Article(id=1246840125695611558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1540742400000, receivedDateStr=2018-10-29, revisedDate=1552838400000, revisedDateStr=2019-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775199451134, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1569340800000, pubDateStr=2019-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775199451134, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775199451134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775199451134, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246840121887187126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775199450227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200621889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246840126261842608, articleId=1246840125695611558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Fourier decomposition of multi-scale sand wave fields on the Taiwan Banks, columnId=1243867132006613042, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Geology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sand waves are widely distributed in the world and have complex genesis. And multi-scale complex sand waves often overlap to form a complex sand wave geomorphology system, which makes it difficult to conduct quantitative research. To solve this problem, a practical Fourier analysis method is proposed in this paper, and Butterworth filter is designed to transform water depth data into frequency domain, and then decompose complex sand wave geomorphology into a series of single types of sand waves in different frequencies. Taking the complex sand wave geomorphology system of Taiwan Banks as an example, three spatial scales of sand waves are quantitatively decomposed, which are: giant sand waves (over 100 m in length, over 5 m in height), medium sand waves (wavelength of 5–100 m, wave height of 0.4–5 m) and sand ripples (wavelength less than 5 m, wave height less than 0.4 m). The quantitative analysis method of sand waves proposed in this paper is helpful to study the genesis and mechanism of sand waves in different scales, and is also of practical value to the safety assessment of marine engineering in sand wave fields.

, correspAuthors=Ziyin Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chao Zhu, Ziyin Wu, Jieqiong Zhou, Fanlin Yang, Dineng Zhao, Yang Liu, Haohao Lu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246840128929420051, articleId=1246840125695611558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=台湾浅滩多尺度沙波地貌的地形傅里叶分解, columnId=1243867133143269435, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海底沙波在全球广泛分布、成因复杂,但往往多种尺度的沙波叠加在一起形成复杂的沙波地貌体系,导致难以进行量化研究。针对该问题,本文提出一种实用的傅里叶分析方法,设计了巴特沃斯滤波器,将水深数据变换到频率域,进而将复杂沙波地貌分解成不同频率的单一类型沙波。并以台湾浅滩复杂的沙波地貌体系为例进行了分析研究,分解量化出3种空间尺度的沙波:巨型沙波(波长>100 m,波高>5 m)、中型沙波(波长5~100 m,波高0.4~5 m)和沙波纹(波长<5 m,波高<0.4 m)。本文提出的海底沙波地貌量化分析方法,有助于研究不同尺度海底沙波的成因与机理,对沙波区海洋工程的安全评估也具有实用价值。

, correspAuthors=吴自银, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴自银(1972—),男,河南省光山县人,研究员,研究方向为多波束海底地形地貌探测与研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MeYugrd14D6fJsjljmJkcw==, magXml=qnIwT8ltrVI9mhLZyjcZaw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ys/w/+iN0MyxbhZMbLtHug==, pdfFileSize=13788647, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=8Lmd4F/33P8+IPs245tVVg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Xy7zRRu2i3gLEYmsniqxQQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱超(1991—),男,山东省济南市人,主要从事多波束海底地形地貌及海洋地球物理勘测研究。E-mail:

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朱超(1991—),男,山东省济南市人,主要从事多波束海底地形地貌及海洋地球物理勘测研究。E-mail:

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朱超(1991—),男,山东省济南市人,主要从事多波束海底地形地貌及海洋地球物理勘测研究。E-mail:

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San Diego, California: California Technical Publishing, 1997., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506274926825936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41830540,41476049);公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金重点项目(JZ1902);卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室自主项目(SOEDZZ1802);科技基础性工作专项(2013FY112900);全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-EOGE-01)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506245327622304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506245398925473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, companyId=1254506245327622304, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Geomrtics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China), 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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6 School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506249366737096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, companyId=1254506249287045318, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6 南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506262801092995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Bathymetric map of the experimental area (a), and water depth of Profile A–B (b), figureFileSmall=KvgivGzOKbbeiKWfiHwYuw==, figureFileBig=473T1L/1bYrOk7j46OdnDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263040168327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实验区平面地形图(a)和A–B水深剖面(b), figureFileSmall=KvgivGzOKbbeiKWfiHwYuw==, figureFileBig=473T1L/1bYrOk7j46OdnDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263333769612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Characterized parameters of sand waves

Point C represents crest, T represents crest trough, H is wave height and L is wave length

, figureFileSmall=jgkXPWAUfZ0Db2uLo/wjAg==, figureFileBig=KiBcpfDbV+CIBwrDH8VfBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263602205073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=CN, label=图2, caption=研究区沙波几何参数定义

水深的极大值点C表示波峰点,极小值点T代表波谷点,CT之间的垂向高差H表示波高,相邻两个T之间的水平距离L为波长

, figureFileSmall=jgkXPWAUfZ0Db2uLo/wjAg==, figureFileBig=KiBcpfDbV+CIBwrDH8VfBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263765782933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Workflow of the Fourier decomposition method, figureFileSmall=t+rkK/gC+lD81IFCFhUxMA==, figureFileBig=BJej1QMQm+KJ5pnjQ8k2BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506264147464600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=CN, label=图3, caption=方法流程图, figureFileSmall=t+rkK/gC+lD81IFCFhUxMA==, figureFileBig=BJej1QMQm+KJ5pnjQ8k2BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506264407511451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Spectral plot by Fourier transform

The red part represents the low frequency, blue part represents the medium frequency, and black part represents the high frequency

, figureFileSmall=cSv/YHPS3fpOVOt0KyXkYA==, figureFileBig=4/Qu/meTeOcry+OqRVhE3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506265988764062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=CN, label=图4, caption=傅里叶变换的频谱图

红色部分代表低频,蓝色部分代表中频,黑色部分代表高频

, figureFileSmall=cSv/YHPS3fpOVOt0KyXkYA==, figureFileBig=4/Qu/meTeOcry+OqRVhE3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506266227839394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Cumulative constituents of the Fourier analysis

The figure showing three groups of constituents that each represent a bedform type: giant sand waves, small sand waves, and megaripples, Fig. 6 is the separation results of sand waves

, figureFileSmall=hVnKWDVh4CNv3eSLruMvQg==, figureFileBig=f/I2mW8DEnOc995uZyxXdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506266815041957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=CN, label=图5, caption=傅里叶变换各个频率累加效果图

图中展示了复合沙波地貌的3种主要组成:巨型沙波、中型沙波 和沙波纹,图6是3种沙波分离的结果

, figureFileSmall=hVnKWDVh4CNv3eSLruMvQg==, figureFileBig=f/I2mW8DEnOc995uZyxXdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506267616154024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=1-D separation results of the Fourier analysis

a. The separated low frequency sand wave signals;b. the intermediate frequency sand wave signals; c. the residual high frequency sand wave signals

, figureFileSmall=OQvUFWEbC3MH8HCWU9cuZw==, figureFileBig=UhePArBaCnVPSZ1TAfkrZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506268211745196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=CN, label=图6, caption=一维傅里叶变换分离结果

a.低频沙波信号;b.中频沙波信号;c.高频沙波信号

, figureFileSmall=OQvUFWEbC3MH8HCWU9cuZw==, figureFileBig=UhePArBaCnVPSZ1TAfkrZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506268606009775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=2-D separation results of the Fourier analysis

a. The low frequency sand wave signals;b. the medium frequency sand wave signals; c. the high frequency sand wave signals

, figureFileSmall=MhJw/pdG/VQr1CWcoMgUrw==, figureFileBig=l9UZmRloVaos3bPfW1vnhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506269084160434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=CN, label=图7, caption=二维傅里叶变换分离结果

a.低频沙波信号;b.中频沙波信号;c.高频沙波信号

, figureFileSmall=MhJw/pdG/VQr1CWcoMgUrw==, figureFileBig=l9UZmRloVaos3bPfW1vnhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506270694773174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Separation results of the three scales of sand waves compared with the original water depth, figureFileSmall=N1dC5lg6XlLjlxzC9H/zfQ==, figureFileBig=QXzN9gcL5g66AjWeaF12UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506271357473211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=CN, label=图8, caption=分离的3个尺度与原始水深的对比, figureFileSmall=N1dC5lg6XlLjlxzC9H/zfQ==, figureFileBig=QXzN9gcL5g66AjWeaF12UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506271751737793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Plots of the extracted sand wave crests

Red points represent the crests of the giant sand waves, and blue points are the crests of the small sand waves

, figureFileSmall=nmclgeLK7NY6dxvBQGM6ag==, figureFileBig=ERs4s4ySfeqtuFMcbQKfxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506271940481474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=CN, label=图9, caption=提取的沙波峰线散点图

红点为提取的巨型沙波波峰点,蓝点为中型沙波波峰点

, figureFileSmall=nmclgeLK7NY6dxvBQGM6ag==, figureFileBig=ERs4s4ySfeqtuFMcbQKfxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506272183751110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistical results of the main characteristics of the separated three scales of sand waves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沙波类型 波长/m 波高/m 走向/(°)
巨型沙波 最大值 366.89 8.03 82.80
最小值 192.47 5.13 73.80
平均值 280.68 6.76 77.30
中型沙波 最大值 91.08 3.93 106.20
最小值 42.96 1.27 81.10
平均值 65.59 2.97 77.30
沙波纹 最大值 5.16 0.91
最小值 1.25 0.06
平均值 3.93 0.23
), ArticleFig(id=1254506272502518218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125695611558, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种尺度沙波主要几何参量的统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沙波类型 波长/m 波高/m 走向/(°)
巨型沙波 最大值 366.89 8.03 82.80
最小值 192.47 5.13 73.80
平均值 280.68 6.76 77.30
中型沙波 最大值 91.08 3.93 106.20
最小值 42.96 1.27 81.10
平均值 65.59 2.97 77.30
沙波纹 最大值 5.16 0.91
最小值 1.25 0.06
平均值 3.93 0.23
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台湾浅滩多尺度沙波地貌的地形傅里叶分解
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朱超 1, 2, 3, 4 , 吴自银 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 周洁琼 2, 3, 5 , 阳凡林 1 , 赵荻能 2, 3 , 刘洋 2, 3 , 鲁号号 2, 3, 6
海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2019,41(9): 136-144
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海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2019, 41(9): 136-144
台湾浅滩多尺度沙波地貌的地形傅里叶分解
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朱超1, 2, 3, 4 , 吴自银2, 3, 4, 5, * , 周洁琼2, 3, 5, 阳凡林1, 赵荻能2, 3, 刘洋2, 3, 鲁号号2, 3, 6
作者信息
  • 1 山东科技大学 测绘科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 2 自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3 国家海洋局海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 4 浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 5 浙江大学 地球科学学院,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 6 南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 朱超(1991—),男,山东省济南市人,主要从事多波束海底地形地貌及海洋地球物理勘测研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*吴自银(1972—),男,河南省光山县人,研究员,研究方向为多波束海底地形地貌探测与研究。E-mail:
Fourier decomposition of multi-scale sand wave fields on the Taiwan Banks
Chao Zhu1, 2, 3, 4 , Ziyin Wu2, 3, 4, 5, * , Jieqiong Zhou2, 3, 5, Fanlin Yang1, Dineng Zhao2, 3, Yang Liu2, 3, Haohao Lu2, 3, 6
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Geomrtics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 2 Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of the Submarine Geosciences, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 4 Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
  • 5 School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
  • 6 School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2019-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.013
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海底沙波在全球广泛分布、成因复杂,但往往多种尺度的沙波叠加在一起形成复杂的沙波地貌体系,导致难以进行量化研究。针对该问题,本文提出一种实用的傅里叶分析方法,设计了巴特沃斯滤波器,将水深数据变换到频率域,进而将复杂沙波地貌分解成不同频率的单一类型沙波。并以台湾浅滩复杂的沙波地貌体系为例进行了分析研究,分解量化出3种空间尺度的沙波:巨型沙波(波长>100 m,波高>5 m)、中型沙波(波长5~100 m,波高0.4~5 m)和沙波纹(波长<5 m,波高<0.4 m)。本文提出的海底沙波地貌量化分析方法,有助于研究不同尺度海底沙波的成因与机理,对沙波区海洋工程的安全评估也具有实用价值。

海底沙波  /  傅里叶分析  /  多尺度分解  /  台湾浅滩  /  多波束测深

Sand waves are widely distributed in the world and have complex genesis. And multi-scale complex sand waves often overlap to form a complex sand wave geomorphology system, which makes it difficult to conduct quantitative research. To solve this problem, a practical Fourier analysis method is proposed in this paper, and Butterworth filter is designed to transform water depth data into frequency domain, and then decompose complex sand wave geomorphology into a series of single types of sand waves in different frequencies. Taking the complex sand wave geomorphology system of Taiwan Banks as an example, three spatial scales of sand waves are quantitatively decomposed, which are: giant sand waves (over 100 m in length, over 5 m in height), medium sand waves (wavelength of 5–100 m, wave height of 0.4–5 m) and sand ripples (wavelength less than 5 m, wave height less than 0.4 m). The quantitative analysis method of sand waves proposed in this paper is helpful to study the genesis and mechanism of sand waves in different scales, and is also of practical value to the safety assessment of marine engineering in sand wave fields.

submarine sand waves  /  Fourier analysis  /  multi-scale decomposition  /  Taiwan Banks  /  multi-beam echo sounding
朱超, 吴自银, 周洁琼, 阳凡林, 赵荻能, 刘洋, 鲁号号. 台湾浅滩多尺度沙波地貌的地形傅里叶分解. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (9) : 136 -144 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.013
Chao Zhu, Ziyin Wu, Jieqiong Zhou, Fanlin Yang, Dineng Zhao, Yang Liu, Haohao Lu. Fourier decomposition of multi-scale sand wave fields on the Taiwan Banks[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (9) : 136 -144 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.013
海底沙波是一种广泛分布在潮控陆架环境的海底底床形态[1-2]。复杂的动力环境对于底床形态的塑造起着重要作用,不同空间尺度的海底沙波叠加发育、每个尺度的沙波(波纹)具有不同的活动性,构成了海底底形复杂的动力过程[3-4]。海底沙波的生长和迁移能快速改变底床形态,甚至影响浅海航道安全[5-6],对于海底油气管道、海底光缆、石油平台、跨海大桥以及海上风电场等海上重要工程设施而言,迁移的沙波更是一种严重的地质灾害,会导致海底管线掏空、悬跨甚至折断和海上平台的失稳[7-9]。对于多尺度海底沙波的形成机制与相互作用是国际研究热点和难点[10-13],应用可靠有效的分析方法对复杂的复合地貌系统进行分解,针对不同尺度的沙波形态特征与活动性进行定量研究具有重要的科学意义与工程应用价值。
目前,国内外基于实测资料的复合型沙波地貌研究,特别是沙波的活动性研究,仍以多尺度沙波糅杂在一起的定性分析为主[14],对于不同尺度沙波的定量化分析存在极大困难[15-16]。受测线密度的限制,传统的单波束测深难以有效地获取多尺度沙波(波纹)的平面和三维特征。早期的研究将沙波剖面看作随机变量来处理[17-18],使用空间尺度缩放,将沙波剖面水深作为一个随机函数,而不是量化成单一尺度的沙波来研究[19-20]。随着多波束测深技术在海底地貌探测中的应用,实现了由点到面的水下测量方式,推动了海底地貌学由定性向定量化研究的发展[21-23],在陆架残留沙脊和地貌界限研究等方面发挥了重要作用[24-29]。Gutierrez等[30]提出将海底沙波的命名和符号标准化,采用连续小波变换和鲁棒样条滤波器相结合的方法分离多尺度沙波,以区分这些沙波的形态特征,并对不同尺度的沙波进行定性分类。Knaapen[31]尝试使用低通滤波消除沙波地貌中的沙波纹信号,仅定量计算大型沙波的形态特征和迁移速率。由于多尺度底床形态共生的特性,高精度多波束测深数据中叠加有丰富的不同尺度沙波的形态参数信息,如波高、波长、走向等,然而现有的分析方法无法对这些信息进行充分利用。如何有效、客观、自动地分解测深数据中不同尺度的沙波地貌信息,并对各个尺度的底床形态分别使用适当的方法进行研究,仍是目前亟待解决的科学技术难题。
台湾浅滩发育着多尺度沙波叠加的复杂地貌体系[32-33],特别是波高超过10 m的巨型沙波仅出现在中国沿海、全球罕见,是研究全球多尺度复杂沙波的理想区域,然而其成因机制与动力过程仍是未解的难题,尤其多种尺度叠加在一起极大地增加了研究难度[34-36]。针对该问题,本文提出并实现了一种基于傅里叶分析的海底多尺度沙波分解方法,并以台湾浅滩典型区域的全覆盖、高精度多波束测深数据为例,通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)实现了空间域与频率域之间的转换;对水深数据的频率信息进行频谱分析,运用巴特沃斯滤波器完成频率域滤波,首次实现了台湾浅滩典型区域多尺度沙波地貌的分解和定量分析,对于沙波特征、成因和动力过程的深入研究具有重要价值。
本次实验数据来自2018年6–7月期间在台湾浅滩航次调查中获取的全覆盖多波束测深数据(图1)。本次调查使用的仪器设备为新一代的浅水超高分辨率多波束测深系统Seabat7125,该系统采用200 kHz和400 kHz双频工作方式,最大波束达512个。结合Navcom SF-3050差分定位系统提供的亚米级导航定位精度,有效保证了调查测量精度。
将原始水深数据导入多波束后处理软件,编辑定位姿态数据,对吃水、潮位、声速进行误差改正,最终构建了1 m×1 m的高分辨率数字水深模型(图1a),进而基于该数字水深模型展开后续的沙波分解研究。
台湾浅滩沙波分布广泛且蕴含全球罕见的波高大于10 m的巨型沙波(图1),因动力环境复杂,不同波长和波高的沙波地貌叠加在一起构成了复杂的沙波形态,3条清晰可见的西南–东北走向的巨型沙波控制着复合沙波的整体趋势,在平缓的坡面上叠加有形态各异的中型沙波以及沙波纹。不同尺度的沙波其形成年代和动力过程均不同,但叠加在一起形成复杂的沙波地貌体系,为本文研究提供了良好的数据基础。
傅里叶变换是一种实现空间域和频率域之间相互转换的方法,广泛应用于多个科学研究领域。利用快速傅里叶变换将原始水深信号转换到频率域,通过频率域上对高频与低频信号分析,将相互叠加、不同频率的沙波信号分解成不同的正弦曲线。
对于一维离散傅里叶变换,较多应用在数字信号处理上,在时间域信号序列中,频率是指单位时间内周期出现的次数,单位为Hz(s–1);光谱学中空间频率被称为波数,类比到空间域地形信号中,空间频率可解释为单位距离上周期发生的次数,单位为1/m。如果一个有限区间长度的离散信号序列有N个采样值fj j<N,那么这些值可以由傅里叶级数来表达[37]
${f_j} = \frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{N - 1} {{F_k}} {{\rm e}^{ - 2{\text π} ijk/N}},$
式中,Fk 是傅里叶变换计算得到的傅里叶级数。
对于二维离散傅里叶变换,原理与一维类似,分解为在x轴与y轴分别做一次傅里叶变换,从而将二维空间域水深信号转换为频率域的频谱信号。通过建立水深值与灰度值之间的函数关系,将结果表达为以水深为基础且更加直观的灰度图像。
傅里叶变换将空间域转换为频率域后,频率信号gxy)由高频、中频和低频信号组成
$g(x,y) = {g_l}(x,y) + {g_m}(x,y) + {g_h}(x,y),$
式中, ${g_l}(x,y)$ ${g_m}(x,y)$ ${g_h}(x,y)$ 分别为低频、中频和高频分量。
本文选用了巴特沃斯滤波器将3种频率信号进行分解,该滤波器是一种具有最大平坦幅度响应的低通滤波器,其传递函数为[38]
$h(x,y)=\frac{1}{1+{{\left[{D(x,y)}/{{{D}_{0}}}\; \right]}^{2n}}},$
式中,n为滤波器的阶数; ${D_0}$ 为低通滤波器的截止频率; $D(x,y)$ 为到中心原点的距离。
将传递函数与傅里叶变换后的频率域信号gxy)做卷积运算可得到低频信号
${g_l}(x,y) = g(x,y)\cdot h(x,y).$
同理,通过选择不同的截止频率可依次将中频和高频信号提取出来,实现频率域上的滤波。将分离后的频率域信号经过傅里叶反变换将其变换到空间域,从而实现不同尺度沙波的分离。
海底沙波特征的量化分析是沙波研究的重要内容,包括波高、波长、峰值点、波谷点。然而,海底沙波形态参数的定义迄今未有完全一致的标准[39],参考前人研究,本文结合台湾浅滩沙波的特征给出研究区沙波几何参数的定义(图2)。
波峰和波谷是识别海底沙波的典型特征,对分离后的不同尺度沙波,分别计算得到极值点,可以确定波峰点与波谷点的位置。基于本文方法分解出的3类沙波,采用最优剖面识别方法,原理是基于沙波水深数据的最速下降方向获得最优剖面方向,沿该方向求取极值,最终全面识别了研究区的沙波峰值点[33]。相邻波谷点之间的水平距离即为沙波波长,波峰点与波谷点之间的垂直高差为沙波波高。
基于上述基本原理,本文编程实现了基于傅里叶分析的沙波分解算法。具体而言,该方法包括数据处理、频率分析、沙波分离和结果应用等4个步骤(图3)。
(1)数据处理。对原始多波束水深数据进行CUBE滤波、声速改正和潮位改正等处理,构建得到高精度数字水深模型。
(2)频率分析。采用一维和二维傅里叶变换进行复合沙波的频率分析。
一维傅里叶变换是基于所构建的数字水深模型,设计一系列垂直于大沙波走向的地形剖面,形成水深剖面数据集,并对其做一维傅里叶变换,从而得到底床形态的一维频率信号数据集;二维傅里叶变换是基于数字水深模型形成二维水深矩阵,确定水深与灰度值之间的映射关系,构建二维水深矩阵的灰度值矩阵,进行二维离散傅里叶变换,得到底床形态的二维频率信号矩阵;
(3)沙波分离。对一维和二维的频率信息进行分析,确定信号截止频率,通过巴特沃斯滤波器的低通、高通滤波分离出包含不同频率(尺度)的沙波信号,对其分别进行傅里叶反变换,得到包含不同尺度沙波的一维水深剖面和二维灰度矩阵,从而分解出不同频率的沙波。
(4)结果应用。通过提取步骤(3)中分离的不同尺度沙波的极值点,计算各个尺度沙波的形态参数。
对于一维傅里叶变换而言,合理设计沙波的剖面非常重要,最好能代表地形的变化特征,本文将地形梯度变化的方向确定为最优剖面方向。我们观察到台湾浅滩沙波地貌异常复杂,在巨型沙波上又叠加了中型沙波和沙波纹,然而3种沙波的走向并不一致,中型沙波斜交于巨型沙波,小型沙波纹走向多变,有的斜交于中型沙波、有的平行于中型与巨型沙波。我们也注意到巨型沙波控制了区域地貌的总体格局(图1a),因此沿梯度方向设计近似垂直于大型沙波脊线走向的地形剖面是最佳选择,如:A–B为一条示例剖面(图1b),该剖面展示的巨型沙波属于推进型沙波[34],其剖面形态表现为沙波波峰处异常尖锐,由坡向谷逐渐平缓;巨型沙波波谷处发育有次级沙波群,叠加在巨型沙波和中型沙波上的沙波纹异常发育。
将一维水深剖面通过傅里叶变换转换到频率域可以形成剖面频率谱(图4)。当选择某一频率截断,使识别的波峰和波谷点数目减到最小,从而成功地分离出不同类型的沙波,但仍能很好地反映该类沙波形态,我们称之为截止频率。通过大量剖面的实验分析,我们发现当截止频率分别选取在频率6和40附近时,能将3种类型的沙波很好地分离出来,由此确定出截止频率6和40为3种沙波分离的截止频率(图4)。选取频率6为低频与中频的截止频率,前6个频率能分离出3个明显的波峰,代表控制整个沙波地貌趋势的巨型沙波。在第40个频率处选择截断中频与高频,能很好地分离出中型沙波与沙波纹。上述过程确定了不同类型沙波分离的截止频率。
将傅里叶变换得到的傅里叶级数反变换后的正弦曲线逐步累加,发现实验区的底床形态存在由低频、中频和高频3组频率信号叠加构成的复合型沙波地貌(图5),每种频率分别代表一种沙波类型,即巨型沙波、中型沙波和沙波纹。通过频谱分析,确定出3组频率的截止频率并将这3种组成逐一分离出来。
对于一维剖面,通过高达512个傅里叶级数成功将原始水深描述出来,为了进一步分离不同类型的沙波,我们根据3.1节所分析的截止频率,以频率6和40分别分离了3种类型的沙波,图6a图6c分别代表了低频、中频和高频部分,很好地在一维剖面中展示了巨型沙波、中型沙波和微型沙波纹。
根据傅里叶级数的原理,剖面曲线可以由若干个正弦函数叠加而成(图5),通过傅里叶变换后的结果可获得频率幅度和相位信息,原始沙波水深剖面可由下式表达[40]
$f\left( x \right) = \mathop \sum \limits_{k = 0}^{N/2} ReF[k]{\rm{cos}}(2{\text π} kx/N) + \mathop \sum \limits_{k = 0}^{N/2} ImF[k]{\rm{sin}}(2{\text π} kx/N),$
式中, $ReF[k]$ $ImF[k]$ 分别为各个正、余弦组成频率的振幅,其值为频率域的频率幅度的N/2。
滤波将不同频率分量分离,进而得到每种尺度沙波形态的数学描述,沙波剖面A–B的3种尺度的数学表达式如下(分别对应图6的结果):
低频尺度表达式
$\begin{aligned}{f_i} =& - 26.728\;9 + 0.857\;0\cos (0.006\;0x) + 0.442\;0\sin (0.006\;0x) - \\& 0.6334\cos (0.012\;0x) - 1.012\;4\sin (0.012\;0x) - \\& {0.0317\cos (0.018\;0x) + 1.968\;6\sin (0.018\;0x) - }\\& 0.6164\cos (0.240x) + 1.732\;6\sin (0.024\;0x) - \\&0.518\;0\cos (0.030\;0x) - 0.738\;6\sin (0.030\;0x).\end{aligned}$
中频尺度表达式
$\begin{aligned}{f_m} =& 0.029\;8\cos (0.036\;0x) - 0.064\;2\sin (0.036\;0x) + \cdot \cdot \cdot -\\& 0.009\;9\cos (0.233\;7x) - 0.022\;5\sin (0.233\;7x).\end{aligned}$
高频尺度表达式
$\begin{aligned}{f_h} =& 0.000\;4\cos (0.239\;7x){\rm{ + }}0.004\;3\sin (0.239\;7x) + \cdot \cdot \cdot - \\& 0.000\;3\cos (3.067\;8x) - 0.001\;2\sin (3.067\;8x).\end{aligned}$
对于二维离散傅里叶方法,运用灰度图像来显示沙波尺度分离结果(图7)。二维巴特沃斯滤波中,当取阶数为4,第6个频率为截止频率时,可在信号中只识别出巨型沙波信号,如图7a中可识别出3个西南–东北走向的巨型沙波信号,与原始二维平面地貌图呈现一致表达。当选择在第40个频率处截止时,可以成功将中频与高频部分分离出来,图7b显示了次级的中型沙波,图7c中可以清晰看到数量众多的沙波纹图像,其中仍然可以识别出波峰与波谷的形态,灰度值较低处对应着水深较深的波谷。此外,白亮的长条状部分即为高通滤波后的巨型沙波位置,在白亮的波峰信号中间出现了一条灰度值较低的条带,这是由于在滤波时尖锐的摆线型波峰作为高频信号被分离,但不影响图像中对波峰的识别。
将滤波处理后分离出的低频、中频和高频3个组成部分分别与原水深剖面做对比(图8),由图8a可以看出低频部分表达了原地形的整体趋势,即巨型沙波的形态。在波峰、波谷处,分离出的巨型沙波与原地形之间的高差,特别是波峰处的高差,较其他地方要大,这是由于实验区的巨型沙波类型为摆线型[32],在其尖锐的波峰处过度平滑造成的,根据实际的研究目的选择不同的截止频率可解决该问题。由图8b中频信号与原水深剖面对比可以看出,中型沙波已成功分离出来,中型沙波的波峰、波谷处与原始沙波水深剖面也有很好的对应。由图8c高频尺度和原始水深的对比可以看出,高频成分显示了复合沙波的细节部分,即增大巨型沙波和中型沙波表面形态粗糙度的沙波纹。其在大小与形状上都与原剖面有良好的对应关系,验证了本方法可以有效地识别并分解沙波纹尺度的地貌形态。
对于分解出的3类沙波(图7),采用最优剖面识别方法,全面识别了研究区的沙波峰值点(图9)。通过线性拟合,求取拟合函数的斜率即可计算出沙波的平均走向。由于沙波纹的数目众多且走向复杂多变,本文只计算统计了巨型沙波与中型沙波的走向。
表1显示了分离后3种尺度沙波主要几何参量的统计结果。其中在实验区分离出的尺度最大的沙波,平均波高超过5 m,属于巨型沙波;叠加在巨型沙波上尺度次一级的中型沙波平均波高3 m左右,波长在100 m以内;傅里叶变换产生大量傅里叶级数,对原始水深剖面分离结果表现出较高的分辨率,分离出的小尺度沙波和波纹数目众多,一般波高小于0.4 m,平均波长在5 m以内。需要说明的是,小尺度的沙波纹信号包含了少量较大尺度沙波尖锐的波峰、波谷形态产生的高频信息。
(1)本文提出并实现了一种适用于复杂的多尺度沙波地貌的分离方法,基于傅里叶分析在频率域做频谱分析,并采用巴特沃斯滤波选择不同的截止频率实现了多个尺度沙波的量化分离。
(2)台湾浅滩多尺度沙波地貌通过本文方法首次实现了分解量化。通过傅里叶变换与巴特沃斯滤波器相结合,将实验区多尺度沙波有效地分离成3种尺度的沙波地形,进而计算统计出了3种尺度沙波的几何形态特征,为多尺度沙波地貌的深入研究奠定了坚实的基础。
(3)本文方法实现了复杂的海底沙波地貌的分解,为研究海底沙波地貌提供了可靠的量化手段。除此之外,可推广到其他复合类型地貌的量化研究,如海底沙脊、沉积物波、麻坑等。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41830540,41476049);公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金重点项目(JZ1902);卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室自主项目(SOEDZZ1802);科技基础性工作专项(2013FY112900);全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-EOGE-01)。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.013
  • 接收时间:2018-10-29
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-10-29
  • 修回日期:2019-03-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(41830540,41476049);公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金重点项目(JZ1902);卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室自主项目(SOEDZZ1802);科技基础性工作专项(2013FY112900);全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-EOGE-01)。
作者信息
    1 山东科技大学 测绘科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266590
    2 自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
    3 国家海洋局海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    4 浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
    5 浙江大学 地球科学学院,浙江 杭州 310027
    6 南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210023

通讯作者:

*吴自银(1972—),男,河南省光山县人,研究员,研究方向为多波束海底地形地貌探测与研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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