Article(id=1246840122637967542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1532534400000, receivedDateStr=2018-07-26, revisedDate=1546790400000, revisedDateStr=2019-01-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775199450406, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1569340800000, pubDateStr=2019-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775199450406, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775199450406, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775199450406, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246840121887187126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775199450227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200621889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246845036290265803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246840121887187126, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246840123023843515, articleId=1246840122637967542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Observation and analysis of landfast ice arounding Zhongshan Station, Antarctic in 2016, columnId=1246840122952540345, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Special Column of Polar Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sea ice is an important part of the global climate system. Landfast ice is commonly found in the Antarctic coastal area, which reached the thickest in the middle and late November around Zhongshan Station. Sea ice thickness is one of the important parameters of the sea ice. We presented measurements by taken 1 SIMBA (Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array) buoy and 3 TY buoys to monitor ice thickness based on the bias of different linear temperature gradient in air, snow, ice and sea water in three different landfast ice stations (S1, S2 and S3) in the Prydz Bay outside Zhongshan Station in 2016. The SIMBA measures vertical temperature profiles 4 times a day and TY measures vertical temperature per hour. Both SIMBA and TY buoys were set up in S3 station. Compared with borehole in situ measurements, the ice thickness derived by TY buoys had a mean bias and RMSE of 3.3 cm and 14.7 cm in S1 Station, 6.6 cm and 6.9 cm in S2 Station and 4.0 cm and 4.8 cm in S3 Station. And the mean bias and RMSE for the SIMBA buoys in S3 Station compared with borehole in situ measurements were 8.2 cm and 9.7 cm. The sea ice thickness derived by TY buoys were more agreement with the borehole in situ measurements compared with the sea ice thickness derives from SIMBA buoys in S3 Station. The result of Stefan’s law of ice growth model shows the sea ice growth process and the ice growth rate varied between 0.1 cm/d to 0.8 cm/d, which is faster than the result of TY buoys and is affected by the snow thickness. While compare with limited borehole in situ sea ice thickness measurements and the great uncertain in the sea ice thickness derived by remote sense data, the error for both the TY and SIMBA buoys are reasonable, which will benefit to the future sea ice thickness monitor near Zhongshan Station.

, correspAuthors=Qinghua Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guanghua Hao, Qinghua Yang, Jiechen Zhao, Xiao Deng, Yong Yang, Peifa Duan, Lin Zhang, Chunhua Li, Liqin Cui), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246840126458978598, articleId=1246840122637967542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=2016年南极中山站固定冰冰厚观测分析, columnId=1246840123103535292, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=极地研究成果专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

极区海冰是全球气候系统的重要组成部分,南极的固定冰普遍存在于其沿海地区,中山站周边固定冰一般在11月中下旬达到最厚。海冰厚度是海冰的重要参数之一,2016年在南极中山站附近3个站点(S1、S2、S3站点)共布放了4套温度链浮标,包括1套SIMBA (Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array)温度链浮标和3套太原理工大学温度链浮标(TY温度链浮标),SIMBA温度链浮标每天观测4次,TY温度链浮标每小时观测1次。利用浮标观测的温度剖面以及海冰和海水间不同介质温度差异计算得到海冰厚度。在S3站点,同时布放了SIMBA温度链浮标和TY温度链浮标。温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工钻孔观测冰厚比较结果显示,S1站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度平均误差和均方根误差分别为3.3 cm和14.7 cm,S2站点和S3站点分别为6.6 cm、6.9 cm以及4.0 cm、4.8 cm。S3站点的SIMBA温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工观测冰厚的平均误差和均方根误差为8.2 cm和9.7 cm。因而S3站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度更接近人工观测的结果。进一步对Stefan定律海冰生长模型进行对比,模型计算得到的海冰生长率为0.1~0.8 cm/d,生长率快于TY温度链浮标的结果,且受积雪影响明显。相比于卫星遥感反演冰厚的误差和观测时段的限制以及有限的人工观测,2种温度链浮标未来对于中山站附近海冰的长期监测均有重要的应用价值。

, correspAuthors=杨清华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨清华,男,教授,主要从事极地海冰和气象研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=eInO5j39abvS8kcangUStQ==, magXml=QKGqia6kaIN3Six+0hPG+w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QtO3ol0Bf8kWDjddkoTSEg==, pdfFileSize=7481209, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=aQIyIQJVQCw4Dlh/1AIu4g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=wCPnZu3+guYTfczpkfyZ4w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

郝光华(1988—),男,山西省长治市人,工程师,主要从事极地海冰观测和预报研究。E-mail:

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郝光华(1988—),男,山西省长治市人,工程师,主要从事极地海冰观测和预报研究。E-mail:

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郝光华(1988—),男,山西省长治市人,工程师,主要从事极地海冰观测和预报研究。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=JwjVqbYjUl8GouMeij4cpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506275253981653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Time series of hourly sea surface (2 m) air temperature (a) and wind speed (b) over the period between April 22 and November 11 in 2016, figureFileSmall=yeUAADBQM8Gk4CR1WyMEwg==, figureFileBig=52DgAtUbyTGQ2X6UTyGHyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506275518222809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2016年4月22日至11月22日每小时的海表(2 m)气温(a)和风速(b)时间序列, figureFileSmall=yeUAADBQM8Gk4CR1WyMEwg==, figureFileBig=52DgAtUbyTGQ2X6UTyGHyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506275786658269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Four times daily measured temperature profiles at S3 Station on May 1, 2016 from SIMBA buoy with 2.0 cm interval (a) and TY buoy with 1.0 cm interval (b)

The X-axis represent the temperature observed by the sensors, the Y-axis represent the depth of the sensors, and the 0 represent the sea initial sea ice surface when setup

, figureFileSmall=DLlhhBQZhh4mN6sgmOUuFA==, figureFileBig=12mLnearog3k5wFZt1JavQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506276013150689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2016年5月1日S3站点SIMBA温度链浮标观测的温度剖面示例(a),传感器间隔为2.0 cm;TY温度链浮标观测到的温度剖面示例(b),传感器间隔为1.0 cm

横坐标表示传感器观测的温度,纵坐标表示传感器的深度,0表示安装时冰面的位置

, figureFileSmall=DLlhhBQZhh4mN6sgmOUuFA==, figureFileBig=12mLnearog3k5wFZt1JavQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506276168339941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of ice thickness between borehole in situ (black line) and TY buoy (red line) on S1 Station, figureFileSmall=wWsl4oa88Cpbb0P3LKiUIw==, figureFileBig=v1ZFgI7POlK6vEBimFE0Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506276336112106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图4, caption=S1站点人工观测冰厚(黑线)和TY温度链冰厚(红线)比较, figureFileSmall=wWsl4oa88Cpbb0P3LKiUIw==, figureFileBig=v1ZFgI7POlK6vEBimFE0Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506276545827309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Temperature evolution for the surface air-ice-ocean system from the TY buoy observations on S1 Station in 2016

The black and green lines represent the initial sea ice upper surface and the ice-sea interface, respectively

, figureFileSmall=rJQlaFOTRDQd2rvV0NgXXA==, figureFileBig=0ImtV5wKhZfguBKiQyAzDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506276935897584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2016年S1站点TY温度链浮标观测的自上而下大气–海冰–海洋温度剖面随时间的变化

黑线为海冰上表面,绿线为海冰/海水界面

, figureFileSmall=rJQlaFOTRDQd2rvV0NgXXA==, figureFileBig=0ImtV5wKhZfguBKiQyAzDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506277263053299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of ice thickness between borehole in situ (black line) and TY buoy (red line) on S2 Station, figureFileSmall=l0kxafmQAqvD84m0LaLdsA==, figureFileBig=QFrSanR0P9slbhax5rNqeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506277627957750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图6, caption=S2站点人工观测冰厚(黑)和TY温度链冰厚(红)比较, figureFileSmall=l0kxafmQAqvD84m0LaLdsA==, figureFileBig=QFrSanR0P9slbhax5rNqeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506279444091387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Temperature evolution for the surface air-ice-ocean system from the TY buoy observations on S2 Station in 2016

The black and green lines represent the initial sea ice upper surface and the ice-sea interface, respectively

, figureFileSmall=fYEWx/JJy7Q6A2+DBdBJgw==, figureFileBig=Ae4r0DlbVoNjsu+9wO379g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506279569920509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2016年S2站点TY温度链浮标观测的自上而下大气–海冰–海洋温度剖面随时间的变化

黑线为海冰上表面,绿线为海冰/海水界面

, figureFileSmall=fYEWx/JJy7Q6A2+DBdBJgw==, figureFileBig=Ae4r0DlbVoNjsu+9wO379g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506279691555328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Comparison of ice thickness by borehole in situ (black line), SIMBA buoy (blue line) and TY buoy (red line) on S3 Station, figureFileSmall=BrATBrMWMI4kXv9kAENA4Q==, figureFileBig=zMAHfNSzIk4QhNnggyVxDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506279989350914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图8, caption=S3站点人工观测冰厚(黑线)和TY温度链冰厚(红线)以及SIMBA温度链冰厚(蓝线)比较, figureFileSmall=BrATBrMWMI4kXv9kAENA4Q==, figureFileBig=zMAHfNSzIk4QhNnggyVxDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506280224231941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Temperature evolution for the surface air-ice-ocean system from the TY buoy observations on S3 Station in 2016

The black and green lines represent the initial sea ice upper surface and the ice-sea interface, respectively

, figureFileSmall=q7w4NEibkkQrObML5aXmVw==, figureFileBig=DAEiYn+7E4TM2y0CExmBqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506280375226888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2016年S3站点TY温度链浮标观测的自上而下大气–海冰–海洋温度剖面随时间的变化

黑线为海冰上表面,绿线为海冰/海水界面

, figureFileSmall=q7w4NEibkkQrObML5aXmVw==, figureFileBig=DAEiYn+7E4TM2y0CExmBqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506280559776267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Temperature evolution for the surface air-ice-ocean system from the SIMBA buoy observations on S3 Station in 2016

The black and green lines represent the initial sea ice upper surface and the ice-sea interface, respectively

, figureFileSmall=9s0MjQYarEN9IqHpD0tluQ==, figureFileBig=jYP7lYKjidXFHuBjB+SRUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506280941457936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2016年S3站点SIMBA温度链浮标观测的自上而下大气–海冰–海洋温度剖面随时间的变化

黑线为海冰上表面,绿线为海冰/海水界面

, figureFileSmall=9s0MjQYarEN9IqHpD0tluQ==, figureFileBig=jYP7lYKjidXFHuBjB+SRUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506281214087698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Comparison between temperature observations detected by TY buoy (dashed line) and SIMBA buoy (solid line) for air (black line), sea ice (red line) and sea water (blue line), figureFileSmall=c6yyDcHec9pzx0Rz92X/bQ==, figureFileBig=DjjHCISYWr036WMBE4JrEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506281667072533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图11, caption=S3站点TY温度链浮标(虚线)与SIMBA温度链浮标(实线)在空气(黑线)、海冰(红线)和海水(蓝线)中测得的温度比较, figureFileSmall=c6yyDcHec9pzx0Rz92X/bQ==, figureFileBig=DjjHCISYWr036WMBE4JrEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506281977451032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Observation results of ice thickness by borehole in situ (bar) and TY (SIMBA) buoys (line) on S1, S2 and S3 stations

The black, green, red bars represent S1, S2 and S3 stations, respectively. The green and black lines are ice thickness detected by TY buoys on S2 and S1 stations. The red solid (dotted) line represent the sea ice thickness detected by TY (SIMBA) buoys on S3 Station

, figureFileSmall=ZpYD7NXiiAqq9UT/llA/hw==, figureFileBig=7ZxUb3O+NIL5FssZdFjqdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506282120057369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图12, caption=固定冰3个站点人工冰厚(柱状)和逐日温度链浮标冰厚观测结果(线)

黑色为S1站点,绿色为S2站点,红色为S3站点;黑线为S1站点TY温度链浮标冰厚,绿线为S2站点TY温度链浮标冰厚,红实线为S3站 TY温度链浮标冰厚,红点线为SIMBA温度链浮标冰厚

, figureFileSmall=ZpYD7NXiiAqq9UT/llA/hw==, figureFileBig=7ZxUb3O+NIL5FssZdFjqdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506282312995357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=The weekly sea ice thickness growth rate for S1, S2 and S3 stations using the buoy data, figureFileSmall=h5N1q/6sN3bB2/z43FVzQQ==, figureFileBig=hP3w1sksUxLxwraCHXSTSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506283999105568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图13, caption=温度链浮标计算的站点(S1,S2,S3)海冰厚度周平均生长率, figureFileSmall=h5N1q/6sN3bB2/z43FVzQQ==, figureFileBig=hP3w1sksUxLxwraCHXSTSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506284284318242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=The hourly averaged temperature observations detected by TY buoy on S2 and S3 stations, figureFileSmall=z3lXhsGEgvIGqnIIAUP03A==, figureFileBig=TKXT4R5g4DvPUm1Ru/k5aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506284544365092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图14, caption=TY温度链浮标观测的S2和S3站点每小时冰内平均温度, figureFileSmall=z3lXhsGEgvIGqnIIAUP03A==, figureFileBig=TKXT4R5g4DvPUm1Ru/k5aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506284716331558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Comparison of ice thickness detected by TY buoys (solid line) and Stefan’s law (dotted line and dashed line) simulated on S2 station (green) and S3 station (red)

The dotted line points to the case excluding the effects of snow cover over the ice surface and the dashed line refers to the one including snow effects. The solid line is the ice thickness detected by TY buoys

, figureFileSmall=zGPiwkrYOoRX4V12EfRFwA==, figureFileBig=T9IkORtt9xvBSxvVYHX1Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506284867326505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=图15, caption=固定冰2个站点(S2和S3)根据Stefan定律模拟冰厚(点线和虚线)以及TY温度链浮标计算的冰厚(实线)

点线为不考虑积雪厚度,虚线为假定积雪厚度为常数,实线是TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度

, figureFileSmall=zGPiwkrYOoRX4V12EfRFwA==, figureFileBig=T9IkORtt9xvBSxvVYHX1Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506284951212587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The sea ice thickness growth rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 海冰厚度生长率/cm·d−1
S2 S3
TY Stefan Stefan(有雪) TY Stefan Stefan(有雪)
4月22日至5月31日 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.8
6月1日至7月25日 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8
7月26日至8月15日 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
8月16日至10月20日 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
10月21日至11月15日 0.1 0.2 0.2 −0.1 0.2 0.2
11月16日至11月22日 −0.5 0.1 0.1 −0.6 0.1 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1254506285077041710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246840122637967542, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海冰厚度生长率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 海冰厚度生长率/cm·d−1
S2 S3
TY Stefan Stefan(有雪) TY Stefan Stefan(有雪)
4月22日至5月31日 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.8
6月1日至7月25日 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8
7月26日至8月15日 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
8月16日至10月20日 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
10月21日至11月15日 0.1 0.2 0.2 −0.1 0.2 0.2
11月16日至11月22日 −0.5 0.1 0.1 −0.6 0.1 0.1
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2016年南极中山站固定冰冰厚观测分析
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郝光华 1 , 杨清华 2, 3, * , 赵杰臣 1 , 邓宵 4 , 杨勇 5 , 段培法 6 , 张林 1 , 李春花 1 , 崔丽琴 7
海洋学报 | 极地研究成果专栏 2019,41(9): 26-39
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海洋学报 | 极地研究成果专栏 2019, 41(9): 26-39
2016年南极中山站固定冰冰厚观测分析
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郝光华1 , 杨清华2, 3, * , 赵杰臣1, 邓宵4, 杨勇5, 段培法6, 张林1, 李春花1, 崔丽琴7
作者信息
  • 1 国家海洋环境预报中心 国家海洋局海洋灾害预报技术研究重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 2 中山大学 大气科学学院 广东省气候变化与自然灾害研究重点实验室,广东 珠海 519082
  • 3 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082
  • 4 太原理工大学 新型传感器与智能控制教育部/山西省重点实验室,山西 太原 030024
  • 5 安徽省休宁县气象局,安徽 黄山 245400
  • 6 江苏省徐州市气象局,江苏 徐州 221002
  • 7 太原理工大学 物理与光电工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 郝光华(1988—),男,山西省长治市人,工程师,主要从事极地海冰观测和预报研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*杨清华,男,教授,主要从事极地海冰和气象研究。E-mail:
Observation and analysis of landfast ice arounding Zhongshan Station, Antarctic in 2016
Guanghua Hao1 , Qinghua Yang2, 3, * , Jiechen Zhao1, Xiao Deng4, Yong Yang5, Peifa Duan6, Lin Zhang1, Chunhua Li1, Liqin Cui7
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting, State Oceanic Administration, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2 Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 3 Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 5 Xiuning Meteorological Service, Huangshan 245400, China
  • 6 Xuzhou Meteorological Service, Xuzhou 221002, China
  • 7 College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
出版时间: 2019-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.003
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极区海冰是全球气候系统的重要组成部分,南极的固定冰普遍存在于其沿海地区,中山站周边固定冰一般在11月中下旬达到最厚。海冰厚度是海冰的重要参数之一,2016年在南极中山站附近3个站点(S1、S2、S3站点)共布放了4套温度链浮标,包括1套SIMBA (Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array)温度链浮标和3套太原理工大学温度链浮标(TY温度链浮标),SIMBA温度链浮标每天观测4次,TY温度链浮标每小时观测1次。利用浮标观测的温度剖面以及海冰和海水间不同介质温度差异计算得到海冰厚度。在S3站点,同时布放了SIMBA温度链浮标和TY温度链浮标。温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工钻孔观测冰厚比较结果显示,S1站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度平均误差和均方根误差分别为3.3 cm和14.7 cm,S2站点和S3站点分别为6.6 cm、6.9 cm以及4.0 cm、4.8 cm。S3站点的SIMBA温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工观测冰厚的平均误差和均方根误差为8.2 cm和9.7 cm。因而S3站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度更接近人工观测的结果。进一步对Stefan定律海冰生长模型进行对比,模型计算得到的海冰生长率为0.1~0.8 cm/d,生长率快于TY温度链浮标的结果,且受积雪影响明显。相比于卫星遥感反演冰厚的误差和观测时段的限制以及有限的人工观测,2种温度链浮标未来对于中山站附近海冰的长期监测均有重要的应用价值。

海冰温度链浮标  /  固定冰  /  厚度  /  温度  /  南极  /  普里兹湾

Sea ice is an important part of the global climate system. Landfast ice is commonly found in the Antarctic coastal area, which reached the thickest in the middle and late November around Zhongshan Station. Sea ice thickness is one of the important parameters of the sea ice. We presented measurements by taken 1 SIMBA (Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array) buoy and 3 TY buoys to monitor ice thickness based on the bias of different linear temperature gradient in air, snow, ice and sea water in three different landfast ice stations (S1, S2 and S3) in the Prydz Bay outside Zhongshan Station in 2016. The SIMBA measures vertical temperature profiles 4 times a day and TY measures vertical temperature per hour. Both SIMBA and TY buoys were set up in S3 station. Compared with borehole in situ measurements, the ice thickness derived by TY buoys had a mean bias and RMSE of 3.3 cm and 14.7 cm in S1 Station, 6.6 cm and 6.9 cm in S2 Station and 4.0 cm and 4.8 cm in S3 Station. And the mean bias and RMSE for the SIMBA buoys in S3 Station compared with borehole in situ measurements were 8.2 cm and 9.7 cm. The sea ice thickness derived by TY buoys were more agreement with the borehole in situ measurements compared with the sea ice thickness derives from SIMBA buoys in S3 Station. The result of Stefan’s law of ice growth model shows the sea ice growth process and the ice growth rate varied between 0.1 cm/d to 0.8 cm/d, which is faster than the result of TY buoys and is affected by the snow thickness. While compare with limited borehole in situ sea ice thickness measurements and the great uncertain in the sea ice thickness derived by remote sense data, the error for both the TY and SIMBA buoys are reasonable, which will benefit to the future sea ice thickness monitor near Zhongshan Station.

sea ice thermistor chain buoys  /  landfast ice  /  thickness  /  temperature  /  Antarctic  /  Prydz Bay
郝光华, 杨清华, 赵杰臣, 邓宵, 杨勇, 段培法, 张林, 李春花, 崔丽琴. 2016年南极中山站固定冰冰厚观测分析. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (9) : 26 -39 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.003
Guanghua Hao, Qinghua Yang, Jiechen Zhao, Xiao Deng, Yong Yang, Peifa Duan, Lin Zhang, Chunhua Li, Liqin Cui. Observation and analysis of landfast ice arounding Zhongshan Station, Antarctic in 2016[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (9) : 26 -39 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.003
在全球变暖的大背景下,极区海冰作为全球气候系统的重要组成部分对气候产生了重要影响[1-2]。南极地区作为地球的主要冷源之一,极其深刻地影响着全球气候变化[3]。相比于北极海冰快速减少[4-6],尤其是多年冰的快速减少[7-9],南极整体海冰呈现略有增加的趋势,不同海域海冰变化不同[10],在阿蒙森海和别林斯高晋海一侧呈现减少的趋势,在罗斯海和印度洋一侧呈现增加的趋势,罗斯海海冰的增加最为明显[11-13],威德尔海有明显的季节变化[14]
冰雪覆盖表面具有较高的反照率,海水的反照率一般小于0.1,海冰的反照率可以高于0.5,而积雪覆盖表面反照率可以高于0.85[15],海冰平衡了海洋与大气之间的热量,强烈制约着海气热量交换[16],进而影响地球辐射平衡。由于南极是海洋包围着的陆地,海冰多存在于陆地边缘以及海湾,主要以季节性海冰为主,冬季结冰,夏季随着温度升高而破碎、融化。相比于北极海冰,南极海冰冰厚较薄,雪厚较厚[15]。由于极区冰厚获取手段有限,卫星反演可以得到海冰密集度,但海冰厚度尚难以准确获得,尤其缺少高分辨率的海冰厚度分布信息。南极海冰冰厚的观测更有限[17],基于ICESat计算的南极海冰厚度绝对误差为23 cm[18]。目前人工目测是获取海冰厚度的主要手段[19];基于ASPeCt(Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate)的人工观测是主要手段之一,但是其数据难以有效分析海冰的长时间变化[20];基于EM31型电磁感应海冰厚度探测仪(EM3l)观测冰厚误差较大,尤其对薄冰冰厚的观测[21]
固定冰普遍存在于南极沿海地区,在南半球冬季海冰范围最大时,固定冰约占南极海冰总体积的14%~20%[22],由于附着于海岸、冰架前沿,其冰厚相对于浮冰更厚,维持的时间更长。中国中山站位于东南极普里兹湾,其附近海域被固定冰所覆盖,周边固定冰一般在11月中下旬达到最厚[23]。“雪龙”船每年于12月初到达中山站时,由于其沿岸固定冰的存在,无法靠近中山站;而且往往由于无法确定固定冰的冰况,对船舶的航行和保障物资的冰上运输都构成了严重影响。目前对中山站沿岸固定冰的属性,尤其是其冰厚缺乏长期连续广泛的有效监测。
国际上包括中国在内的9个国家在2007–2009年国际极地年期间发起了获取南极长期固定冰观测数据的固定冰观测网计划(The Antarctic Fast Ice Network, AFIN)[24]。中国科考人员自第22次南极考察起,便开展了中山站固定冰的观测,包括冰厚的人工观测等。曾发展了磁致位移、电阻式和热电阻丝等3种定点冰厚观测技术并应用于南极固定冰观测[25],并在中国第22次南极考察期间使用了低频地球物理电磁感应海冰观测[26],还曾在2005–2006年在中山站附近成功实施了固定冰生消过程观测[27],以及2014年和2015年连续的使用基于SIMBA(Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array)温度链浮标的固定冰观测[28]。中国第32次南极考察期间,在中山站附近固定冰区3个站点开展了连续的冰厚观测。在3个站点开展人工钻孔冰厚观测的同时,还分别布置了两种类型共4套温度链浮标进行连续观测,利用温度链浮标获取长时间连续海冰厚度。相比于走航观测、电磁感应、微波遥感等手段,在中山站附近有限范围内使用温度链浮标可以保证较高的时间分辨率,不仅有利于南极固定冰的科学研究,也对我国南极科考保障具有重要意义。本文利用中国第32次南极考察中山站越冬考察期间基于SIMBA温度链浮标和太原理工大学温度链浮标(TY温度链浮标)获取的冰厚与人工钻孔观测冰厚进行了比较,并用于研究固定冰厚度季节变化规律以及固定冰生长热力模型的验证,这为将来进一步利用温度链浮标数据进行固定冰监测积累了基础数据和参考经验。
2016年4–11月在中山站附近固定冰上3个站点开展了人工冰厚观测和温度链浮标连续观测(图1)。其中站点S1是中山站传统的固定冰观测位置(69°22′07.6″S, 76°21′43.8″E),与站区直线距离约600 m。站点S2位于中山站西北方向的海冰上(69°22′11.0″S, 76°21′19.2″E),与站区直线距离约700 m,站点S3位于内拉峡湾(69°22′45.3″S, 76°21′26.7″E),与站区直线距离约1 km。内拉峡湾由于地形的作用,夏季海冰破碎,但是很难融化,3月之后又冻结在一起,主要由多年冰构成,观测其多年冰的冰厚变化。
在2016年的观测中,3个站点各布放了1套太原理工大学冰情监测课题组研制的温度链浮标(TY温度链浮标),在S3站点还布放了1套SIMBA温度链浮标,但是由于S1站点的TY温度链浮标很快出现问题,因此没有获取长时间的连续观测数据。3个站点于2016年4月22日开始观测,一直持续到11月22日观测结束。
本文所使用的人工观测冰厚数据为打孔观测,测量精度约±0.5 cm,根据天气状况每7天左右分别在3个站点测量。温度链浮标安装前于4月16日测得的S1、S2、S3站点冰厚分别为70.0 cm、100.0 cm和94.0 cm,雪厚分别为10.0 cm、10.0 cm和3.0 cm。气温数据和风速数据分别来自S1站点的自动气象站以及中山站气象台观测的数据(图2),安装时天气状况少云,平均气温为−19.0℃,平均风速为5.9 m/s,整个观测期间平均气温−16.1℃,最低气温−48.1℃,最高气温9.7℃,11月之后气温开始在0℃以上;平均风速5.8 m/s,最大风速27.1 m/s。
SIMBA温度链浮标是苏格兰海洋学会下属的SRSL公司(http://www.srsl.com/)研发的温度链浮标,由两部分组成,分别为机箱和温度链。机箱为电源和控制部分,内置GPS和铱星模块,通过GPS获取经纬度信息,可以得到浮标的轨迹;铱星模块可以将观测数据定期传输回国内。温度链部分垂直布放在海冰内,长480.0 cm,内置240个温度传感器,间距为2.0 cm,温度传感器分辨率为0.062 5℃,测量精度为0.1℃。布放时冰上部分约为1.0 m,记录从大气到海水的垂直温度剖面,观测时间间隔设为6 h。
TY温度链浮标由太原理工大学冰情监测课题组研制,其由两部分组成,控制单元和温度链,控制单元记录存储温度链测量的值。温度链长度为300.0 cm,内置250个温度传感器,其分辨率为0.062 5℃,测量精度为0.5℃,间距为1.0 cm。温度链垂直布放在海冰内,记录从大气到海水的垂直温度剖面,观测时间间隔设为1 h。为了方便比较,本文中选取了每天4次和SIMBA温度链浮标相同时次的数据。
图3显示了S3站点SIMBA和TY温度链浮标于2016年5月1日观测到的温度剖面示例,4个时次的空气、海冰和海水温度间具有明显的差别,海冰温度呈现较大梯度,海冰和海水界面具有明显的转折。对于图示所在4个时刻,SIMBA温度链浮标观测的海水温度保持在−1.7~−1.6℃之间,而TY温度链浮标观测的海水温度在−1.4~−1.3℃之间,海水温度变化很小,两者的差别是由于温度链的测量精度造成的。结合图3以及安装时的记录可以判断海冰上表面对应传感器分别为75和22,海冰/海水界面对应传感器为132和128,其对应的冰厚分别为114.0 cm和106.0 cm。由于布放时间为4–11月,主要的时间集中在海冰冻结季节,本文假设海冰上表面不变。对于海冰/海水界面的判断,首先对温度剖面数据进行质量控制,利用上述同样的方法绘制每天的温度剖面图,通过图像可以确定海冰/海水界面的位置均在100.0 cm以下,结合海水冰点,选取100.0 cm以下范围内梯度最大且和海水冰点差异最小的位置作为海冰/海水界面,对于夏季融冰季节,准确识别的难度加大,在海冰/海水界面自动识别的基础上,结合人工经验对比分析确定海冰/海水界面的位置,通过上表面和海冰/海水界面传感器的编号计算得到海冰厚度。由于积雪界面复杂,相对误差较大;而且受到风、地形以及观测设备自身阻挡等的影响较大,尤其是温度链的冰上部分,在风的作用下会造成雪的堆积,造成使用类似计算海冰厚度的方法计算得到的积雪厚度仅能代表此位置的积雪厚度,不具有代表性,因此,本文暂不做讨论。
中山站附近的固定冰在12月底到1月份前后会经历一个快速变化的过程,随着气温升高以及风浪的作用,1月中旬出现明显的破碎,2月份海冰基本以浮冰状态存在,3月上旬随着气温降低,海水会重新冻结,3月底基本冻结,包括新冻结的当年冰和重新冻结在一起的多年冰,11月底到12月初开始再次融化,1月份左右开始破碎,循环往复。
S1站点共获取31组人工海冰观测数据。由于4月份仪器安装,观测次数比较少,5月之后基本每7天观测一次。S1站点海冰为夏季海冰破碎之后重新冻结而成,以一年冰为主,每次钻取冰洞测量冰厚、干舷厚度等数据。其最小冰厚为52.5 cm,出现在4月29日,最大冰厚181.5 cm,出现在10月18日,平均冰厚126.2 cm(图4)。4月和5月份,海冰呈现负增长,可能是由于人工打孔观测位置选取的原因造成的,6月份海冰增长最快,11月份海冰厚度基本保持稳定,说明海冰开始融化。
S1站点的TY温度链浮标在观测期间共获取了71 d的有效观测数据(图5),6–9月期间由于温度链的电池故障以及可能的电路故障,几乎没有正常工作。通过有限的观测数据和人工观测比较,TY温度链浮标在开始阶段计算的冰厚较观测较厚,平均大于人工观测冰厚27.0 cm,结束阶段冰厚偏小,平均小于人工观测9.0 cm,但是TY温度链计算的平均海冰厚度140.0 cm,基本接近人工观测的结果126.2 cm,平均误差和均方根误差分别为3.3 cm和14.7 cm。由于和人工观测对应时间的TY温度链浮标只有12 d的数据以及浮标本身计算冰厚的差异,因而均方根误差比较大。在S1站点,2014年和2015年观测的初始冰厚分别为47.0 cm和39.0 cm,分别在4月25和29日,接近2016年的观测时间;最大冰厚分别为160.0 cm和144.0 cm;平均冰厚分别为121.0 cm和94.0 cm,海冰厚度有明显的年际变化,这可能和观测时选择的海冰状况有关,同时海冰生长率以及最大冰厚还受表面积雪的影响[27]
S2站点共获取了31组人工海冰观测数据,最小和最大冰厚为98.0 cm和172.0 cm,分别出现在6月1日和10月25日,平均冰厚为133.9 cm(图6),5月份海冰开始增长,到11月海冰开始融化。S2站点安装的TY温度链浮标共获取了215 d的观测数据(图7),海冰/海水界面的深度随着时间明显增加(图7),冬季大气最低温度低至−48.1℃,海冰表面温度低至−29℃,海冰内部温度梯度明显。海冰上部分温度受到气温的影响,温度较低,海冰内部温度差异大,6月至7月下旬冰内温度差异最大,平均温差12.6℃,6月22日冰内最大温差27.6℃;随着气温的升高,海冰内部温度差异变小,7月下旬至8月中旬海冰内部温度差异减小,平均温差8.2℃,10月底开始保持稳定,平均温差5.2℃。10月下旬随着气温的升高,在10月30日升至0℃以上,海冰表面融化显著,11月份之后,海冰表面温度升高,11月中旬之后海冰内部处于恒温状态,平均温差4.0℃。
为了检验TY温度链浮标的结果,本文选取了和人工观测相同日期的数据进行了比较(图6),TY温度链浮标计算冰厚略大于人工观测冰厚,与人工观测冰厚变化趋势保持一致。11月人工观测冰厚保持基本不变,TY温度链浮标计算的冰厚也体现了相同的特征。TY温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工观测冰厚比较的平均误差和均方根误差分别为6.6 cm和6.9 cm。由于11月之后气温上升(图2a),海冰上表面出现融化,海冰上表面会发生一定变化,同时由于冰底温度和海水温度的差异减小,因而会加大TY温度链浮标计算冰厚的误差。
S3站点位于内拉峡湾口,在此处分别安装了SIMBA温度链浮标和TY温度链浮标。在观测期间人工测得的最小和最大冰厚分别为94.0 cm和181.5 cm,分别出现在4月16日和11月1日,平均冰厚141.6 cm(图8)。从4月份观测开始,海冰一直保持增长,6月份海冰增长达到最大,11月份出现负增长。TY温度链浮标共获取了215 d的观测数据,SIMBA温度链浮标在9月15日至10月20日期间不能正常工作,共观测到179 d的数据。随着气温的降低,海冰/海水界面的深度随着时间明显增加(图9图10),海冰内部温度梯度也随之加大,6月至7月下旬SIMBA和TY温度链浮标观测的平均温差分别为9.8℃和14.4℃。7月下旬至8月中旬,随着气温的升高(图2a),海冰内部温度梯度减少,SIMBA和TY温度链浮标观测平均温差分别为5.4℃和9.4℃,内部变化差异减小,TY温度链浮标和SIMBA温度链浮标数据显示相同的变化,而且S2站的观测也显示的相同的变化,在11月之后,海冰内部温度趋于恒温,分别为3.5℃和5.0℃。
SIMBA温度链浮标由于其便携性、观测的持续性以及数据及时有效的回传,在极地海冰的监测中广泛使用[29],此次TY温度链浮标是首次应用在极地。本文选取了温度链最上层10.0 cm,整个冰层以及冰层底部以下10.0 cm传感器测得温度的平均值作为空气,海冰和海水温度,对SIMBA与TY温度链浮标测得的观测数据进行了比较(图11)。在空气、海冰和海水中TY温度链浮标和SIMBA温度链浮标的平均和均方根差异分别为0.4℃,−0.8℃,0.3℃;2.0℃,1.5℃,0.3℃。在空气和海水中TY温度链浮标的平均温度大于SIMBA温度链浮标的温度,在海水中两者的差异最小,在海冰中TY温度链浮标温度小于SIMBA温度链浮标的温度。与S1站点自动气象站观测的气温相比较,TY温度链和SIMBA温度链浮标的平均误差分别为3.8℃和3.3℃,均方根误差分别为4.7℃和3.8℃。
两种温度链浮标计算的冰厚和人工观测冰厚变化一致(图8),在11月,TY温度链浮标冰厚反映出了与观测一致的变化,海冰厚度略有减小;而SIMBA温度链浮标误差较大,主要是由于其温度传感器间隔为2.0 cm,海冰融化造成了海水/海冰界面难以准确识别,以及算法依靠温度梯度判断海冰/海水界面,造成了海冰/海水界面识别的误差,因而造成了更大的冰厚误差。SIMBA温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度同人工观测的海冰厚度数据相比较,平均误差和均方根误差分别为8.2 cm和9.7 cm,TY温度链浮标的平均误差和均方根误差分别为4.0 cm和4.8 cm。TY温度链浮标测得冰厚在S2站点和S3站点分别同人工观测的误差接近,其测得冰厚更加接近人工观测的结果。
在观测开始阶段,S1站点海冰最薄,S2和S3站点海冰厚度接近(图12),受极夜期间持续低温的影响,S1站点在7月底海冰厚度增长明显,从最初的52.5 cm增长至8月2日的150.0 cm,9月下旬之后,3个站点的冰厚基本保持一致。在10月下旬之后,由于升温导致海冰和海水温度的差异变小,海冰/海水界面的判断误差增加,导致温度链浮标计算的冰厚误差增加。3个站点人工观测最大和最小冰厚分别为181.5 cm和52.5 cm,平均冰厚135.4 cm,温度链浮标计算最大和最小冰厚分别为210.0 cm和79.0 cm,平均冰厚141.1 cm。最大冰厚和最小冰厚同人工观测差别较大,主要是由于人工冰观测冰厚最小值出现在S1站点,而此时TY温度链未能正常工作,冰厚最大值的差异则主要是由于融化季使用温度链计算海冰厚度不准造成的。但是人工观测冰厚和温度链计算冰厚平均值非常接近,能够反映整体的固定冰状况,适合用于中山站附近固定冰的连续监测。
固定冰的增长主要受到热力因素的影响,分别对S2和S3站点TY温度链浮标测得冰厚(由于S1站点时间序列很短)和S1站点自动气象站的气温做相关性分析,其相关系数分别为0.33和0.30,但是同负积温做相关性分析,其相关系数均为−0.99,此处负积温为温度链浮标观测同时刻的气温值进行累加,可见持续的低温环境是固定冰增长的最主要因素。整个观测期间S2站点海冰平均生长率为0.3 cm/d,S3站点TY温度链浮标和SIMBA温度链浮标浮标得到的海冰生长率分别为0.3 cm/d和0.5 cm/d。周平均海冰生长率(图13)显示S2和S3站点海冰在6月和9月增长较快,这主要是受到气温变化的持续影响(图2a),6月份为极夜,持续低温,9月份受到天气过程的影响,出明显的大风降温天气。每小时平均的冰内温度显示出明显的日变化(图14),而且两个站点的变化趋势基本一致。冰内温度受气温变化的影响,但是滞后于气温的变化,9月4–19日期间经历了明显的大风降温过程(图2),但是冰内低温(图14)持续到27日,而且变化的幅度有明显的差异,这可能是2个站点上层积雪厚度的差异造成的。在整个观测阶段,S3站点的冰内平均温度都小于S2站点的冰内平均温度,但是在11月融化明显开始之后,S3站点冰内的平均温度超过了S2站点。
目前,数值模型仍是理解海冰热力学过程和应对现场观测数据缺乏的有效手段,尤其是对于海冰厚度而言。利用简单的海冰热力学生长模型,结合实测数据,对模型进行验证,并且结合模型分析认知目前观测的不足,两者相互结合,以期望在未来能够获取更好的观测数据,改进海冰热力学生长模型。经典的Stefan定律假设海冰温度剖面是线性的,海冰生长模型包含最简单的能量平衡过程[30]。本文使用简单的不考虑积雪厚度的Stefan定律海冰生长模型[30]以及Leppäranta[31]修改后的考虑积雪的海冰生长模型(见附录),假设海冰生长只受到冰表面温度的影响,进行海冰生长试验,并和本文观测数据进行比较。
图15显示了以4月16日(第一次人工钻孔观测)作为t=0时刻,人工观测冰厚作为 ${H_0}$ (100.0 cm和94.0 cm),分别使用不考虑雪厚和使用平均雪厚计算的海冰厚度,考虑到观测数据的连续性,选取了TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度进行比较,雪厚 ${H_{\rm s}}$ 分别使用S2和S3站点人工观测雪厚的平均值(17.3 cm和6.8 cm)作为输入值。模拟的结果表明,不考虑积雪效应的Stefan模型计算的海冰厚度生长过快,而不同的积雪厚度对海冰的增长影响显著,因为海冰增长受积雪堆积速率影响[32]。在6月份之前,TY温度链浮标海冰厚度增长缓慢,但是Stefan模型计算的海冰厚度均大于TY温度链浮标的海冰厚度。不考虑积雪效应时,Stefan模型计算的海冰厚度比TY温度链浮标结果平均厚29.0 cm和20.0 cm;而考虑积雪厚度的Stefan模型计算的海冰厚度小于TY温度链的结果,平均小于34.0 cm和10.0 cm。11月12日之后,S3站点TY温度链浮标计算的冰厚开始减少,但是Stefan模型计算冰厚保持增长趋势。TY温度链浮标计算的平均海冰生长率在S2和S3站点均为0.3 cm/d,而根据Stefan模型计算得到的平均海冰生长率均为0.5 cm/d,当考虑积雪时,分别为0.5 cm/d和0.6 cm/d。
根据第4节S2和S3站点海冰内部温差的变化划分为6个阶段,6月之前(4月22日至5月31日),6月至7月下旬(6月1日至7月25日),7月下旬至8月中旬(7月26日至8月15日),8月中旬至10月中旬(8月16日至10月20日),10月中旬至11月中旬(10月21日至11月15日),11月中旬至观测结束(11月16–22日),并分别计算了6个阶段的海冰生长率(表1)。Stefan模型海冰生长率在不同阶段均大于TY温度链浮标结果;当考虑积雪厚度时,S3站点的海冰生长曲线更接近于TY温度链浮标的结果,因为积雪厚度会影响Stefan模型计算海冰厚度生长率和最大值[27]。在前两个阶段,Stefan模型计算的海冰生长率均在0.7~0.8 cm/d,而TY温度链浮标计算的海冰生长率均不超过0.6 cm/d,在第三和第四阶段,Stefan模型计算的海冰生长率和TY温度链浮标计算的海冰生长率比较一致,在最后两个阶段,TY温度链浮标计算的海冰生长率出现了负增长,但是Stefan模型计算的海冰保持生长,两者差异较大。Stefan模型可以模拟出第二阶段的海冰快速增长,但是相比于TY温度链浮标计算的结果偏大。Stefan海冰生长模型忽略了海洋热通量,假设海冰温度剖面是线性,而从温度链浮标的观测发现,其温度剖面并非完全线性变化。而且目前缺少有效的积雪观测,本文使用积雪厚度为常数,都给海冰厚度的模拟计算带来了误差。当前模式使用的冰内温度参数化方案依然存在很多问题,因而需要加强观测,获取更多的实测数据,进一步改进模拟结果。
本文介绍了2016年中国第32次南极考察中山站越冬期间SIMBA和TY两种温度链浮标在中山站附近固定冰的观测,两种浮标都具有在环境恶劣的野外,尤其是极区海冰长期观测的优点。SIMBA温度链浮标于2014年开始应用于中国北极考察,Tian等[29]通过浮标温度数据计算海冰厚度,并与热力模式输出冰厚结果做了比较。
本文依据海冰/海水之间不同介质的热力学特性,通过温度链浮标观测的温度数据计算得到了海冰厚度数据,在极区获得了长时间的大气–积雪–海冰–海水温度剖面数据。TY温度链浮标和SIMBA温度链浮标浮标在空气、海冰和海水中的平均和均方根差异分别为0.4℃,−0.8℃,0.3℃;2.0℃,1.5℃,0.3℃,2种温度链在海水中差异最小。通过与人工钻孔观测的海冰厚度数据相比较,两种温度链浮标在3个站点计算得到的冰厚均大于人工观测冰厚,S1站点布放的TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度数据误差最大,平均误差和均方根误差分别为3.3 cm和14.7 cm,S2站点和S3站点的TY温度链浮标和人工观测冰厚数据的误差接近,平均误差和均方根误差分别为6.6 cm、6.9 cm以及4.0 cm、4.8 cm。S3站点布放的SIMBA温度链浮标和人工观测冰厚的平均误差和均方根误差为8.2 cm和9.7 cm,S3站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度更接近人工观测的结果。与以往在南极的观测比较[23, 28, 33],温度链浮标的冰厚结果与人工观测的误差非常接近,尤其是TY温度链浮标,表明了温度链浮标及本文自动识别算法的可靠性和对于海冰厚度长期监测的可行性。
综合来看,8月中旬开始,S1站点和S3站点海冰厚度接近,S2站点海冰厚度增长比较缓慢,略小于另两个站点的厚度。S2站点海冰平均生长率为0.3 cm/d,S3站点TY温度链浮标和SIMBA温度链浮标浮标得到的海冰生长率分别为和0.3 cm/d和0.5 cm/d。Lei等[23]通过热力模式,得到的海冰生长率为0~1.7 cm/d,本文通过Stefan定律海冰生长模型计算得到的海冰生长率为0.1~0.8 cm/d。但是Stefan定律海冰生长模型计算的生长率过快,当考虑积雪效应时,Stefan模型计算的海冰厚度更接近TY温度链浮标的结果。Stefan定律海冰生长模型计算的海冰厚度可以反映海冰的基本变化以及海冰的快速生长阶段,但是其没有考虑冰内温度的非线性变化以及受积雪厚度影响明显,目前和观测结果差别比较大,有待进一步改进。
温度链浮标计算冰厚通过和人工观测冰厚的比较,能够反映出固定冰的变化过程以及整体的分布状况,考虑到现场观测本身误差以及人工观测不能和温度链浮标布放位置完全重合的影响,因此认为两种浮标均可以准确反映海冰厚度的变化,对于中山站海冰的长期监测均有应用价值。虽然温度链浮标计算海冰厚度和人工观测结果存在误差,SIMBA温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度均方根误差较大,为9.7 cm;但是将温度链浮标用于中山站海冰厚度监测,服务于中国南极考察及冰上货物运输对海冰厚度监测的要求,此误差是可以接受的。但是目前温度链浮标主要布放在中山站站区周围,其数据观测范围及其代表性有限,未来应该进一步扩大布放的区域以及数量。相比于SIMBA温度链浮标,TY温度链浮标传感器密度高,但是传感器精度还有待提高,而且TY温度链浮标目前还不能将数据实时回传,未来有待进一步改进。
  • 国家重点研发计划课题(2018YFA0605903);国家自然科学基金(41876212);极地考察后勤保障。
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2019年第41卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.003
  • 接收时间:2018-07-26
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-07-26
  • 修回日期:2019-01-07
基金
国家重点研发计划课题(2018YFA0605903);国家自然科学基金(41876212);极地考察后勤保障。
作者信息
    1 国家海洋环境预报中心 国家海洋局海洋灾害预报技术研究重点实验室,北京 100081
    2 中山大学 大气科学学院 广东省气候变化与自然灾害研究重点实验室,广东 珠海 519082
    3 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082
    4 太原理工大学 新型传感器与智能控制教育部/山西省重点实验室,山西 太原 030024
    5 安徽省休宁县气象局,安徽 黄山 245400
    6 江苏省徐州市气象局,江苏 徐州 221002
    7 太原理工大学 物理与光电工程学院,山西 太原 030024

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*杨清华,男,教授,主要从事极地海冰和气象研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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