Article(id=1246840125578171044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1533312000000, receivedDateStr=2018-08-04, revisedDate=1543507200000, revisedDateStr=2018-11-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775199451106, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1569340800000, pubDateStr=2019-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775199451106, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775199451106, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775199451106, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246840121887187126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775199450227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200621889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246840125955658410, articleId=1246840125578171044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Evaluation of hindcast simulation with the ocean and sea-ice model covering the Arctic and adjacent oceans, columnId=1246840122952540345, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Special Column of Polar Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coupled ocean and sea-ice models, developed based on Version 3.6 of the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO), with the sea-ice component being Version 3 of Louvain-la-Neuve Sea Ice Model (LIM), are applied for hindcast simulations covering the North Atlantic-North Pacific-Arctic Oceans (NAPA). The two model configurations, NAPA1/4 and NAPA1/12, have nominal horizontal resolutions of (1/4)° and (1/12)° in latitude/longitude, respectively. The model domains cover the Pacific Ocean north of 45°N, the whole Arctic, and the North Atlantic north of 26°N for NAPA1/4 and 7°N for NAPA1/12. A decade-long hindcast from 1993 to 2015 using NAPA1/4 has been completed. The hindcast results of sea-ice, circulation and hydrography variations in the Arctic Ocean are evaluated with available observational data and previously published results. The evaluation suggests that NAPA1/4 possesses reasonable skills in reproducing the key thermal and dynamic processes, and can be applied to study the seasonal and inter-annual variations of sea-ice, water masses, and Atlantic/Pacific inflows/outflows. Preliminary analysis of the NAPA1/12 hindcast during 1993-1996 suggests that increasing horizontal resolution simulates more details of the spatial structures of sea-ice, water-mass properties, and ocean circulation.

, correspAuthors=Hao Wei, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaofan Luo, Xianmin Hu, Hongtao Nie, Wei Zhao, Yongli Zhang, Yali Wang, Yu Qin, Chunming Dong, Youyu Lu, Hao Wei), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246840129290130207, articleId=1246840125578171044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=北冰洋与邻近海区海洋–海冰模式的试算与校验, columnId=1246840123103535292, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=极地研究成果专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文将目前先进的大尺度海洋、海冰模式(NEMO3.6和LIM3)应用于北大西洋–北冰洋–北太平洋(简称NAPA),并进行了试验后报模拟。所建立的模式NAPA1/4和NAPA1/12的水平分辨率分别为(1/4)°和(1/12)°经、纬度,计算范围覆盖太平洋45°N以北海区、整个北冰洋及北大西洋;其中,NAPA1/4和NAPA1/12在北大西洋的边界分别为26°N和7°N。目前,已利用NAPA1/4完成了1993–2015年的后报模拟。本文基于观测数据和已发表文献对模拟结果中的北冰洋海冰变化、环流结构以及水文特征进行了校验。结果表明,NAPA1/4能够再现北冰洋的主要热力与动力过程,可以用来分析海冰、水团、大西洋/太平洋入/出流等的季节与年际变化规律。利用NAPA1/12进行了1993–1996年的模拟计算。初步结果分析表明,提高分辨率可更为精细地刻画北冰洋的海冰、水团和环流的结构。

, correspAuthors=魏皓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*魏皓(1964—),女,天津市人,教授,从事物理海洋学和海洋生态动力学方面研究。E-mail:
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罗晓凡(1987—),女,内蒙古自治区通辽市人,讲师,主要从事海洋生态动力学模拟方面研究。E-mail:

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罗晓凡(1987—),女,内蒙古自治区通辽市人,讲师,主要从事海洋生态动力学模拟方面研究。E-mail:

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罗晓凡(1987—),女,内蒙古自治区通辽市人,讲师,主要从事海洋生态动力学模拟方面研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1997, 102(C6): 12563−12573., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506274956186065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(41630969,41806225)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506243461157000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506243536654473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, companyId=1254506243461157000, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506243557625994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, companyId=1254506243461157000, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院,天津 300072)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506243788312718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506243796701327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, companyId=1254506243788312718, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth B2Y 4A2, Canada), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506244761391256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, companyId=1254506243788312718, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 加拿大国家渔业与海洋部 贝德福德海洋研究所,新斯科舍 达特茅斯 B2Y 4A2)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506261660242292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Domain and bathymetry of NAPA1/4 (a), and domain and horizontal grid size of NAPA1/12 (b), figureFileSmall=xmhCB1EjYLOF3udvtm1pwQ==, figureFileBig=Mg5WZVffJ/RJ/E9edHNbug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506261823820150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=CN, label=图1, caption=NAPA1/4模拟海区及水深(a)和NAPA1/12模拟海区及水平网格尺寸(b), figureFileSmall=xmhCB1EjYLOF3udvtm1pwQ==, figureFileBig=Mg5WZVffJ/RJ/E9edHNbug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506262264222076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Spatial distributions of sea-ice concentration based on CDR (a–d) and NAPA1/4 (e–h), figureFileSmall=dcRCP5SaurHxQolCG3QqZA==, figureFileBig=7Nt8HErcnhQ1Ez4+DCdqZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506262578794880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于CDR(a–d)与NAPA1/4(e–h)所得海冰密集度空间分布, figureFileSmall=dcRCP5SaurHxQolCG3QqZA==, figureFileBig=7Nt8HErcnhQ1Ez4+DCdqZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506262922727814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time series of sea-ice area

a.Annual cycle averaged over 1994–2015; b, c. interannual variation in March and September. The solid lines with red dots, blue triangles and green squares represent NAPA1/4 hindcast, CDR and GLORYS 2v4 reanalysis, respectively. The coloured dotted lines represent long-term trends obtained through linear fitting

, figureFileSmall=M+oHxIcxLt34z43A03RGVw==, figureFileBig=2wr1Fdu3NHdIZ7katBqxDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263203746186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=CN, label=图3, caption=海冰面积时间序列

a.1994–2015年多年平均海冰面积逐月变化;b.3月海冰面积年际变化;c.9月海冰面积年际变化。红色圆点实线代表模拟结果;蓝色三角实线表示CDR观测数据;绿色方形实线表示GLORYS 2v4再分析数据;图中虚线表示对应颜色数据的线性拟合趋势

, figureFileSmall=M+oHxIcxLt34z43A03RGVw==, figureFileBig=2wr1Fdu3NHdIZ7katBqxDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263346352526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Water temperature in the area covering Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin

a. Locations of sampling stations from the fourth CHINARE-Arctic expedition with red and green dots denoting samples deployed in July and August, respectively; b. temperature distribution at depths of 5 m (upper) and 50 m (lower) from CHINARE (left) and NAPA1/4 (right); c. temperature profiles at 3 stations in Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin based on CHINARE, GLORYS 2v4 and NAPA1/4

, figureFileSmall=qLSK6HXz+JMrtq4dNPCzgA==, figureFileBig=1u1FHCZTrvLDIStGkDgx1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263606399378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=CN, label=图4, caption=白令海–楚科奇海–加拿大海盆水温分布

a. 第四次北极考察站位分布,红色为7月调查站位,绿色为8月调查站位;b. 观测与NAPA1/4模拟的5 m层和50 m层温度分布的比较;c. 白令 海、楚科奇海、加拿大海盆区3个站位观测、GLORYS 2v4再分析与NAPA1/4模拟的温度剖面

, figureFileSmall=qLSK6HXz+JMrtq4dNPCzgA==, figureFileBig=1u1FHCZTrvLDIStGkDgx1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263962915224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Water salinity in the area covering Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin

a. Locations of sampling stations from the fourth CHINARE-Arctic expedition with red and green dots denoting samples deployed in July and August, respectively; b. salinity distribution at depths of 5 m (upper) and 50 m (lower) from CHINARE (left) and NAPA1/4 (right); c. salinity profiles at 3 stations in Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin based on CHINARE, GLORYS 2v4 and NAPA1/4

, figureFileSmall=IKvnWyOTQSGZwJmh3BxEyA==, figureFileBig=ewEPKlnuRoofYFVDOdbA/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506264285876634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=CN, label=图5, caption=白令海–楚科奇海–加拿大海盆盐度分布

a. 第四次北极考察站位分布,红色为7月调查站位,绿色为8月调查站位;b. 观测与NAPA1/4模拟的5 m层和50 m层盐度分布的比较;c. 白令 海、楚科奇海、加拿大海盆区3个站位观测、GLORYS 2v4再分析与NAPA1/4模拟的盐度剖面

, figureFileSmall=IKvnWyOTQSGZwJmh3BxEyA==, figureFileBig=ewEPKlnuRoofYFVDOdbA/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506265963598236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Temperature and salinity in mid-July of 1996 from GLORYS 2v4 reanalysis (a) and NAPA1/4 (b) along the section (thick green line) shown in the inserted figure of b, figureFileSmall=3GiYuu1ewQLht8AqA6xNDA==, figureFileBig=yt5AaKAMo9bGPazMy4MPhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506266211062177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=CN, label=图6, caption=1996年7月中旬GLORYS 2v4(a)与NAPA1/4(b)温盐断面分布(断面位置见b图中的子图), figureFileSmall=3GiYuu1ewQLht8AqA6xNDA==, figureFileBig=yt5AaKAMo9bGPazMy4MPhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506266815041956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=NAPA1/4 summer ocean circulation at 30 m depth

The ocean circulation direction denoted by black arrow and speed by colour shading. The blue, red, green, pink, yellow and white arrows represent Bering Strait inflow, Beaufort Gyre, Transpolar Drift, Norwegian–Northern Atlantic Current, East Greenland Current and Canadian Arctic Archipelago throughflow, respectively

, figureFileSmall=kzaQ9v3cAaE7CR/EYphfQQ==, figureFileBig=163ZEmDAFV/fKLi9Wy0Pnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506267620348329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=CN, label=图7, caption=NAPA1/4夏季30 m层环流结构

黑色箭头为流速方向,颜色为流速大小。蓝色、红色、绿色、粉色、黄色、白色箭头分别表示白令海峡入流、波弗特流涡、穿极漂流、挪威–北 大西洋流、东格陵兰流、加拿大北极群岛贯穿流

, figureFileSmall=kzaQ9v3cAaE7CR/EYphfQQ==, figureFileBig=163ZEmDAFV/fKLi9Wy0Pnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506268345962925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Monthly (a) and annual-mean (b) Pacific inflow volume flux estimated from NAPA1/4 and mooring observations, figureFileSmall=uJED5ebcbXol7eDQuk1uFA==, figureFileBig=8d8bCwWSc0DOg6moLGc/RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506268736033200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于NAPA1/4与锚系观测数据估算的太平洋入流通量逐月(a)和年均(b)时间序列, figureFileSmall=uJED5ebcbXol7eDQuk1uFA==, figureFileBig=8d8bCwWSc0DOg6moLGc/RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506270627664308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Sea-ice thickness in early June of 1996 simulated by NAPA1/4 (a) and NAPA1/12 (b), figureFileSmall=Y+uVQVjuLFEoIHrHtvoEdA==, figureFileBig=nbK89P5O8iep0ZyQw0Jmdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506271370056124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=CN, label=图9, caption=NAPA1/4(a)和NAPA1/12(b)模拟的1996年6月初海冰厚度, figureFileSmall=Y+uVQVjuLFEoIHrHtvoEdA==, figureFileBig=nbK89P5O8iep0ZyQw0Jmdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506271667851710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Relative vorticity at 30 m depth in early June of 1996 simulated by NAPA1/4 (a) and NAPA1/12 (b), figureFileSmall=yUvHscqY9pNBBwNsU0Llmw==, figureFileBig=25wJKyqZHooejRzppD3a0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506271953064387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840125578171044, language=CN, label=图10, caption=NAPA1/4(a)和NAPA1/12(b)模拟的1996年6月初30 m层相对涡度, 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北冰洋与邻近海区海洋–海冰模式的试算与校验
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罗晓凡 1 , 胡宪敏 2 , 聂红涛 1 , 赵伟 1 , 张永莉 1 , 王雅丽 1 , 秦钰 1 , 董春明 1 , 鹿有余 2 , 魏皓 1, *
海洋学报 | 极地研究成果专栏 2019,41(9): 1-12
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海洋学报 | 极地研究成果专栏 2019, 41(9): 1-12
北冰洋与邻近海区海洋–海冰模式的试算与校验
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罗晓凡1 , 胡宪敏2, 聂红涛1, 赵伟1, 张永莉1, 王雅丽1, 秦钰1, 董春明1, 鹿有余2, 魏皓1, *
作者信息
  • 1 天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院,天津 300072
  • 2 加拿大国家渔业与海洋部 贝德福德海洋研究所,新斯科舍 达特茅斯 B2Y 4A2
  • 罗晓凡(1987—),女,内蒙古自治区通辽市人,讲师,主要从事海洋生态动力学模拟方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*魏皓(1964—),女,天津市人,教授,从事物理海洋学和海洋生态动力学方面研究。E-mail:
Evaluation of hindcast simulation with the ocean and sea-ice model covering the Arctic and adjacent oceans
Xiaofan Luo1 , Xianmin Hu2, Hongtao Nie1, Wei Zhao1, Yongli Zhang1, Yali Wang1, Yu Qin1, Chunming Dong1, Youyu Lu2, Hao Wei1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2 Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth B2Y 4A2, Canada
出版时间: 2019-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.001
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本文将目前先进的大尺度海洋、海冰模式(NEMO3.6和LIM3)应用于北大西洋–北冰洋–北太平洋(简称NAPA),并进行了试验后报模拟。所建立的模式NAPA1/4和NAPA1/12的水平分辨率分别为(1/4)°和(1/12)°经、纬度,计算范围覆盖太平洋45°N以北海区、整个北冰洋及北大西洋;其中,NAPA1/4和NAPA1/12在北大西洋的边界分别为26°N和7°N。目前,已利用NAPA1/4完成了1993–2015年的后报模拟。本文基于观测数据和已发表文献对模拟结果中的北冰洋海冰变化、环流结构以及水文特征进行了校验。结果表明,NAPA1/4能够再现北冰洋的主要热力与动力过程,可以用来分析海冰、水团、大西洋/太平洋入/出流等的季节与年际变化规律。利用NAPA1/12进行了1993–1996年的模拟计算。初步结果分析表明,提高分辨率可更为精细地刻画北冰洋的海冰、水团和环流的结构。

海洋–海冰模式  /  模式校验  /  北冰洋

Coupled ocean and sea-ice models, developed based on Version 3.6 of the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO), with the sea-ice component being Version 3 of Louvain-la-Neuve Sea Ice Model (LIM), are applied for hindcast simulations covering the North Atlantic-North Pacific-Arctic Oceans (NAPA). The two model configurations, NAPA1/4 and NAPA1/12, have nominal horizontal resolutions of (1/4)° and (1/12)° in latitude/longitude, respectively. The model domains cover the Pacific Ocean north of 45°N, the whole Arctic, and the North Atlantic north of 26°N for NAPA1/4 and 7°N for NAPA1/12. A decade-long hindcast from 1993 to 2015 using NAPA1/4 has been completed. The hindcast results of sea-ice, circulation and hydrography variations in the Arctic Ocean are evaluated with available observational data and previously published results. The evaluation suggests that NAPA1/4 possesses reasonable skills in reproducing the key thermal and dynamic processes, and can be applied to study the seasonal and inter-annual variations of sea-ice, water masses, and Atlantic/Pacific inflows/outflows. Preliminary analysis of the NAPA1/12 hindcast during 1993-1996 suggests that increasing horizontal resolution simulates more details of the spatial structures of sea-ice, water-mass properties, and ocean circulation.

coupled ocean and sea-ice models  /  model evaluation  /  Arctic Ocean
罗晓凡, 胡宪敏, 聂红涛, 赵伟, 张永莉, 王雅丽, 秦钰, 董春明, 鹿有余, 魏皓. 北冰洋与邻近海区海洋–海冰模式的试算与校验. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (9) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.001
Xiaofan Luo, Xianmin Hu, Hongtao Nie, Wei Zhao, Yongli Zhang, Yali Wang, Yu Qin, Chunming Dong, Youyu Lu, Hao Wei. Evaluation of hindcast simulation with the ocean and sea-ice model covering the Arctic and adjacent oceans[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (9) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.001
北极地区是全球气候变化的敏感区和放大区[1-2],其海洋–海冰环境的快速变化及其对生态系统的影响引起了全球范围的广泛关注,是当前海洋科学研究的前沿[3-9]。近30年,极区观测技术不断发展,高质量观测数据的积累揭示北冰洋正在经历冰雪快速消融[5]、水体层结改变[3]、海水酸化[9]等过程。探寻这些变化的驱动机制是预测未来北冰洋环境变化的基础,将观测数据与海洋–海冰模拟结果结合分析是研究机制、预测未来的主要手段之一。
北极海区研究的不断深入,对北冰洋模式不断提出新的需求。一系列大型国际合作项目如:“海洋–冰耦合模式第二阶段参考试验”(Coordinated Oceanice Reference Experiments,phase Ⅱ,COREⅡ)[10-12]、“北冰洋模式比较项目”(Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project,AOMIP)及其后续项目“北冰洋模式与观测集成论坛”(Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis,FAMOS)[13]、加拿大业务化环境预报系统(Canadian Operational Network of Coupled Environmental Prediction Systems,CONCEPTS)[14-15]以及哥白尼海洋环境监测服务项目中北冰洋相关产品(Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service,CMEMS,http://marine.copernicus.eu/),推动了海洋–海冰模式的快速发展。目前全球海洋–海冰模式的水平空间分辨率为10~200 km、区域模式的水平空间分辨率为2~50 km,尽管这些模式都能模拟出泛北冰洋海冰、水文要素、海流分布的主要特征,但FAMOS指出北冰洋高分辨率区域模式的模拟能力优于全球模式。大部分模式获得的海冰面积以及北冰洋淡水通量的年际变化一致,但与观测数据仍存在一定偏差[11]。中尺度涡是影响陆架–海盆热盐输运的重要过程,其水平尺度与第一斜压罗斯贝半径相当[16]。该半径在北冰洋强层化区域,如加拿大海盆,约为15 km;在弱层化区域,如陆架海,大约为1~7 km[17]。目前的大多数模式,尚不能完全分辨北冰洋海区的中尺度涡[13]。此外,北冰洋与太平洋和大西洋的物质交换(热通量、淡水通量、营养盐通量等)需通过许多狭窄的海峡,这也对模式的分辨率提出了要求。为了较为精细化地模拟北冰洋海洋–海冰及生物地球化学循环,本研究构建了NAPA系列海洋–海冰耦合模式,包括中和高两个水平分辨率,分辨率在北冰洋分别达到了约12 km和4~5 km,与目前国际上主要模式的水平分辨率相当。
本研究采用的是NEMO 3.6海洋模式(Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean)[18]和LIM3海冰模式(Louvain-la-Neuve Sea Ice Model)[19-20],计算区域包含北大西洋–北冰洋–北太平洋(North Atlantic,North Pacific and Arctic Oceans,NAPA)。模式的水平网格取自欧洲高分辨率海洋模拟国际合作工作组(即DRAKKAR,https://www.drakkar-ocean.eu/what-is-drakkar)所构建的ORCA全球三极点网格[21]。NAPA1/4的水平空间分辨率为(1/4)°(经、纬度),高纬海区分辨率约12 km,模拟范围覆盖北太平洋(45°N以北)、整个北冰洋以及北大西洋(26°N以北)(图1a)。NAPA1/12的水平空间分辨率为(1/12)°,高纬海区分辨率可达4~5 km,模拟范围在NAPA1/4的基础上将大西洋南边界拓展到7°N(图1b)。两者海洋模块的垂向网格均为75层,50 m以浅共分19层;层厚在近海面处为1 m,随深度逐渐增加,至6 000 m水深约200 m,最后一层的层厚根据地形而变化。NAPA1/4模式地形数据截取自DRAKKAR工作组全球(1/4)°海洋–海冰模式ORCA025的地形数据[22],该数据融合了全球地形数据ETOPO和全球海洋通用水深数据GEBCO;NAPA1/12则截取自DRAKKAR工作组全球(1/12)°模式ORCA12的地形数据。
大气强迫采用DRAKKAR工作组的高分辨率再分析数据(DFS v5.2)[23],其水平分辨率约0.7°,包括1958–2015年1天8次的海面10 m高度风速场、气温和湿度数据,以及逐日的短波辐射、长波辐射和降水数据。河流淡水输入来自包含年际变化的月平均全球陆地径流数据[24],采取体积守恒的方式将原始1°分辨率的河流数据合理分配到模式网格(NAPA1/4使用气候态月均径流数据)。初始的三维海洋温度和盐度场来自世界海洋图集,即WOA 13-v2版本的气候态数据,其水平分辨率为(1/4)°,垂向标准102层[25-26]。初始的三维海洋水平流速场、海表面高度以及海冰数据来自法国Mercator-Ocean发布的应用数据同化所得到的全球再分析(GLORYS)之2v4版本数据集,其全球空间分辨率为(1/4)°,垂向分为75层[27]。开边界温度、盐度、海表面高度和水平流速场采用GLORYS 2v4的月平均数据,开边界潮流由M2、S2、N2、K1、O1共5个分潮驱动,潮汐数据提取自俄勒岗州立大学(OSU)的全球海洋潮汐模式结果的TPXO8版本(http://volkov.oce.orst.edu/tides)。开边界条件的设置对正压和斜压模态区别对待,正压模态沿法向深度平均流速采用Flather[28]辐射边界条件,斜压流速、温、盐在开边界以内的10个网格间距设置“海绵层”。
LIM3海冰模块包含雪和多类海冰,可以较好地模拟薄海冰的快速生消,以及海冰重叠和成脊导致薄冰向厚冰转变的物理过程[29]。海洋模块的温盐水平混合采用拉普拉斯(Laplace)黏性系数方案,混合系数与网格大小成正比,最大混合系数在NAPA1/4中取为300 m2/s,在NAPA1/12中取为50 m2/s。动量混合采用双拉普拉斯(bi-Laplace)水平黏性系数方案,混合系数与网格大小的3次方成正比,最大混合系数在NAPA1/4中取为−1011 m4/s,在NAPA1/12中取为−1010 m4/s。对于垂向混合方案,NAPA1/4在调试过程中曾选用NEMO默认的基于湍动能(Turbulent Kinetic Energy,TKE)的闭合方案[30],但该方案导致陆架混合作用较强,难以抓住夏季层结现象,故现改用基于湍动能–耗散率(k-ɛ[31]方程的通用尺度(Generic Length Scale,GLS)闭合方案[32],其中的Galerpin系数取0.267,内波破碎湍动能背景场值取为10−7 m2/s2
NAPA1/4包含528×735×75个计算网格,计算步长为600 s,外模时间步长约32 s,使用245个计算核进行了1993年10月1日至2015年12月31日共22年的后报模拟;NAPA1/12包含1 632×2 432×75个计算网格,计算步长为360 s,外模时间步长10 s,使用941个计算核完成了1993年10月1日至1996年12月31日共3年的后报模拟。两者模拟结果输出均为5 d平均。
从美国国家冰雪数据中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center,NSIDC)获得1994–2015年的逐日和逐月微波遥感海冰密集度数据(Climate Data Record(CDR)of Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration),其水平分辨率为25 km。图2a图2b图2e图2f比较了2007年3月和9月观测与模拟的海冰密集度,两者季节变化的主要特征一致。3月,两者的区别主要体现在格陵兰海区,NAPA1/4模拟的海冰覆盖范围在该海区略大;9月,两者主要差别在加拿大海盆靠近欧亚大陆一侧。图2c图2d图2g图2h显示了2009年和2012年9月观测与模拟的海冰密集度分布。将2007年、2009年和2012年的9月份相比,2007年和2012年是历史观测中海冰面积出现极小值的年份,2009年是近期海冰面积相对较大的年份,NAPA1/4抓住了这一显著的夏季海冰年际变化特征。
图3比较了CDR卫星遥感数据、GLORYS 2v4再分析资料和NAPA1/4的海冰面积的季节变化与年际变化。海冰总面积的逐月序列是选取海冰密集度大于等于15%的网格,将每个网格的面积乘以对应的海冰密集度,进行空间积分所得到的。进一步,对每个月在不同年份的数据进行平均,即得到气候态海冰总面积的季节循环序列。对气候态海冰面积的季节变化,3组数据一致(图3a):在冬季2–3月间出现高值,约为14×106 km2;在夏季8–9月间出现低值,约为5×106 km2图3b图3c分别显示了3月和9月海冰面积的逐年时间序列,观测和模拟结果都表明1994–2015年间海冰面积呈现减少趋势,9月份尤为明显。NAPA1/4模拟的9月份海冰面积减少趋势为−0.14×106 km2/a,与观测相当(−0.12×106 km2/a)。总体而言,NAPA1/4再现了海冰面积主要的年际变化规律,可以准确抓住2007年和2012年在9月呈现海冰面积极小值的年份。自2003年起,NAPA1/4模拟的海冰面积年际变化与观测结果一致性尤为显著。
中国北极科学考察(CHINARE)在1999–2017年间对北冰洋太平洋扇区进行了8次综合调查,相关水文数据已公开发布在中国南北极数据中心(http://www.chinare.org.cn/)。本文选取2010年夏季第四次北极考察航次的温盐数据与同期模拟结果进行比较。北极考察数据按月份分为7月和8月两组,7月份有效观测站点共计97个,8月份有效观测站点共计32个(图4a)。NAPA1/4结果采用2010年7月和8月的月均值。图4显示在5 m和50 m层,NAPA1/4模拟的水温虽然在楚科奇海陆架北部比观测略低,但整体水平空间分布特征与观测一致。在5 m层,白令海水温最高,为7~8℃之间;在内陆架(50 m以浅)靠近西伯利亚沿岸海区呈现低温斑块;白令海峡以北,水温由南向北逐渐降低,至楚科奇海陆坡和加拿大海盆处,由于海冰覆盖,水温接近冰点。在50 m层,白令海冷水团清晰可见,北冰洋大部分站位的水温在−1℃至冰点之间。此外,本文在白令海、楚科奇海、加拿大海盆选取3个站位,对模拟的温度剖面与极地考察数据和GLORYS 2v4再分析资料结果进行了比较(图4c)。结果表明, NAPA1/4模拟的温度垂向结构与极地考察结果较为一致,再现了夏季陆架海区的强层结现象,并抓住了海盆区在约300~500 m层的大西洋暖水;GLORYS 2v4再分析资料对陆架温跃层的刻画存在一定偏差,而对深海盆水温垂向结构的模拟与极地考察结果一致。
图5比较了模拟与观测的盐度分布。由图5b可见NAPA1/4模拟的5 m层盐度整体偏高,在楚科奇海外陆架、陆坡和海盆区域的偏差约为2;在50 m层,模拟盐度相对观测的偏差降低。就分布特征而言,从白令海到加拿大海盆,NAPA1/4重现了与观测一致的盐度“高–低–高”整体空间分布特征。盐度剖面分布再次显示NAPA1/4对上层盐度的模拟偏高,随着深度的增加,盐度模拟值与观测值逐渐接近(图5c)。NAPA1/4盐度偏差形成的原因目前尚不明确,有待深入探讨。GLORYS 2v4再分析资料对海盆区盐度垂向结构的刻画与极地考察基本一致(图5c)。整体而言,GLORYS 2v4再分析资料可作为模式校验的参考。
选取自白令海峡邻近海区、穿过楚科奇海至加拿大海盆的典型断面,图6比较了GLORYS 2v4再分析资料与NAPA1/4模拟的温盐结构。选取的时间为1996年7月中旬,后文将进一步与NAPA1/12的模拟结果进行比较。结果表明,NAPA1/4模拟的温度和盐度与GLORYS 2v4再分析数据的分布特征基本一致,在陆架海区呈现明显的层化现象。NAPA1/4模拟的内陆架温度整体偏高,但仍清晰可见白令海峡南部的低温水团(2~3℃)。在楚科奇海外陆架–陆坡处模拟出低温水团(温度小于–1.6℃),以及在海盆区上层50~100 m水层间呈现的暖水,该暖水被认为来自于太平洋夏季暖水[33]。相较于GLORYS 2v4再分析数据,NAPA1/4模拟的盐度在陆架–陆坡处偏高,盐度为33的等值线明显向陆架延伸,但整体垂向分布一致,陆架–陆坡处150 m水深以下可见高盐的大西洋水(盐度大于33.6)。总体而言,NAPA1/4得到了与GLORYS 2v4一致的温、盐垂向结构及跨陆架至深海盆的分布特征。
北冰洋的表层环流主要包括从拉普捷夫海流经北极点流向格陵兰岛方向的穿极漂流,以及加拿大海盆内反气旋方向的波弗特流涡[34]。大西洋一侧,北冰洋的入流主要包括挪威–北大西洋流的2个分支—进入巴伦支海的北角海流和通过弗拉姆海峡东侧的西斯匹次卑尔根流;北冰洋出流包括从弗拉姆海峡西侧流出的东格陵兰流和通过加拿大北极群岛海域的贯穿流。太平洋一侧,主要体现的是通过白令海峡的太平洋入流。该入流由白令海西侧的阿纳德尔流与东侧的阿拉斯加沿岸流汇入白令海峡形成,并在楚科奇海地形诱导下形成3个主要分支最后进入北冰洋[35]。NAPA1/4模拟的夏季上层(30 m)环流(图7)与上述基于观测得到的北冰洋环流结构一致。总体而言,大西洋一侧流系比较复杂,多不稳定的涡旋结构,东格陵兰流和加拿大北极群岛贯穿流流速较大;太平洋一侧环流结构相对稳定,波弗特流涡中心位于加拿大海盆邻近楚科奇海东北部海区,流速明显小于楚科奇海陆架环流。经初步计算(1994–2014年平均),巴伦支海水道的净流量为2.48×106 m3/s,方向由北欧海进入巴伦支海,该流量略大于基于观测估计的2.3×106 m3/s[36],与近期高分辨率模式模拟的结果(2.52×106 m3/s)[37]相近;通过弗拉姆海峡的净流量为1.27×106 m3/s,方向由北冰洋向南流入大西洋,该流量低于基于观测的估计((2.0±2.7)×106 m3/s[38]),更接近部分数值模拟的结果,如1.34×106 m3/s[39]和1.1×106 m3/s[40];通过戴维斯海峡的净流量为2.23×106 m3/s,方向由巴芬湾流向拉布拉多海,该流量接近早期基于锚系观测估计的(2.6±1.0)×106 m3/s[41]和(2.3±0.7)×106 m3/s[42],但是高于近期估计的(1.6±0.5)×106 m3/s[43];通过白令海峡的净流量为1.08×106 m3/s,方向由太平洋进入北冰洋,该流量与基于锚系观测的估计值相当[44-45]。因白令海峡处具有长期连续观测基础,后文将对白令海峡流通量的季节与年节变化进行详细说明。综上表明,NAPA1/4可抓住北极海区与太平洋和大西洋重要的交换过程。
白令海峡连接太平洋与北冰洋,约0.8×106~1.0×106 m3/s[44-45]的太平洋水经此海峡进入北冰洋,相应的热、淡水与营养盐通量对北冰洋海冰[46-47]、层结[48-49]以及初级生产[50-51]等具有重要影响。白令海峡流通量的观测估计是通过假定海峡断面流速一致且正压,海峡断面面积为4.25×106 m2,利用白令海峡中部(66.3°N,169°W)的锚系浮标(约45 m水深)流速数据计算得到的[45]。基于NAPA1/4模拟结果,本文使用与观测估计同样的方法,选取与锚系浮标相同位置的流速估算了白令海峡的流通量。此外,本文也利用NAPA1/4白令海峡断面的流场直接计算了流通量。图8a显示上述3种方法估算的流量具有一致的季节循环,春、夏季流通量高于冬季。基于NAPA1/4单站位流速估算的多年平均太平洋入流与基于锚系观测数据的估算结果较为接近,分别为0.99×106 m3/s和0.95×106 m3/s,而基于白令海峡断面流速场估算的流通量则为1.08×106 m3/s,这表明利用单站位流速数据估算白令海峡流通量可能存在约8%的低估。将三者同时段(1998–2015年)的逐月流量进行逐年平均后可见3种方法估算的太平洋入流年际变化也基本一致,且三者在1998–2015年间均呈现上升趋势(图8b)。自2003年起,基于NAPA1/4单站位估算的太平洋入流通量与锚系观测结果一致性更为显著。综上表明,NAPA1/4可以用来进行太平洋入流年际变化与机制分析,并可用于探讨其变化对下游海洋–海冰环境以及生态系统的影响。
目前已利用NAPA1/12进行了3年的模拟计算,本文仅对第3年即1996年的模拟结果与NAPA1/4进行比较。两者模拟的海冰密集度、海冰厚度、环流结构、温盐结构等的季节分布与变化的整体特征基本一致,但存在细节上的差异。
图9比较了海冰融化期6月初(6月7–11日平均)2个模式获得的海冰厚度。NAPA1/4和NAPA1/12的结果都表明多年冰位于加拿大群岛和格陵兰岛一侧,厚度约5~6 m;楚科奇海此时已部分融化;大西洋一侧的巴伦支海、格陵兰海海冰厚度在2 m以下。此外,两者都模拟出一些类似冰隙与冰脊的结构,但NAPA1/12更为明显,尤其是在靠近陆地边缘的厚冰区以及正在融化的薄冰区,如楚科奇海、拉普捷夫海、喀拉海等。这个对比结果,与近期德国模式的结果一致[52]
图10比较了NAPA1/4和NAPA1/12模拟的海洋30 m层的涡度场(选用日期与图9一致)。该对比可以清楚地显示出高空间分辨率在模拟海洋流场空间细节上的优势。NAPA1/12模拟出的流场细节不仅体现在相对低纬度的海域(如北大西洋,北欧海,巴伦支海,白令海),在北冰洋穿极漂流区域、楚科奇海北部陆坡和加拿大海盆南部也表现地很明显。这对于更真实地模拟陆架–陆坡物质交换过程以及北冰洋环流结构都非常重要。
前文显示中等分辨率的NAPA1/4已可以获得与观测和GLORYS 2v4基本一致的温盐结构特征。与NAPA1/4相比,NAPA1/12得到的温盐结构在大尺度上的分布特征基本一致,但细节更为丰富。GLORYS 2v4再分析数据(图6a)显示在白令海和楚科奇海内陆架存在两个低温水团,二者独立于外陆架–陆坡的冷水。对于楚科奇海内陆架的低温水团,在NAPA1/4中并没有清晰显示,而在NAPA1/12的结果中不仅有所体现,而且比GLORYS 2v4更为明显(图11a)。对于模拟的外陆架–陆坡的冷水团边缘线,NAPA1/4的结果过于光滑,而NAPA1/12的结果呈现波动状。NAPA1/12与NAPA1/4都模拟出了50~100 m层之间的暖水,但NAPA1/12暖水团更为明显,其温度约在–1~0℃间,这与冰基浮标剖面数据结果(http://www.whoi.edu/website/itp/overview)较为一致(图未给出)。对于盐度,2个模式都得到了如下特征(图11b):白令海低温水团因其所在位置偏向高盐的阿纳德尔流[53]而呈现盐度高值;近表层因受到海冰融化的影响而呈现盐度低值;陆架–陆坡处150 m以下可见高盐的大西洋水。两者区别之处在于NAPA1/12模拟的外陆架–陆坡上层盐度等盐面呈波动状,且存在独立高盐斑块。结合上文水平涡度模拟(图10),虽然NAPA1/12的水平分辨率尚不能完全刻画中尺度涡,但其一定程度上模拟出了中尺度过程对热盐输运的影响。
本研究构建了水平空间分辨率分别为约12 km和4~5 km的中等分辨率和高分辨率的NAPA系列海洋–海冰模式,并进行了多年后报模拟。通过与观测数据及再分析资料进行比较,表明中等分辨率的NAPA1/4可以再现海冰密集度季节变化的主要特征以及海冰面积的年际变化规律;再现了跨陆架至深海盆断面水体温盐的垂向结构以及北冰洋主要的环流结构;估算的太平洋入流季节与年际变化与基于锚系观测估算结果一致,可较好地反映北极海区与太平洋重要的交换过程等。NAPA1/4具备了对北极海区海洋–海冰环境要素季节与年际变化的模拟能力。基于该模式,本团队正在开展北冰洋海冰变化及其机制、环流、太平洋水团输运路径的分析研究以及生物地球化学循环的模拟等工作。高分辨率的NAPA1/12与NAPA1/4模拟的海洋–海冰环境要素的主要特征基本一致,但可以更为细致地刻画海冰的类似冰隙与冰脊的结构,得到更加细致的环流结构,并显示能部分刻画中尺度过程对水团结构的影响。我们计划用NAPA1/12开展环流以及陆架–陆坡物质交换动力过程的精细化研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41630969,41806225)。
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2019年第41卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.001
  • 接收时间:2018-08-04
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-08-04
  • 修回日期:2018-11-30
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41630969,41806225)。
作者信息
    1 天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院,天津 300072
    2 加拿大国家渔业与海洋部 贝德福德海洋研究所,新斯科舍 达特茅斯 B2Y 4A2

通讯作者:

*魏皓(1964—),女,天津市人,教授,从事物理海洋学和海洋生态动力学方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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