流和热盐环流比拟[12],因此有必要在全球尺度探究其纬向迁移规律。总体统计发现短生命周期涡旋中有64.3%向西迁移,35.7%向东迁移,全球尺度短生命周期涡旋以西向迁移为主。纵向比较1993–2015年,两种极性的短生命周期涡旋东向迁移比例有轻微增加,西向迁移比例有轻微减小(表2)。横向比较不同极性涡旋,观测时间内气旋式涡旋中向西迁移比例为63.9%,反气旋式涡旋为64.7%,即短生命周期反气旋式较气旋式涡旋西向迁移趋势更为明显。
长生命周期涡旋的西向迁移倾向比短生命周期涡旋更为显著,同时其反气旋式比气旋式更易西向迁移的倾向也比短生命周期涡旋显著。
图5a图5b显示短生命周期气旋式和反气旋式涡旋纬向迁移情况相似。可以看到,西向迁移的短生命周期涡旋在全球所有海域都有分布,但在有较强东向环流的区域,涡旋会随之东向迁移,包括赤道带(赤道逆流),北极圈附近海域(北太平洋暖流、北大西洋暖流及它们的分支挪威流、拉布拉多寒流),日本海(日本暖流),美国东海岸(墨西哥湾流),南半球中位于大西洋与印度洋50°S左右,太平洋60°S左右的纬度带(南极绕极流)。这一发现进一步肯定了涡旋与环流系统的紧密联系,长生命周期涡旋图5c图5d的纬向迁移情况也表现出了相似的大洋环流相关性。
虽然涡旋的迁移主要体现在纬向上,但在β效应下,也会发生一定程度的经向偏转[5, 14]。分析表3,两种极性的涡旋经向偏转比例均没有明显年际变化。此外,尽管不明显,但历年来都有短生命周期气旋式涡旋略倾向于向赤道偏转,反气旋式涡旋略倾向于向极地偏转的情况存在。
长生命周期涡旋经向偏转情况则有所不同。首先,无论是气旋式涡旋还是反气旋式涡旋,均表现出明显的向赤道偏转倾向,并且反气旋式涡旋比气旋式涡旋的该种倾向更为显著,这与短生命周期涡旋的结论恰恰相反。长、短生命周期涡旋在经向偏转情况上的明显差异值得进一步研究。
图6a图6b显示在全球各海域都均匀且杂乱的分布着向赤道、极地偏转的短生命周期涡旋,没有明显规律。
对于长生命周期涡旋,除可观察到向赤道偏转数量明显多于向极地偏移数量的现象外,几乎所有位于澳大利亚西海岸处(西澳大利亚寒流)的长生命周期气旋式涡旋(图6c)都偏向极地,但是这一现象既没有在长生命周期反气旋式涡旋中(图6d)出现,也没有在短生命周期气旋式涡旋中(图6a)出现。
表4列出相应年份跟踪到的所有相应涡旋位移的平均值。短生命周期涡旋的平均位移随时间有不明显的减少趋势,且历年来气旋式涡旋平均位移均略低于反气旋式涡旋。
统计发现短生命周期涡旋位移量跨度极大,个别涡旋几乎未发生迁移就消散,而最大迁移距离可能超过900 km。但大多数短生命周期涡旋并不会迁移太远距离,超过53%的位移量不超过35 km,接近97%的位移量不超过200 km。并且迁移位移越大的涡旋数量越少,且减少态势十分剧烈。
表4所列1993–2015年间长生命周期涡旋平均位移与Chelton等[6]对超过16周的涡旋位移统计结果相当。与短生命周期涡旋不同,长生命周期气旋式涡旋反而比反气旋式涡旋的平均位移量更大,再次出现长、短生命周期涡旋的差异。
图7a图7b显示短生命周期气旋式和反气旋式涡旋平均位移分布情况相似。其分布总体上有以赤道为轴,南北半球对称分布的规律,并且从低纬向极地,位移量呈带状递减。在南、北纬5°~12.5°区间,其平均位移量达到最大,但是具体极大值处从大西洋到太平洋再到印度洋呈自东向西远离赤道趋势。该规律在热带地区(30°S~30°N以内)尤其明显。热带以外基本也有以上规律,但在有环流经过的海区,平均位移会比同纬度其他海域稍大,包括拉布拉多寒流、墨西哥湾流、巴西暖流、挪威流、千岛寒流等流经的区域,以及印度洋南部的西澳大利亚寒流与西风漂流的分支处,太平洋北部的千岛寒流与阿拉斯加流的交汇处。
长生命周期涡旋的平均位移大小分布(图7c图7d)有与短生命周期涡旋相似的关于赤道轴对称和由低纬向极地带状递减的规律。在大西洋本格拉寒流流经的海区,长生命周期尤其是反气旋式涡旋出现了位移量比同纬度其他海域更大的现象。
表5中列出相应年际跟踪到的所有相应涡旋迁移速率的平均值。历年来短生命周期气旋式涡旋的平均迁移速率都稍低于反气旋式涡旋,这一现象与它们的位移情况类似。
统计发现短生命周期涡旋迁移速率跨度也较大,最大可能超过55 km/d,但56%左右涡旋迁移速率不超过6 km/d,接近93%涡旋迁移速率不会超过20 km/d,并且同样有迁移速率越大,涡旋的数量急剧减少的规律。
长生命周期涡旋的迁移速率比短生命周期涡旋小得多。并且与短生命周期涡旋不同,长生命周期涡旋中气旋式涡旋反而比反气旋式涡旋的迁移速率更大,这一点也与长、短生命周期涡旋的位移关系相似。
图8a图8b显示短生命周期气旋式和反气旋式涡旋平均迁移速率分布情况类似,并且呈现出6.2.1节所述其平均位移分布极为相似的规律,即以赤道为轴,南北半球大致对称分布,从低纬向极地,平均迁移速率带状递减。同样,这一规律在热带地区(30°S~30°N以内)更为明显。位于太平洋海域0°~5°N,110°~140°W区间的短生命周期涡旋迁移速率达到全球最大,除此之外其他经度海域的速率极大值也都在赤道(0°)附近。程旭华和齐义泉[2]也认为中尺度涡的西向传播速率随纬度存在明显变化,从赤道向高纬递减并表现出类似于罗斯贝波的传播特征。
短生命周期涡旋的迁移速率表现出了比位移更加明显的大洋环流相关性。热带以外有环流经过的几乎所有海区,平均迁移速率都稍大于同纬度其他海域。甚至可以猜想,涡旋迁移速率之所以能在赤道附近达到最大值,可能也与此处连续且强烈的南、北赤道流及赤道逆流相关。
长生命周期涡旋平均迁移速率(图8c图8d)关于赤道轴对称和由低纬向极地带状递减的分布规律甚至比短生命周期涡旋更为明显。并且极大值从大西洋到太平洋再到印度洋呈自东向西远离赤道趋势,这一点也与它们的位移分布类似。
本研究针对全球范围生命周期在1个月以下的短生命周期涡旋进行时空特征分析,得到以下主要结论:
(1)全球超过80%的涡旋生命周期不到1个月,短生命周期气旋式比反气旋式涡旋略多,全球海域每年产生超过13万短生命周期涡旋。
(2)最易产生短生命周期涡旋的海域主要在暖流和寒流的交汇处以及运动方向相反的两种环流交汇处,其次是在大洋环流(与暖流或寒流无关)主流系海域。短生命周期涡旋一般不能迁移太远距离,因此其消散地与发生地分布类似。
(3)在年平均温度高的低、中纬地区,短生命周期涡旋在一年中冷季较多;在平均温度低的高纬地区,短生命周期涡旋在暖季数量较多。
(4)短生命周期涡旋以西向迁移为主,但在有较强东向环流的海域,涡旋会随之东向迁移。短生命周期气旋式涡旋略倾向于向赤道偏转,反气旋式略倾向于向极地偏转。
(5)观测时间内短生命周期涡旋的平均位移为51.75 km,平均迁移速率为7.58 km/d。平均位移和迁移速率大小都有以赤道为轴,南北半球大致对称分布,并且从低纬向极地带状递减的规律,同时在环流海域,位移量和迁移速率均会有所增加。
本文仅观察了短生命周期涡旋的表面特征,其深层原因有待进一步探究,这些将是我们下一步工作内容。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401008);青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室鳌山科技创新计划项目(2018ASKJ01);国家自然科学基金(41527901)。
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2019年第41卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.009
  • 接收时间:2019-01-31
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-01-31
  • 修回日期:2019-05-19
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401008);青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室鳌山科技创新计划项目(2018ASKJ01);国家自然科学基金(41527901)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 信息科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266100

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*彭琳,博士生,主要从事海洋大数据挖掘相关研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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