Article(id=1246833312338170850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1545321600000, receivedDateStr=2018-12-21, revisedDate=1552406400000, revisedDateStr=2019-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775197826701, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1566662400000, pubDateStr=2019-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775197826701, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775197826701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775197826701, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246833307606995898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775197825576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200503343, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246833312703075312, articleId=1246833312338170850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=A new pathway for carbon transportation of transparent exopolymer particles, columnId=1246833308588463036, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Notes, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Previously, it was a broad consensus that transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) resulted in carbon flux output to the seabed due to its unique aggregation effect. Recently, some studies have shown that TEP could be retained in the water column and even ascend to the surface layer, which profoundly contributed to the elevated TEP concentrations and decreasing of air-sea carbon fluxes in the Surface Micro-layer (SML). The sinking or ascending of these TEP originated aggregates was finally depended on its density. TEP and further aggregated with other micro-particles became the surface-active substances in the SML, produce a thin layer film at the ocean-atmosphere interface, will heavily affect the exchange fluxes of sea-air CO2 and further the global climate changes.

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目前大家普遍认为,透明胞外聚合颗粒物(Transparent Exopolymer Particles,TEP)因其独特的凝聚效应导致碳通量向海底输出。但是,近几年的研究表明TEP不仅影响了碳沉降途径,其本身能够悬浮甚至向海水表层迁移,导致其在海洋微表层(Surface Micro-layer, SML)积累,最终显著影响海洋表层碳通量。TEP和其他颗粒物聚集形成凝聚物后,其运动趋势则由凝聚物中TEP的含量占比,即最终颗粒物密度所决定。一个新的值得注意的现象是,密度低的TEP通过与其他微粒聚合形成表面活性物质(Surface-active Substances, SAS),会在海洋–大气界面形成薄膜,显著影响海–气CO2交换通量,甚至对全球气候变化造成影响。

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孙军(1972—),男,甘肃省华亭县人,教授,从事海洋生态学研究。E-mail:

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透明胞外聚合颗粒物碳输运新途径
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孙军 1, 2 , 郭聪聪 1, 2 , 张桂成 1, 2
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2019,41(8): 125-130
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2019, 41(8): 125-130
透明胞外聚合颗粒物碳输运新途径
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孙军1, 2 , 郭聪聪1, 2, 张桂成1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 天津科技大学 天津市海洋资源与化学重点实验室,天津 300457
  • 2 天津科技大学 印度洋生态系统研究中心,天津 300457
  • 孙军(1972—),男,甘肃省华亭县人,教授,从事海洋生态学研究。E-mail:

A new pathway for carbon transportation of transparent exopolymer particles
Jun Sun1, 2 , Congcong Guo1, 2, Guicheng Zhang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 2 Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
出版时间: 2019-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.012
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目前大家普遍认为,透明胞外聚合颗粒物(Transparent Exopolymer Particles,TEP)因其独特的凝聚效应导致碳通量向海底输出。但是,近几年的研究表明TEP不仅影响了碳沉降途径,其本身能够悬浮甚至向海水表层迁移,导致其在海洋微表层(Surface Micro-layer, SML)积累,最终显著影响海洋表层碳通量。TEP和其他颗粒物聚集形成凝聚物后,其运动趋势则由凝聚物中TEP的含量占比,即最终颗粒物密度所决定。一个新的值得注意的现象是,密度低的TEP通过与其他微粒聚合形成表面活性物质(Surface-active Substances, SAS),会在海洋–大气界面形成薄膜,显著影响海–气CO2交换通量,甚至对全球气候变化造成影响。

透明胞外聚合颗粒物  /  新途径  /  海洋微表层  /  海–气交换  /  海洋碳循环

Previously, it was a broad consensus that transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) resulted in carbon flux output to the seabed due to its unique aggregation effect. Recently, some studies have shown that TEP could be retained in the water column and even ascend to the surface layer, which profoundly contributed to the elevated TEP concentrations and decreasing of air-sea carbon fluxes in the Surface Micro-layer (SML). The sinking or ascending of these TEP originated aggregates was finally depended on its density. TEP and further aggregated with other micro-particles became the surface-active substances in the SML, produce a thin layer film at the ocean-atmosphere interface, will heavily affect the exchange fluxes of sea-air CO2 and further the global climate changes.

transparent exopolymer particles  /  new pathway  /  surface micro-layer  /  air-sea exchange  /  marine carbon cycle
孙军, 郭聪聪, 张桂成. 透明胞外聚合颗粒物碳输运新途径. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (8) : 125 -130 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.012
Jun Sun, Congcong Guo, Guicheng Zhang. A new pathway for carbon transportation of transparent exopolymer particles[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (8) : 125 -130 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.012
透明胞外聚合颗粒物(Transparent Exopolymer Particles,TEP)目前被定义为一种能被阿尔新蓝染色的透明颗粒物,主要组分为酸性多糖,其长度范围大多位于3~100 μm之间[1-2]。因为其含碳量高(平均C:N>20)、浓度高(其浓度与浮游植物相当)、分布广(广泛分布于海水、淡水体系中)、黏性强(表面活性强),自被发现以来,TEP受到越来越多的重视[3-6]。作为海洋生物泵的重要一环,TEP普遍被认为在颗粒物沉降过程中发挥了重要作用[1, 7-9]。最近研究表明,在海洋微表层(Surface Micro-layer,SML)存在显著的TEP富集效应[10-13]。SML能够聚集表面活性物质,为微生物提供了胶状的栖息地环境,在微食物环和碳循环中具有重要的意义[11, 14]。此前,我们已经对海洋中TEP的形成、测定方法及其生态功能进行了详细的描述[15],本文不再赘述。国内关于TEP与海洋碳循环之间的联系和影响仍较少讨论[16-17],本文结合国内外的研究进展,通过概念模型,较为全面地阐述了TEP对碳循环的新途径及其影响机理,旨在抛砖引玉。
Alldredge等[1]于1993年最早提出了TEP在颗粒物聚合过程中的主导作用并阐明了TEP的向下输运途径,随后越来越多的研究结论与这一经典途径产生了矛盾。例如,颗粒有机碳(Particle Organic Carbon,POC)沉降通量远低于溶解有机碳(Dissolved Organic Carbon,DOC)转化为POC的通量[18-19];大颗粒海雪能够在表层海水维持数天时间,甚至能够上浮,并在海洋表层形成富含有机物的薄膜[10];500 m水深处的沉积物捕集器中只发现了很少部分的TEP[19];水华POC生产与POC沉降出现时空滞后[20-22]等,这些现象表明TEP不只有单一的碳沉降转移途径。
Wurl等[11-12]在研究区域的海面发现大面积的光滑薄膜层,并对光滑层中的TEP含量与次表层水进行了对比,发现其TEP含量显著高于下层水体。大量的表面活性物质(Surface-active Substances,SAS)通过与碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂质的重排和凝结,在海洋–大气界面处形成一层薄膜[13],称之为海洋微表层,其位置处于海洋上表层50~100 μm处。SML能够聚集SAS,具有胶状的性质,从而改变海洋表层的物理化学性质和浮游生物栖息环境[14]。作为一种保护有害辐射的机制,SML的细菌在强烈紫外光照射下会产生大量的TEP及前体物质[11],并且表层水体富含的TEP会在风力和波浪的作用下,通过气泡吸附作用不断向微表层积累。因此SML具有很高的TEP生产速率和含量,从而为微生物提供了胶状的栖息地环境。尤其在层化明显、水柱结构稳定条件下,可利用的营养盐减少,浮游植物释放出更多胞外多糖,同时细菌的降解作用受抑制[23-25],最终导致了高分子溶解有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)和TEP在表层大量积累,并显著减少了POC沉降通量,增加了其在海洋上表层的停留时间,对垂直碳通量构成显著影响。
TEP在SML富集取决于很多因素,包括POC浓度、气泡破裂速率、紫外辐射和微生物活动等,此外,SML持续的压缩和扩张有助于高分子量物质的聚集和凝结,从而增加了碰撞概率,促进了TEP的产生[26]
结合TEP的经典聚合沉降理论与最新的微表层富集理论,我们绘制出了较为全面的TEP输运概念模型(图1)。基于此概念模型,可以对TEP的循环途径进行较为全面地阐述。TEP由阳离子键结合产生的多糖长链,即TEP前体所组成[2],前体物质的来源主要包括胞外分泌、浮游动物摄食和病毒裂解(图1A图1B)。研究发现在低初级生产力水域也有较高的TEP浓度,说明DOM通过非生物聚合也是TEP的重要来源。微生物降解是这些DOM的一个来源,从而这些DOM通过物理过程进一步形成TEP[11]。此外,TEP可以被异养微生物摄食和降解,为TEP前体物质提供来源(图1D)。TEP的密度比海水小(TEP密度700~840 kg/m3;海水密度1 020~1 030 kg/m3[28],因此新产生的TEP具有上浮的趋势(图1G)。同时海水表层波浪运动的持续压缩和扩张有利于有机物之间相互碰撞,气泡上浮过程中促进了SAS(包括TEP前体)的聚合[29]图1E),促进了TEP的产生和增长[11],从而造成TEP在海洋微表层富集的现象。由于在SML的光降解速率快,细菌利用率高[30],进入SML的TEP很容易被降解(图1L图1M)或直接通过气溶胶化过程或向下混合进入深层水体而损失[11-12]图1F)。与此同时,空气尘埃、蛋白石、碳酸钙等密实的矿物质产生压载效应[31],抵消了TEP的浮力,二者相互结合形成密度、粒径不均一的聚合物。矿物质组分使聚合物密度增加,粒径减少;TEP组分使聚合物密度减少,粒径增加。因此,不同组分的聚合物其运动趋势也会有所不同[28]图1H图1I),所以了解TEP和矿物质对于沉降速率的综合影响至关重要。聚合物中的TEP含量高,其密度小,上升通量增加(图1H);TEP被生物矿化和光化学降解,聚合物密度增加,沉降过程成为主导(图1I)。此外,海水黏度的变化也会影响聚合物的垂直运动趋势。SML海水黏度高于次表层水[12]。密度较轻的TEP沉降的前提之一,是有足够高密度的颗粒物与之结合以克服浮力。(图1C图1I)。
研究表明中层水域(200~1 000 m)海水的密度比表层更大,这会导致聚合物沉降速率降低,但同时聚合物的有机组分矿化速率会加快,从而更有利于聚合物的沉降[27]。并且实验结果表明,随着降解时间的延长,TEP的黏性在降低[32]。到达底部富营养水体后,细菌活动频繁,矿化作用加剧,聚合物中TEP的含量进一步减少,导致沉降速率加快[33]。同时细菌分泌的胞外多糖也会产生TEP,并替代聚合物中原有的部分TEP[27]图1K)。随着沉降速率的加快,聚合物与小颗粒物碰撞的几率会增加,碰撞后部分小颗粒物附着到聚合物表面,使其密度进一步增加,从而沉降速率会进一步加快[27]。整个循环过程中,摄食和病毒裂解作用会使部分TEP再循环为溶解多糖(前体物质),并不断通过聚集产生新的TEP(图1D图1J)。总体而言,随着TEP组分的不断矿化、再循环,聚合物靠近底部后的沉降趋势会更加明显,并最终向海洋底层沉降(图1I,图1K)。但并非越接近海底,沉降速率越快[34],因为底部海水的密度也会急剧增加,同时底栖微生物的扰动等过程也会对POC的沉降产生阻碍作用。
TEP对于有机碳沉降具有双重作用。原因在于TEP的两个主要特性—黏度和密度,对有机碳通量有不同的影响。Jokulsdottir[35]的模型预测结果表明低浓度TEP条件下,沉降至海底的有机碳通量随TEP浓度的增加而增加;中浓度TEP条件下,有机碳通量保持相对恒定,受TEP浓度变化影响较小;高浓度TEP条件,有机碳通量则随TEP增加而急速减少。即TEP浓度低时,有机碳通量受限于黏度;TEP浓度高时,受限于浮力;浓度位于两者之间时,沉降速率的减少和呼吸速率的增加之间相互补偿,导致了有机碳通量的相对恒定。目前,全球海域处于低TEP浓度时期,即受限于黏性,因此,TEP生产增加,以及CO2浓度的升高都有助于海洋生物泵效率的提升[36-37],并对海洋碳循环产生积极影响。
TEP对海洋碳循环的影响主要通过测定TEP沉降速率以及沉降后折算成的碳通量进行量化。目前测定TEP沉降速率主要采用沉降柱法(SETCOL)[38],理论计算基于斯托克斯公式(Stokes’ Law)[39]。我们研究发现实验测量值远低于理论计算值(相差1~3个数量级),原因主要是TEP的形态和粒径受环境影响变化差异很大,理论公式很难充分考虑TEP实际沉降过程中的形态变化,而实际测量值在静止状态下得到,无法充分考虑实际环境的变化(如层化和混合、湍流等)所产生的影响。目前的模型公式认为颗粒物在沉降过程中,重力与拖曳力平衡,即
$\frac{1}{2}{\rho _{\rm sw}} \cdot {A} \cdot {u^2} \cdot {f}\left( {Re} \right) = \left( {{\rho _{\rm a}} - {\rho _{\rm sw}}} \right) \cdot {V} \cdot {g},$
式中, ${\rho _{\rm sw}}$ 是海水密度, ${\rho _{\rm a}}$ 是颗粒物密度,A是颗粒物垂直于沉降方向的横截面积,V是颗粒物体积,u是沉降速率,g是重力加速度, $f\left( {Re} \right)$ 是关于雷诺数的函数[40],低雷诺数条件下 $f\left( {Re} \right) = \displaystyle\frac{{24}}{{Re}}$ ,进而求得颗粒物沉降速率。重力由聚合物的粒径和密度所决定,而拖曳力在湍流和层流两种不同的条件下会产生变化[41-43],通过探讨湍流状态下拖曳力的变化,可以表征湍流对颗粒物沉降过程的影响。但该模型最初提出是用于研究海雪(粒径>0.5 mm)的沉降特性,而TEP的粒径在数十到数百微米之间[1],很可能已经超出了该模型的适用范围;且由TEP凝聚而成的聚合物孔隙度接近99%[35],因此沉降过程中很容易发生形态和粒径变化,尤其是在湍流状态下,而理论模型中的颗粒物粒径为常数,得出的结果很容易被高估;加之TEP聚合物与海水密度接近,实际运动也会在湍流和上下混合的影响下发生偏移、旋转甚至往返,因此实测值往往会显著低于理论值。目前的挑战在于如何建立现场实测TEP聚合物沉降速率的方法,或者建立更适用的数学模型并结合目前的实测方法进行优化和比较。此外,随着TEP向上输运途径的发现,部分海区在上表层测得明显的TEP上浮速率[28, 44],表明TEP对海洋碳循环的影响在不同时空变化上具有明显差异性。
SAS同时具有亲水基团和疏水基团[45],会在水相界面(海洋–大气界面)大量积累,从而改变海洋表层的物理化学性质。例如TEP可以直接或间接(与疏水分子结合)形成海洋表面的SAS[12],并对浮游植物水华造成影响[46-47]。SAS积累形成的薄膜会显著影响海洋与大气的物质能量交换,影响光衰减和紫外辐射[11],进而影响生物地球化学循环[47-48]。有研究报道在大洋上层收集到了多糖组分的气溶胶[49],表明SML有机组分会影响海–气界面的气溶胶组分,进而可以推测出SML会对全球气溶胶的产生及性质造成影响。另外,研究结果还表明初级生产力产生的SAS会导致受影响水域的年际CO2通量减少一半左右,从而使全球海洋系统对CO2的净吸收量减少[50];同时研究发现CO2的交换通量取决于水柱上层2 cm水域中总有机碳的浓度[51],而TEP对海洋表层的总有机碳有显著影响,这进一步表明TEP与海–气CO2交换之间存在密切联系(图1N)。
通过本文建立的概念模型,可以对TEP与颗粒有机碳的循环过程有更为全面的认识,包括海洋微表层积累、TEP对气溶胶的产生所起到的作用并进一步影响云凝结核、TEP对海洋碳循环贡献值的量化等方面。在海洋学领域,TEP对海洋碳循环的影响机制也日趋完善,同时受限于定量化技术的缺陷,不同时间尺度和空间尺度下TEP的丰度及其对碳汇的具体贡献途径及量值仍待商榷。TEP的组成及其对生物地球化学过程的影响也将成为未来研究的重点方向,更多物理海洋学参数的获取和模型的建立,可以帮助我们更好地理解这一过程。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41876134,41676112,41276124);天津市“131”创新群体项目(20180314);天津市高等学校创新团队培养计划(TD12-5003);长江学者奖励计划(T2014253)。
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2019年第41卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.012
  • 接收时间:2018-12-21
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-12-21
  • 修回日期:2019-03-13
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国家自然科学基金(41876134,41676112,41276124);天津市“131”创新群体项目(20180314);天津市高等学校创新团队培养计划(TD12-5003);长江学者奖励计划(T2014253)。
作者信息
    1 天津科技大学 天津市海洋资源与化学重点实验室,天津 300457
    2 天津科技大学 印度洋生态系统研究中心,天津 300457
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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