Article(id=1246840122851877048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1531238400000, receivedDateStr=2018-07-11, revisedDate=1540310400000, revisedDateStr=2018-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775199450456, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1569340800000, pubDateStr=2019-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775199450456, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775199450456, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775199450456, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246840121887187126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775199450227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200621889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=79, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246840124613484764, articleId=1246840122851877048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Simulation of spatial distribution and seasonal variation of plankton in the Arctic Ocean, columnId=1246840122952540345, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Special Column of Polar Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Eco-dynamics of marine plankton are remarkably sensitive to changes in their environments. The Arctic Ocean is undergoing rapid environmental changes as the global climate change intensifies. Understanding the seasonal distribution and variation of low-trophic plankton is a prerequisite for exploring the response of ecosystem to changing environment in the Arctic Ocean, and is also an important basis for assessing the carbon sequestration capacity of the Arctic Ocean. Based on above, a coupled ocean-sea ice-biogeochemical cycling model was developed and applied to evaluate the temporal-spatial variations of chlorophyll a concentration and planktonic structures in the Arctic Ocean. The results suggested that: (1) surface chlorophyll a concentration mainly peaks in May, with the higher values on the Pacific side than the Atlantic; since stratification occurs, subsurface chlorophyll a maximums are found in areas having limited nutrients at surface, and the depth of subsurface chlorophyll a maximums gradually deepens from the shelf towards the basin; in September, the high chlorophyll a concentration returns to the upper layer from the subsurface, presenting a sub-peak of surface chlorophyll a concentration on the Pacific side. (2) Substantial regional differences in surface plankton communities exist in the Arctic Ocean due to the influences of the Pacific and Atlantic inflows with variations in nutrients concentrations and structures. Diatom and mesozooplankton are dominant species on the Pacific side where diatom biomass exhibits two peaks in May and September, meanwhile nanophytoplankton maintains relatively high biomass in March, May and June. Atlantic side experiences a seasonal succession from nanophytoplankton to diatom then to nanophytoplankton corresponding to early spring, late spring-early summer, and summer-autumn, respectively. Over the entire growth season, nanophytoplankton and microzooplankton dominate on the Atlantic side. Generally, the peak biomass of zooplankton has a lag for half a month to the peak of phytoplankton biomass in the Arctic Ocean.

, correspAuthors=Xiaofan Luo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao Wei, Wei Zhao, Xiaofan Luo, Hongtao Nie, Xianmin Hu, Youyu Lu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246840127188787540, articleId=1246840122851877048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟, columnId=1246840123103535292, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=极地研究成果专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

低营养级浮游生物生态动力过程对环境变化的响应非常敏感。随着全球气候变化加剧,北冰洋正在经历快速的环境变化。厘清北冰洋低营养级浮游生物季节分布与变化特征是探究北冰洋生态系统对环境快速变化响应的前提,也是评估北极海区固碳能力的重要依据。基于此,本文构建了海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型,并对北冰洋叶绿素浓度以及浮游生物结构的时空变化特征进行了模拟,结果表明:(1)北冰洋表层叶绿素浓度的峰值主要出现在5月,且太平洋一侧叶绿素浓度高于大西洋一侧;随着海水层化,表层受营养盐限制的海区呈现次表层叶绿素浓度最大值现象,且由陆架向海盆,次表层叶绿素浓度最大值层逐渐加深;9月,叶绿素浓度高值重回水体上层,太平洋一侧海区表层叶绿素浓度呈现较为明显的次峰值。(2)由于太平洋和大西洋入流营养盐浓度及结构的不同,北冰洋表层浮游生物群落结构存在明显空间差异。太平洋一侧,硅藻和中型浮游动物占优,硅藻在5月和9月出现生物量峰值,微型浮游植物在3月、5月和6月维持相对较高生物量;而大西洋一侧,在早春-春末夏初-夏秋经历了微型浮游植物-硅藻-微型浮游植物的演替,总体而言,微型浮游植物和微型浮游动物占优。此外,两侧海区浮游动物浓度峰值相较浮游植物滞后约半月。

, correspAuthors=罗晓凡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*罗晓凡,女,讲师,主要从事海洋生态动力学模拟方面研究。E-mail:
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魏皓(1964—),女,天津市人,教授,主要从事物理海洋学和海洋生态动力学方面研究。E-mail:

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DIC: dissolved inorganic carbon; TA: total alkalinity; pCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; pH: acidity or alkalinity of seawater; sPOC: small particulate organic carbon; bPOC: big particulate organic carbon; NIT: nitrate; AMM: ammonium; SIL: silicate; PHO: phosphate; DOM: dissolved organic matter; DO: dissolved oxygen; CaCO3: calcium carbonate

, figureFileSmall=A3IFFuX7ggr+eT5f8O5Khg==, figureFileBig=QKGCFCeEZKGiKe8uQkP8Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506252705394892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=图1, caption=生态模型概念示意图

DIC:溶解无机碳;TA:总碱度;pCO2:海面二氧化碳分压;pH:海水酸碱度:sPOC:小型颗粒有机碳;bPOC:大型颗粒有机碳;NIT:硝酸盐; AMM:铵盐;SIL:硅酸盐;PHO:磷酸盐;DOM:溶解有机物;DO:溶解氧;CaCO3:碳酸钙

, figureFileSmall=A3IFFuX7ggr+eT5f8O5Khg==, figureFileBig=QKGCFCeEZKGiKe8uQkP8Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506253011579088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Bathymetry of model domain, figureFileSmall=gG4TJbjL50VHEMahaJTl6A==, figureFileBig=0pTqs+++zP2OrEot2ikTGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506253208711379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=图2, caption=模型模拟海区及地形, figureFileSmall=gG4TJbjL50VHEMahaJTl6A==, figureFileBig=0pTqs+++zP2OrEot2ikTGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506253506506966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distributions of nitrate concentration in surface seawater: WOA data in March 1998 (a); model result in March 1998 (b); WOA data in September 1998 (c); model result in September 1998 (d), figureFileSmall=YlnRHAGYY83Giklv91INvQ==, figureFileBig=FdFAUUoCEMu8sBACSYv6cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506253695250649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=图3, caption=表层硝酸盐浓度分布:WOA 1998年3月数据(a);模型1998年3月数据(b);WOA 1998年9月数据(c);模型1998年9月数据(d), figureFileSmall=YlnRHAGYY83Giklv91INvQ==, figureFileBig=FdFAUUoCEMu8sBACSYv6cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506253925937373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distributions of silicate concentration in surface seawater: WOA data in March 1998 (a); model result in March 1998 (b); WOA data in September 1998 (c); model result in September 1998 (d), figureFileSmall=kASW7mQIjAoAQbjjX+xSiA==, figureFileBig=1KrDLLE5IrL8ztMxVrrGuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506254206955745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=图4, caption=表层硅酸盐浓度分布:WOA 1998年3月数据(a);模型1998年3月数据(b);WOA 1998年9月数据(c);模型1998年9月数据(d), figureFileSmall=kASW7mQIjAoAQbjjX+xSiA==, figureFileBig=1KrDLLE5IrL8ztMxVrrGuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506254538305764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Distributions of nitrate concentration in 1998: observation (a) and model results (b) at depth of 10 m; observation (c) and model results (d) at depth of 50 m, figureFileSmall=mR8WDI6RL8HSNmF21f8odQ==, figureFileBig=IM4TVeOct6SemhGhp9zCcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506254777381093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1998年硝酸盐浓度分布:观测10 m层数据(a);模型10 m层数据(b);观测50 m层数据(c);模型50 m层数据(d), figureFileSmall=mR8WDI6RL8HSNmF21f8odQ==, figureFileBig=IM4TVeOct6SemhGhp9zCcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506254974513385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Distributions of silicate concentration in 1998: observation (a) and model results (b) at depth of 10 m; observation (c) and model results (d) at depth of 50 m, figureFileSmall=4tBRPoUTxtLUWq9DLGLXjg==, figureFileBig=Nj6aKOe8kRmr56yGbCPaqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506255100342510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=图6, caption=1998年硅酸盐浓度分布:观测10 m层数据(a);模型10 m层数据(b);观测50 m层数据(c);模型50 m层数据(d), figureFileSmall=4tBRPoUTxtLUWq9DLGLXjg==, figureFileBig=Nj6aKOe8kRmr56yGbCPaqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506255213588722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Distribution of surface Chlorophyll a concentration: SeaWiFS data in May 1998 (a); model result in May 1998 (b); SeaWiFS data in June 1998 (c); model result in June 1998 (d), figureFileSmall=T+p0GcRSNc15nsZoRj2juQ==, figureFileBig=QruLao4uIy2Vs0765JXKMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506255343612146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=图7, caption=叶绿素浓度空间分布:SeaWiFS 1998年5月数据(a);模型1998年5月结果(b);SeaWiFS 1998年6月数据(c);模型1998年6月结果(d), figureFileSmall=T+p0GcRSNc15nsZoRj2juQ==, figureFileBig=QruLao4uIy2Vs0765JXKMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506256924864757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Latitudinal averaged surface chlorophyll a concentration: seasonal cycle averaged over each 3° at latitude from 60°N to 90°N (a); averaged over each latitude from Atlantic to Pacific in April and May (b), figureFileSmall=I0V8L+hd7FoMKTratWd2zA==, figureFileBig=7T+dwuzRkThFG12S82L4DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506257075859704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=图8, caption=纬度圈平均的表层叶绿素浓度:60°~90°N间每3°纬度圈平均叶绿素浓度季节循环(a);4月和5月大西洋、太平洋每纬度平均的叶绿素浓度(b), figureFileSmall=I0V8L+hd7FoMKTratWd2zA==, figureFileBig=7T+dwuzRkThFG12S82L4DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506257214271740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Phytoplankton growth limiting factors at surface and depth of chlorophyll a maximum (a) and chlorophyll a concentration at the section located adjacent Bering Strait-Chukchi Sea-Canada Basin (green line shown in Fig. b) in July (b)

The lnlight,ldlight,lnnut,ldnut in Fig. a denote the limiting effects of light and nutrients on nanophytoplankton and diatom, respectively.; -s: at surface layer; –m: for the layer of chlorophyll a maximum; black line in Fig. b shows the position of chlorophyll a maximum; subgraph in Fig.b shows the position of section

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图a的图例中lnlight,ldlight,lnnut,ldnut分别为微型浮游植物光限制因子,硅藻光限制因子,微型浮游植物营养盐限制因子,硅藻营养盐限制因 子;-s代表表层;-m为叶绿素浓度最大值处。图b中黑线表示叶绿素浓度最大值位置,图b中子图为断面位置

, figureFileSmall=6Oh82F50rEkBqbAFbgBHlA==, figureFileBig=73LJvREPHXyYel4Ck2Fr7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506257524650245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Distributions of plankton biomass: nanophytoplankton in April (a); diatom in April (b); microzooplankton in May (c); mesozooplankton in May (d), figureFileSmall=cQuqoo4buLObEf1AStAMBw==, figureFileBig=ys+LqAGqcrcD0jMZqZPp6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506257675645194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=图10, caption=浮游生物生物量分布:4月微型浮游植物生物量(a);4月硅藻生物量(b);5月微型浮游动物生物量(c);5月中型浮游动物生物量(d), figureFileSmall=cQuqoo4buLObEf1AStAMBw==, figureFileBig=ys+LqAGqcrcD0jMZqZPp6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506257793085708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Annual cycles of surface plankton and nutrients concentrations: Pacific side (averaged over the area outlined by red lines in Fig. 10a) (a); Atlantic side (averaged over the area outlined by black lines in Fig. 10a) (b), figureFileSmall=KSVGF2YfFD/kXHbLJimpyg==, figureFileBig=CZHW3ezxb0DX7VUD1JrqMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506257969246479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=图11, caption=表层浮游生物生物量和营养盐浓度周年循环:太平洋一侧(图10a红框空间平均)(a);大西洋一侧(图10a黑框空间平均)(b), figureFileSmall=KSVGF2YfFD/kXHbLJimpyg==, figureFileBig=CZHW3ezxb0DX7VUD1JrqMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506258132824340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Part studying of ecosystem model about Arctic Ocean

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究海区 模式特点 主要状态变量 主要研究问题 参考文献
巴伦支海及其邻近海域 1维和3维,水平分辨率20 km,垂向12层 1维:2种Phyto-p,3种营养盐(2种N,1种Si),2种Zoo-p,1种G;3维:2种Phyto-p,1种营养盐(N) 年均PP 文献[20]
3维,水平分辨率20 km,垂向25层 2种Phyto-p,3种营养盐(2种N,1种Si),4种Zoo-p,2种D,1种B,1种DOC 气候变化对PP的影响,酸化,碳通量 文献[2122, 24]
白令海、楚科奇海及其邻近海域 2维,垂向39层 2种营养盐(2种N),1种Chl-a,1种B,3种DOC Chl-a和PP空间变化 文献[25]
3维,水平分辨率(1/12)°,垂向45层(含1 cm沉积层) 4种营养盐(2种N,2种Si),2种G,2种DOC,2种DIC,4种D,1种B 碳汇,PP季节变化,海洋食物网 文献[2627]
3维,水平分辨率5~10 km,垂向24层,PhEcoM模型 3种营养盐(N,P,Si),1种Phyto-p,1种Zoo-p,1种D PP分布与季节变化 文献[3839]
波弗特海、加拿大北极群岛海域 1维,垂向22层 3种营养盐(N,P,Si),1种Phyto-p,1种Zoo-p ,1种IA,3种D IA和PP季节变化 文献[2930]
1维,垂向100层 3种营养盐(2种N,1种Si),2种Phyto-p,2种Zoo-p ,1种IA,2种D,1种BSi IA和PP季节变化 文献[28]
北冰洋海域 3维,水平分辨率4~10 km,垂向30层,BIOMAS模型 3种营养盐(2种N,1种Si),2种Phyto-p,3种Zoo-p,1种DON,2种D,1种IA 海冰和营养盐对冰下PP的影响 文献[7, 35]
3维,水平分辨率15 km, 50 km,垂向40层,NORWECOM模型 3种营养盐(N,P,Si),2种Phyto-p,3种Zoo-p,1种DON,2种D,1种DO,1种BSi 生态系统的变化 文献[31]
3维,水平分辨率(1/4)°,垂向75层,MEDUSA模型 3种营养盐(N,Si,Fe),2种Phyto-p,2种Zoo-p,2种Chl-a,2种D,1种DIC,1种TA,1种DO,1种sPOC 环境改变对生态系统的影响 文献[14, 3233]
3维,水平分辨率30~50 km,垂向40层,LANL-UAF模型 5种营养盐(2种N,1种P,1种Si,1种Fe),3种Phyto-p,1种Zoo-p,1种IA,3种Chl-a,2种D,1种DIC,1种TA,1种DO,1种DOC,1种DON,1种DOP,1种DOFe 冰下PP变化,IA 文献[3637, 41]
3维,水平分辨率(1/4)°,垂向75层,PISCES模型 5种营养盐(2种N,1种P,1种Si,1种Fe),2种Phyto-p,2种Zoo-p,2种Chl-a,1种DIC,1种TA,1种DO,1种DOC,1种sPOC,1种bPOC PP变化 文献[40]
), ArticleFig(id=1254506258447397142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122851877048, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

北极海区部分研究生态系统的模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究海区 模式特点 主要状态变量 主要研究问题 参考文献
巴伦支海及其邻近海域 1维和3维,水平分辨率20 km,垂向12层 1维:2种Phyto-p,3种营养盐(2种N,1种Si),2种Zoo-p,1种G;3维:2种Phyto-p,1种营养盐(N) 年均PP 文献[20]
3维,水平分辨率20 km,垂向25层 2种Phyto-p,3种营养盐(2种N,1种Si),4种Zoo-p,2种D,1种B,1种DOC 气候变化对PP的影响,酸化,碳通量 文献[2122, 24]
白令海、楚科奇海及其邻近海域 2维,垂向39层 2种营养盐(2种N),1种Chl-a,1种B,3种DOC Chl-a和PP空间变化 文献[25]
3维,水平分辨率(1/12)°,垂向45层(含1 cm沉积层) 4种营养盐(2种N,2种Si),2种G,2种DOC,2种DIC,4种D,1种B 碳汇,PP季节变化,海洋食物网 文献[2627]
3维,水平分辨率5~10 km,垂向24层,PhEcoM模型 3种营养盐(N,P,Si),1种Phyto-p,1种Zoo-p,1种D PP分布与季节变化 文献[3839]
波弗特海、加拿大北极群岛海域 1维,垂向22层 3种营养盐(N,P,Si),1种Phyto-p,1种Zoo-p ,1种IA,3种D IA和PP季节变化 文献[2930]
1维,垂向100层 3种营养盐(2种N,1种Si),2种Phyto-p,2种Zoo-p ,1种IA,2种D,1种BSi IA和PP季节变化 文献[28]
北冰洋海域 3维,水平分辨率4~10 km,垂向30层,BIOMAS模型 3种营养盐(2种N,1种Si),2种Phyto-p,3种Zoo-p,1种DON,2种D,1种IA 海冰和营养盐对冰下PP的影响 文献[7, 35]
3维,水平分辨率15 km, 50 km,垂向40层,NORWECOM模型 3种营养盐(N,P,Si),2种Phyto-p,3种Zoo-p,1种DON,2种D,1种DO,1种BSi 生态系统的变化 文献[31]
3维,水平分辨率(1/4)°,垂向75层,MEDUSA模型 3种营养盐(N,Si,Fe),2种Phyto-p,2种Zoo-p,2种Chl-a,2种D,1种DIC,1种TA,1种DO,1种sPOC 环境改变对生态系统的影响 文献[14, 3233]
3维,水平分辨率30~50 km,垂向40层,LANL-UAF模型 5种营养盐(2种N,1种P,1种Si,1种Fe),3种Phyto-p,1种Zoo-p,1种IA,3种Chl-a,2种D,1种DIC,1种TA,1种DO,1种DOC,1种DON,1种DOP,1种DOFe 冰下PP变化,IA 文献[3637, 41]
3维,水平分辨率(1/4)°,垂向75层,PISCES模型 5种营养盐(2种N,1种P,1种Si,1种Fe),2种Phyto-p,2种Zoo-p,2种Chl-a,1种DIC,1种TA,1种DO,1种DOC,1种sPOC,1种bPOC PP变化 文献[40]
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北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟
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魏皓 1 , 赵伟 1 , 罗晓凡 1, * , 聂红涛 1 , 胡宪敏 2 , 鹿有余 2
海洋学报 | 极地研究成果专栏 2019,41(9): 65-79
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海洋学报 | 极地研究成果专栏 2019, 41(9): 65-79
北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟
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魏皓1 , 赵伟1, 罗晓凡1, * , 聂红涛1, 胡宪敏2, 鹿有余2
作者信息
  • 1 天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院,天津 300072
  • 2 加拿大渔业和海洋部 贝德福德海洋研究所,新斯科舍 达特茅斯B2Y 4A2
  • 魏皓(1964—),女,天津市人,教授,主要从事物理海洋学和海洋生态动力学方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*罗晓凡,女,讲师,主要从事海洋生态动力学模拟方面研究。E-mail:
Simulation of spatial distribution and seasonal variation of plankton in the Arctic Ocean
Hao Wei1 , Wei Zhao1, Xiaofan Luo1, * , Hongtao Nie1, Xianmin Hu2, Youyu Lu2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2 Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth B2Y 4A2, Canada
出版时间: 2019-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.006
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低营养级浮游生物生态动力过程对环境变化的响应非常敏感。随着全球气候变化加剧,北冰洋正在经历快速的环境变化。厘清北冰洋低营养级浮游生物季节分布与变化特征是探究北冰洋生态系统对环境快速变化响应的前提,也是评估北极海区固碳能力的重要依据。基于此,本文构建了海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型,并对北冰洋叶绿素浓度以及浮游生物结构的时空变化特征进行了模拟,结果表明:(1)北冰洋表层叶绿素浓度的峰值主要出现在5月,且太平洋一侧叶绿素浓度高于大西洋一侧;随着海水层化,表层受营养盐限制的海区呈现次表层叶绿素浓度最大值现象,且由陆架向海盆,次表层叶绿素浓度最大值层逐渐加深;9月,叶绿素浓度高值重回水体上层,太平洋一侧海区表层叶绿素浓度呈现较为明显的次峰值。(2)由于太平洋和大西洋入流营养盐浓度及结构的不同,北冰洋表层浮游生物群落结构存在明显空间差异。太平洋一侧,硅藻和中型浮游动物占优,硅藻在5月和9月出现生物量峰值,微型浮游植物在3月、5月和6月维持相对较高生物量;而大西洋一侧,在早春-春末夏初-夏秋经历了微型浮游植物-硅藻-微型浮游植物的演替,总体而言,微型浮游植物和微型浮游动物占优。此外,两侧海区浮游动物浓度峰值相较浮游植物滞后约半月。

浮游植物  /  营养盐  /  海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型  /  北冰洋

Eco-dynamics of marine plankton are remarkably sensitive to changes in their environments. The Arctic Ocean is undergoing rapid environmental changes as the global climate change intensifies. Understanding the seasonal distribution and variation of low-trophic plankton is a prerequisite for exploring the response of ecosystem to changing environment in the Arctic Ocean, and is also an important basis for assessing the carbon sequestration capacity of the Arctic Ocean. Based on above, a coupled ocean-sea ice-biogeochemical cycling model was developed and applied to evaluate the temporal-spatial variations of chlorophyll a concentration and planktonic structures in the Arctic Ocean. The results suggested that: (1) surface chlorophyll a concentration mainly peaks in May, with the higher values on the Pacific side than the Atlantic; since stratification occurs, subsurface chlorophyll a maximums are found in areas having limited nutrients at surface, and the depth of subsurface chlorophyll a maximums gradually deepens from the shelf towards the basin; in September, the high chlorophyll a concentration returns to the upper layer from the subsurface, presenting a sub-peak of surface chlorophyll a concentration on the Pacific side. (2) Substantial regional differences in surface plankton communities exist in the Arctic Ocean due to the influences of the Pacific and Atlantic inflows with variations in nutrients concentrations and structures. Diatom and mesozooplankton are dominant species on the Pacific side where diatom biomass exhibits two peaks in May and September, meanwhile nanophytoplankton maintains relatively high biomass in March, May and June. Atlantic side experiences a seasonal succession from nanophytoplankton to diatom then to nanophytoplankton corresponding to early spring, late spring-early summer, and summer-autumn, respectively. Over the entire growth season, nanophytoplankton and microzooplankton dominate on the Atlantic side. Generally, the peak biomass of zooplankton has a lag for half a month to the peak of phytoplankton biomass in the Arctic Ocean.

phytoplankton  /  nutrient  /  coupled ocean-sea ice-biogeochemical cycling model  /  Arctic Ocean
魏皓, 赵伟, 罗晓凡, 聂红涛, 胡宪敏, 鹿有余. 北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (9) : 65 -79 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.006
Hao Wei, Wei Zhao, Xiaofan Luo, Hongtao Nie, Xianmin Hu, Youyu Lu. Simulation of spatial distribution and seasonal variation of plankton in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (9) : 65 -79 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.006
近年来北极海区正在快速变化:水温升高、多年冰加速融化、夏季海冰覆盖范围锐减、永久冻土融化、大西洋与太平洋入流增暖等等[1-5]。北极海区生态系统如何响应这些环境的快速变化已成为当前海洋学的研究热点,其中,浮游植物初级生产力作为生态系统的重要参数和生物碳泵的评估参量,对环境变化的响应备受关注[6-10]。研究表明,光可利用性和营养盐补给是控制北冰洋初级生产力的关键因素[11-14]。光可利用性的改变主要受海冰生消的影响,营养盐补给则具有显著的时空变化。太平洋水被认为是北冰洋营养盐的补给来源[13, 15],受白令海陆坡流入侵陆架的影响[16],其营养盐浓度较高;而大西洋入流一侧营养盐浓度则相对较低[14],加之两者营养盐结构的不同及其相应的季节变化,浮游生物群落在北冰洋可能存在较大的区域性差异,群落季节间的演替也因此存在不同。厘清北冰洋初级生产的季节变化以及浮游生物群落的季节演替,是全面理解北极生态系统变化的重要一环,也是系统性认识北极海区碳循环及其与气候变化相互作用的基础。
随着极地海区观测技术的提高,北冰洋新的现象与规律逐渐被发现,如冰下浮游植物水华[17-18]、次表层叶绿素最大值深度加深等[19]。然而冰下取样困难,仅依靠观测难以获得对浮游植物生长过程较为全面的认知,需结合生态系统模型进行补充。相较于北冰洋海洋–海冰模型的发展,国际上北冰洋生态系统模型的发展相对较晚。北冰洋初级生产力模型研究始于20世纪90年代初,以挪威科学团队为主体对巴伦支海的总初级生产进行了模拟[20],此时生态模型为垂向1维模型,生物过程简单;进入21世纪后,该团队生态模型发展相对成熟,包含低营养级生态系统的各功能群[21-24]。美国南佛罗里达大学沃尔什(Walsh)小组是最早对白令海和楚科奇海展开生态模型研究的团队,该团队生态模型已由早期准2维模型[25]发展为现在包含营养盐–浮游植物–捕食者–碎屑–细菌–碳循环等相对复杂生态系统过程的3维模型[26-27]。近十几年来极区生态系统模型得到了普遍关注,加拿大研究团队的1维含冰藻生态模型[28-30]、挪威南森环境与遥感中心的NORWECOM[31]、英国南安普顿海洋中心的MEDUSA[14, 32-33]、美国华盛顿大学的BIOMAS[7, 34-35]、美国阿拉斯加大学的LANL-UAF[36-37]、美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)五大湖研究实验室的PhEcoM[38-39]、法国皮埃尔–西蒙拉普拉斯(IPSL)研究所的PISCES[40]等与海洋–海冰耦合的生态系统模型都得到了快速发展。总体而言,模型水平与垂向分辨率在不断提高,所包含的生物地球化学过程也逐渐细致化,且根据研究的关键科学问题不同,模型间发展细节有差异(表1)。
观测与模型的结合,进一步揭示了北冰洋生态系统对环境变化的响应,解释了观测的新现象机制。基于上述模型开展的大部分研究主要关注了亚北极与北极海区过去和未来海洋初级生产的变化及其影响因素[39, 42-44],需要进一步对北冰洋浮游生物群落分布及季节演替开展研究。此外,我国对北极海区生态系统模型的研究还处于起步阶段,国家自然科学基金委给予了重点项目资助,本文是该研究的首次报道。本文构建了北冰洋海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型,初步探究北冰洋低营养级生态过程,为深入研究北极碳循环中的生物泵作用打下基础,同时也为我国北极考察提供一定的科学参考。
基于Aumont等[40]建立的全球生态模型PISCES,结合北冰洋主要的生态特征,本研究构建了包含营养盐动力循环和低营养级食物网的3维区域生态系统模型(图1),并与海洋–海冰模型耦合,命名为NAPA-BGC,其中海洋模式为NEMO(Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean)3.6版本,海冰模型为LIM3(Louvain-la-Neuve sea-ice model),NAPA为模型计算区域的缩写(north Atlantic,north Pacific and Arctic Oceans)。本生态模型包含19个变量:铵盐、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐共4种无机营养盐,硅藻(分别以硅、碳、叶绿素计)、微型浮游植物(分别以碳、叶绿素计)、微型浮游动物(以碳计,以微型浮游植物、硅藻和小型颗粒有机碳为食物)、中型浮游动物(以碳计,以微型浮游植物、硅藻、微型浮游动物和大、小型颗粒有机碳为食物)、大小型2种颗粒有机碳、硅藻碎屑、溶解有机物、溶解无机碳、总碱度、溶解氧、碳酸钙;包含低营养级生态系统关键过程:固氮作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用;浮游植物生长、死亡、被捕食;浮游动物生长、分泌排泄、死亡;溶解有机物与颗粒有机物相互转化,溶解有机物分解;颗粒有机物沉降、矿化;海–气界面、水–沉积界面交换过程等。由于铁通常不是限制北冰洋浮游植物生长的营养盐[45-46],所以本模型中未考虑与铁有关的所有过程。
NAPA-BGC模型水平经纬度分辨率为(1/4)°,垂向离散75层,在陆架上混合层分辨率为1 m,模拟范围覆盖北太平洋(45°N以北)、整个北冰洋以及北大西洋(26°N以北)(图2),可抓住北极海区与太平洋和大西洋的交换过程,将更为准确地模拟北极系统的变化。NAPA-BGC海洋–海冰模块经校验与调试后首先进行了1993-2015年的后报模拟,通过与观测数据的比较表明模型能够较为准确地再现北极海洋–海冰环境的变化,进而在此基础上耦合生态模块进行了1993-1998年的后报模拟,本文将重点对1998年生态模拟结果进行分析。
地形数据采用法国DRAKKAR工作组发布的ORCA025模型的地形数据,该数据集全球水平分辨率为(1/4)°,融合了分辨率为1′的全球地形数据ETOPO1和全球海洋通用地形数据GEBCO8(The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans 8)。本研究基于此数据集提取了模型计算范围内的地形数据。
初始条件使用WOA13-v2气候态数据集,包括温、盐和营养盐数据,其水平分辨率为(1/4)°,垂向标准102层;气候态逐月溶解无机碳和总碱度数据来自GLODAP(Global Ocean Data Analysis Project)数据集[47];流速、海冰、海表高度来自全球海洋再分析GLORYS2V4[48](GLOBAL OCEAN PHYSICS REANALYSIS 2V4,1993-2015年)数据集,该数据集基于NEMOv3.1-LIM2模型,使用卫星遥感观测的海面高度异常数据、海冰密集度和海表温度,以及CORA4(Coriolis Ocean Dataset for Reanalysis 4)数据集的原位观测温盐剖面对模式的温度、盐度、海平面异常、海冰密集度和混合层深度进行了数据同化。其全球空间分辨率为(1/4)°,垂向分为75层,包括逐日平均的海冰厚度、海冰密集度、海面高度、海水温盐、海冰流速等数据。
大气强迫条件采用DRAKKAR工作组基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)发布的ERA40再分析数据和ECMWF实时分析数据而发展的大气场强迫DFS (DRAKKAR Forcing Sets) 5.2版本数据集[49]。该数据集全球水平分辨率约0.7°,包括1958-2015年1天8次的海面10 m风速场、气温和湿度数据,以及1天1次的短波辐射、长波辐射、降水/降雪数据。
开边界条件采用全球海洋再分析数据GLORYS2V4。模型中包含潮汐过程(5个分量M2, S2, N2, K1, O1)。开边界条件的设置对正压和斜压模态区别对待,正压模态沿法向深度平均流速采用Flather[50]辐射边界条件,斜压流速、温、盐在开边界以内的10个网格间距设置“海绵层”。
河流边界条件来自NCAR(The National Center for Atmospheric Research)经由Dai和Trenberth整理的全球河流流量和陆地排放数据集(Global River Flow and Continental Discharge Dataset,https://doi.org/10.5065/D6V69H1T)。
海洋–海冰模型可以抓住海冰密集度季节变化的主要特征以及海冰面积的年际变化规律,再现了2007年9月和2012年9月海冰面积出现极小值的年份,也可较好地模拟出跨陆架至深海盆断面水体温盐的垂向结构以及北冰洋的主要环流,能够抓住北极海区与太平洋和大西洋重要的交换过程等[51]。本文主要针对营养盐和叶绿素浓度进行校验分析。
本文首先对1998年3月和9月模拟的表层硝酸盐浓度和硅酸盐浓度与世界海洋图集(World Ocean Atlas, WOA)数据进行了比较(图3图4),结果表明模型可以较好地刻画出营养盐的季节变化,并且清晰地再现了太平洋和大西洋入流营养盐浓度的分布特征,与观测现象一致[52]。亚北极太平洋海区是全球营养物质最高的海区之一[14],本模型抓住了这一显著特征,3月该区硝酸盐浓度和硅酸盐浓度均可达30~40 mmol/m3,楚科奇海硝酸盐浓度在10 mmol/m3左右,硅酸盐浓度整体高于25 mmol/m3,这主要是受到阿纳德尔流的影响,该流是由白令海陆坡流入侵陆架后形成的高营养盐海流,被认为是西北冰洋营养盐的重要来源[12]。北冰洋大西洋一侧海区受挪威/大西洋海流的影响,硝酸盐浓度高值区主要分布在挪威海及巴伦支海,约为10 mmol/m3,硅酸盐浓度明显小于太平洋一侧,整体约在5 mmol/m3左右。9月,由于春季和夏季表层浮游植物的生长造成大量的营养盐消耗,加之海水升温及海冰融化所形成的密度跃层对营养盐垂向补充的限制,表层硝酸盐浓度较低,大部分海区低于5 mmol/m3,太平洋一侧仍可见阿纳德尔流向北冰洋的硝酸盐补充。硅酸盐浓度在北冰洋大西洋一侧降至2 mmol/m3左右,而北冰洋太平洋一侧仍保持较高水平,约为15 mmol/m3。整体而言,加拿大海盆区域营养盐浓度相对较低,硝酸盐浓度约为0.2 mmol/m3,硅酸盐浓度为10 mmol/m3左右,硝酸盐匮乏。此外,本文基于WOA数据也对磷酸盐模拟结果进行了比较,结果表明磷酸盐的空间分布特征及季节变化与观测结果也比较一致(图略)。
同时本文采用Cota和Pomeroy[53]整理的北极营养盐数据集(Arctic Nutrient Database)中1998年的现场观测数据与同期的模型数据进行了对比。大西洋一侧的观测数据主要采集于夏、秋季,海盆区域数据来自SHEBA(Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean Project)项目航次,包含4个季节。图5图6分别比较了观测与模型数据在10 m和50 m层硝酸盐浓度和硅酸盐浓度的分布特征,结果表明:硝酸盐浓度在10 m和50 m层的均方根误差分别为0.94 mmol/m3和2.78 mmol/m3;硅酸盐浓度在10 m和50 m层的均方根误差分别为2.18 mmol/m3和1.99 mmol/m3,模型对营养盐的模拟存在低估,但整体的时空分布特征与观测较为一致。
本文对1998年5月和6月模拟的叶绿素浓度与同期SeaWiFS遥感观测的数据进行了比较(图7),两者在北冰洋5月和6月的均方根误差分别为4.41 mg/m3和2.08 mg/m3,模型在卫星反演的叶绿素极大值海区存在低估,同时卫星观测数据受北极环境的影响,也存在一定的不确定性[54],但SeaWiFS和模型结果都表现出了明显的季节变化特征,同时模型可以抓住白令海、楚科奇海以及格陵兰岛与挪威之间海域的叶绿素高值区域。5月高值区浓度在1.5~4 mg/m3之间,随着表层营养盐的消耗,6月表层叶绿素浓度降低,范围也有所减小。加拿大海盆区及加拿大群岛附近大部分海区由于营养盐匮乏(图3),叶绿素浓度较低。总体来说,模型模拟叶绿素浓度的空间分布和季节变化与SeaWiFS数据较为一致,可以用于进一步分析浮游生物的季节分布与变化特征。
通过对北半球60°~90°N每3°进行的纬度圈表层叶绿素平均(图8a)可以发现全年尺度上叶绿素浓度随着纬度的增高逐渐降低,并呈现春夏季较高、秋冬季较低的季节变化特征,但是在87°~90°N和84°~87°N近极点纬度圈上的叶绿素浓度要稍微高于78°~81°N海区,一方面是因为近极点纬圈面积相对较小且叶绿素分布均匀,另一方面则是因为加拿大海盆多年冰覆盖海区叶绿素浓度较低(图7b图7d)。72°N以南浮游植物在3月已经开始生长,叶绿素浓度峰值主要发生在5月;而72°~84°N范围内,峰值主要发生在4月,这一海区表层营养盐浓度相对较低。随后叶绿素浓度迅速降低,至7月,大部分海区浓度已降低到春季峰值的一半。9月,部分海区呈现较为明显的次峰值,这主要是硅藻的贡献,相关分析详见本文第4部分。
由于叶绿素浓度峰值主要出现在4月和5月,因此以4月和5月为例,本文进一步将大西洋一侧和太平洋一侧各自所占据纬度上(图2所示区域由大西洋至太平洋沿经向进行纬向平均)叶绿素浓度进行平均(图8b),结果表明叶绿素浓度在两侧各存在一个明显的峰值:太平洋一侧,叶绿素浓度的峰值主要集中在50°~72°N之间的白令海和楚科奇海,由阿纳德尔流补充的营养盐支撑;大西洋一侧,峰值出现在45°~60°N亚北极海区,主要受北大西洋暖流的影响。北极海区内,4月叶绿素高值区主要出现在格陵兰海和挪威海,5月在挪威/大西洋海流可影响的北极圈附近,叶绿素浓度呈现峰值,达1.4 mg/m3。整体而言,北冰洋太平洋一侧叶绿素浓度峰值高于大西洋一侧,这主要是由于太平洋水具有更为丰富的营养盐,且叶绿素浓度低值区主要分布在营养盐相对匮乏的加拿大海盆区域。
本文选取白令海峡–楚科奇海–加拿大海盆断面为典型断面进行叶绿素浓度垂向分布特征的分析,结果表明随着海冰逐渐变薄及消退,海水开始层化,叶绿素浓度的最大值从表层向深层发展。6月,在楚科奇海陆架已出现明显的海水层化现象,表层叶绿素浓度迅速降低,次表层出现叶绿素浓度约为2.0 mg/m3的高值区域(次表层叶绿素浓度最大值,SCM)。7月,楚科奇海陆架叶绿素次表层浓度达3.0 mg/m3,SCM平均位于20 m水深处,该层之下,叶绿素浓度虽有降低,但仍达2.0 mg/m3;海盆区SCM位于水深50~100 m间,叶绿素浓度在70~80 m层可达1.0 mg/m3,其上、下层叶绿素浓度均小于0.2 mg/m3;而白令海峡邻近海区叶绿素浓度高值仍分布在近表层,平均浓度高达5.0 mg/m3图9)。8月,叶绿素浓度整体降低,楚科奇海北部陆架及陆坡处仍可见SCM,浓度约1.5~2.0 mg/m3。9月,楚科奇海陆架上层水体叶绿素浓度高于下层,海盆区可见SCM,但浓度相对较低,约0.5 mg/m3。10月,上层水体混合均匀,叶绿素浓度整体偏低且垂向分布一致。
叶绿素次表层最大值现象普遍存在于层化水体,通常位于跃层之下,受营养盐浓度和水下光强共同调控[55-56]。冬季,本文所选断面海区被海冰覆盖,光成为浮游植物生长的限制因素。随着冰雪的融化,光可透过冰层进入水体上层,刺激冰下浮游植物生长[57],与此同时,表层营养盐开始被初级生产消耗,加之融冰水的稀释作用,浓度逐渐降低,至5月支撑了浮游植物水华后,表层营养盐匮乏,表层叶绿素浓度开始降低(图8a),初级生产向深处发展。7月,浮游植物的表层营养盐限制因子在陆架–陆坡处约为0.2~0.3,海盆区小于0.1,显著低于SCM处(图9b黑线)的营养盐限制因子(图9a),该影响因子数值越小表明营养盐浓度对浮游植物生长的抑制越强,因此表层叶绿素浓度显著低于次表层。就整个断面而言,无论是在表层还在次表层,营养盐浓度对硅藻的限制都强于微型浮游植物,表明粒级较大的浮游植物对营养盐浓度变化更具敏感性。而光对两种浮游植物限制强度的差异相对较小,尤其是在SCM处,光对两种浮游植物的限制因子在楚科奇陆架海区均约为0.4,在海盆区约为0.2。楚科奇陆架海区营养盐与光强最优的配合使得水深约为20 m处出现SCM,在SCM层之下,营养盐浓度依然较高,而由于水深较浅光并未完全衰减,因此呈现叶绿素浓度略有下降的变化。由陆架跨向海盆,SCM层逐渐加深,与陆架海区不同,海盆区叶绿素浓度具典型高斯垂向分布结构,以SCM层为界,其上、下层水体浮游植物生长因分别受到营养盐和光的限制而呈现非常低的叶绿素浓度。在白令海峡邻近海区,表层营养盐限制因子均高于0.7,叶绿素浓度高值区发生在近表层,我国极地考察结果也显示在白令海峡邻近海区西侧,营养盐浓度表、底层较为一致,SCM现象不明显[58],这表明该处具有充分的营养盐补给。本文66°N以南断面的选取偏向于阿纳德尔流(富含营养盐)流经区域(图3),即白令海峡邻近海区西侧,因此,该区表层营养盐主要通过平流作用补充,进而支撑较高的初级生产,而下层则受到光衰减的影响,叶绿素浓度逐渐降低。8月,由于营养盐的消耗,叶绿素浓度整体降低,但垂向分布结构与7月保持一致,进入9、10月,叶绿素浓度垂向分布特征趋向均一,且浓度值逐渐降低。
总体而言,表层营养盐匮乏触发初级生产向深处发展,通过营养盐与光强的最优组合,叶绿素浓度在夏季次表层呈现高值区,这与前人基于观测数据得到的现象及结论是一致的(Hill等[59-60],Zhuang等[61],Brown等[62],McLaughlin和Carmack [19])。基于模型结果,本文进一步分析了叶绿素浓度在白令海峡邻近海区、楚科奇海陆架及深海盆不同垂向结构的调控因素,并认识了SCM的生消过程。
浮游生物群落演替受多种环境条件的调控与制约,如温度、盐度、营养盐补充、海流、摄食压力等,每一占优种群都指示了一个独特的生态系。北冰洋受相对低温、低盐、高营养盐浓度的太平洋入流和相对高温、高盐、低营养盐浓度的大西洋入流共同影响,浮游生物群落结构存在明显空间差异(图10)。模拟结果显示,4月北极大部分海区浮游植物开始生长,由于模型中海冰对光衰减作用模拟偏弱,多年冰覆盖的区域也存在一定的生物量,但整体而言,模型模拟的生物量高值主要还是集中在无冰和海冰相对较薄的海区。大西洋一侧,除挪威海沿岸硅藻占优外,格陵兰海、巴伦支海及其邻近海域微型浮游植物占优,其平均浓度约为5 mmol/m3(以碳计);太平洋一侧,白令海和楚科奇海微型浮游植物浓度小于2.0 mmol/m3(以碳计),而硅藻浓度高达7~10 mmol/m3(以碳计)以上,属该海区优势浮游植物种群(图10a图10b)。由于微型浮游动物优先捕食微型浮游植物,其次才是硅藻和小型有机颗粒,因此,图10a图10c显示,微型浮游动物高值区与微型浮游植物高值区较为一致,表明在微型浮游植物占优海区,微型浮游动物成为优势种群,且由于生长繁殖速率的差异,浮游动物高值斑块的形成相对浮游植物稍有滞后。而中型浮游动物因主要以硅藻和微型浮游动物为食,在太平洋一侧占优,挪威海沿岸微型和中型浮游动物优势相当。
为了进一步探究北极海区太平洋和大西洋两侧生物群落结构差异的原因以及群落季节演替,本文在太平洋一侧的楚科奇海区(图10a红框位置)和大西洋一侧的格陵兰海区(图10a黑框位置)同纬度圈上选取了两个矩形区域,分别命名为QA区和GA区,并对区域内空间平均的表层浮游生物生物量、营养盐浓度的季节变化过程进行了分析。
QA区硅酸盐浓度全年约在15~32 mmol/m3之间变化(图11a),冬季较高,在7月达到最低值;硝酸盐浓度在冬季约为9 mmol/m3,6-7月浓度接近于0.05 mmol/m3。随着海水中光强的增加,浮游植物开始生长。硅藻对硅的需求量与氮元素约是1:1的原子率[63],而微型浮游植物则不受硅酸盐限制。QA区冬季营养盐丰富,硅酸盐与硝酸盐的比值远大于1,硅酸盐充足,硅藻开始迅速生长,至5月呈现峰值,随后迅速下降,仅一个月硅藻生物量减小一半,这期间硅酸盐与硝酸盐相应呈下降趋势,其中硝酸盐被大量消耗,至夏季已非常匮乏,成为硅藻生长的限制因子。而微型浮游植物在硅藻缓慢生长的3月及开始死亡的5-6月呈现较高的生物量,但仍小于硅藻。9月,硅藻再次出现一个强度较弱的峰值,主要由混合作用带来的营养盐补充支撑,进入10月,随着光强的减弱,硅藻生物量趋于0 mmol/m3(以碳计)。尽管存在不同粒级浮游植物生物量的错峰现象,但硅藻始终明显高于微型浮游植物,是太平洋一侧的优势种群,也因此,在浮游动物构成中,中型浮游动物占优,其生物量变化趋势与硅藻较为相似,但趋于平缓,且生物量峰值滞后15天左右。
GA区的营养盐组成与QA区相比有明显差别,硅酸盐与硝酸盐的比值年均约为1:1.6,硅酸盐较为匮乏,其浓度全年约在1~5 mmol/m3之间(图11b),冬季较高,在6月达到最低值;硝酸盐浓度全年约在0~9 mmol/m3之间,整体变化与QA区类似,3月浓度最高约为8.2 mmol/m3,8月浓度最低约为0.43 mmol/m3。由于光照条件的差异,导致GA区微型浮游植物和硅藻的生长比QA区推迟了1个月左右,在3月微型浮游植物迅速增长且快于硅藻,在4月底之前微型浮游植物占优,至5-6月微型浮游植物的生物量小于硅藻,优势种群演替为硅藻,其生物量在5月底6月初出现峰值,而在6月以后微型浮游植物的生物量超过硅藻,优势种群向微型浮游植物演替,GA区总体呈现为微型浮游植物-硅藻-微型浮游植物交替占优的季节变化。在8-9月硅酸盐未能得到有效的补充,浓度始终维持较低水平,硅藻的生长受到了限制,未能出现第二次峰值。浮游动物的生长也存在明显的滞后现象,由于中型浮游动物仍会捕食一定量的微型浮游植物,浮游动物的变化未能出现明显的交替现象,在4-10月微型浮游动物的生物量始终大于中型浮游动物,GA区微型浮游动物占优。
总体而言,在浮游植物生长季,太平洋一侧(以楚科奇海为例)硅藻始终占优,生物量呈双峰结构;大西洋一侧(以格陵兰海为例)则表现为微型浮游植物–硅藻–微型浮游植物交替占优的季节性演变,受硅酸盐限制,硅藻生物量仅在5月呈现峰值。此外,浮游动物的生长相较浮游植物存在滞后现象,其生物量峰值通常滞后浮游植物半月,太平洋一侧中型浮游动物占优,而大西洋一侧微型浮游动物为优势种群。微型浮游植物因粒级较小不利于碳的垂向迁移,从生物泵固碳角度而言,北冰洋太平洋一侧固碳潜力比大西洋一侧占有优势。然而随着海冰加速融化,北冰洋层结加深,上层营养盐补给可能减弱[11],导致浮游植物的微型化[64],北冰洋太平洋一侧未来初级生产的固碳潜力值得深入探讨。
基于北冰洋低营养级生态系统的主要过程,本文构建了海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环耦合模型(NAPA-BGC),经与观测数据比较,模型能够较好得再现北极海区营养盐与叶绿素浓度分布的主要特征。
进一步对叶绿素浓度空间分布及其季节变化分析可得:北冰洋表层叶绿素浓度的峰值主要出现在5月,且太平洋一侧叶绿素浓度峰值高于大西洋一侧;夏季(自6月起),表层受营养盐限制的海区,叶绿素浓度高值区向深层发展,呈现SCM现象,且由陆架向海盆,SCM层逐渐加深,叶绿素浓度垂向分布结构存在差异;9月叶绿素浓度高值重回水体上层,太平洋一侧海区表层叶绿素浓度呈现较为明显的次峰值,主要由硅藻贡献。
由于太平洋和大西洋入流营养盐浓度及结构的不同,北冰洋浮游生物群落结构存在明显空间差异。太平洋一侧,营养盐浓度较高,硅酸盐丰富,硅藻和中型浮游动物占优,其中硅藻在5月和9月呈现2次峰值;而大西洋一侧,营养盐浓度相对较低,硅酸盐尤其匮乏,春季首先是微型浮游植物水华,随后优势种向硅藻演替,仅维持2个月后,优势种再次演替为微型浮游植物,在整个浮游植物生长季,微型浮游动物占优。此外,两侧海区浮游动物生物量峰值滞后浮游植物约半月。
近20年来,海冰加速融化,夏季海冰面积不断缩小,海洋环境正在发生变化。预测北极海区未来生态演变以及气候变化需理解当前北冰洋总初级生产以及低营养级生态过程对海洋–海冰环境长期变化的响应,这需结合观测数据与模式结果进一步对北冰洋生态要素进行年际与长期变化的分析及机制探讨。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(41630969)。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.006
  • 接收时间:2018-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-07-11
  • 修回日期:2018-10-24
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41630969)。
作者信息
    1 天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院,天津 300072
    2 加拿大渔业和海洋部 贝德福德海洋研究所,新斯科舍 达特茅斯B2Y 4A2

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*罗晓凡,女,讲师,主要从事海洋生态动力学模拟方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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