Article(id=1246840123195809982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1545148800000, receivedDateStr=2018-12-19, revisedDate=1557676800000, revisedDateStr=2019-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775199450539, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1569340800000, pubDateStr=2019-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775199450539, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775199450539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775199450539, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246840121887187126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775199450227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200621889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246840123501994175, articleId=1246840123195809982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the properties and exchanges of water masses in the region of Antarctic Peninsula, columnId=1246840122952540345, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Special Column of Polar Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the 34th Chinese Antarctic scientific expedition "Xiangyanghong 01" cruise around the Antarctic Peninsula from January to February 2018, the properties and exchanges of water masses in the region of Antarctic Peninsula were analyzed. The main water masses are Antarctic Surface Water, Circumpolar Deep Water, Warm Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water, Bransfield Srait Bottom Water. Weddell Sea Warm Deep Water and Weddell Sea Deep Water flow into Scotia Sea through the Orkney Passage, the Bruce Passage on the east of the South Orkney Plateau and the Hesperides Gap on the west of the South Orkney Plateau. Among them, the deepest current velocity is 0.25 m/s in Orkney Passage, which allow denser Weddell Sea Deep Water to flow to Scotia Sea; the current velocity is 0.13 m/s in Bruce Passage, which allow warmer Warm Deep Water flows and the temperature of Warm Deep Water passing through this gap is the lowest, and the current velocity is 0.10 m/s in Hesperides Gap, only colder Warm Deep Water and lighter Weddell Sea Deep Water can pass. Southward currents and northward currents were observed on both sides of the South Orkney Plateau, but northward currents and water exchange are stronger. Water flow westward along the north side of the South Scotia Ridge after entering the Scotia Sea through the Passages on both sides of the South Orkney Plateau, with a velocity of 0.21 m/s. A branch of Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage flow eastward to Scotia Sea, and influenced by Warm Deep Water and Weddell Sea Deep Water flowing westward, Circumpolar Deep Water in the Scotia Sea is obviously weaker than that in the Drake Passage. Affected by the eastward Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Weddell Sea Deep Water on the north side of the South Scotia Ridge is warmer than that on the south side. The water on the South Scotia Ridge may be affected by the Circumpolar Deep Water and Warm Deep Water in the north, Shelf Water in the West and Winter Water in the east, so the structure of the water on the South Scotia Ridge is much complex.

, correspAuthors=Zexun Wei, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yajing Li, Ying Li, Zexun Wei), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246840125477511418, articleId=1246840123195809982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南极半岛周边海域水团及水交换的研究, columnId=1246840123103535292, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=极地研究成果专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用中国第34次南极考察于2018年1–2月在南极半岛周边海域获得的温盐、海流现场观测数据,分析了调查区域主要水团及水交换特征。结果表明,观测区域内主要存在南极表层水、绕极深层水、暖深层水、南极底层水、布兰斯菲尔德海峡底层水。威德尔海的暖深层水、威德尔海深层水通过南奥克尼海台东侧的奥克尼通道、布鲁斯通道和南奥克尼海台西侧的埃斯佩里兹通道进入斯科舍海,其中奥克尼通道的深层海流最强,流速最大可达0.25 m/s,密度较大的威德尔海深层水可以通过此通道进入斯科舍海;布鲁斯通道海流流速约为0.13 m/s,通过此通道的暖深层水位势温度较高;埃斯佩里兹通道海流流速约为0.10 m/s,通过此通道的暖深层水位势温度最低,威德尔海深层水密度最小。在南奥克尼海台东西两侧均观测到南向和北向的海流,但整体上来看,向北的海流和水交换更强。水体进入斯科舍海后,沿着南斯科舍海岭的北侧向西北方向流动,流速约为0.21 m/s。德雷克海峡中的南极绕极流仅有一部分向东进入斯科舍海南部海域,且受到向西流动的暖深层水、威德尔海深层水的影响,斯科舍海南部海域的绕极深层水明显比德雷克海峡中绕极深层水的高温高盐性质弱;受到南极绕极流的影响,南斯科舍海岭北侧的威德尔海深层水比南侧暖。南斯科舍海岭上的水体可能受到北侧绕极深层水、暖深层水,西侧陆架水,东侧冬季水的影响,因此海岭上水体结构较为复杂。

, correspAuthors=魏泽勋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*魏泽勋,研究员,主要从事海洋环流、潮汐潮流的数值模拟和理论研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=j40zmSmjkHPEC/xEo+fKGA==, magXml=aREIwJL8PBXgyDUbXIpv8Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CutQjlJmyT4Uugijnn5omw==, pdfFileSize=7435622, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=OOVOjBYNT4x2j640V36A8Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/WyJ6cI3e9ddEsV3jtJmzg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李亚婧(1993—),女,河北省石家庄市人,主要从事水团及水交换过程研究。E-mail:

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李亚婧(1993—),女,河北省石家庄市人,主要从事水团及水交换过程研究。E-mail:

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Water masses and exchanges in the region around the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula observed in summer 2011/2012[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2016, 28(1): 67−79., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506253141598547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(41706225);南北极环境综合考察与评估专项(CHINARE-01-01);国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项(2012YQ12003908)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506234632134790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506234644717703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, companyId=1254506234632134790, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506234661494920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, companyId=1254506234632134790, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋环境科学和数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506234875404426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506234904764556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, companyId=1254506234875404426, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506234946707597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, companyId=1254506234875404426, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506243754746098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Topography around the Antarctic Peninsula and observation stations

The dots position represents the position of CTD observation stations, and the color of dots represents the observation time which is marked below the figure

, figureFileSmall=JbSad6jb/QFT1sywtm1dMQ==, figureFileBig=KVwAsXttj/uEJXWG/Uslog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506243935101177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=CN, label=图1, caption=南极半岛周边海域地形及观测站位

圆点位置表示CTD观测站位,圆点颜色表示观测时间,标记在图下方

, figureFileSmall=JbSad6jb/QFT1sywtm1dMQ==, figureFileBig=KVwAsXttj/uEJXWG/Uslog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506244132233473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption= θ-S scatter diagram of all hydrographic data in this cruise

The isoline is neutral density, and the site locations is attached to the upper left corner. The names of main water masses are also shown in the θ-S scatter diagram near the cores of the water masses

, figureFileSmall=xZbZpOL6UMwEBbE9JQyvBg==, figureFileBig=SzWtgqCTYSXvxqoz38T80g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506244648132869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=CN, label=图2, caption=实测数据绘制的θ-S点聚图

等值线为中性密度,站点位置附在左上角,水团名称标记在水团核心附近

, figureFileSmall=xZbZpOL6UMwEBbE9JQyvBg==, figureFileBig=SzWtgqCTYSXvxqoz38T80g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506244987871498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption= θ-S scatter diagram (a) of SR01-04, SR01-07, RY-A, RY-B, DZ-6, DZ-7 sites (b) in this cruise

The colours of curves in a are responsible to the colours of sites dots in b, the isoline is neutral density. The names of main water masses are also shown in the θ-S scatter diagram near the cores of the water masses

, figureFileSmall=Cw1W8MEeEEQJbG2YumwFzA==, figureFileBig=W5YgxN0/bstgXsz/GQYbwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506245335998734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=CN, label=图3, caption=实测SR01-04、SR01-07、RY-A、RY-B、DZ-6、DZ-7站位(b)绘制的θ-S点聚图(a)

a图中线条颜色对应b图中站位标记的颜色,等值线为中性密度, 水团名称标记在水团核心附近

, figureFileSmall=Cw1W8MEeEEQJbG2YumwFzA==, figureFileBig=W5YgxN0/bstgXsz/GQYbwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506245868675348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption= θ-S scatter diagram of M profile(a), the vertical profiles of LADCP current (b), temperature (c), salinity (d), density (e), and the sites location (f)

The colours of curves in a are responsible to the colours of sites dots in f, the isoline is neutral density. The names of main water masses are also shown in the θ-S scatter diagram near the cores of the water masses

, figureFileSmall=g6UkFHjreM//gllCKTZPTw==, figureFileBig=03ksTK49aKny0/xWgl5C0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506247777083679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=CN, label=图4, caption=实测M断面绘制的θ-S点聚图(a),LADCP海流(b)、温度(c)、盐度(d)、中性密度(e)的垂向分布及站位位置(f)

a中线条颜色对应f中站位标记的颜色,等值线为中性密度,水团名称标记在水团核心附近

, figureFileSmall=g6UkFHjreM//gllCKTZPTw==, figureFileBig=03ksTK49aKny0/xWgl5C0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506248037130529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption= θ-S scatter diagram of D3 profile (a), the vertical profiles of LADCP current (b), temperature (c), salinity (d), density (e), and the sites location (f)

The colours of curves in a are responsible to the colours of sites dots in f, the isoline is neutral density. The names of main water masses are also shown in the θ-S scatter diagram near the cores of the water masses

, figureFileSmall=PUIBh4tdIilGmVQwjNmipQ==, figureFileBig=OxKTKrCfMNNNmwBvVFIW0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506248389452070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=CN, label=图5, caption=实测D3断面绘制的θ-S点聚图(a),LADCP海流(b)、温度(c)、盐度(d)、中性密度(e)的垂向分布及站位位置(f)

a中线条颜色对应f中站位标记的颜色,等值线为中性密度,水团名称标记在水团核心附近

, figureFileSmall=PUIBh4tdIilGmVQwjNmipQ==, figureFileBig=OxKTKrCfMNNNmwBvVFIW0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506248813076780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption= θ-S scatter diagram of DA profile (a), the vertical profiles of LADCP current (b), temperature (c), salinity (d), density (e), and the sites location (f)

The colours of curves in a are responsible to the colours of sites dots in f, the isoline is neutral density. The names of main water masses are also shown in the θ-S scatter diagram near the cores of the water masses

, figureFileSmall=8MetwQiwG7DMVluBxFOXww==, figureFileBig=56lF5JE6T/WmI3bHkxtuWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506249085706542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=CN, label=图6, caption=实测DA断面绘制的θ-S点聚图(a),LADCP海流(b)、温度(c)、盐度(d)、中性密度(e)的垂向分布及站位位置(f)

a中线条颜色对应f中站位标记的颜色,等值线为中性密度,水团名称标记在水团核心附近

, figureFileSmall=8MetwQiwG7DMVluBxFOXww==, figureFileBig=56lF5JE6T/WmI3bHkxtuWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506249387696435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption= θ-S scatter diagram of D5 profile (a), the vertical profiles of LADCP current (b), temperature (c), salinity (d), density (e), and the sites location (f)

The colours of curves in a are responsible to the colours of sites dots in f, the isoline is neutral density. The names of main water masses are also shown in the θ-S scatter diagram near the cores of the water masses

, figureFileSmall=dl92VJKxJywzOQgd0pcmmQ==, figureFileBig=MldZKtk/kgldKbkyd87N0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506249622577463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=CN, label=图7, caption=实测D5断面绘制的θ-S点聚图(a),LADCP海流(b)、温度(c)、盐度(d)、中性密度(e)的垂向分布及站位位置(f)

a中线条颜色对应f中站位标记的颜色,等值线为中性密度,水团名称标记在水团核心附近

, figureFileSmall=dl92VJKxJywzOQgd0pcmmQ==, figureFileBig=MldZKtk/kgldKbkyd87N0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506250054590781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption= θ-S scatter diagram of DC profile (a), the vertical profiles of LADCP current (b), temperature (c), salinity (d), density (e), and the sites location (f)

The colours of curves in a are responsible to the colours of sites dots in f, the isoline is neutral density. The names of main water masses are also shown in the θ-S scatter diagram near the cores of the water masses

, figureFileSmall=ZGVeB3SZXbHp2F4qJEqxZw==, figureFileBig=bY61WqzE0/Arh8LB6+ZnzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506250432078145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=CN, label=图8, caption=实测DC断面绘制的θ-S点聚图(a),LADCP海流(b)、温度(c)、盐度(d)、中性密度(e)的垂向分布及站位位置(f)

a中线条颜色对应f中站位标记的颜色,等值线为中性密度,水团名称标记在水团核心附近

, figureFileSmall=ZGVeB3SZXbHp2F4qJEqxZw==, figureFileBig=bY61WqzE0/Arh8LB6+ZnzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506250700513605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of the main water masses properties in the region of Antarctic Peninsula

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水团名称 子水团 温度/℃ 盐度 中性密度/kg·m−3 参考文献
AASW SSW −1.80~1.00 33.00~33.70 <27.40 [21]
WW 约−1.50 33.80~34.00 27.20~27.40 [19]
HSSW −1.88~−1.70 34.56~34.84 [22]
CDW UCDW 温度极大值 34.61~34.68 27.95~28.27 [19]
LCDW 1.30~1.60 盐度极大值 28.10~28.27 [7, 19]
WDW 0~1.00 34.60~34.75 28.00~28.27 [17, 20]
WSDW −0.70~0 34.62~34.68 28.27~28.40 [2021]
WSBW <−0.70 34.62~34.68 >28.40 [2021]
BSBW 中央海盆 约−1.60 约34.58 [10]
东海盆 约−1.00 约34.56 [10]
), ArticleFig(id=1254506252713779534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840123195809982, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

前人对南极半岛周边海域主要水团性质的总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水团名称 子水团 温度/℃ 盐度 中性密度/kg·m−3 参考文献
AASW SSW −1.80~1.00 33.00~33.70 <27.40 [21]
WW 约−1.50 33.80~34.00 27.20~27.40 [19]
HSSW −1.88~−1.70 34.56~34.84 [22]
CDW UCDW 温度极大值 34.61~34.68 27.95~28.27 [19]
LCDW 1.30~1.60 盐度极大值 28.10~28.27 [7, 19]
WDW 0~1.00 34.60~34.75 28.00~28.27 [17, 20]
WSDW −0.70~0 34.62~34.68 28.27~28.40 [2021]
WSBW <−0.70 34.62~34.68 >28.40 [2021]
BSBW 中央海盆 约−1.60 约34.58 [10]
东海盆 约−1.00 约34.56 [10]
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南极半岛周边海域水团及水交换的研究
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李亚婧 1, 2 , 李颖 1, 2 , 魏泽勋 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 极地研究成果专栏 2019,41(9): 13-25
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海洋学报 | 极地研究成果专栏 2019, 41(9): 13-25
南极半岛周边海域水团及水交换的研究
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李亚婧1, 2 , 李颖1, 2, 魏泽勋1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋环境科学和数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 李亚婧(1993—),女,河北省石家庄市人,主要从事水团及水交换过程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*魏泽勋,研究员,主要从事海洋环流、潮汐潮流的数值模拟和理论研究。E-mail:
Study on the properties and exchanges of water masses in the region of Antarctic Peninsula
Yajing Li1, 2 , Ying Li1, 2, Zexun Wei1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2019-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.002
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利用中国第34次南极考察于2018年1–2月在南极半岛周边海域获得的温盐、海流现场观测数据,分析了调查区域主要水团及水交换特征。结果表明,观测区域内主要存在南极表层水、绕极深层水、暖深层水、南极底层水、布兰斯菲尔德海峡底层水。威德尔海的暖深层水、威德尔海深层水通过南奥克尼海台东侧的奥克尼通道、布鲁斯通道和南奥克尼海台西侧的埃斯佩里兹通道进入斯科舍海,其中奥克尼通道的深层海流最强,流速最大可达0.25 m/s,密度较大的威德尔海深层水可以通过此通道进入斯科舍海;布鲁斯通道海流流速约为0.13 m/s,通过此通道的暖深层水位势温度较高;埃斯佩里兹通道海流流速约为0.10 m/s,通过此通道的暖深层水位势温度最低,威德尔海深层水密度最小。在南奥克尼海台东西两侧均观测到南向和北向的海流,但整体上来看,向北的海流和水交换更强。水体进入斯科舍海后,沿着南斯科舍海岭的北侧向西北方向流动,流速约为0.21 m/s。德雷克海峡中的南极绕极流仅有一部分向东进入斯科舍海南部海域,且受到向西流动的暖深层水、威德尔海深层水的影响,斯科舍海南部海域的绕极深层水明显比德雷克海峡中绕极深层水的高温高盐性质弱;受到南极绕极流的影响,南斯科舍海岭北侧的威德尔海深层水比南侧暖。南斯科舍海岭上的水体可能受到北侧绕极深层水、暖深层水,西侧陆架水,东侧冬季水的影响,因此海岭上水体结构较为复杂。

水团  /  水交换  /  南极半岛  /  威德尔海  /  环流

Based on the 34th Chinese Antarctic scientific expedition "Xiangyanghong 01" cruise around the Antarctic Peninsula from January to February 2018, the properties and exchanges of water masses in the region of Antarctic Peninsula were analyzed. The main water masses are Antarctic Surface Water, Circumpolar Deep Water, Warm Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water, Bransfield Srait Bottom Water. Weddell Sea Warm Deep Water and Weddell Sea Deep Water flow into Scotia Sea through the Orkney Passage, the Bruce Passage on the east of the South Orkney Plateau and the Hesperides Gap on the west of the South Orkney Plateau. Among them, the deepest current velocity is 0.25 m/s in Orkney Passage, which allow denser Weddell Sea Deep Water to flow to Scotia Sea; the current velocity is 0.13 m/s in Bruce Passage, which allow warmer Warm Deep Water flows and the temperature of Warm Deep Water passing through this gap is the lowest, and the current velocity is 0.10 m/s in Hesperides Gap, only colder Warm Deep Water and lighter Weddell Sea Deep Water can pass. Southward currents and northward currents were observed on both sides of the South Orkney Plateau, but northward currents and water exchange are stronger. Water flow westward along the north side of the South Scotia Ridge after entering the Scotia Sea through the Passages on both sides of the South Orkney Plateau, with a velocity of 0.21 m/s. A branch of Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage flow eastward to Scotia Sea, and influenced by Warm Deep Water and Weddell Sea Deep Water flowing westward, Circumpolar Deep Water in the Scotia Sea is obviously weaker than that in the Drake Passage. Affected by the eastward Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Weddell Sea Deep Water on the north side of the South Scotia Ridge is warmer than that on the south side. The water on the South Scotia Ridge may be affected by the Circumpolar Deep Water and Warm Deep Water in the north, Shelf Water in the West and Winter Water in the east, so the structure of the water on the South Scotia Ridge is much complex.

water mass  /  exchange of water mass  /  Antarctic Peninsula  /  Weddell Sea  /  circulation
李亚婧, 李颖, 魏泽勋. 南极半岛周边海域水团及水交换的研究. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (9) : 13 -25 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.002
Yajing Li, Ying Li, Zexun Wei. Study on the properties and exchanges of water masses in the region of Antarctic Peninsula[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (9) : 13 -25 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.002
本文关注的南极半岛周边海域主要包括3个部分:斯科舍海南部海域、威德尔海西北部及两者之间的海域。斯科舍海位于德雷克海峡的东部,与威德尔海被南斯科舍海岭隔开,是一个地形复杂的海盆。斯科舍海南部与威德尔海西北部之间的海域可以大体上分为3部分:(1)西部:南设得兰群岛及南极半岛北端,夹在两者之间的是布兰斯菲尔德海峡;(2)中部:南斯科舍海岭(South Scotia Ridge, SSR)、菲利普海岭、鲍威尔海盆,两条海岭近乎平行,中间为埃斯佩里兹海槽;(3)东部:南奥克尼海台,海台东西两侧各有一条通道,即菲利普通道和奥克尼通道。
南极半岛周边海域水团主要包括:南极表层水(Antarctic Surface Water, AASW)、绕极深层水(Circumpolar Deep Water, CDW)、暖深层水(Warm Deep Water, WDW)、威德尔海深层水(Weddell Sea Deep Water, WSDW)、威德尔海底层水(Weddell Sea Bottom Water, WSBW)、陆架水(Shelf Water, SW)、布兰斯菲尔德海峡底层水(Bransfield Srait Bottom Water, BSBW)[1]。AASW广泛地分布在南大洋,可分为夏季表层水(Summer Surface Water, SSW)和冬季水(Winter Water, WW)。高盐陆架水(High Salinity Shelf Water, HSSW)主要是在威德尔海西部、南部陆架向大气失去热量和海冰生成的过程中析盐形成的[2]
南极半岛周边海域主要存在两个大尺度环流:南极绕极流(Antarctic Circumpolar Current, ACC)和威德尔气旋式流涡(Weddell Gyre, WG),WG的范围为南极半岛东侧至30°E [3]。ACC与向东流动的WG之间的海域称为威德尔海–斯科舍海汇流区(Weddell–Scotia Confluence, WSC),由南极半岛北端延伸至20°E[4]。德雷克海峡与斯科舍海的水团主要由ACC中的CDW控制,CDW可以分为以温度极大值为特征的上层绕极深层水(Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, UCDW)和以盐度极大值为特征的下层绕极深层水(Lower Circumpolar Deep Water, LCDW)[4]。ACC穿过德雷克海峡进入斯科舍海,由于SSR的阻挡,CDW不能直接进入WSC,而是随ACC一部分向北进入斯科舍海,另一部分沿WG的东部边缘向南进入威德尔海,然后沿着南极大陆向西输运,CDW在输运过程中高温高盐特征逐渐减弱,但仍是威德尔海中温度最高的水团,该水团称为WDW[5-6]。WSDW、WSBW均为南极底层水(Antarctic Bottom Water, AABW) [7],AABW是在南大洋底层广泛分布的低温高密度水,具有全球性和气候性的重要意义[8],是全球翻转环流中最主要的底层水团[9]。AABW在过去30年发生了显著的变化,南大洋以外的AABW呈现出变暖的趋势,水体也有所减少[10],已经有证据表明南极洲附近冰川融化的增多可能会导致AABW盐度降低[11]。来自南极半岛东北侧的威德尔海陆架水也有一部分绕过茹安维尔海岭向北输运,进入布兰斯菲尔德海峡的深层和底层,形成BSBW[12]
WSC的海流结构较为复杂,理清WG北部边界的水文结构对于理解威德尔海与斯科舍海水交换具有重要的意义。WDW随WG顺时针流动到达WG的西北部,WSDW和WSBW随威德尔海西边界流也进入WG西北部[13]。WG西北部的WDW、WSDW一部分向北进入鲍威尔海盆,通过鲍威尔海盆与埃斯佩里兹海槽之间水深较深的通道进入埃斯佩里兹海槽[3],这些水体在埃斯佩里兹海槽内顺时针流动,流动过程中水体性质会发生变化[7],然后部分水体通过南奥克尼海台西部的通道进入斯科舍海;另一部分沿着WG向东流动,绕南奥克尼海台流动接近一周,通过奥克尼通道进入斯科舍海[14];受海底地形限制WSBW只能随WG向东流动,不能进入斯科舍海[15]。近年来WSDW由威德尔海向斯科舍海的输运已经引起了很多人的注意[16],通过南斯科舍海岭向北输运WSDW已经被认为是威德尔海与斯科舍海水交换最重要的过程之一[17-18]。因此,南斯科舍海岭对于威德尔海–斯科舍海交汇区极其重要。
综上所述,南极半岛周边海域水团众多、地形复杂,尤其南斯科舍海岭附近的水文、海流结构与水交换过程十分复杂。但是由于南大洋条件恶劣,研究区域观测资料仍较少,而海流在很大程度上受到地形的限制,由于观测站位置不同,测量结果变化较大[6]。以往在南极半岛周边海域的调查研究多为南北经向水文断面,沿着纬圈方向介于斯科舍海与威德尔海之间的断面较少,对于威德尔海–斯科舍海水交换仍然还有许多细节需要进一步分析研究。
2018年1–2月,中国第34次南极考察“向阳红01”船航次在南极半岛周边海域完成48个站位的综合海洋调查,此次考察设置了多条南北向、东西向观测断面,有利于从不同的角度分析观测海域的水团性质及水交换特征。目前极地海洋水团、环流、水交换过程的变化及其对全球气候的影响和响应是国际极地科学的热门研究方向之一,结合我国极地科学考察相关资料,分析南极半岛周边海域水团变化及水交换过程具有重要的研究意义。本文的研究目的是使用此次调查获得的温盐、海流数据,分析南极半岛周边海域的水团性质及分布特征,进一步探讨威德尔海与斯科舍海之间的水交换特征,以期获得对该海域水文状况的深层认知,并为其他学科的研究提供参考。
中国第34次南极考察“向阳红01”船航次于2018年1月1日至2月3日进入南极半岛周边海域,完成48个站位的综合海洋调查(图1)。DA、D3、DC、D5断面均在1~3日内完成了观测,数据的同步性更好。观测期间没有极端天气情况,没有特殊海况。所以,认为此次观测数据的分析结果可以代表2018年夏季南极半岛周边海域的基本情况。
本航次所有温盐数据均为温盐深仪(Conductivity-Temperature-Depth, CTD)观测数据,观测所使用的CTD为SBE 911plus型,配有两套温度、电导率、溶解氧传感器。利用本次调查所获得的CTD数据,计算位势温度(θ, 以压强P = 0为参考面)、盐度(S)、中性密度(γn )等变量(以下简称“实测数据”)分析观测区域内水团性质及水交换特征。除非特别指出,本文以下所述温度和密度均是指位势温度和中性密度。
本航次的海流数据为船载声学海流剖面仪(Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, LADCP)观测数据。调查中所使用的LADCP的工作频率为300 kHz,参数设置为垂向8 m为一层,共14层。数据采样时间间隔为1 s,第一层到LADCP设备的距离为10 m,设备深度由自带的压力传感器提供。原始数据的质量控制是LADCP数据处理中的一个重要问题,在读入LADCP原始数据时会进行最基本的质量控制,去除明显错误的数据。LADCP数据处理的方法主要有两个:一个是Fischer和Visbeck[19]采用的剪切方法, 另外一个是Visbeck[20]采用的逆方法,两种方法均需要使用精确的GPS数据,且处理过程十分复杂。由于“向阳红01”船具有精度较好的动力定位系统,可以在一定程度上认为仪器在下放和上升过程中不存在或者仅存在微小的自身位移,这极大地简化了处理过程。使用WinADCP软件进行质量控制,然后使用Matlab软件进一步处理,处理过程主要包括:(1)剔除明显错误的数据;(2)选择质量相对较好的下降过程的2~6层数据进行滑动平均、滤波。处理过程中同一层的数据多次使用可以减小误差。此方法可以在保证数据精度的基础上减少处理数据的工作量,方便使用LADCP数据。
基于以往研究结果(表1),已经对南极半岛周边海域的水团性质及分布有了初步的了解。本文将使用实测CTD数据,进一步分析观测区域内的水团特征;同时结合实测LADCP海流数据,分析此区域的水交换特征。观测结果在很大程度上与航次的观测时间有关。此次调查包含横、纵断面,可以为威德尔海与斯科舍海水交换的研究提供较好的分析资料。图2给出了实测数据绘制的θ-S点聚图,可以看出该海区主要包括南极表层水、冬季水、绕极深层水、暖深层水、威德尔海深层水、威德尔海底层水、布兰斯菲尔德海峡底层水。以下将48个站位按照位置划分为西部、中部、东部3个区域分别进行详细分析。
西部区域共有6个站位,由于站位较少且有些站位间隔较大,不宜作为断面分析,故使用θ-S点聚图(图3)来分析站位的水团性质。
SR01-04、SR01-07位于德雷克海峡(图3)。SR01-04靠近ACC核心区域,水团由上到下依次是:SSW、CDW,其中CDW几乎贯穿全水深,SR01-04站位核心温度为2.80℃,SR01-07站位核心温度为2.00℃,两个站位核心盐度均为34.72。SR01-07位于ACC流速较小、靠近边缘的区域,与SR01-04相比高温性质较弱,这一站具有典型的南大洋南极区水团特征,水团由上到下依次是:SSW、WW和CDW。
RY-A、RY-B、DZ-6、DZ-7位于布兰斯菲尔德海峡的中央海盆(图3), 水团由上到下依次为SSW、WW、SW和BSBW。2 000 m深度海域附近有明显的温度低于−1.60℃、盐度S>34.57的水团存在,即存在BSBW,比2012年观测到的BSBW温度更低[23]
中部区域的3个断面位于威德尔海–斯科舍海交汇区,是观察威德尔海与斯科舍海水交换的重要断面。我们将结合θ-S点聚图,温度、盐度、密度断面图,LADCP海流图来分析此区域内的水团性质及水交换特征。
M断面(图4)位于斯科舍海与威德尔海汇流区,位于鲍威尔海盆的北侧,菲利普海岭的东部。
M1-1、D3-9、M2-1具有很均匀的水团性质,包含SSW、WW、WDW和WSDW。这3个站位具有典型的WDW特征,且分布较为均匀,WDW的核心温度约为0.50℃,核心盐度约为34.67,盐度核心的位置比温度核心略低。
M1-1位于埃斯佩里兹海槽与鲍威尔海盆之间较深的通道上,水体向北偏西方向流动,表明鲍威尔海盆的水体可以通过此通道进入埃斯佩里兹海槽(图4b),AASW是通过此通道进入埃斯佩里兹海槽中最暖、密度最小的水体。M2-1位于鲍威尔海盆东北部,此处为东南方向的海流(图4b),是绕鲍威尔海盆沿顺时针方向流动的海流。
D3断面是位于斯科舍海与威德尔海之间的垂向断面,纵跨南斯科舍海岭,可以根据此断面的水团性质进一步分析威德尔海与斯科舍海的水交换特征(图5)。
D3-5、D3-6均位于斯科舍海南部海域,D3-5站位的WW最低温度为−0.25℃,此站的CDW具有典型的高温高盐性质,水团核心温度为1.69℃,核心盐度约为34.68,高盐核心与高温核心均位于500 × 104 Pa附近,基本重合;其下的WDW没有高温核心,核心盐度为34.68,约位于1 000 × 104 Pa附近;WSDW的最低温度约为−0.51℃,最大中性密度为28.35 kg/m3,水团厚度约为1 600 m。与D3-5相比,D3-6靠近南斯科舍海岭,位于ACC的边缘,CDW的高温高盐性质相对较弱,核心温度为1.00℃,核心盐度约为34.68;WDW核心盐度为34.67,没有高温核心;WSDW最低温度为−0.52℃,最大中性密度为28.36 kg/m3,水团厚度约为1 900 m。与德雷克海峡的CDW(图3)相比,德雷克海峡中靠近ACC核心区域的SR01-04的CDW核心温度为2.80℃,核心盐度为34.72;靠近ACC边缘区域的SR01-07的CDW核心温度为2.00℃,核心盐度为34.72;进入斯科舍海南部海域的ACC仅为德雷克海峡中ACC的一个向东分支,德雷克海峡中ACC的另一部分向北进入斯科舍海北部海域,另外,斯科舍海ACC携带的CDW会与沿着南斯科舍海岭向西北流动的WDW、WSDW混合,因此,斯科舍海南部海域中的CDW比德雷克海峡中的CDW温度低、盐度低。
D3-8至D3-11上层均为WDW,但高温高盐性质由南向北减弱,高温高盐核心位于D3-11站位。结合LADCP海流(图5b)可以看出:WDW由鲍威尔海盆向北进入埃斯佩里兹海槽,仅有温度较低、盐度较低的WDW可以进入海槽。D3-10、D3-11底层海流较强,LADCP测量的海流流速大于0.10 m/s,即鲍威尔海盆存在较强的沿顺时针方向的WSDW输运。D3-10、D3-11位于鲍威尔海盆,D3-10站位WW最低温度小于−1.60℃,WDW的核心温度为0.65℃,核心盐度为34.68;位势温度为−0.7℃<θ<0℃的WSDW盐度为34.64~34.66,中性密度为28.25~28.39 kg/m3;WSBW最低温度为−0.89℃,最大中性密度为28.43 kg/m3。D3-11的WDW核心温度为0.70℃,核心盐度约为34.68;WSDW盐度为34.64~34.67,中性密度为28.25~28.39 kg/m3;WSBW最低温度为−0.86℃,最大中性密度为28.42 kg/m3。D3-10和D3-11与D3-5至D3-7均观察到密度大于28.27 kg/m3的WSDW,说明WSDW可以通过南斯科舍海岭之间较深的通道进入斯科舍海,即存在威德尔海向斯科舍海的深层水交换。D3-7站位1 500 m以浅的海域存在西北向的海流,由埃斯佩里兹通道流出的表层水和中层水,向西北进入南斯科舍海岭北部海域。
位于南斯科舍海岭北侧斯科舍海的站位(D3-5、D3-6、D3-7)与位于南斯科舍海岭南侧鲍威尔海盆的站位(D3-10、D3-11)相比,南斯科舍海岭两侧水团分布及性质明显不同。海岭北侧主要为AASW、CDW、WDW、WSDW,海岭南侧主要为AASW、WDW、WSDW、WSBW。受到ACC的影响,海岭北侧WW的温度明显比南侧高,高约1.35℃,海岭北侧的WSDW的最低温度比南侧约高0.19℃,最大中性密度比南侧约小0.04 kg/m3,南斯科舍海岭北侧没有观测到位势温度低于−0.70℃的WSBW。由此可见,南斯科舍海岭十分重要,它将南北两侧的海域分开,两侧海域存在较大的温盐及密度的南北差异。
DA断面(图6)大部分站位位于南奥克尼海台西侧的南斯科舍海岭上,此断面南侧为埃斯佩里兹海槽,北侧为斯科舍海,是观察斯科舍海与威德尔海水交换的重要断面。此断面地形较为复杂,水团性质、海流与地形有很大的关系。
DA-1、DA-2位于南极半岛东北端的陆架上,水深较浅,存在冷水。DA-1站位最低温度约为−0.50℃,DA-1位于象岛附近,结合地形,推测此处有来自南极半岛东北侧的陆架水入侵。如图6b,这两个站位的海流方向为西偏南,所以同时受到沿着南斯科舍海岭北侧向西流动的WDW的影响,DA-1、DA-2站位的冷水温度不是特别低。另外南斯科舍海岭是ACC的南部边界,此处水体也可能受到ACC的影响。
DA-3、DA-4、DA-7、DA-11位于南奥克尼海台西部的南斯科舍海岭上,整体而言这些站位水体都较暖。如图6b,这些站位存在向东的海流,是向东流动的ACC的边缘,因此南斯科舍海岭上的水体会与ACC中携带的高温高盐的CDW混合而变暖。DA-11站位250 × 104 Pa以下为东南方向的海流,流速最大约为0.20 m/s,水体性质较暖,可知南奥克尼海台西北侧的向西流动的WDW可能会发生转向,逆时针向南流入埃斯佩里兹海槽。
DA-5、DA-6均位于埃斯佩里兹海槽,上层250 × 104 Pa附近存在冷水,下层依次为WDW、WSDW。结合LADCP海流(图6b),埃斯佩里兹海槽北部的DA-5、DA-6均存在向东的海流,其中DA-6上层250 × 104 Pa流速最大可达0.40 m/s,向下流速逐渐减小。结合前人的研究[7],WDW、WSDW由鲍威尔海盆进入埃斯佩里兹海槽,在海槽内沿顺时针方向流动,到达海槽西部时与南极半岛北端东侧寒冷的陆架水发生混合,然后向东流动,因此DA-5、DA-6上层存在冷水团。与鲍威尔海盆内的WDW(图5)相比,埃斯佩里兹海槽内的WDW(图6)明显较冷,核心温度仅为0.08℃;与鲍威尔海盆内的WSDW相比,海槽内WSDW的最低温度仅为−0.33℃,最大中性密度仅为28.30 kg/m3,因此只有密度较小的WSDW可以进入埃斯佩里兹海槽。DA-5上层海流向西、DA-6上层海流向东,故受到海流的影响位于DA-5、DA-6两侧的DA-4、DA-7上层均出现了少量冷水。DA-6北部存在一个水深较深的通道,此次未观测到埃斯佩里兹海槽由此通道进入斯科舍海的海流及水交换。
DA-9位于南斯科舍海岭上,DA-10位于埃斯佩里兹海槽东北部,其北部为埃斯佩里兹通道,水深约2 500 m,是南奥克尼海台西部水深最深的通道,这两个站位由上至下依次为冷水团、WDW、WSDW。DA-9、DA-10站位水深1 500 m以上均观测到流速约为0.10 m/s的向东北方向流动的海流,可以得出此通道存在向斯科舍海的水交换,主要为AASW、WDW、部分密度较小的WSDW。DA-9、DA-10上层均存在冷水团,核心温度小于−0.75℃。DA-10、DA-11上层均为向西的海流,且DA-11上层存在较冷冬季水,故推测DA-9、DA-10上层冷水团是与南奥克尼海台西北部的冬季水发生混合而形成的。埃斯佩里兹海槽内的AASW、WDW、WSDW通过埃斯佩里兹通道流入斯科舍海,而后沿着南斯科舍海岭北侧向西流动,途经D3-7站位,故D3-7(图5)与DA-9、DA-10(图6)的水体性质及水团结构相似,均为0~500 × 104 Pa存在冷水团,500 × 104~1 000 × 104 Pa附近为WDW,1 000 × 104 Pa以下为WSDW。
D5断面连接斯科舍海和威德尔海,跨越南奥克尼海台(图7)。
由于D5-11、D5-12距离D5断面较远,不易插值到D5断面,故这两个站位仅绘制θ-S点聚图(图7a)。可以看到,此断面连接威德尔海与斯科舍海,除了南奥克尼海台上的站位之外,断面上所有压强大于2 000 × 104 Pa的站位均观测到WSDW,表明威德尔海与斯科舍海存在深层的水交换,WSDW可以由威德尔海进入斯科舍海。仅D5-11观测到温度θ<−0.70℃的WSBW,斯科舍海中几个站位均未观察到WSBW,即本航次没有观测到威德尔海底层水的水交换。
D5-11站位WDW的核心温度约为0.75℃,核心盐度约为34.69;位势温度−0.70℃<θ<0℃的WSDW盐度为34.64~34.67,中性密度为28.25~28.4 kg/m3;WSBW最低温度为−0.87℃,最大中性密度为28.42 kg/m3;D5-12站位水深较浅,WDW的核心温度约为0.72℃,核心盐度约为34.68;WSDW最低温度约为−0.41℃,盐度为34.65~34.67,中性密度为28.25~28.34 kg/m3。南奥克尼海台东侧(D5-11、D5-12,图7)与南奥克尼海台西侧(D3-10、D3-11,图5)相比,东侧WDW的核心温度比西侧高约0.05℃,两侧WSDW、WSBW性质相差不多。由于鲍威尔海盆内的水体可能受到南极半岛北端寒冷陆架水的影响而变冷,而且南奥克尼海台东侧的水体不仅来自于鲍威尔海盆,还来自于WG向东流动的分支,因此两侧相比,东侧的WDW比西侧略暖。南奥克尼海台上的WDW(D5-10,图7)核心温度为0.25℃,高温高盐性质与海台两侧相比较弱,原因是海台上水深较浅,只有少量的WDW可以进入海台,所以没有高温高盐核心,只能观察到少量的温暖水体。
D5-8位于奥克尼通道,水深大于4 000 m,LADCP测量的此站上层流速约为0.15 m/s,底层流速较大,3 700 × 104 Pa附近海流流速最大,约为0.26 m/s,方向为西偏北。根据Garabato等[17]的研究,奥克尼通道深层存在较强的向西的海流,AABW在威德尔海的形成速率为8.4 × 106~11 × 106 m3/s,通过奥克尼通道的WSDW有5 × 106 m3/s,即约一半的WSDW通过奥克尼通道进入斯科舍海。与WSDW相比,此通道WDW的输运量较小。
此断面海流结构复杂,D5-5上层主要为西南方向的海流,下层为东南方向的海流;D5-6、D5-8站位的海流主要为西北方向的海流,D5-6向西的海流流速约为0.21 m/s;D5-7上层为东南方向的海流,深层为东北方向的海流,结合此处环流背景[15],可以辨认出此断面附近(即南奥克尼海台北部海域)存在逐渐向南流向威德尔海的ACC、向斯科舍海北部流动的ACC、经过奥克尼通道由威德尔海向斯科舍海沿着南斯科舍海岭北侧向西北方向流动的海流,此断面可以很好地揭示威德尔海与斯科舍海水交换的过程。
DC断面北侧为斯科舍海,南侧为威德尔海(图8),是连接斯科舍海与威德尔海的重要断面。根据LADCP绘制的流场图(图8b)可以看到,此断面既存在向东的海流,也存在向西的海流。结合前人的研究[12]可以知道此区域主要存在两个流动:向东流动的ACC和通过奥克尼通道向西进入斯科舍海的流动。
DC-1、DC-2位于南奥克尼海台上,深度小于500 m,仅有少量的WDW进入海台,高温高盐性质较弱。DC-3至DC-12这几个站位大部分水体均为WDW。DC-4上层存在较强的东向流,流速约为0.14 m/s,说明部分ACC可以通过奥克尼通道向东流。DC-4位于奥克尼通道上,根据LADCP给出的海流(图8b)此处存在流速大于0.10 m/s,向西北方向流动的深层海流,D5-8(图7)也位于奥克尼通道附近,深层海流流速约为0.26 m/s,可见站位的选择对于海流的观测有一定影响,不同位置的海流强度不同。DC-9位于南奥克尼海台西侧的布鲁斯通道附近,此站观测到东北方向的海流,整体流速约为0.13 m/s。DC-10也位于布鲁斯通道附近,海流向西,表明布鲁斯通道附近的水体一部分向北进入斯科舍海,一部分向西由奥克尼通道进入斯科舍海。
比较埃斯佩里兹通道的DA-10、奥克尼通道的D5-8、布鲁斯通道的DC-11的水体性质:DA-10中WDW温度核心为0.13℃,WSDW最低温度为−0.26℃,最大密度为28.29 kg/m3;D5-8中WDW温度核心为0.41℃,WSDW最低温度为−0.53℃,最大密度为28.36 kg/m3;DC-11中WDW温度核心为0.75℃,WSDW最低温度为−0.44℃,最大密度为28.33 kg/m3。因此,通过奥克尼通道的WSDW密度最大,受地形限制,通过埃斯佩里兹通道的WSDW密度最小;通过布鲁斯通道的WDW温度最高,受南极半岛北端陆架水的影响,通过埃斯佩里兹通道的WDW温度最低。
DC-2、DC-5和DC-11均观测到向南的海流,即也存在由斯科舍海向威德尔海的水交换,但整体来看,向北的海流及向北的水交换更强。
本文使用中国第34次南极考察“向阳红01”船航次在南极半岛周边海域获得的温盐数据、LADCP海流数据,对观测区域的水团分布、水团性质及水交换特征进行了分析讨论,取得以下认识。
观测区域内主要存在AASW、CDW、WDW、AABW和BSBW。WG西北部的WDW、WSDW一部分向北进入鲍威尔海盆,沿顺时针方向流动接近一周后,与另一部分沿着WG向东流动的WDW、WSDW一起绕南奥克尼海台逆时针流动[3]。南奥克尼海台西侧鲍威尔海盆内WDW的核心温度约为0.65~0.70℃;南奥克尼海台东南侧WDW的核心温度约为0.72~0.75℃,由于鲍威尔海盆内的水体可能受到南极半岛北端寒冷陆架水的影响而变冷,而且南奥克尼海台东侧的水体不仅来自于鲍威尔海盆,还来自于WG向东流动的分支,因此两侧相比,东侧的WDW、WSBW比西侧略暖。
威德尔海与斯科舍海的水交换过程主要发生在南奥克尼海台两侧的南斯科舍海岭水深较深的通道上,方向主要向北。海台东侧的奥克尼通道3 700 × 104 Pa附近海流流速可达0.26 m/s,方向为西北,此通道深层海流很强,WSDW主要通过奥克尼通道由威德尔海进入斯科舍海;海台东侧的布鲁斯通道整体海流流速约为0.13 m/s,方向为东北,来自威德尔海的WDW、WSDW可以通过布鲁斯通道进入斯科舍海;WDW、WSDW通过鲍威尔海盆与埃斯佩里兹海槽之间水深较深的通道进入埃斯佩里兹海槽,进入海槽的流速小于0.10 m/s,方向向北。水体在海槽内顺时针流动,在埃斯佩里兹海槽北部与南极半岛北端陆架水混合,海槽内的WDW变冷,观测到海槽北部向东的海流很强,250 × 104 Pa附近可达0.40 m/s。南奥克尼海台西侧的埃斯佩里兹通道存在向北的海流,WDW、WSDW可以通过埃斯佩里兹通道进入斯科舍海,流速约为0.10 m/s。由于埃斯佩里兹海槽内站位较少,日后需要更多观测资料才能更好地描述埃斯佩里兹海槽内的环流结构。比较3个通道内WDW、WSDW发现,通过奥克尼通道的WSDW密度最大,通过埃斯佩里兹通道的WSDW密度最小;通过布鲁斯通道的WDW温度最高,受南极半岛北端陆架水的影响,通过埃斯佩里兹通道的WDW温度最低。本航次在南奥克尼海台东西两侧均观测到北向和南向的海流,但整体上来看,向北的海流和水交换更强。
WDW、WSDW通过南奥克尼海台两侧的通道进入斯科舍海后,向西沿着南斯科舍海岭的北侧流动,或者向西北方向进入斯科舍海,流速约为0.21 m/s。观测区域内,斯科舍海南部海域中的ACC上层流速大于0.30 m/s,受到向东流动的ACC的影响,南斯科舍海岭北侧的WDW没有高温核心,WSDW最低温度约为−0.51℃,而海岭南侧的WSDW最低温度为−0.70℃,南斯科舍海岭十分重要,它将南北两侧的海域分开,两侧海域存在较大的温盐及密度的南北差异。同时,南斯科舍海岭北侧的CDW、WDW可能会入侵南斯科舍海岭,使海岭上的水体变暖,南斯科舍海岭上的水体还可能受到西侧陆架水、东侧冬季水的影响而变冷,因此南斯科舍海岭上水体结构较为复杂。南奥克尼海台西北部的部分WDW可以向南,逆时针流入埃斯佩里兹海槽,流速约为0.20 m/s。
德雷克海峡中ACC边缘区域的CDW核心温度为2.00℃,核心盐度为34.72;斯科舍海中ACC边缘的CDW核心温度为1.00℃,核心盐度为34.68。进入斯科舍海南部海域的ACC仅为德雷克海峡中ACC的一个向东分支,另外,斯科舍海南部海域中ACC携带的CDW会与沿着南斯科舍海岭向西流动的WDW、WSDW混合,因此,斯科舍海南部海域中的CDW比德雷克海峡中的CDW温度低、盐度低。布兰斯菲尔德海峡中央海盆内底层海域存在温度低于−1.60℃的BSBW。本航次在斯科舍海的观测站位没有发现温度θ<−0.70℃的WSBW,可能是观测站位较少,也可能是WSBW不能由威德尔海向北进入斯科舍海,具体原因需要进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41706225);南北极环境综合考察与评估专项(CHINARE-01-01);国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项(2012YQ12003908)。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.002
  • 接收时间:2018-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-12-19
  • 修回日期:2019-05-13
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41706225);南北极环境综合考察与评估专项(CHINARE-01-01);国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项(2012YQ12003908)。
作者信息
    1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋环境科学和数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237

通讯作者:

*魏泽勋,研究员,主要从事海洋环流、潮汐潮流的数值模拟和理论研究。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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