Article(id=1246840124059836620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1535299200000, receivedDateStr=2018-08-27, revisedDate=1550246400000, revisedDateStr=2019-02-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775199450744, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1569340800000, pubDateStr=2019-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775199450744, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775199450744, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775199450744, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246840121887187126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775199450227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200621889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=86, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246840124407963864, articleId=1246840124059836620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Research on the variability of Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and its cause, columnId=1243867131083862618, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Physical Oceanography, Marine Meteorology and Marine Physics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) may have a southward shift in a long time trend and many marine factors’ change may cause this drift. We analysis this phenomenon from two aspects: the changes of currents’ volume transport, and the winds’ alternation. Using the monthly mean flow field between 1993 and 2016 to calculate the cross-sectional water transport volume, the results show that the transport change trend of the Malvinas Current (MC) is decreasing and the transport change trend of the Brazil Current (BC) is increasing. The trajectory of the Argo buoy during 2014–2016 indicates that the MC’s water mainly comes from one of the three polar fronts of ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current) when passing through the Drake Passage: SAF (the Subantactic Front). Calculating and analyzing the transport of SAF, we find that the transport’s trend of SAF is lessened, which is an important reason caused the reduce of MC’s transport. We also find that the PF’s transport on the south SAF has incremental trend. Based on the monthly mean wind field data during year 1993–2016, we find that the prevailing westerly wind stress in the Southern Hemisphere is growing and moves toward to Antarctic which will make ACC contract to Antarctica. So we can explain that the transport of SAF reduces while the transport of PF increases. Therefore, it is found that the southward movement of the prevailing westerly winds in the Southern Hemisphere and the increase of BC transport are the reasons for the southward drift of BMC.

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西南大西洋的马尔维纳斯寒流(Malvinas Current,MC)和巴西暖流(Brazil Current,BC)交汇点(the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence,BMC)的南移是很多影响因子共同作用的结果。本文从海流流量的变化和风场的变化来分析交汇点变动的原因。利用1993年1月至2016年12月的月平均流场计算截面流量,分析得到MC流量呈现递减趋势,而BC流量则出现递增趋势。2014–2016年的Argo浮标的轨迹线表明MC的水体主要来自于南极绕极流(Antarctic Circumpolar Current,ACC)经过德雷克海峡的3个极锋中的其中之一—亚南极锋(the Subantarctic Front,SAF)。计算SAF的流量,得到其也表现出递减的趋势,这是MC流量减少的重要原因。而和SAF相邻位于其南边的极锋(the Polar Front,PF)的流量出现递增趋势。利用1993–2016年月平均风场数据分析得到南半球盛行西风风应力增加且有向南极偏移的趋势,这会使得ACC也有向南极收缩的趋势,这解释了SAF流量减少而PF的流量增加的原因,故得到南半球盛行西风的南移和BC流量的增加是BMC南移的原因。

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范秀梅(1984—),女,江苏省兴化市人,助理研究员,从事渔业遥感相关工作。E-mail:

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范秀梅(1984—),女,江苏省兴化市人,助理研究员,从事渔业遥感相关工作。E-mail:

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范秀梅(1984—),女,江苏省兴化市人,助理研究员,从事渔业遥感相关工作。E-mail:

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Monthly Weather Review, 2008, 136(8): 2999−3017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506269033828785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2015T06);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2016Z01-01)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506248385269941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506248423018679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, companyId=1254506248385269941, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key and Open Laboratory of Fisheries Resources Remote Sensing and Information Technology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506248460767416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, companyId=1254506248385269941, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国水产科学研究院 东海水产研究所 渔业资源遥感信息技术重点开放实验室,上海 200090)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506248821477564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506248829866174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, companyId=1254506248821477564, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of East China Sea and Ocean Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506248859226302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, companyId=1254506248821477564, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 农业部东海与远洋渔业资源开发利用重点实验室,上海 200090)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506257566601545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Study area and bathymetric topography

The blue lines mean –300 m depth contour, the green lines mean –1 500 m depth contour, the yellow lines mean –3 000 m depth contour

, figureFileSmall=Afbn8ueBj9PfToK21CsROg==, figureFileBig=XLqTRgYi9Yvwlj4hFBJTWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506257705013580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区范围及水深地形图

蓝色实线代表–300 m等深线,绿色实线代表–1 500 m等深线,黄色 实线代表–3 000 m等深线

, figureFileSmall=Afbn8ueBj9PfToK21CsROg==, figureFileBig=XLqTRgYi9Yvwlj4hFBJTWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506257990226257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Average flow field distribution at the junction of MC and BC

The thick black solid lines mean the locations of section A-A′ and B-B′. The red arrows mean the average flow field from sea surface to bottom during 1993–2016

, figureFileSmall=s3MEul9zPvNvw4libLrs2g==, figureFileBig=kVagBEeKtb7l5V/UW5+t9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506258137026899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MC和BC交汇处的平均流场分布

黑色粗实线分别为截面A-A′和B-B′,图中的背景流场为1993年 1月至2016年12月,从表层至底层的平均流速场

, figureFileSmall=s3MEul9zPvNvw4libLrs2g==, figureFileBig=kVagBEeKtb7l5V/UW5+t9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506258493542745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Monthly mean transport variation of MC during 1993–2016, figureFileSmall=Ku7AoiynxiO3VOQyQq5b+A==, figureFileBig=8w3KQYbr5mPyH9Osu7aLog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506258778755422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MC月平均流量逐月分布(1993–2016年), figureFileSmall=Ku7AoiynxiO3VOQyQq5b+A==, figureFileBig=8w3KQYbr5mPyH9Osu7aLog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506259089133922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Monthly mean transport variation of BC during 1993–2016(the northward transport is set to positive and the southward transport 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figureFileBig=HsG9VU6L/1c1yhxNl+iCgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506261626687859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Distribution of average meridional velocity component v on the section of 1 500 m depth contour (the green dashed line means the detph of calculating MBC), figureFileSmall=t9CEKD87hnAY7iUSiBAyJw==, figureFileBig=DuwxYV8cC1Mc7yOtbaPxNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506261828014455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=CN, label=图6, caption=等值线截面上的平均经向速度分量v的分布(绿色虚线代表计算MBC的深度), figureFileSmall=t9CEKD87hnAY7iUSiBAyJw==, figureFileBig=DuwxYV8cC1Mc7yOtbaPxNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506262117421433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Varations of BMC calculated along depth a with month during 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figureFileBig=7fySCxgMx/mVTUAVoJhgMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263186968969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Trajectories of Argo floats through the MC (the blue box in the figure) during 2014–2016, figureFileSmall=3oJ38cOBREvCMUK1INcKjQ==, figureFileBig=S/zXUStikSg69rh71w7Waw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263354741135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=CN, label=图9, caption=经过MC(图中的蓝色矩形)的Argo轨迹(2014–2016年), figureFileSmall=3oJ38cOBREvCMUK1INcKjQ==, figureFileBig=S/zXUStikSg69rh71w7Waw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263610593683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Trajectories of Argo floats through the Drake Passage during 2014–2016, figureFileSmall=TGjGOhVYTfHsUXQgnF1E9Q==, figureFileBig=LEH52/2e0QkueDqI+SGNNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506263962915223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=CN, label=图10, caption=经过德雷克海峡的Argo浮标轨迹(2014–2016年), figureFileSmall=TGjGOhVYTfHsUXQgnF1E9Q==, figureFileBig=LEH52/2e0QkueDqI+SGNNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506264277488025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Monthly mean transport variation of SAF in ACC during 1993–2016, figureFileSmall=ox42ntUHPxMhhcpU8irhsQ==, figureFileBig=VQlUoBtqlZwvPD2JeRK/eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506266060067231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=CN, label=图11, caption=ACC经过德雷克海时的SAF的流量逐月分布(1993–2016年), figureFileSmall=ox42ntUHPxMhhcpU8irhsQ==, figureFileBig=VQlUoBtqlZwvPD2JeRK/eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506266324308387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Monthly mean transport variation of PF in ACC during 1993–2016, figureFileSmall=1RGouSvT3Mj/6bu8CKeSgg==, figureFileBig=2EnMdWIkRPG082CyfBQlWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506266928288166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=CN, label=图12, caption=ACC经过德雷克海时的PF的流量逐月分布(1993–2016年), figureFileSmall=1RGouSvT3Mj/6bu8CKeSgg==, figureFileBig=2EnMdWIkRPG082CyfBQlWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506267570016680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Mean wind stress (a), wind stress increment (b), mean wind stress between 50°–70°S and 60°–150°W (c), wind stress increment between 50°–70°S and 60°–150°W (d)

The mean wind stress is average value during 1993–2016, arrows are mean wind stress vectors and arrows’s direction is the direction of mean wind stress. The wind stress increment is increment value from 1993 to 2016, arrows are wind stress increment vectors and arrows’s direction is the direction of wind stress increment

, figureFileSmall=kO9kNZIONe7A/SW88jwlbw==, figureFileBig=U5fPkxjHuX3IUsRk/DlYCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506267842646442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840124059836620, language=CN, label=图13, caption=平均风应力(a),风应力增量(b),50°~70°S,60°~150°W区域的平均风应力(c),50°~70°S,60°~150°W区域的风应力增量(d)

平均风应力为1993–2016年的平均,箭头为平均风应力矢,其方向表示平均风应力的方向;风应力增量为1993–2016年间的增量,箭头为风应力增量矢,其方向表示风应力增量的方向

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巴西暖流和马尔维纳斯寒流交汇点的变动及其影响机制的探讨
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范秀梅 1, 2 , 樊伟 1, 2 , 唐峰华 1, 2 , 吴祖立 1, 2
海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019,41(9): 86-93
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海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019, 41(9): 86-93
巴西暖流和马尔维纳斯寒流交汇点的变动及其影响机制的探讨
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范秀梅1, 2 , 樊伟1, 2, 唐峰华1, 2, 吴祖立1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国水产科学研究院 东海水产研究所 渔业资源遥感信息技术重点开放实验室,上海 200090
  • 2 农业部东海与远洋渔业资源开发利用重点实验室,上海 200090
  • 范秀梅(1984—),女,江苏省兴化市人,助理研究员,从事渔业遥感相关工作。E-mail:

Research on the variability of Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and its cause
Xiumei Fan1, 2 , Wei Fan1, 2, Fenghua Tang1, 2, Zuli Wu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key and Open Laboratory of Fisheries Resources Remote Sensing and Information Technology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of East China Sea and Ocean Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
出版时间: 2019-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.008
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西南大西洋的马尔维纳斯寒流(Malvinas Current,MC)和巴西暖流(Brazil Current,BC)交汇点(the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence,BMC)的南移是很多影响因子共同作用的结果。本文从海流流量的变化和风场的变化来分析交汇点变动的原因。利用1993年1月至2016年12月的月平均流场计算截面流量,分析得到MC流量呈现递减趋势,而BC流量则出现递增趋势。2014–2016年的Argo浮标的轨迹线表明MC的水体主要来自于南极绕极流(Antarctic Circumpolar Current,ACC)经过德雷克海峡的3个极锋中的其中之一—亚南极锋(the Subantarctic Front,SAF)。计算SAF的流量,得到其也表现出递减的趋势,这是MC流量减少的重要原因。而和SAF相邻位于其南边的极锋(the Polar Front,PF)的流量出现递增趋势。利用1993–2016年月平均风场数据分析得到南半球盛行西风风应力增加且有向南极偏移的趋势,这会使得ACC也有向南极收缩的趋势,这解释了SAF流量减少而PF的流量增加的原因,故得到南半球盛行西风的南移和BC流量的增加是BMC南移的原因。

风应力  /  交汇点  /  流量  /  Argo

The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) may have a southward shift in a long time trend and many marine factors’ change may cause this drift. We analysis this phenomenon from two aspects: the changes of currents’ volume transport, and the winds’ alternation. Using the monthly mean flow field between 1993 and 2016 to calculate the cross-sectional water transport volume, the results show that the transport change trend of the Malvinas Current (MC) is decreasing and the transport change trend of the Brazil Current (BC) is increasing. The trajectory of the Argo buoy during 2014–2016 indicates that the MC’s water mainly comes from one of the three polar fronts of ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current) when passing through the Drake Passage: SAF (the Subantactic Front). Calculating and analyzing the transport of SAF, we find that the transport’s trend of SAF is lessened, which is an important reason caused the reduce of MC’s transport. We also find that the PF’s transport on the south SAF has incremental trend. Based on the monthly mean wind field data during year 1993–2016, we find that the prevailing westerly wind stress in the Southern Hemisphere is growing and moves toward to Antarctic which will make ACC contract to Antarctica. So we can explain that the transport of SAF reduces while the transport of PF increases. Therefore, it is found that the southward movement of the prevailing westerly winds in the Southern Hemisphere and the increase of BC transport are the reasons for the southward drift of BMC.

wind stress  /  confluence  /  transport  /  Argo
范秀梅, 樊伟, 唐峰华, 吴祖立. 巴西暖流和马尔维纳斯寒流交汇点的变动及其影响机制的探讨. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (9) : 86 -93 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.008
Xiumei Fan, Wei Fan, Fenghua Tang, Zuli Wu. Research on the variability of Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and its cause[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (9) : 86 -93 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.008
西南大西洋海区位于30°~55°S,40°~70°W范围内,这里的沿海陆架海区是马尔维纳斯寒流和巴西暖流交汇的地方,饵料充足,是阿根廷滑柔鱼、鱿鱼渔场的所在地。中国的鱿钓船从1997年开始在该渔场进行捕捞生产作业至今,年产量超万吨[1],是我国远洋捕捞产业的重要组成部分。马尔维纳斯寒流(Malvinas Current,MC)是大西洋经圈翻转的重要组成部分[2],是南极绕极流(Antarctic Circumpolar Current,ACC)的分支,其水体大部分来自ACC。ACC是由盛行西风驱动,绕南极大陆一周的东向环流,在全球洋流系统中扮演了重要的角色。MC是流速较大,狭长的正压海流,沿着阿根廷海盆–1 000 m等深线向北流动,把亚南极的富营养的冷水向北传送。在40°S附近遇到巴西暖流(Brazil Current,BC)后改变方向,成为了大西洋副热带大涡一部分,向东流去。BC是属于风生流分类中的西边界流,它和MC相遇后改为东向的海流,与非洲东海岸的本格拉海流、南赤道流共同组成了大西洋副热带大涡。
关于BC和MC的交汇区的研究有很多相关的成果。Goni等[3]在1996年利用反回声测深仪(IES)和卫星的高度计数据研究了该海区的高度异常,上层(海表至8℃等深线)厚度的变化,以及该层内的正压斜压流量随时间的变化。Goni等[4]在2011年研究了BC锋面的低频变动,从风应力作用的南移和BC流量的变化分析了BC锋面的变动周期和南移趋势。Combes和Matano[5]利用高分辨率的数值模拟得到了该交汇点在1993–2008年之间南向移动了0.65°,并分析认为是局部减弱的西风带导致了ACC通过德雷克海峡的流量的变化引起MC减弱,从而导致了巴西暖流和马尔维纳斯寒流交汇点(the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence,BMC)的南移。本文则考虑到该交汇点是由MC和BC相遇形成的,分析了MC流量和BC的流量的变化,发现MC的流量有减少趋势而BC流量则出现增加的趋势。并进一步分析了绕南极洲的西风带的变化:在1993–2016之间,西风带有向南极大陆靠近的趋势。由西风带驱动的南极绕极流ACC也会向南极收缩,使得ACC在经过德雷克海峡时的分支–亚南极锋(the Subantarctic Front,SAF)流量减小。而该分支的部分水体绕过马尔维纳斯群岛北上组成寒流MC,故MC的流量的减少和风场南移有关。
海流数据来自CMEMS(Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service)的全球再分析数据集GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_PHY_001_030,是模式数据同化各种观测数据的结果,包括每天和每月的温度盐度和海流速度。该数据集的水平分辨率为(1/12)°,垂直方向深度从–0.494 m至–5 727.9 m,共分为50层,时间跨度从1993年1月至2016年12月,本文中使用的是月平均的海流速度数据,数据的下载地址为:http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/access-to-products/
风场数据为NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均值,时间跨度为1948年1月至2018年3月,数据的范围为:88.542°N~88.542°S,西经0°~180°,东经0°~178.125°E,网格为192 × 94,分辨率为1.875° × 1.875°。该数据是利用预报值对多源的观测数据进行同化融合得到的结果。为了和海流的时间对应,选择1993年1月至2016年12月之间的数据来计算。海底地形数据来自美国地球物理中心(U.S. National Geophysical Data Center,NGDC)发布的地形高程数据ETOPO1,该数据是精度为1 arcmin的全球陆地地形和海洋水深数据。
Argo数据为2014年1月至2016年12月期间出现在研究区域的所有Argo浮标所在位置的经纬度。数据的下载地址为ftp://ftp.ifremer.fr/ifremer/argo/dac/。按照每一个浮标在不同位置出现的时间先后顺序,连接这些位置点,从而能够得到各个浮标的轨迹图。
BMC是北上的MC和南下的BC的交汇区域,交汇区域的变动和二者的流速流量存在相关性,所以可以先从MC和BC的流量变化入手来研究BMC。选择BMC的研究区域35°~45°S,50°~60°W,如图1中的黑色粗实线矩形区域。图2图1中矩形区域的放大,并显示了该区域的平均流速的分布。从图2中分析得到MC和BC大致位于–300~–3 000 m水深的沿岸等值线之间,并在39°S附近相遇后改变流向,向东南方向流动,汇入南大西洋逆时针环流。
根据Goni等[4]的研究,MC和BC的流线沿着–1 000 m等深线,所以计算流量的截面应该与该等值线相交。我们选择位于等深线–300~–3 000 m的之间的截面A-A′和B-B′来分别计算通过它们的MC和BC的流量。截面A-A′两端的坐标分别为:(41.28°S,57.25°W)位于等深线–300 m上,(41.95°S,56.44°W)位于等深线–3 000 m上;截面B-B′两端的坐标分别为:(35.78°S,52.98°W)位于等深线–300 m上,(36.3°S,52.17°W)位于等深线–3 000 m上;计算截面的流量按照公式[6] $V = \mathop \int \int \nolimits v{\rm{d}}x{\rm{d}}z$ ,其中,v为垂直截面的流速,dx为截面分割的步长,dz为水深的步长,输运体积V的单位为m3/s。通过计算得到的MC和BC的流量如图3图4,其中图中的红色细实线为流量值的6个月的滑动平均。从图3中可见MC是常年稳定存在的强度较强的寒流,通过截面A-A′的平均流量为54×106 m3/s,根据文献[7],利用连续的锚泊观测资料计算得到的MC的年平均流量为41.5 × 106 m3/s,误差为12.2 × 106 m3/s,考虑到截面的选取,观测点的布置不同等误差因素,我们计算的MC的流量与之前的学者计算的结果相近。该流量总体趋势减少,在趋势线上,从1993年的55.56 × 106 m3/s变为2016年的51.65 × 106 m3/s,约为每5年减少0.8 × 106 m3/s。
通过截面B-B′的BC的流量逐月分布如图4所示,该截面的平均流量为25.31 × 106 m3/s,由于BC的流量会随着纬度的变化而变化,同时和截面的大小的选取相关,不同的纬度、不同的截面计算的流量会相差很多,本文计算的只是通过截面B-B′的流量,所以有所不同是必然。图4中显示BC的流量有时会很小,甚至接近0乃至消失或变为反向流,但很快又会重新出现,最大的月平均流量可以达到60×106 m3/s。BC的逐月平均流量的趋势线呈现增长,从1993年的19.26 × 106 m3/s至2016年的31.26 × 106 m3/s,增量约为每5年增加2.5 × 106 m3/s。MC流量减少而BC流量增加,那么可以预估它们的交汇点可能会向南移动。
计算BMC的方法有很多种,例如可以利用海表温度(SST)和海面高度异常(SSHA)来计算BMC,因为在该区域内SST和SSHA的变化会异常剧烈,梯度值较大,存在锋面,可以根据锋面的位置来确定BMC的位置。BMC是两股运动方向相反的海流相遇的地点,速度的方向会产生剧烈的改变,所以还可以从流速的突变来确定BMC。从图2中的平均海流分布场中可见,MC的流速方向为东北方向,流向赤道,在二者相遇的BMC区域流速改变方向为东南向,BC的流向为西南向,流向南极,和MC相遇后流向改为东南向。等深线–1 500 m正好经过这3种不同流速区域,选出在BMC附近海域即图5中的矩形区域中的部分,作为计算BMC的截面。该等深线截面上的流速是经过插值得到,平均流速的北向分量v(北向为正)的分布如图6,在MC的部分流速为正,指向北,在BC部分流速为负,指向南。通过对比还发现MC速度从表层至底层的流速方向一致,表示MC存在于整个流经的区域,而BC表层的流速和BC一致,而随着深度的加深速度减小很快甚至出反向的流速,表明BC主要存在于流经区域的的上层,主要集中在–500 m以浅。
分别选择了表层和–260 m计算BMC,位置位于图6中的深度a和深度b的绿色虚线。BMC位于等深线a或者b上的北向速度从正值变为负值的点上。利用表层流速计算的BMC平均位置为38.88°S,深度–260 m处计算结果为38.55°S,这与Matano[8]计算的BMC的位置38°S相符。BMC的位置随深度的增加向赤道偏移,这个特性也可以从图6中看出,在BMC处,北向平均速度等值线0 m/s随深度增加向北移动。
从BMC所在纬度的逐月时间序列上看,图7图8中二者皆有向南极高纬地区移动的现象。在表层,BMC的纬度从初始1993年的38.61°S南下到2016年的39.16°S,南移了0.55°;在深度–260 m处,BMC位置则从38.18°S南下到38.93°S,南移了0.75°,比表层的移动值增大0.20°。
从3.1中分析可见,BMC的南移和MC流量的减少,与BC流量的增加趋势相关。MC是南极绕极流ACC流经德雷克海峡的北上分支。Piola等[9]提到MC和阿根廷海盆的地形相互影响,ACC受到地转偏向力的作用,在德雷克海峡(Drake Passage)的沿北岸的速度大于沿南岸的速度。穿过海峡后随着阿根廷海盆(Argentine Basin)的水深加深,便出现了沿着阿根廷海岸线的等深线北上的速度较大的移动水体,在40°~50°S之间,出现了MC。根据Orsi等[10]的研究结果表明,ACC的海水存在3个不同的温度锋,这3个锋内的海水的温度和盐度存在差异,表示各自的来源不同。从北至南这3个锋分别为:亚南极锋(the Subantarctic Front,SAF),极锋(the Polar Front,PF)和南南极绕流锋(the Southern ACC Front,SACC)。图9中显示了德雷克海峡截面线上的3个平均速度锋面,分别对应着SAF,PF和SACC。
Argo观测计划为研究表层和中层海流提供了机会,因为Argo浮标的深度可以从海表到–2 000 m的深度。Argo浮标的轨迹线可以推断大洋表层和中层海流[11],所以本文利用穿过德雷克海峡的Argo浮标的漂流轨迹来分析MC的水体主要来源于ACC的3个锋面中的哪一个,从而可以分析MC减少的机制。首先找出2014–2016年经过图10中蓝色粗实线矩形区域的所有Argo浮标的轨迹线。经过该区域的Argo浮标主要有两个去向:一是随着MC北上后转个弯南下,二是直接随着ACC向东漂流。为了研究随着MC北上的Argo浮标主要来自于ACC 3个锋面中的哪一个锋,在MC流经的区域设定了一个矩形区域,然后寻找经过该矩形的所有Argo浮标的轨迹线(图9)。结果显示了随MC北上的Argo浮标主要是从SAF流出,所以可以推断MC的水体大都来自SAF。
从3.1部分的分析得到MC的流量从1993年至2016年总共减少了3.91 × 106 m3/s,表明其流量是趋于降低的,既然MC的水体主要来自SAF,那么需要分析SAF的流量的变化,同时,也分析一下相邻的锋面PF的流量,因为通过这两个锋面流出的水体总量占ACC流量的绝大部分。根据图9中德雷克海峡的速度剖面,分别取得SAF和PF在截面上的起始位置。SAF的起始经纬度位置为:a点(54.68°S,65.15°W),b点(57.38°S,63.89°W);PF的起始经纬度位置为:b点(57.38°S,63.89°W),c点(60.54°S,62.37°W)。分别计算通过这2个截面的流量,结果如图11图12
计算得到SAF在1993–2016年期间的平均流量为79.96 × 106 m3/s,呈现逐月递减趋势,从82.64 × 106 m3/s减少至77.29 × 106 m3/s,减少了5.35 × 106 m3/s。PF的平均流量为69.31 × 106 m3/s,比SAF的流量少了约10 × 106 m3/s,PF的逐月变化呈现增加的趋势从65.16 × 106 m3/s增加到73.46 × 106 m3/s,增加了8.3 × 106 m3/s。由此可见SAF流量的减少而PF的流量增加,作为ACC分支的MC流量也减少,MC和SAF的变化一致,可以推断,SAF流量的减少一定程度上导致了MC流量的减少。至于SAF减少的原因下面从海面风场的角度来分析。
风应力是海洋上层水体运动的重要的驱动力,本文中分析的MC、BC、ACC的物理现象的存在和发展都与其有着密切的关系。风应力通过摩擦海洋表面,在海水垂直黏性力的作用下驱动海洋上层1 000 m[12]范围内的海水形成风生环流,例如西风漂流(在南半球又称南极绕极流ACC,位于南半球的西风带内)、西边界流、东边界流、赤道流系。
图13a显示了40°~90°S,经度环全球范围内的1993–2016年时间段内的平均风应力,南半球的西风带主要位于40°~60°S之间。图13b显示了1993–2016年之间风应力的变化趋势,从图13d中可见盛行西风的风应力在50°~70°S,60°~150°W区域(德雷克海峡西边的海域)有增强的趋势。受盛行西风带驱动的南极绕极流穿过德雷克海峡时,产生的3个锋的其中之一—极锋PF的流量出现增加(参考图12)是受该区域的风应力增长的影响导致的。SAF的水体在穿过德雷克海峡后绕过马尔维纳斯群岛(又称福克兰群岛)往北,成为马尔维纳斯(福克兰)寒流。从图13d中可见SAF变成北上的马尔维纳斯寒流后流经区域的风应力增量的方向是向南的,和其流向相反,这是导致SAF流量降低的一个因素。对比图13c图13d可以发现,风应力增量大的区域在平均风应力高值区的偏南边,约偏南5°左右。那么受该盛行西风带驱动的ACC也会向南极靠近,3个极锋SAF、PF、SACC也会向南极偏移,那么通过图9中最北边的截面a–b之间的流量会递减,而位于截面a–b南边的b–c截面的流量则出现增加。
利用沿阿根廷岸线的等深线–1 500 m上的速度剖面,在表层和深度–260 m处分别计算北向速度为0 m/s的位置作为BC和MC的交汇点BMC。得到BMC纬度的逐月变化序列后,利用最小二乘法得到序列的变化趋势,发现表层和–260 m处的BMC有向南移动的趋势,移动的大小分别为0.55°和0.75°。从MC通过截面A-A′和BC通过截面B-B′的流量变化以及风场的角度解释MBC南移的原因。MC通过截面A-A′的流量逐月递减,变化量约为每5年减少0.8 × 106 m3/s,BC通过截面B-B′的流量逐月递增约为每5年增加2.5 × 106 m3/s。MC的减少,BC的增加是BMC南移的可能的原因之一。
通过分析随MC漂流的Argo浮标的来源来确定MC中水体来自于ACC的3个极锋中的其中之一SAF。利用德雷克海峡的平均流速剖面确定SAF流经的截面为图9中的截面a–b。计算得到穿过截面a–b的流量,拟合出变化趋势,得到其是逐月递减的,2016年比最开始的1993年的流量少了3.91 × 106 m3/s。如此可推断MC流量的减少是SAF锋面通过截面a–b流量的减少导致的。与SAF锋面相连的锋面PF流经b–c截面的流量是递增的,增量为8.3 × 106 m3/s。考虑了ACC受盛行西风驱动,于是从长时间序列风场的变动来分析产生这种情况的原因。
从1993–2016年的逐月风应力平均分布和风应力变化分布对比发现,南半球的盛行西风在50°~70°S,60°~150°W区域(德雷克海峡西边的海域)有加强的趋势,风场增加强度最高的区域比原有西风带向南偏移5°,这表明盛行西风有向南极移动的趋势。受它影响的ACC也会向极地收缩,从而ACC的极锋也会向高纬摆动,于是通过截面a–b的SAF会出现递减,而靠近南极的AF通过截面b–c的流量会增加。
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2015T06);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2016Z01-01)。
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2019年第41卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.008
  • 接收时间:2018-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-08-27
  • 修回日期:2019-02-16
基金
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2015T06);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2016Z01-01)。
作者信息
    1 中国水产科学研究院 东海水产研究所 渔业资源遥感信息技术重点开放实验室,上海 200090
    2 农业部东海与远洋渔业资源开发利用重点实验室,上海 200090
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.008
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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