Article(id=1246840124563153115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1533830400000, receivedDateStr=2018-08-10, revisedDate=1540224000000, revisedDateStr=2018-10-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775199450864, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1569340800000, pubDateStr=2019-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775199450864, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775199450864, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775199450864, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246840121887187126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775199450227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200621889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=113, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246840124881920225, articleId=1246840124563153115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The turbulent dynamic mechanism of flocculation of cohesive sediment in the Zhujiang River Estuary, columnId=1243867131083862618, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Physical Oceanography, Marine Meteorology and Marine Physics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This thesis aimed to analyze the stable multimodal (3-peaked) particle size distributions (PSDs) of flocs in the Zhujiang River Estuary with the field observation data getting by LISST and the bottom boundary layer observation system during the dry season in 2010. The results show that the mean diameter of the basic building blocks of flocs, so-called primary particle, is about 8.3–9.0 μm; the mean diameter of microflocs in a range of 36–100 μm, and macroflocs have a size range of 180 μm to thousands of micrometers. In the neap tidal periods, the suspension sediment of halocline is dominated by the macroflocs with strong flocculation process; the mean diameter of flocs is increases and is controlled by flocs during the moderate and spring tide. The dynamic change of the tide has little impact on the multimodal PSDs and morphological parameters, with aggregation and breakage of the flocculation in the dynamic equilibrium. Study results further demonstrate the turbulent dynamic mechanism of flocculation by combining the turbulence data collected by the bottom tripod and the simplified Population Balance Equation (PBE). It is that, the high shear of the peak flow would enhance breakage of macroflocs to microflocs and decrease the mean diameter of flocs, on the contrary, aggregation is much stronger than breakage. It also shows that PSDs are in according with observation by solving PBE based on gaussian moment integral method. It turns out that PBE which containes the turbulent dynamic mechanism can be used to study the flocculation of cohesive sediment with turbulence and PSDs data.

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本文利用2010年枯季在珠江口进行的大、中、小潮LISST剖面及底边界层观测资料,分析了磨刀门河口枯季稳定存在的絮团三峰结构,即构建絮团的基本粒子的平均粒径约为8.3~9.0 μm,小絮团为36~100 μm,大絮团大于180 μm。小潮期,盐跃层捕集的悬浮泥沙以强絮凝过程为主,大絮团含量占优;中、大潮期,平均粒径普遍增大,絮凝占优。潮内的动力变化对絮团多峰结构及形态参数的影响不明显,絮凝与解凝处于动态平衡。结合坐底三角架的湍流资料和简化的群体平衡模型(Population Balance Equation,PBE),进一步揭示了絮团变化的湍流动力机制。高流速下的强紊动剪切力,直接导致大絮团被破坏形成小絮凝体,絮凝体平均粒径减小,反之絮凝强于解凝作用。同时,基于高斯矩积分方法求解PBE,得到的粒径分布基本与观测值吻合,说明在有较好的现场湍流与粒径观测资料的条件下,PBE包含的湍流动力机制可以用来研究黏性泥沙的絮凝过程。

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任杰(1975—),男,四川省南部县人,副教授,博士,主要从事近岸河口动力过程研究。E-mail:

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任杰(1975—),男,四川省南部县人,副教授,博士,主要从事近岸河口动力过程研究。E-mail:

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任杰(1975—),男,四川省南部县人,副教授,博士,主要从事近岸河口动力过程研究。E-mail:

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Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506253896581755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41476072)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506238977442243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506238985830854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, companyId=1254506238977442243, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Center for Coastal Ocean Science and Technology, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506238994219462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, companyId=1254506238977442243, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中山大学 海洋科学学院 近岸海洋科学与技术研究中心,广东 广州 510275)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506245109514796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The Zhujiang River Estuary and research area (a) and the distribution of observation stations from December 15, 2010 to December 24, 2010 at Modaomen Estuary (b), figureFileSmall=Do+owE5kC87sJazdZHX6Cw==, figureFileBig=DeYBuqrQp+fb6fBWqzpdLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506245289869870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=CN, label=图1, caption=磨刀门河口在珠江三河口湾中的位置(a)及2010年12月15–24日磨刀门水道水文观测站位分布(b), figureFileSmall=Do+owE5kC87sJazdZHX6Cw==, figureFileBig=DeYBuqrQp+fb6fBWqzpdLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506245575082547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Three observations of the bottom boundary layer and corresponding tide types at Denglongshan Station, figureFileSmall=DMCtY+yYRrl/mx0fYpENMA==, figureFileBig=KB2/OSd8lI8cbSJ8wvUE5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506246191645238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=CN, label=图2, caption=灯笼山站边界层的3个观测测次时间与对应的潮型, figureFileSmall=DMCtY+yYRrl/mx0fYpENMA==, figureFileBig=KB2/OSd8lI8cbSJ8wvUE5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506247810646589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The time process of wind direction and speed during the observation, figureFileSmall=jVxCjR6pq/JAv+wm0Re6ww==, figureFileBig=pP5DWTtcaN3zMfy7GilLdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506248079082049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=CN, label=图3, caption=观测期间风速风向过程曲线, figureFileSmall=jVxCjR6pq/JAv+wm0Re6ww==, figureFileBig=pP5DWTtcaN3zMfy7GilLdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506248460763716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The profile distribution of velocity (a), salinity (b), volume concentration (c) and diameter of flocs (d) at M2 Station

The positive (+), negative (-) values of the axial velocity represent the flood tide, ebb tide, respectively

, figureFileSmall=qumt5HrLyFAMkIjUkALHzA==, figureFileBig=eX5Bo8xyXe3UHMKPx4F/8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506248813085258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=CN, label=图4, caption=M2站剖面轴向流速(a),盐度(b),体积浓度(c),絮团粒径(d)分布

图中轴向流速的正值表示涨潮,负值表示落潮

, figureFileSmall=qumt5HrLyFAMkIjUkALHzA==, figureFileBig=eX5Bo8xyXe3UHMKPx4F/8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506249190572620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Particle size distributions of surface (a, d), middle/halocline (b, e) and bottom (c, f) layers in H1 (a, b and c) and S1(d, e and f) profiles, figureFileSmall=l0h+osgzzbCvUKHnKJH++A==, figureFileBig=NhcLsQIwXK1YG5Mzmh1ItQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506249383510609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=CN, label=图5, caption=H1剖面的粒径分布(a, b, c)和S1剖面的粒径分布(d, e, f)(a, d为表层;b, e为中层或跃层;c, f为底层), figureFileSmall=l0h+osgzzbCvUKHnKJH++A==, figureFileBig=NhcLsQIwXK1YG5Mzmh1ItQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506249626780244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Experimentally obtained steady-state particle size distributions with different shear rate (a) and time process of flocs evolution (b), figureFileSmall=tOHPdHyJbecqXLBkHcR1JQ==, figureFileBig=wTYYp7DJNIc05F3PWRGe6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506250054599256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同剪切率下的粒径分布(a)及粒径随时间演化过程(b), figureFileSmall=tOHPdHyJbecqXLBkHcR1JQ==, figureFileBig=wTYYp7DJNIc05F3PWRGe6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506250390143583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The time process of shear rate and simulated mean diameter of particles (a) and particle size distributions (b) at M2 Station, figureFileSmall=FvZkRG8iPH6Cn6l43fQD2g==, figureFileBig=FA9p4qEcnymYb/X4b0IJyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506250629218916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=CN, label=图7, caption=M2站观测期间的剪切率与模拟的平均粒径(a)及颗粒粒径分布(b), figureFileSmall=FvZkRG8iPH6Cn6l43fQD2g==, figureFileBig=FA9p4qEcnymYb/X4b0IJyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506252613124711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The parameters set of the observation instruments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
观测方式 仪器 参数设置 测量项目
船载系统 LISST-100B 整点下放,采样频率为1 Hz 剖面泥沙粒径分布
CTD 整点下放,采样频率为1 Hz 温、盐、深
座底观测 ADV 采样频率为64 Hz,测量间隔为5 min,采样时间为3 min,位置分别为0.25 mab、1.35 mab 单点三维高频流速、声强
OBS 采样间隔1 min采样,平均时间为10 s,位置分别为0.4 mab、0.9 mab 单点浊度
RBR-CTD 采样频率为1 Hz,位置为0.5 mab 温、盐、深
PC-ADP 测量间隔为5 min,采样频率为1 Hz,每次测量180个剖面,盲区为0.10 m,位置为1.3 mab 剖面流速
), ArticleFig(id=1254506252806062699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

观测仪器设置参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
观测方式 仪器 参数设置 测量项目
船载系统 LISST-100B 整点下放,采样频率为1 Hz 剖面泥沙粒径分布
CTD 整点下放,采样频率为1 Hz 温、盐、深
座底观测 ADV 采样频率为64 Hz,测量间隔为5 min,采样时间为3 min,位置分别为0.25 mab、1.35 mab 单点三维高频流速、声强
OBS 采样间隔1 min采样,平均时间为10 s,位置分别为0.4 mab、0.9 mab 单点浊度
RBR-CTD 采样频率为1 Hz,位置为0.5 mab 温、盐、深
PC-ADP 测量间隔为5 min,采样频率为1 Hz,每次测量180个剖面,盲区为0.10 m,位置为1.3 mab 剖面流速
), ArticleFig(id=1254506253091275376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

A summary of flocs fitting parameters for particle size distributions at typical profiles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面(观测时间) 层位 观测值 曲线拟合:平均粒径/μm 曲线拟合:体积浓度/μL·L–1 曲线拟合:几何标准差
H/m V/μL·L–1 D/μm m1 m2 m3 m1 m2 m3 m1 m2 m3
H1(2010年10月15日16时) S 1.6 47.5 47.1 8.5 36 230 4.4 30.1 21.9 1.3 1.59 1.41
H 5.5 2 674 178.3 43 100 237 43 1 824 1 836 1.21 1.2 1.27
B 7.2 140 71 8.6 41 230 40 67 103 1.43 1.29 1.32
H2(2010年10月15日21时) S 1.6 46 48 8.5 36 159 4 26 18 1.05 1.24 1.68
H 5.6 3 883 155 50 99 178 154 521 3 294 1.42 1.06 1.2
B 6.6 95.6 55.4 8.6 37 230 40 23 33 1.38 1.78 1.35
S1(2010年10月20日17时) S 1 623 164 8.8 49 198 9 53 600 1.17 1.59 1.17
H 3.6 655.2 165 8.9 51 200 9 58 633 1.17 1.66 1.17
B 7.2 697 171 8.9 49 209 9 57 725 1.17 1.58 1.17
S2(2010年10月21日4时) S 1 898 136 8.8 48 228 31 109 1 069 1.34 1.7 1.27
H 3.2 910 133 8.8 49 238 31 180 1 219 1.34 1.72 1.29
B 6.5 1 332 135 8.3 50 240 29 277 1 776 1.31 1.93 1.23
), ArticleFig(id=1254506253431014004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124563153115, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

特征剖面多峰结构的絮团拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面(观测时间) 层位 观测值 曲线拟合:平均粒径/μm 曲线拟合:体积浓度/μL·L–1 曲线拟合:几何标准差
H/m V/μL·L–1 D/μm m1 m2 m3 m1 m2 m3 m1 m2 m3
H1(2010年10月15日16时) S 1.6 47.5 47.1 8.5 36 230 4.4 30.1 21.9 1.3 1.59 1.41
H 5.5 2 674 178.3 43 100 237 43 1 824 1 836 1.21 1.2 1.27
B 7.2 140 71 8.6 41 230 40 67 103 1.43 1.29 1.32
H2(2010年10月15日21时) S 1.6 46 48 8.5 36 159 4 26 18 1.05 1.24 1.68
H 5.6 3 883 155 50 99 178 154 521 3 294 1.42 1.06 1.2
B 6.6 95.6 55.4 8.6 37 230 40 23 33 1.38 1.78 1.35
S1(2010年10月20日17时) S 1 623 164 8.8 49 198 9 53 600 1.17 1.59 1.17
H 3.6 655.2 165 8.9 51 200 9 58 633 1.17 1.66 1.17
B 7.2 697 171 8.9 49 209 9 57 725 1.17 1.58 1.17
S2(2010年10月21日4时) S 1 898 136 8.8 48 228 31 109 1 069 1.34 1.7 1.27
H 3.2 910 133 8.8 49 238 31 180 1 219 1.34 1.72 1.29
B 6.5 1 332 135 8.3 50 240 29 277 1 776 1.31 1.93 1.23
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珠江口黏性泥沙絮凝的湍流动力机制
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任杰 1 , 张颖 1
海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019,41(9): 105-113
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海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019, 41(9): 105-113
珠江口黏性泥沙絮凝的湍流动力机制
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任杰1 , 张颖1
作者信息
  • 1 中山大学 海洋科学学院 近岸海洋科学与技术研究中心,广东 广州 510275
  • 任杰(1975—),男,四川省南部县人,副教授,博士,主要从事近岸河口动力过程研究。E-mail:

The turbulent dynamic mechanism of flocculation of cohesive sediment in the Zhujiang River Estuary
Jie Ren1 , Ying Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Center for Coastal Ocean Science and Technology, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
出版时间: 2019-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.010
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本文利用2010年枯季在珠江口进行的大、中、小潮LISST剖面及底边界层观测资料,分析了磨刀门河口枯季稳定存在的絮团三峰结构,即构建絮团的基本粒子的平均粒径约为8.3~9.0 μm,小絮团为36~100 μm,大絮团大于180 μm。小潮期,盐跃层捕集的悬浮泥沙以强絮凝过程为主,大絮团含量占优;中、大潮期,平均粒径普遍增大,絮凝占优。潮内的动力变化对絮团多峰结构及形态参数的影响不明显,絮凝与解凝处于动态平衡。结合坐底三角架的湍流资料和简化的群体平衡模型(Population Balance Equation,PBE),进一步揭示了絮团变化的湍流动力机制。高流速下的强紊动剪切力,直接导致大絮团被破坏形成小絮凝体,絮凝体平均粒径减小,反之絮凝强于解凝作用。同时,基于高斯矩积分方法求解PBE,得到的粒径分布基本与观测值吻合,说明在有较好的现场湍流与粒径观测资料的条件下,PBE包含的湍流动力机制可以用来研究黏性泥沙的絮凝过程。

珠江口  /  絮凝  /  湍流  /  群体平衡方程

This thesis aimed to analyze the stable multimodal (3-peaked) particle size distributions (PSDs) of flocs in the Zhujiang River Estuary with the field observation data getting by LISST and the bottom boundary layer observation system during the dry season in 2010. The results show that the mean diameter of the basic building blocks of flocs, so-called primary particle, is about 8.3–9.0 μm; the mean diameter of microflocs in a range of 36–100 μm, and macroflocs have a size range of 180 μm to thousands of micrometers. In the neap tidal periods, the suspension sediment of halocline is dominated by the macroflocs with strong flocculation process; the mean diameter of flocs is increases and is controlled by flocs during the moderate and spring tide. The dynamic change of the tide has little impact on the multimodal PSDs and morphological parameters, with aggregation and breakage of the flocculation in the dynamic equilibrium. Study results further demonstrate the turbulent dynamic mechanism of flocculation by combining the turbulence data collected by the bottom tripod and the simplified Population Balance Equation (PBE). It is that, the high shear of the peak flow would enhance breakage of macroflocs to microflocs and decrease the mean diameter of flocs, on the contrary, aggregation is much stronger than breakage. It also shows that PSDs are in according with observation by solving PBE based on gaussian moment integral method. It turns out that PBE which containes the turbulent dynamic mechanism can be used to study the flocculation of cohesive sediment with turbulence and PSDs data.

Zhujiang River Estuary  /  flocculation  /  turbulence  /  population balance equation
任杰, 张颖. 珠江口黏性泥沙絮凝的湍流动力机制. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (9) : 105 -113 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.010
Jie Ren, Ying Zhang. The turbulent dynamic mechanism of flocculation of cohesive sediment in the Zhujiang River Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (9) : 105 -113 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.010
河口或海岸环境中的细颗粒黏性泥沙,受区域物理、化学和生物性质的影响极易发生絮凝过程,因此,絮凝被认为是近岸海洋环境中影响粒子粒径、沉速及沉积速率最重要的因素[1-5]。絮凝是粒子在湍流剪切作用下,由聚并和破坏引起的生长和消亡的联合过程的体现[6-7]。20世纪90年代初,随着原位观测技术的出现[8-10],如水下摄像与现场激光粒度仪(Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissiometry,LISST),才使絮团的直接观测成为可能。
河口或海岸区的悬浮颗粒物由不同的组分,如矿物质、有机质、盐分、微量元素等组成,在湍流作用下这些颗粒物多以絮凝(聚并或解凝)态形式存在,其粒径分布(Particle Size Distribution,PSD)则经常呈现出以对数正态分布为基本形态的相互叠合的多峰结构[11-13]。一般来说,可以将多峰态的粒子组成分成4级结构,基本粒子(primary particle),絮凝核(flocculi),微絮团(microflocs)和大絮团(macroflocs)[6]。有些海域的悬浮颗粒也呈现为典型的3级结构[12, 14]。基本粒子包括黏土矿物、有机质、钙质颗粒、超微藻类和异养细菌等[15],其粒径较小,在10 μm以下;絮凝核是黏土矿物受强吸附作用被聚并束缚在一起的另一种建造絮团的基本结构,即使是高湍流剪切作用也难以被破坏成基本粒子。微絮团由基本粒子和絮凝核组成,粒径范围在50~200 μm之间,大絮团有时也因其大而松软被称作“海雪”(marine snow)[16],其粒径多在200 μm以上。在一个潮周期内,随着湍流剪切强度的变化,这几种粒子也保持着相互作用与转换,不断变化的聚并和破坏行为直接影响粒子分布的多峰结构[12, 17-18],从而也时刻改变着絮团的平均粒径和结构体的体积含量。
群体平衡方程(Population Balance Equation,PBE)是描述黏性泥沙在湍流动力作用下PSD变化的一种有效工具,它是一组非线性的、局部积分的差分方程[19]。它可以真实地刻画在布朗运动、差速沉降、湍流剪切等因素影响下,由于粒子间相互作用引起了粒子的生长与消亡,从而发生聚并或解絮过程。PBE在造粒、降水、微滴、起泡、结晶等领域应用的时间已很长了,如结晶过程的PBE方法最早可以追溯到1916年[20]。而在研究悬沙絮凝的PSD演化上不过是近10年的事情,主要是基于实验或模型,讨论絮凝体的分形、PBE的算法、絮团生长消亡过程等[19, 21-23]。由于PBE的源汇物理机理尚未完全清楚、絮团属性的高度变化性导致观测困难提升、差分PBE与流体动力学方程耦合导致计算量剧增等问题,这一充满前景的方法还有漫长的路要走。
本文主要采用美国Sequoia公司生产的B型5.0 cm光程LISST-100B观测资料,展示了磨刀门河口小、中、大潮絮团多峰结构,结合坐底三角架上的湍流资料,分析了絮团变化的湍流动力机制,并基于简化的PBE方程,刻画了PSDs的湍流剪切效应,为进一步深入开展天然河口细颗粒泥沙絮凝动力的实验与模拟工作奠定了较好的基础。
磨刀门河口为典型的以河流作用为主的河口,径强潮弱,年均净泄量为883.93×108 m3,占上游西、北江来水量的31.85%,年输沙量约为2 314万t,占珠江流域入海泥沙总量的33%。水文动力呈现明显的季节性变化。洪季时,强劲的径流作用将潮流界阻滞在口门附近;枯季磨刀门仍然表现为落潮潮差大于涨潮潮差,落潮流大于涨潮流。
2010年12月15–24日,在珠江口磨刀门水道进行了3个测点小、中、大潮连续9 d的同步水文观测(测点位置见图1),观测的项目为背景资料(如流速、温盐、风速、风向)观测和絮凝过程(如悬沙参数、湍流)观测。其中,本文分析主要用到的是M2测点(M2–1,M2–2,M2–3分别代表M2测点在小、中、大潮观测时段)的剖面投放资料及近底边界层资料,剖面投放资料有LISST-100B和CTD资料;边界层观测系统上集成的仪器有Nortek的三维点式流速仪ADV 2台,RBR的CTD 1台和OBS 2台, 上视观测的PC-ADP 1台,各仪器具体设置参数见表1
ADV采样体积为883~3 533 mm3(直径为15 mm、高为5~20 mm的圆柱体,在探头前方0.15 m处),最大输出频率为64 Hz,测量精度为测量值的(0.5±0.1)%。
PC-ADP为SonTek/YSI公司生产的一种脉冲相干模式的测流仪器,流速资料根据CTD测量的盐度与温度对声速进行校正,再校正流速,并对平均流速进行低通滤波处理,在垂向上进行滑动平均,以消除随机噪声。
LISST是由美国Sequoia公司研发的激光粒度观测仪。仪器运用Mie散射理论,采用激光小角度散射原理来测量悬浮颗粒32个不同粒级的体积浓度分布。调查采用LISST-100B 5.0 cm光程(10~750 mg/L)仪器,有效粒径测量范围为1.25~250 μm,安装4 cm光程缩短器,将有效浓度范围扩大了5倍。
观测的流速坐标为ENU系统,常常需要转换到主流向坐标系。设 ${\boldsymbol U} = (u,v,w)$ 为笛卡儿坐标系 $(x,y,z)$ 的速度矢量, $x$ 为水流流动的方向, $y$ 为水平面上与 $x$ 垂直的方向, $z$ 为与 $x - y$ 平面垂直的铅垂方向。ADP测量的速度 ${{\boldsymbol U}_s} = {u_s} + {v_s} + {w_s}$ 为局地直角坐标系下的表示, ${u_s}$ 为正东方向流速, ${v_s}$ 为正北方向流速, ${w_s}$ 为垂向流速。利用下式对原始数据进行转换
${\boldsymbol U} = [{\boldsymbol R}]{{\boldsymbol U}_s},$
式中, $[{\boldsymbol R}] = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{\cos \theta \cos \beta }&{\cos \theta \sin \beta }&{\sin \theta }\\{ - \sin \beta }&{\cos \beta }&0\\{ - \sin \theta \cos \beta }&{ - \sin \theta \sin \beta }&{\cos \theta }\end{array}} \right]$ $\beta $ 为水平偏转角; $\theta $ 为垂向偏转角,两者分别是在假定 $w = 0$ $v = 0$ 的情况求得。
磨刀门河口枯季细颗粒泥沙的絮凝现象明显,LISST-100B资料后处理时,设定絮凝颗粒子为不规则形状,同时剔除光透率大于0.98或小于0.3的数据。由此得到泥沙粒径分布数据,并进行多峰分解。
黏性泥沙的絮凝体粒径分布常常呈现出可以用对数正态分布函数描述的多峰结构。假定各峰可以相互交迭,则观测的PSD可以分解为多个对数正态函数之和的形式[24-26]
$\frac{{{\rm d}V}}{{{\rm d}D}} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^4 {\frac{{\overline {{V_i}} }}{{\sqrt {2{\text π} } \ln ({\sigma _i})}}} \exp \left[ - \frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{{\ln (D/{{\overline D }_i})}}{{\ln ({\sigma _i})}}\right)^2}\right],$
式中, $V$ $D$ 是每个粒径间隔对应的体积浓度和粒径; ${\overline D _i}$ $\overline {{V_i}} $ ${\sigma _i}$ 为各峰态的特征参数,分别为第 $i$ 个峰的几何平均粒径、体积浓度和几何标准差。由LISST观测到的絮团的32个粒径分布如何分解为对数正态的多峰结构并得到其分布的特征参数,可参考Lee等[13]的成果。
考虑简化的box PBE方程(即忽略平流、扩散和沉降项),聚焦在絮凝与解凝过程而非输运过程。这样,在一个封闭的均匀系统内,仅考虑粒径L的PBE方程可写成下式[19, 23, 27]
$\begin{split}\frac{{\text{∂} n(L,t)}}{{\text{∂} t}} = & \frac{{{L^2}}}{2}\int_0^L {\bigg\{\frac{{\beta [{{({L^3} - {\lambda ^3})}^{\frac{1}{3}}},\lambda ]\alpha [{{({L^3} - {\lambda ^3})}^{\frac{1}{3}}},\lambda ]}}{{{{({L^3} - {\lambda ^3})}^{\frac{1}{3}}}}}}\times\\ & n({{[{L^3} - {\lambda ^3}]}^{\frac{1}{3}}},t)n(\lambda ,t)\bigg\}{\rm d}\lambda - \\ & n(L,t)\int_0^\infty {\beta (L,\lambda )} \alpha (L,\lambda )n(\lambda ,t){\rm d}\lambda + \\ & \int_L^\infty {a(\lambda )} b(L|\lambda )n(\lambda ,t){\rm d}\lambda - a(L)n(L,t),\end{split}$
式中, $n(L,t)$ 是单位体积内粒径为 $L$ 的粒子在时间t对应的体积密度函数(m–1/m3); $\lambda $ 为同絮团粒径 $L$ 同量纲的积分变量; $\beta (L,\lambda )$ 是欧几里得聚并核函数(m3/s),指的是粒径 $L$ 与粒径 $\lambda $ 聚并生成粒径为 ${({L^3} -{\lambda ^3})^{\textstyle\frac{1}{3}}}$ 的频率; $\alpha (L,\lambda )$ 为碰撞频率,表征颗粒几何、接触效率及黏附概率对絮团的影响; $a\;(L)$ 是破坏频率函数(s–1),指的是粒子被破坏发生解絮的频率; $b(L|\lambda )$ 是破裂分布函数(m–1),指的是大絮团 $\lambda $ 受到破坏后生成子絮团 $L$ 的破裂形式。
方程(3)的右边4项为絮凝和破坏的源汇项,包括:(1)小粒子聚并生成粒径为 $L$ 的粒子(方程右边第一项);(2)由于聚并导致的粒径 $L$ 粒子的消亡(方程右边第二项);(3)大粒子破裂生成粒径为 $L$ 的粒子(方程右边第三项);(4)解絮分裂为小粒子而导致粒径为 $L$ 的粒子的消亡(方程右边第四项)。
群体平衡方程是关于数值密度函数的连续形式,该方程为非线性双曲型方程,没有一般意义的分析解,数值求解成为研究该方程的主要手段。该方程数值求解算法可分为直接离散方法,Monte Carlo方法和矩方法三大类[28]。本文采用成熟的计算效率较高的可调节矩积分方法[19, 28]
底边界层的3个观测测次位于同一测点,时间上跨越了小、中、大潮(图2)。小、中、大潮期间的平均潮差分别为0.69 m、1.03 m、1.27 m。
观测期间盛行北风,或西北/东北风,风速幅值变化较大。小潮期风速最大,平均风速在5 m/s以上,最大可达10 m/s,至中、大潮逐渐减小到5 m/s以下(图3)。
图4是轴向流速、盐度、絮团平均粒径与体积浓度的垂向结构分布,可以看出:(1)小潮期流速呈现明显的两层环流结构,涨潮流明显受强劲的海向风抑制,致涨潮大流速区出现在垂向腰部偏下位置,随着中、大潮风速减小,涨潮期高流速位置逐渐上移至水体表层;(2)南海北部陆架高盐水越过河口拦门沙,在M2站点可使盐度发生明显的层化现象,且层化与去层化现象的潮周期变化显著,跃层位置位于距底2~4 m,小潮期间的强北风过程加强了盐度分层;(3)在强北风发生的小潮期间,盐跃层位置出现悬沙富集现象,与此位置对应的是絮团平均粒径和流速或流速剪切峰值区,湍流动能平衡机制可以较好地解释这种跃层捕集泥沙的现象[29]
图4c是LISST观测的剖面体积浓度分布,可以发现:(1)体积浓度与流速呈正相关关系,即流速大时,体积浓度大,如小潮第一天在强风作用下,在距底2~4 m的位置,高体积浓度与高流速区完全对应。(2)絮凝体体积浓度过程线滞后于流速过程线,时滞一般在30 min左右。(3)中潮期体积浓度较小,小潮期的高浓度与盐跃层的泥沙捕集作用及风的作用有关,而大潮期的高浓度则与其本身的强潮能量有关。(4)絮凝体再悬浮现象明显,表现在大部分时段均出现近底层的悬沙浓度高于中上层,这可能与底层经常性发生的湍流猝发而引起泥沙再悬浮有关。
观测期间在M2站点进行了逐时的LISST-100B剖面观测。从图4d可以看出:(1)不论是大潮还是小潮,絮凝体平均粒径普遍在高流速时低于低流速时,急流时平均粒径最小,憩流时平均粒径最大。Xia等[30]在珠江口,程江等[31]在长江口均观测到了类似的结果。(2)中潮期平均粒径普遍较大,小潮期粒径大小变幅最大,大潮期在大部分时间的平均粒径都基本稳定保持在100 μm左右。(3)在垂向上,中–大潮的平均粒径分布较均匀,小潮期在盐跃层位置出现大粒径絮团,表层的风与底层的强摩擦扰动,造成水体表层与底层解絮过程占优,平均粒径偏小。
Ren和Wu[29]在讨论小潮期间盐跃层捕集大量的细颗粒黏性泥沙时,基于平均粒径的正态分布认为跃层絮凝作用占优,而表、底层则解絮作用强烈,显然这种解释并不深刻。以对数正态分布来描述的、可相互交迭的多峰态粒径分布更加符合真实的物理过程,因为每一分解的峰态都有实际物理场景对应的絮凝结构体,如基本粒子,它是絮团的最小构建单元,不可被再分解;絮凝核是强电荷引力作用下形成的难破裂絮团;小絮团或大絮团则相对结构松散,容易相互转换或向其他结构体转换。
以小潮期的H1剖面和中潮期的S1剖面为例,分别选择表层、跃层(或中层)、底层3个层位分析其粒径分布(图5),由图可以看出,珠江口枯季絮团的粒径分布呈现典型的三峰态结构。在存在明显跃层的H1剖面,表、底层的多峰结构(图5a图5c)近似,较小的2个峰:基本粒子与絮凝核的结构明显,所占体积浓度较大,说明絮团破坏作用强烈;而在跃层(图5b)上的峰结构只有第三个峰(小絮团)显著,即絮凝作用强烈,基本粒子与絮凝核几乎都参与絮凝,成为了小絮团的构建单元。在没有层化的S1剖面,表、中、底3个位置的峰结构相似,絮凝作用强烈,大絮团的含量占优,小絮团的比例较小。
进一步,对各剖面的分解模态特征参数进行统计(表2),可以发现,枯季磨刀门河口中构建絮团的基本粒子的平均粒径约为8.3~9.0 μm;小絮团的平均粒径为36~100 μm;大絮团的平均粒径大于180 μm。需要说明的是,由于观测仪器LISST-100B型测量粒径的上限(250 μm)限制,导致大絮团的拟合形态及统计参数并不准确。
小潮期,盐跃层的平均粒径及体积浓度显著高于表、底层,跃层捕集的悬浮泥沙以强絮凝过程为主,大絮团含量占优,H2剖面跃层处的大絮团含量甚至超过80%。小潮期,表、底层的平均粒径均在60 μm以下,而中、大潮期,表、中、底层的平均粒径均大于130 μm,平均粒径普遍增大,大絮团含量占比显著增大,均超过了85%,絮凝占优。H1与H2、S1与S2剖面的絮团拟合参数在表、中、底层变化均一致,潮内的动力变化过程对絮团多峰结构及形态参数的影响不明显,絮凝与解凝处于动态平衡过程。
多峰结构虽然可以直观地描述絮凝–解凝的相对强弱,但其发生的湍流动力机制却需要进一步借助PBE来进行讨论。
在式(3)中的聚并核函数 $\;\beta $ 包括3部分,即 $\;\beta = $ $\; {\beta ^{\rm {BM}}} + {\beta ^{\rm {DS}}} + {\beta ^{\rm {FS}}}$ ,其中,
${\beta ^{\rm {BM}}}({L_i},{L_j}) = \frac{2}{3}\frac{{{K_B}T}}{\mu }\frac{{{{({L_i} + {L_j})}^2}}}{{{L_i}{L_j}}},$
${\beta ^{\rm {DS}}}({L_i},{L_j}) = \frac{{\text π}}{4}{({L_i} + {L_j})^2}|{\omega _{si}} - {\omega _{sj}}|,$
${\beta ^{\rm {FS}}}({L_i},{L_j}) = \frac{G}{6}{({L_i} + {L_j})^3},$
式中, $\;{\beta ^{\rm {BM}}}\text{、}{\beta ^{\rm {DS}}}\text{、}{\beta ^{\rm {FS}}}$ 分别表示布朗运动、差速沉降和流体剪切; ${K_B}$ 是Boltzmann常数; $T$ 是绝对温度; $\mu $ 为流体的动力黏滞系数; ${\omega _s}$ 是沉降速度; $G$ 是湍流剪切率。在自然流体中的泥沙絮凝过程中, $\;{\beta ^{\rm {BM}}}$ $\;{\beta ^{\rm {DS}}}$ 相对来说没有 $\;{\beta ^{\rm {FS}}}$ 重要,所以这里主要考虑湍流剪切作用对絮凝体的生消过程。
图6a表示在不同剪切率(G=5 s–1,10 s–1,20 s–1,40 s–1)的恒定作用下,絮团的粒径分布。由于矩算法是对粒子的内部属性(如密度、体积)变换,因此不能直接得到高分辨率的粒子分布,可调节矩积分方法可得到7个节点(对应7个粒径级)的PSD。在恒定剪切作用下,从最初大量基本粒子的消亡(初始条件是只有基本粒子存在,根据前面的粒径多峰分解结果,基本粒子取8.3 μm)与大粒径絮团的生成,至最终达到平衡(图6b)。为了保持泥沙的采样体积守衡,在时间演化轴上,消亡粒子的体积与生成粒子的体积总是相等的,同时可以发现,剪切率越大,形态相近的PSD曲线越向小粒径方向移动,即强剪切作用使絮团发育受限,大絮团受紊动剪切作用发生解絮。
图7a也反映了絮团大小随水流紊动强度增加而减小的规律,因此高流速条件下的强紊动剪切力,导致大絮团被打碎形成小絮凝体,絮凝体平均粒径减小。图7b是实际剪切率作用下(即剪切随时间变化,如图7a)得到的粒子PSD,由于算法的限制,仅可以粗略地分辨出小/大絮团(基本粒子与絮凝核分辨不出)的分布,在变化剪切率的作用下,絮凝与解絮过程处于不断地动态调整中,模拟的PSD与图5的实际粒子分布还是较为接近的。
(1)现场原位观测结果表明,枯季磨刀门河口构建絮团的基本粒子的平均粒径约为8.3~9.0 μm;小絮团的平均粒径为36~100 μm;大絮团的平均粒径大于180 μm。
(2)小潮期,盐跃层捕集的悬浮泥沙以强絮凝过程为主,大絮团含量占优。中、大潮期,平均粒径普遍增大,絮凝占优。潮内的动力变化过程对絮团多峰结构及形态参数的影响不明显,表明絮凝与解凝过程基本处于动态平衡状态。
(3)小潮期,对比絮团的垂向分布发现:在近底层由于底摩擦效应,混合强烈,无论是沉降的还是再悬浮的泥沙,高的湍流剪切作用导致解絮过程占优,平均粒径较小。而在发育的盐跃层,由于跃层结构会抑制水体的垂向湍流混合,这时湍流剪切作用较弱,絮凝明显。
(4)PBE可以较好地揭示湍流剪切对絮团粒径的影响。在强紊动剪切力作用下,大絮团被破坏形成小絮凝体,絮凝体平均粒径减小,反之在低紊动剪切作用下,絮凝作用强于解凝作用。同时,基于高斯矩积分方法求解PBE,得到的粒径分布基本与观测值吻合,说明在有较好的现场湍流与粒径观测资料的条件下,PBE包含的湍流动力机制可以用来研究黏性泥沙的絮凝过程。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41476072)。
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2019年第41卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.010
  • 接收时间:2018-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-08-10
  • 修回日期:2018-10-23
基金
国家自然科学基金(41476072)。
作者信息
    1 中山大学 海洋科学学院 近岸海洋科学与技术研究中心,广东 广州 510275
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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