Article(id=1246833313638408507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1544716800000, receivedDateStr=2018-12-14, revisedDate=1557676800000, revisedDateStr=2019-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775197827014, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1566662400000, pubDateStr=2019-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775197827014, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775197827014, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775197827014, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246833307606995898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775197825576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200503343, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246833313965564234, articleId=1246833313638408507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Analysis of metamorphosis development and growth characteristics of hybrid offspring of Epinephelus lanceolatus ♀×Epinephelus. tukula ♂, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to further study the metamorphosis development and growth characteristics of the hybrid offspring of Epinephelus lanceolatus♀×E. tukula♂, we measured embryonic development time, fertilization rate, deformity rate, hatching rate and growth traits (full length, body length, height and anal front) of the hybrid offspring and E. lanceolatus. We also observed the absorption process of yolk sac and oil globule, the growth and contraction of the second dorsal spine and pelvic fin spine, and the changes of eye diameter and oral fissure during embryonic development of hybrid offspring. Statistical analysis of the data was performed. The results show that the hybrid offspring and E. lanceolatus complete embryo development at 21 h 24 min and 21 h 32 min at 28℃, respectively; the fertilization rate, deformity rate and hatching rate of hybrid offspring are 89.09%±0.08%, 35.16%±5.05% and 62.59%±10.70%, respectively, no significant difference is shown compared with that of E. lanceolatus. According to the morphological changes of yolk sac, second dorsal spine, pelvic fin spine, scales and body color, the post-embryonic metamorphosis is divided into early larvae (0–6 d after hatching), late larvae (7–34 d after hatching), juveniles (35–46 d after hatching) and juvenile fish period (47–86 d after hatching). The growth of the early larvae is slower, while the growth of the larvae to the juveniles increases gradually. At 86 d after hatching, the body lengths of the hybrid offspring and E. lanceolatus reach (60.80±0.50) cm and (51.80±0.47) cm, which indicates the growth of the hybrid offspring is significantly faster than E. lanceolatus (P<0.01). During embryo development, the yolk sac consumption is 29.45%, the oil ball consumption is 20.75%, and the yolk sac consumption is the fastest at 1 d after hatching, reaching 58.70%. The oil globule consumption is the fastest at 3 d after hatching, reaching 32.08%, and the yolk sac and oil globule of the larvae are basically absorbed at 5 d after hatching. The lengths of the second dorsal spine and pelvic fin spine reach the longest of (8.15±0.02) mm and (5.80±0.10) mm at 29 d after hatching respectively, and they completely degenerate at 47 d after hatching which marks the completion of metamorphosis. The eye diameter of the larvae is (0.16±0.01) mm at 1 d after hatching, which increases by 22 times at 86 d after hatching. The length of oral fissure is (0.09±0.02) mm, and it increases by 99 times at 86 d after hatching. The results show that the hybrid offspring of E. lanceolatus♀×E. tukula♂ develops normally, and the hybrid offspring shows a significant growth advantage comparing with its female parent. This study provides rich data for seed cultivation, development research and variety improvement of the hybrid offspring.

, correspAuthors=Yongsheng Tian, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meiling Cheng, Yongsheng Tian, Yuping Wu, Zhentong Li, Jingjing Zhang, Linna Wang, Wenhui Ma, Zunfang Pang, Chenglei Liu, Fangfang Sun, Jieming Zhai), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246833316524089742, articleId=1246833313638408507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1代变态发育和生长特征分析, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了深入研究鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus) (♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(E. tukula) (♂)杂交F1代的变态发育及生长特征,本研究对杂交组和纯种鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育时间、受精率、畸形率、孵化率和仔稚幼鱼生长性状(全长、体长、体高、肛前距),以及杂交组卵黄囊和油球吸收过程,第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘生长和收缩,口径和眼裂的变化等进行了详细的观察描述和统计分析。结果显示,在水温28℃条件下,杂交组和鞍带石斑鱼受精卵分别经21 h 24 min和21 h 32 min完成胚胎发育;杂交F1代受精率、畸形率和孵化率分别是89.09%±0.08%、35.16%±5.05%和62.59%±10.70%,与纯种鞍带石斑鱼无显著性差异。根据卵黄囊、第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘、鳞片、体色等形态变化,将其胚后变态发育分为前期仔鱼(孵化后0~6 d)、后期仔鱼(孵化后7~34 d)、稚鱼期(孵化后35~46 d)和幼鱼期(孵化后47~86 d),前期仔鱼生长较缓慢,后期仔鱼到幼鱼期生长逐渐加快,86 d时杂交组和对照组体长分别达(60.80±0.50) mm和(51.80±0.47) mm,杂交组生长速度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。在胚胎发育时期卵黄囊消耗量为29.45%,油球消耗量为20.75%,卵黄囊在孵化后1 d消耗最快,达58.70%。油球在孵化后3 d消耗最快,达32.08%,孵化后第5 d仔鱼卵黄囊和油球基本吸收完毕。第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘在孵化后29 d达到最长,分别是(8.15±0.02) mm和(5.80±0.10) mm,至47 d完全退化,变态发育完成。第一天仔鱼眼径为(0.16±0.01) mm,至86 d眼径增大22倍,第四天口裂长为(0.09±0.02) mm,至86 d增大99倍。结果表明,鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1代胚胎和仔稚幼鱼发育正常,而且杂交F1代与母本相比具有较显著的生长优势,本研究为两种石斑鱼杂交苗种培育、发育研究和品种改良提供了丰富的数据。

, correspAuthors=田永胜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*田永胜,研究员,主要从事精子和胚胎冷冻保存、石斑鱼杂交育种和经济鱼类遗传性状解析。E-mail:
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成美玲(1993—),女,山东省日照市人,研究方向为动物遗传育种与繁殖。E-mail:

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3 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 农业农村部海洋渔业可持续发展重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071, bio={"content":"

成美玲(1993—),女,山东省日照市人,研究方向为动物遗传育种与繁殖。E-mail:

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成美玲(1993—),女,山东省日照市人,研究方向为动物遗传育种与繁殖。E-mail:

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Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2010, 34(1): 210−214., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506156622279564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=烟台市重点研发计划(2016JH021);烟台市高端人才引进“双百计划”项目;黄海水产研究所基本科研业务费(20603022019002,20603022018019)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506121952162460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506121960551070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, companyId=1254506121952162460, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506121973133984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, companyId=1254506121952162460, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 大连海洋大学 水产与生命学院,辽宁 大连 116023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506125479572134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506125496349351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, companyId=1254506125479572134, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506125513126568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, companyId=1254506125479572134, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266071)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506125701870251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506125722841772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, companyId=1254506125701870251, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Sustainable Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506125748007597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, companyId=1254506125701870251, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 农业农村部海洋渔业可持续发展重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506126104523442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506126205186740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, companyId=1254506126104523442, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506126276489910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, companyId=1254506126104523442, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 上海海洋大学 水产与生命学院,上海 201306)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506126578479802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, xref=5, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506126679143099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, companyId=1254506126578479802, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5 Laizhou Mingbo Aquatic Co., Ltd., Laizhou 261400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506126733669052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, companyId=1254506126578479802, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5 莱州明波水产有限公司,山东 莱州 261400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506151446508389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The development characteristics of hybrid Epinephelus lanceolatus (♀) × E. tukula (♂)

1. Newly hatched; 2. 1 d larvae; 3. 2 d larvae; 4.3 d larvae; 5. 4 d larvae; 6. 5 d larvae; 7. 7 d larvae; 8. 9 d larvae; 9. 11 d larvae; 10. 13 d larvae; 11. 17 d larvae;12.23 d larvae;13.29 d larvae; 14.35 d juvenile; 15. 41 d juvenile; 16. 47 d young fish; 17. 52 d young fish;18.58 d young fish;19.67 d young fish;20.86 d young fish

, figureFileSmall=M6wrh91oqnTQyCMh/+cU7g==, figureFileBig=/0Rwhp2LXfc/KDXWrRM9nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506151907881832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=CN, label=图1, caption=鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交后代胚后发育

1.初孵仔鱼; 2. 1 日龄仔鱼;3. 2 日龄仔鱼;4.3日龄仔鱼;5. 4 日龄仔鱼;6.5日龄仔鱼;7. 7 日龄仔鱼;8. 9日龄仔鱼;9. 11 日龄仔鱼;10. 13 日龄仔鱼;11. 17日龄仔鱼;12. 23 日龄仔鱼;13.29日龄仔鱼;14.35 日龄稚鱼;15.41日龄稚鱼;16. 47 日龄幼鱼;17.52 日龄幼鱼;18.58日龄幼鱼; 19. 67日龄幼鱼;20. 86日龄幼鱼

, figureFileSmall=M6wrh91oqnTQyCMh/+cU7g==, figureFileBig=/0Rwhp2LXfc/KDXWrRM9nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506152138568555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The total length (a), body height (b) and preanal distance (c) of E.lanceolatus (♀)×E.tukula (♂)

Different letter indicates that the traits have significant differences (n=10, P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=PJCniggN8w/9oa4iir2mlQ==, figureFileBig=DV8k6cziuEZHsVQVPfOEzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506152394421101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=CN, label=图2, caption=鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)与鞍带石斑鱼全长(a)、体高(b)及肛前距(c)的长度变化比较

不同字母表示性状之间有显著性差异 (n=10, P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=PJCniggN8w/9oa4iir2mlQ==, figureFileBig=DV8k6cziuEZHsVQVPfOEzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506152692216688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The length of the second dorsal fin spine and the first pelvic fin spine of E.lanceolatus (♀)×E.tukula (♂)

Different letter indicates that the traits have significant differences (n=10, P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=fvq6gxtNcr96QrWkbpUgbw==, figureFileBig=s+UbqaIxxBfDbUXEyRc7AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506152864183155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=CN, label=图3, caption=鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)第二背鳍棘和第一腹鳍棘长度

不同字母表示性状之间有显著性差异 (n=10, P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=fvq6gxtNcr96QrWkbpUgbw==, figureFileBig=s+UbqaIxxBfDbUXEyRc7AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506153187144565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The length of the eye diameter and the oral fissure of E.lanceolatus (♀)×E.tukula (♂), figureFileSmall=XEDTesbH5+zfSb9fgvfF4Q==, figureFileBig=whBAuYCwuBTiWQC54DZg5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506153539466105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=CN, label=图4, caption=鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)眼径和口裂长度, figureFileSmall=XEDTesbH5+zfSb9fgvfF4Q==, figureFileBig=whBAuYCwuBTiWQC54DZg5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506153933730683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fertilization rate,hatching rate and deformity rate of E. lanceolatus (♀) × E. tukula (♂) and the control

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 受精率 畸形率 孵化率
鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂) 89.09%±0.08%a 35.16%±5.05%b 62.59%±10.70%c
鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂) 92.66%±1.68%a 27.79%±2.50%b 71.30%±2.50%c
), ArticleFig(id=1254506155754058622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1代及对照组受精率、孵化率和畸形率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 受精率 畸形率 孵化率
鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂) 89.09%±0.08%a 35.16%±5.05%b 62.59%±10.70%c
鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂) 92.66%±1.68%a 27.79%±2.50%b 71.30%±2.50%c
), ArticleFig(id=1254506155871499139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The volume change of yolk sac and oil absorption of E. lanceolatuss (♀) × E.tukula (♂)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日龄 全长/mm 卵黄囊长径/mm 卵黄囊短径/mm 油球直径/mm 卵黄囊体积/mm3 油球体积/mm3
受精卵 0.79±0.01 0.79±0.01 0.22±0.004a4 0.255 7±0.016 6a5 0.005 3±0.000 3a6
0 1.59±0.02a1 1.14±0.09a2 0.55±0.01a3 0.2±0.01b4 0.180 4±0.014 6b5 0.004 2±0.000 9b6
1 2.46±0.01b1 0.74±0.04b2 0.28±0.04b3 0.18±0.01c4 0.030 3±0.008 5c5 0.003 1±0.000 4c6
2 2.59±0.01c1 0.24±0.01c2 0.18±0.01c3 0.17±0.01c4 0.008 6±0.000 1d5 0.002 6±0.000 2c6
3 2.62±0.01c1 0.16±0.01c2 0.15±0.01d3 0.12±0.01d4 0.001 9±0.000 01d5 0.000 9±0.000 1d6
4 2.63±0.05cd1 0.15±0.01c2 0.12±0.01d3 0.11±0.01d4 0.001 2±0.000 2d5 0.000 7±0.000 2de6
5 2.68±0.08d1 0.13±0.05c2 0.10±0.01d3 0.05±0.01e4 0.000 7±0.000 6d5 0.000 1±0.000 006e6
), ArticleFig(id=1254506156186071942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833313638408507, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)卵黄囊和油球的体积变化

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日龄 全长/mm 卵黄囊长径/mm 卵黄囊短径/mm 油球直径/mm 卵黄囊体积/mm3 油球体积/mm3
受精卵 0.79±0.01 0.79±0.01 0.22±0.004a4 0.255 7±0.016 6a5 0.005 3±0.000 3a6
0 1.59±0.02a1 1.14±0.09a2 0.55±0.01a3 0.2±0.01b4 0.180 4±0.014 6b5 0.004 2±0.000 9b6
1 2.46±0.01b1 0.74±0.04b2 0.28±0.04b3 0.18±0.01c4 0.030 3±0.008 5c5 0.003 1±0.000 4c6
2 2.59±0.01c1 0.24±0.01c2 0.18±0.01c3 0.17±0.01c4 0.008 6±0.000 1d5 0.002 6±0.000 2c6
3 2.62±0.01c1 0.16±0.01c2 0.15±0.01d3 0.12±0.01d4 0.001 9±0.000 01d5 0.000 9±0.000 1d6
4 2.63±0.05cd1 0.15±0.01c2 0.12±0.01d3 0.11±0.01d4 0.001 2±0.000 2d5 0.000 7±0.000 2de6
5 2.68±0.08d1 0.13±0.05c2 0.10±0.01d3 0.05±0.01e4 0.000 7±0.000 6d5 0.000 1±0.000 006e6
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鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1代变态发育和生长特征分析
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成美玲 1, 3 , 田永胜 2, 3, * , 吴玉萍 1, 3 , 李振通 3, 4 , 张晶晶 3, 4 , 王林娜 2, 3 , 马文辉 5 , 庞尊方 5 , 刘成磊 5 , 孙芳芳 5 , 翟介明 5
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019,41(8): 52-62
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019, 41(8): 52-62
鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1代变态发育和生长特征分析
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成美玲1, 3 , 田永胜2, 3, * , 吴玉萍1, 3, 李振通3, 4, 张晶晶3, 4, 王林娜2, 3, 马文辉5, 庞尊方5, 刘成磊5, 孙芳芳5, 翟介明5
作者信息
  • 1 大连海洋大学 水产与生命学院,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266071
  • 3 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 农业农村部海洋渔业可持续发展重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071
  • 4 上海海洋大学 水产与生命学院,上海 201306
  • 5 莱州明波水产有限公司,山东 莱州 261400
  • 成美玲(1993—),女,山东省日照市人,研究方向为动物遗传育种与繁殖。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*田永胜,研究员,主要从事精子和胚胎冷冻保存、石斑鱼杂交育种和经济鱼类遗传性状解析。E-mail:
Analysis of metamorphosis development and growth characteristics of hybrid offspring of Epinephelus lanceolatus ♀×Epinephelus. tukula
Meiling Cheng1, 3 , Yongsheng Tian2, 3, * , Yuping Wu1, 3, Zhentong Li3, 4, Jingjing Zhang3, 4, Linna Wang2, 3, Wenhui Ma5, Zunfang Pang5, Chenglei Liu5, Fangfang Sun5, Jieming Zhai5
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Sustainable Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 4 College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 5 Laizhou Mingbo Aquatic Co., Ltd., Laizhou 261400, China
出版时间: 2019-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.007
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为了深入研究鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus) (♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(E. tukula) (♂)杂交F1代的变态发育及生长特征,本研究对杂交组和纯种鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育时间、受精率、畸形率、孵化率和仔稚幼鱼生长性状(全长、体长、体高、肛前距),以及杂交组卵黄囊和油球吸收过程,第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘生长和收缩,口径和眼裂的变化等进行了详细的观察描述和统计分析。结果显示,在水温28℃条件下,杂交组和鞍带石斑鱼受精卵分别经21 h 24 min和21 h 32 min完成胚胎发育;杂交F1代受精率、畸形率和孵化率分别是89.09%±0.08%、35.16%±5.05%和62.59%±10.70%,与纯种鞍带石斑鱼无显著性差异。根据卵黄囊、第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘、鳞片、体色等形态变化,将其胚后变态发育分为前期仔鱼(孵化后0~6 d)、后期仔鱼(孵化后7~34 d)、稚鱼期(孵化后35~46 d)和幼鱼期(孵化后47~86 d),前期仔鱼生长较缓慢,后期仔鱼到幼鱼期生长逐渐加快,86 d时杂交组和对照组体长分别达(60.80±0.50) mm和(51.80±0.47) mm,杂交组生长速度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。在胚胎发育时期卵黄囊消耗量为29.45%,油球消耗量为20.75%,卵黄囊在孵化后1 d消耗最快,达58.70%。油球在孵化后3 d消耗最快,达32.08%,孵化后第5 d仔鱼卵黄囊和油球基本吸收完毕。第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘在孵化后29 d达到最长,分别是(8.15±0.02) mm和(5.80±0.10) mm,至47 d完全退化,变态发育完成。第一天仔鱼眼径为(0.16±0.01) mm,至86 d眼径增大22倍,第四天口裂长为(0.09±0.02) mm,至86 d增大99倍。结果表明,鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1代胚胎和仔稚幼鱼发育正常,而且杂交F1代与母本相比具有较显著的生长优势,本研究为两种石斑鱼杂交苗种培育、发育研究和品种改良提供了丰富的数据。

鞍带石斑鱼  /  蓝身大斑石斑鱼  /  杂交子代  /  仔稚幼鱼  /  变态发育  /  生长性状

In order to further study the metamorphosis development and growth characteristics of the hybrid offspring of Epinephelus lanceolatus♀×E. tukula♂, we measured embryonic development time, fertilization rate, deformity rate, hatching rate and growth traits (full length, body length, height and anal front) of the hybrid offspring and E. lanceolatus. We also observed the absorption process of yolk sac and oil globule, the growth and contraction of the second dorsal spine and pelvic fin spine, and the changes of eye diameter and oral fissure during embryonic development of hybrid offspring. Statistical analysis of the data was performed. The results show that the hybrid offspring and E. lanceolatus complete embryo development at 21 h 24 min and 21 h 32 min at 28℃, respectively; the fertilization rate, deformity rate and hatching rate of hybrid offspring are 89.09%±0.08%, 35.16%±5.05% and 62.59%±10.70%, respectively, no significant difference is shown compared with that of E. lanceolatus. According to the morphological changes of yolk sac, second dorsal spine, pelvic fin spine, scales and body color, the post-embryonic metamorphosis is divided into early larvae (0–6 d after hatching), late larvae (7–34 d after hatching), juveniles (35–46 d after hatching) and juvenile fish period (47–86 d after hatching). The growth of the early larvae is slower, while the growth of the larvae to the juveniles increases gradually. At 86 d after hatching, the body lengths of the hybrid offspring and E. lanceolatus reach (60.80±0.50) cm and (51.80±0.47) cm, which indicates the growth of the hybrid offspring is significantly faster than E. lanceolatus (P<0.01). During embryo development, the yolk sac consumption is 29.45%, the oil ball consumption is 20.75%, and the yolk sac consumption is the fastest at 1 d after hatching, reaching 58.70%. The oil globule consumption is the fastest at 3 d after hatching, reaching 32.08%, and the yolk sac and oil globule of the larvae are basically absorbed at 5 d after hatching. The lengths of the second dorsal spine and pelvic fin spine reach the longest of (8.15±0.02) mm and (5.80±0.10) mm at 29 d after hatching respectively, and they completely degenerate at 47 d after hatching which marks the completion of metamorphosis. The eye diameter of the larvae is (0.16±0.01) mm at 1 d after hatching, which increases by 22 times at 86 d after hatching. The length of oral fissure is (0.09±0.02) mm, and it increases by 99 times at 86 d after hatching. The results show that the hybrid offspring of E. lanceolatus♀×E. tukula♂ develops normally, and the hybrid offspring shows a significant growth advantage comparing with its female parent. This study provides rich data for seed cultivation, development research and variety improvement of the hybrid offspring.

Epinephelus lanceolatus  /  Epinephelus. tukula  /  hybrid offspring  /  larvae and juveniles  /  metamorphosis development  /  growth characteristics
成美玲, 田永胜, 吴玉萍, 李振通, 张晶晶, 王林娜, 马文辉, 庞尊方, 刘成磊, 孙芳芳, 翟介明. 鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1代变态发育和生长特征分析. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (8) : 52 -62 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.007
Meiling Cheng, Yongsheng Tian, Yuping Wu, Zhentong Li, Jingjing Zhang, Linna Wang, Wenhui Ma, Zunfang Pang, Chenglei Liu, Fangfang Sun, Jieming Zhai. Analysis of metamorphosis development and growth characteristics of hybrid offspring of Epinephelus lanceolatus ♀×Epinephelus. tukula ♂[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (8) : 52 -62 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.007
杂交育种广泛应用于农作物、家畜的品种改良,杂交可以使双亲基因重新组合获得具有杂交优势的后代,选育出符合人们需要的养殖新品种[1]。然而在鱼类杂交育种中,大多数杂交组合表现出杂交不亲和现象,如:胚胎发育不正常,孵化后畸形或夭亡,杂交后代成活率低等现象[2-4]。目前有建鲤[5]、岳鲤[6]等在生长、肉质等方面呈现优良的杂交优势,具有较高的经济价值并广泛应用于实际生产中。在石斑鱼杂交育种方面,国内外进行了多种杂交实验,如:云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(E. lanceolatus)(♂)[7]、棕点石斑鱼(E. fuscoguttatus) (♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(E. lanceolatus)(♂)[8]、棕点石斑鱼(E. fuscoguttatus) (♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(E. tukula)(♂)[9]、云纹石斑鱼(E. moara)(♀)×赤点石斑鱼(E. akaara)(♂)[10]、赤点石斑鱼(E. akaara)(♂)×斜带石斑鱼(E. coioides)(♀)[11],东大西洋石斑鱼(E. marginatus)(♀)×青铜石斑鱼(E.aeneus)(♂)[12],棕点石斑鱼(E. fuscoguttatus) (♀)×清水石斑鱼 (E. polyphekadion)(♂)[13],但大多数杂交后代由于畸形率高、成活率低、杂交后代生长差异大或无生长优势等,无法进行大量育苗,目前只有少数杂交种如虎龙杂交斑[8]具有生长快和成活率高的杂交优势,云龙石斑鱼[14]具有生长快、适温广和肉质优良的杂交优势性状,在生产中被广泛养殖。石斑鱼产业近年来发展迅速,对优良种质需求旺盛,利用现有种质资源筛选具有杂交优势性状的新品种,并对其生物学性状进行研究,对养殖新品种培育具有重要作用。
鞍带石斑鱼和蓝身大斑石斑鱼同属于鲈形目(Perciformes),鮨科(Serranidae),石斑鱼亚科(Epinephelinae),石斑鱼属(Epinephelus)。鞍带石斑鱼是石斑鱼类群中体型最大的鱼类,有巨石斑之称,适宜海水池塘和深远海网箱养殖,生长快速,肉质鲜美,营养价值高,具有很好的养殖前景。蓝身大斑石斑鱼同样生长迅速,在石斑鱼属中仅次于鞍带石斑鱼[15]。但是,两种鱼人工繁殖和育苗仍处于试验阶段,纯种苗种畸形率高、成活率极低,鞍带石斑鱼苗种成活率只有1.5%,从而制约了鞍带石斑鱼大量繁育和养殖。利用鞍带石斑鱼生长快的优良性状与其他石斑鱼进行杂交育种,有可能培育出生长快的杂交新品种,同时达到克服鞍带石斑鱼育苗难问题。以鞍带石斑鱼为母本与蓝身大斑石斑鱼进行杂交育种的实验尚未见报道,本实验对杂交F1代与纯种鞍带石斑鱼仔稚幼鱼变态发育及生长特征进行了观察和测量,旨在为两种石斑鱼苗种培育、杂交后代性状分析、变态发育及遗传改良提供基础资料。
实验于2018年在山东省莱州市明波水产有限公司进行。鞍带石斑鱼亲鱼(♀6386、♂8988)为10年龄,体质量分别为57 kg和71 kg,全长分别为120 cm和139 cm;蓝身大斑石斑鱼雄鱼(♂2749)为9年龄,体质量29 kg,全长110 cm。雌雄亲鱼在性腺发育到Ⅴ期时,在雌鱼胸鳍基部一次注射绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)200~300 IU/kg和促排卵激素类似物(LHRH-A) 35 μg/kg进行人工催产(HCG和LHRH-A购自中国宁波市激素制品有限公司),雄性剂量减半,注射 48 h后,利用挤压腹部法采集成熟卵子3 000 g。从精子冷冻库中取出事先用ELS-3[16]稀释液冷冻保存的蓝身大斑石斑鱼和鞍带石斑鱼精子,37℃水浴锅加热解冻,将卵子平分成2份,同时和解冻后的2种雄鱼精子进行干法授精,精子与卵子体积比例1:500,搅拌均匀后加2倍体积盐度29~30海水,静置10 min,将受精卵进行沉淀、过滤和冲洗去除杂质;再加入盐度33~35海水静置10 min,至受精卵上浮,取上浮卵称重后分别布入2个3 m3孵化罐中孵化,水温保持28℃,盐度29~30,溶解氧10 mg/L。受精卵在孵化罐中孵化12 h,转移到育苗池中静水培育,在第4天开口前添加浓缩小球藻,浓度为50×104 ind./mL,每天投喂4次牡蛎幼体20 ind./mL,微流水、微充气培育,6 d后每天投喂2次小型轮虫,连续投喂1周,14 d后每天投喂2次L型轮虫,23 d后每天投喂2次卤虫幼体,充气量和换水量逐渐加大。
利用DSY2000X倒置生物显微镜(重庆光电仪器有限公司)观察胚胎发育过程,记录杂交组和对照组胚胎发育时间,在囊胚期从孵化桶中随机采集杂交组和对照组受精卵100~200粒统计受精率,出膜孵化期统计畸形率和孵化率,分别统计3次。
受精卵孵化后从育苗池中随机取10尾杂交组和对照组仔稚幼鱼,前5 d每天取样一次,7~13 d每2天取样一次,13~23 d每4天取样一次,23~58 d每6天取样一次,58~85 d每9天取样一次,拍摄发育特征图片;每次取样时在池边观察鱼的游动、形态和摄食状况。
在观察杂交后代变态发育的同时,测量杂交组和对照组生长性状:全长、肛前距、体高;测量杂交组卵黄囊长径、卵黄囊短径、油球直径、第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘、眼径、口裂等发育性状;在幼鱼达到86日龄时,杂交组和对照组随机挑选50尾鱼,测量其体质量、全长、体长、头长与体高等性状。
利用DSY2000倒置生物显微镜、SZ810倒置解剖镜(重庆奥特光学显微镜有限公司)和尼康单反相机观察并拍照,仔稚幼鱼可量生长性状数据均用AJ-VERT软件采集,测量生长性状数据运用SPSS.17软件,杂交组和对照组比较采用独立样本t检验,杂交组随日龄变化采用单因子方差分析 (One-Way ANOVA),并用邓肯(Duncan)法对不同群体间的形态差异进行多重比较(P<0.05或P<0.01)。分析数据采用Excel软件进行分析和做图,分析数据以平均值±标准差(Mean±SD)表示。
胚胎发育时序分为:卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵化期6个阶段,在水温28℃,盐度29~30的孵化条件下,杂交组和对照组分别经21 h 24 min、21 h 32 min完成胚胎发育。杂交组和对照组均具有较高受精率和孵化率,但杂交组受精率和孵化率略低于对照组,杂交组畸形率高于对照组,杂交组和对照组受精卵、孵化率和畸形率均无显著性差异(表1)。
根据实验过程中石斑鱼卵黄囊、第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘伸缩、鳞片、体色等形态变化,将其胚后发育分为前期仔鱼、后期仔鱼、稚鱼期和幼鱼期。
初孵至卵黄囊完全消失,生长较为缓慢(0~6 d)。
初孵仔鱼(0日龄仔鱼):全长(1.59±0.02)mm,卵黄囊较大,位于鱼体前部,包裹着鱼体中部和头部,鱼体透明,有少量黑色素,具油球一个,此时仔鱼无游泳能力,头部朝下悬浮于水面上,尾部做间歇性颤动(图1.1)。
1日龄仔鱼:全长(2.46±0.01)mm,身体透明,卵黄囊较前一天明显收缩,头部增大向前抬伸,渐渐脱离卵黄囊,眼睛颜色加深,呈淡灰色,肠道由卵黄囊上方沿脊柱向后延伸,可见呈“L”型窄的肠腔,肛门未通。背鳍、臀鳍后部鳍膜上星状黑色素细胞密集,肌节明显。此时仔鱼悬浮于海水上层,在培育池中均匀分布,偶尔做垂直游动或作旋转运动(图1.2)。
2日龄仔鱼:全长(2.59±0.01)mm,身体透明,卵黄囊明显缩小,油球明显,肛门与尾部的中段处形成自下而上环抱脊索的黑色块,眼区周围、消化道上方出现淡黑色色素区,肠道膨大变粗,胸鳍芽长出,仔鱼游动能力还不强,大多时间头下尾上呈静止状态,倒悬于海水中,偶尔身体扭动,窜上窜下(图1.3)。
3日龄仔鱼:全长(2.62±0.01)mm,身体透明,卵黄囊被消耗绝大部分,仔鱼口裂明显,消化道中还未见生物饵料,胃略有蠕动,肛门仍末通,胸鳍褶变圆,眼周、腹部和尾柄黑色区域加深为深黑色,仔鱼呈倒立悬浮于海水中,游动能力增强,可“S”形水平方向扭动(图1.4)。
4日龄仔鱼:全长(2.63±0.05)mm,卵黄囊大多被吸收,仔鱼消化系统发育更加完善,腹部的黑色素几乎包围整个消化道,肛门通向体外,仔鱼已摄食,消化道中可见生物饵料,腹鳍棘开始出现,胸鳍进一步生长、呈透明的扇形,仔鱼水平游动能力进一步增强,分布于水的上层,仔鱼开始有集群行为,多集群于遮荫处,主动躲避能力较强(图1.5)。
5日龄仔鱼:全长(2.63±0.05)mm,卵黄囊基本消失,尾鳍骨下方黑色素呈放射状,心房、心室间出现分隔,体积均明显扩大,可见血液流动,消化系统发育基本完成,胃部明显,肠道加粗,胃、肠内充满轮虫,不停蠕动,仔鱼转向外源性营养物质,生长加快,开始在海水的中上层集群,在池角、池边活动(图1.6)。
卵囊完全消失至鳞片出现,生长加快,第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘开始出现,进入变态期,组织器官开始分化(7~34 d)。
7日龄仔鱼:全长(2.95±0.34)mm,第二背鳍和腹鳍长出鳍原基,胸鳍更加发达,肠道前段盘绕成第一个弯曲,肠道后段为直管状。在躯干上下缘和肠胃团腹面的黑色素面积增大,仔鱼游动速度加快,集群在池边和池角活动(图1.7)。
9日龄仔鱼:全长(3.82±0.25)mm,第二背鳍棘和第一腹鳍棘开始长出鳍棘,腹鳍棘较第二背鳍棘长,尾部鳍膜开始出现黑色的鳍条丝,背腹鳍棘末端出现黑色素,仔鱼成黑色集群活动(图1.8)。
11日龄仔鱼:全长(4.53±0.22)mm,第二背鳍棘和第一腹鳍棘明显变长,长度趋近于等长,鳍棘末端黑色素加深;口裂增大,头部能看到红色鳃丝,肠胃团腹面分布有点状黄色素,肌节呈 “W”型(图1.9)。
13日龄仔鱼:全长(5.97±0.21)mm,第二背鳍棘绝对长度和增长速度均已超过腹鳍棘,尾椎骨逐渐向上弯曲(图1.10)。
17日龄仔鱼:全长(7.26±0.51)mm,脑颅骨加厚,口腔出现细小的齿,躯干部色素细胞开始由身体向外扩散,腹腔分布有数量较多的星状黑色素、黄色素和褐色素,背腹鳍棘黑色素变多变长,仔鱼向池子中下层过渡,随水流分散游动(图1.11)。
23日龄仔鱼:全长(10.87±0.36)mm,鳃盖骨呈弧形,反光不再透明,头顶、脑腔后部、眼后、下颌、咽部、消化道腹面、躯干主体两侧和消化道背面等处的菊花状黑色素更加密集,并逐渐扩伸(图1.12)。
29日龄仔鱼:全长(15.12±0.61)mm,第二背鳍棘长(8.15±0.02)mm,腹鳍第一棘长(5.80±0.01)mm,其相对长度都达到仔、稚、幼鱼阶段的最大值,第二背鳍棘长度超过全长的一半,此后第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘开始收缩,各鳍发育基本完成,体表黑色素扩散(图1.13)。
第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘开始收缩至最小值,鳞片和体色开始出现,生长加快,组织、器官形态改变,且分化不断完善,直至完成变态发育(35~46 d)。
35日龄稚鱼:全长(18.95±0.69)mm,第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘开始收缩,显微镜下可观察到背部有少量银白色的鳞片,此时稚鱼常集群游动或静卧于隐蔽物周围(图1.14)。
41日龄稚鱼:全长(21.37±0.58)mm,第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘收缩十分明显,且背鳍棘的收缩程度大于腹鳍棘,此时腹鳍棘收缩到最小值(5.39±0.20)mm。背鳍基部两侧散布多处黑色斑点,体表较均匀分布褐色素斑,头部和鳃盖部出现不规则的黑色素点,鳞片也逐步扩散至全身,这时期的鱼苗分布于池子中下层,常聚集于荫蔽区,投喂卤虫或桡足类饵食,可分散游动摄食(图1.15)。
第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘绝对长度收缩到最小值后开始恢复生长,鳞片长齐,生长呈现明显加快趋势(47~86 d)。
47日龄幼鱼:全长(24.56±0.40)mm,鳞片长齐,初具成鱼形态,黑褐色及淡黄色斑带条纹相间环绕体侧,体侧有4条不规则的大小黑色斑块组成的纵带,第二背鳍棘收缩到最低值(4.41±0.21)mm,至此变态发育完成,第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘恢复正常生长,由浮游生活转入底栖生活,平时在遮蔽物中,投饵时集群抢食(图1.16)。
52日龄幼鱼:全长(27.77±1.13)mm,幼鱼各鳍的形态与成鱼相似,幼鱼条带和体色明显,全身覆盖鳞片,此时期的幼鱼多聚集于池子底部的遮蔽物中,固定地点投喂时,出现集体抢食现象(图1.17)。
58~86日龄幼鱼:生长快速,58日龄全长(42.54±0.74)mm,67日龄全长(47.56±0.92)mm,86日龄全长(77.82±2.79)mm(图1.18图1.19图1.20)。
仔稚幼鱼全长、体高和肛前距比较:(1)全长,0~52 d杂交组和对照组无显著性差异,58~86 d杂交组开始显著性高于对照组,86 d杂交组和对照组全长分别达到(77.82±2.79)mm,(68.09±1.19)mm;(2)体高,1~29 d杂交组显著性高于对照组,41~47 d杂交组显著性低于对照组,52~67 d杂交组和对照组无显著性差异,86 d杂交组显著性高于对照组,86 d杂交组和对照组体高分别达到(23.78±0.78)mm,(22.44±1.08)mm ;(3)肛前距,0~47 d杂交组和对照组无显著性差异,52~86 d杂交组开始显著性高于对照组(P<0.05),86 d杂交组和对照组肛前距分别达到(44.15±1.29)mm和(37.73±1.61)mm(图2)。
对86 d杂交组和对照组体质量、头长、体长进行测量(n=50),杂交组和对照组体质量分别达到(80.00±1.41)g, (61.00±1.45)g,头长分别达到(22.80±0.20)mm, (21.00±0.28)mm, 体长分别达到(60.80±0.50)mm,(51.80±0.47)mm, 杂交组体质量、头长、体长分别是对照组的131.15%,108.57%和117.37%倍,且3项指标均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。
杂交受精卵的卵黄囊体积为(0.255 7±0.016 6)mm3,油球的体积为(0.005 3±0.000 3)mm3,油球占卵黄囊容积的2.07%。整个胚胎发育时期卵黄囊消耗量为29.45%,油球消耗量为20.75%。初孵仔鱼全长(1.59±0.02)mm,卵黄囊体积为(0.180 4±0.014 6)mm3。孵化后1 d卵黄囊消耗最多,卵黄囊消耗量为受精卵时期的58.70%,为0 d仔鱼的83.20%;油球在孵化后第三天消耗最快,油球消耗量为受精卵时期的32.08%,为0 d仔鱼的40.48%,随着幼体的生长,卵黄囊和油球体积逐渐缩小,至第五天仔鱼全长达(2.68±0.08)mm时,卵黄囊和油球基本吸收完毕(表2)。
第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长和退化是仔、稚、幼鱼最明显的变化。在后期仔鱼阶段,7日龄长出鳍原基,9日龄长出鳍棘,早期腹鳍棘长于第二背鳍棘,但第二背鳍棘的生长速度快于腹鳍棘;在13日龄,第二背鳍棘的长度开始超过腹鳍棘;在29日龄,第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘长度达到最大值,分别是(8.15±0.02)mm和(5.80±0.10)mm,占鱼体全长的58%和42%;在17~35 d第二背鳍棘显著性长于腹鳍棘。之后在稚鱼阶段,第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘开始收缩,41日龄腹鳍棘达到最低值(5.39±0.12)mm,在47日龄第二背鳍棘达到最低值(4.41±0.21)mm。发育至幼鱼期时,两者又重新伸长,腹鳍棘的长度一直超过第二背鳍棘的长度,在47~58 d腹鳍棘显著性长于第二背鳍棘(图3)。
在前期仔鱼阶段,眼径缓慢增加,由(0.16±0.01)mm至(0.21±0.02)mm;在第四天仔鱼开口,口裂直径为(0.09±0.02)mm;后期仔鱼阶段,眼径呈继续增加趋势(由(0.19±0.01)mm至 (1.61±0.01)mm),同时口裂变大(由(0.26±0.01)mm至(1.60±0.18)mm);稚鱼至52日龄幼鱼,由于眼睛周围长出眼睑,眼径变小(由(2.46±0.10)mm下降到(1.81±0.52)mm),口裂增长速率变慢(由(2.30±0.08)mm增长到(2.69±0.69)mm),58~86日龄眼径恢复生长,增长速度缓慢(由(1.93±0.30)mm变至(3.46±0.64)mm),口裂增长速率加快(由(4.03±0.75)mm至 (8.89±0.99)mm),眼径自初孵仔鱼至86日龄增加了22倍,口裂自仔鱼开口至86日龄增长了99倍(图4)。
鞍带石斑鱼和蓝身大斑石斑鱼在印度洋–太平洋区,包括非洲东岸、红海、北至日本南部、南至澳洲西北部都有一定的分布,但在自然海域中能否发生杂交,未有资料记载,在人工养殖条件下,我们利用冷冻精子技术实现两种鱼的杂交,研究显示其杂交后代的胚胎发育、变态发育及生长等性状正常,而且杂交后代的受精率和孵化率分别可达89.09%和62.59%,证明两种鱼在杂交育种中不存在遗传障碍。
鞍带石斑鱼染色体核型为2n=2sm+6st+40tNF=48[17],蓝身大斑石斑鱼染色体核型是2n=48tNF=48[18],染色体核型不同但数目相同,说明两种石斑鱼具有相似的遗传基础。鞍带石斑鱼和蓝身大斑石斑鱼均是生长快速的大型石斑鱼,杂交后代体现出超母本的生长优势,对云纹石斑鱼(♀)和鞍带石斑鱼(♂)的研究也表明,杂交后代云龙石斑鱼生长快于母本云纹石斑鱼[14],利用20个表形性状和27个微卫星标记对云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交后代云龙石斑鱼的表型和群体遗传性状进行了分析,发现杂交后代与母本的亲缘关系较近[19-20]。鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)的杂交具有积极的生物学意义和生产意义,可以利用冷冻精子进行大量杂交育种。
鱼类整个胚胎发育是从卵黄囊内吸收营养物质的,蛋白质是胚胎发育的主要能源[21]。本研究受精卵中卵黄占97.93%,而油球仅占2.07%,在胚胎发育过程中消耗了29.45%卵黄和20.75%油球,仔鱼孵化后第1天卵黄囊消耗最快,卵黄囊消耗量为卵容积58.70%,此时仔鱼生长迅速,新陈代谢旺盛,因此认为卵黄是仔鱼初次摄食前最重要的营养物质。1日龄后卵黄囊体积继续减小,生长幅度变化不大,身体内各大器官形成加快;仔鱼第三天,油球消耗量最多达卵容积的32.08%;孵化后第四天仔鱼消化道中可见生物饵料,说明仔鱼油球在由内源性营养向外源性营养过渡时提供能量的重要来源。在最初仔鱼孵化后的24 h内源性营养主要用于迅速生长和新陈代谢,以后主要消耗于器官分化和运动,这种消耗形式与其他海水鱼类特点相似[22-26],而且这种先卵黄、后油球的顺序可能是因为在生长期的能量来源是按照蛋白质、脂肪的顺序获得的[21]
石斑鱼在仔稚鱼阶段经历第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的长出和退化、鳞片生长、体色形成等变态期而发育为成鱼。本实验中杂交后代历时35 d完成第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长和退化。变态发育在石斑鱼发育过程中具有生态适应性,是进化过程中祖先获得的遗传特性,完成变态发育总是伴随着栖息环境转化,杂交鱼由营浮游生活转变为营低栖生活,说明变态发育与增强自身与环境的适应性密切相关。此外,变态发育和内源性生理调节有关,在鲆鲽鱼类中,变态期外部形态变化尤为明显。如牙鲆经历了右眼移位、冠状棘消长、体色左右不对称等外部形态变化[27],其中眼睛转移过程中甲状腺素、视黄酸信号起决定性作用[28]。斜带石斑鱼仔鱼变态过程与甲状腺细胞生成和活动密切相关,从变态前期向变态高峰期转变, 甲状腺活动逐渐增强,在变态完成时甲状腺机能下降[29],表明仔鱼的变态与其甲状腺活动有关。
根据石斑鱼仔稚幼鱼变态发育过程中卵黄囊的吸收、口裂的变化以及第二背鳍棘、腹鳍收缩数据的变化,发现仔稚幼鱼早期变态发育与饵料转换有密切关系,据此将石斑鱼的变态发育和培育分为3个敏感期,分别采取相应措施减少死亡率:(1)前期仔鱼时期,由卵黄囊吸收转向外界摄食的关键时期,生长较为缓慢,死亡率很高,主要原因是营养方式之间的转化不适应[19],及先天性畸形不能开口摄食或摄食不足,此期间仔鱼游动能力弱,为第一危险期,应该高密度的投喂藻液和小轮虫。(2)后期仔鱼时期,由于第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的长出,游泳能力进一步加强,在水流中运动时,第二背鳍和腹鳍自然张开呈三角锥形,从而在逆流中保持稳定和平衡,增强摄食、游动和抵御敌害能力,此期主要摄食小卤虫、大卤虫,出现第一次加速生长,此时期由于疾病和营养缺乏等问题是第二危险期,应该强化营养,根据鱼体发育和口裂大小及时转化饵料。(3)稚鱼后期,口裂明显加快增大,生长加快,由于个体之间生长差异率大,互相残食现象相当严重,此时期是第三危险期,应在白天适量加大投喂量和投喂频率,晚上关闭灯光,并定期的用筛网进行分苗。
本文利用蓝身大斑石斑鱼冷冻精子与鞍带石斑鱼的卵子进行杂交,对杂交后代的胚胎发育、变态发育、杂交后代生长性状进行了较全面的研究,发现鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交后代受精率、孵化率高,变态发育正常,杂交后代与母本相比具有较显著的生长优势,为石斑鱼杂交育种提供了丰富的生物学基础。
  • 烟台市重点研发计划(2016JH021);烟台市高端人才引进“双百计划”项目;黄海水产研究所基本科研业务费(20603022019002,20603022018019)。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.007
  • 接收时间:2018-12-14
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-12-14
  • 修回日期:2019-05-13
基金
烟台市重点研发计划(2016JH021);烟台市高端人才引进“双百计划”项目;黄海水产研究所基本科研业务费(20603022019002,20603022018019)。
作者信息
    1 大连海洋大学 水产与生命学院,辽宁 大连 116023
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266071
    3 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 农业农村部海洋渔业可持续发展重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071
    4 上海海洋大学 水产与生命学院,上海 201306
    5 莱州明波水产有限公司,山东 莱州 261400

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*田永胜,研究员,主要从事精子和胚胎冷冻保存、石斑鱼杂交育种和经济鱼类遗传性状解析。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.12.007
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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