Article(id=1246833310954050522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1528041600000, receivedDateStr=2018-06-04, revisedDate=1531756800000, revisedDateStr=2018-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775197826374, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1566662400000, pubDateStr=2019-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775197826374, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775197826374, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775197826374, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246833307606995898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775197825576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200503343, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246833313189613572, articleId=1246833310954050522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Establishment of forecasting model of the abundance index for chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the northwest Pacific Ocean based on GAM, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is one of the important fishery resources in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Building a scientific forecast model of abundance index to this species is beneficial for its exploitation and utilization. In this study, based on the biomass data of the Pacific-cohort of Scomber japonicus during 1987–2012 obtained from Japan Fisheries Institution, as well as the marine environmental data and climatic data of spawning ground and fishing ground, we analyzed the relationship between the environmental and climatic factors and the biomass of this cohort. The significant factors were selected and the forecast models were established by using the generalized addictive models (GAM). The result shows the significant factors affecting the biomass of this cohort conclude the Arctic Oscillation index (AOI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDOI) and sea surface height (SSH2), sea surface salinity (SSS2) and sea surface temperature (SST2) both in the fishing ground. Result based on Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) suggests that the model 1 which included AOI, SSH2 and SST2 has the optimal model impacts. The model 1 passes the significant test (P<0.05) and the t test (P<0.05) is also passed based the validation result of model 1. Therefore, we suggest that this model can be used to forecast the abundance of the Pacific-cohort of Scomber japonicus.

, correspAuthors=Xinjun Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shengnan Wu, Xinjun Chen, Zhu'nan Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246833314535985236, articleId=1246833310954050522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于GAM的西北太平洋日本鲭资源丰度预测模型建立, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)是西北太平洋重要的鱼类资源之一,科学预测日本鲭的资源丰度有利于其资源的合理开发和利用。本研究依据日本渔业机构提供的1987–2012年日本鲭太平洋群体的资源量数据,结合产卵场和渔场的海洋环境数据以及气候因子,使用广义加性模型对影响日本鲭太平洋群体的海洋环境和气候因子进行分析,筛选出有显著影响的因子并建立该群体的资源量预测模型。结果表明,与该群体资源量有显著关系的影响因子有:北极涛动指数、太平洋年代际振荡指数、渔场海表面高度、渔场海表面盐度和渔场海表面温度。基于赤池信息准则筛选出的4个资源量预测模型分析表明,包含北极涛动指数、渔场海表面高度和渔场海表面温度的模型有较好的预测效果,该模型的验证结果也通过了t检验(P<0.05),可用于日本鲭太平洋群体资源量的预测。

, correspAuthors=陈新军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈新军(1967—),教授,研究方向为渔业资源。E-mail:
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武胜男(1994—),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事渔业资源研究。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=气候因子), Keyword(id=1254506140369354857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=GAM模型)], refs=[Reference(id=1254506147818438811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李建生, 胡芬, 严利平, 等. 东海中部日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)产卵群体繁殖力特征[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2014, 35(6): 10−15., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1254506147998793887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, 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ArticleFig(id=1254506143452168314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test of GAM between the environmental or climatic factors and the biomass during 1987–1999

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因子 P R 2
AOI 0.05* 0.24
NI 0.18 0.24
PDOI 2.64×10–5* 0.76
SOI 0.15 0.27
产卵场SSH(SSH1)/cm 0.30 0.17
渔场SSH(SSH2)/cm 0.03* 0.68
产卵场SSS(SSS1) 0.09 0.16
渔场SSS(SSS2) 3.00×10–3* 0.96
产卵场SST(SST1)/℃ 0.10 0.16
渔场SST (SST2)/℃ 1.00×10–3* 0.86
黑潮潮差/m 0.60 0.06
亲潮春季平均面积/m2 0.28 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1254506143624134781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1987-1999年各环境因子和气候因子与日本鲭资源量的GAM检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因子 P R 2
AOI 0.05* 0.24
NI 0.18 0.24
PDOI 2.64×10–5* 0.76
SOI 0.15 0.27
产卵场SSH(SSH1)/cm 0.30 0.17
渔场SSH(SSH2)/cm 0.03* 0.68
产卵场SSS(SSS1) 0.09 0.16
渔场SSS(SSS2) 3.00×10–3* 0.96
产卵场SST(SST1)/℃ 0.10 0.16
渔场SST (SST2)/℃ 1.00×10–3* 0.86
黑潮潮差/m 0.60 0.06
亲潮春季平均面积/m2 0.28 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1254506143955484801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Regression analysis of significant factors during 1987-1999

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因子 P R 2
AOI,PDOI 0.07 0.28
AOI,SSH2 0.49 0.04
AOI,SST2 0.14 0.19
AOI,SSS2 0.42 0.06
PDOI,SSH2 4.37×10–3* 0.54
PDOI,SST2 7.37×10–4* 0.66
PSO,SSS2 0.73 0.01
SSH2,SST2 0.06 0.28
SSH2,SSS2 0.49 0.04
SST2,SSS2 0.93 7.08×10–4
), ArticleFig(id=1254506144349749381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1987-1999年各关键影响因子之间的回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因子 P R 2
AOI,PDOI 0.07 0.28
AOI,SSH2 0.49 0.04
AOI,SST2 0.14 0.19
AOI,SSS2 0.42 0.06
PDOI,SSH2 4.37×10–3* 0.54
PDOI,SST2 7.37×10–4* 0.66
PSO,SSS2 0.73 0.01
SSH2,SST2 0.06 0.28
SSH2,SSS2 0.49 0.04
SST2,SSS2 0.93 7.08×10–4
), ArticleFig(id=1254506144475578505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Forecasting models of biomass based on environmental and climatic factors during 1987–1999

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模型 AIC P值 (P<0.05) 调整后的R 2
模型1 –90.892 55 2.80×10–5* 1.000
模型2 –79.380 89 4.41×10–3* 0.999
模型3 –47.796 14 6.22×10–9* 0.995
模型4 –24.670 12 9.97×10–8* 0.970
), ArticleFig(id=1254506144647544972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1987-1999年基于环境因子和气候因子的资源量预测模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 AIC P值 (P<0.05) 调整后的R 2
模型1 –90.892 55 2.80×10–5* 1.000
模型2 –79.380 89 4.41×10–3* 0.999
模型3 –47.796 14 6.22×10–9* 0.995
模型4 –24.670 12 9.97×10–8* 0.970
), ArticleFig(id=1254506144848871564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

t test between the predicted ln(Biomass) and the actual ln(Biomass) during 2000–2012

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 t 自由度 P值 (P<0.05)
模型1 2.97 18.33 8.08×10–3*
模型2 4.27 23.88 2.66×10–4*
模型3 1.63 20.90 0.12
模型4 1.01 20.73 0.33
), ArticleFig(id=1254506146606284944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310954050522, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2000-2012年资源量的预测值和真实值之间的t检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 t 自由度 P值 (P<0.05)
模型1 2.97 18.33 8.08×10–3*
模型2 4.27 23.88 2.66×10–4*
模型3 1.63 20.90 0.12
模型4 1.01 20.73 0.33
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基于GAM的西北太平洋日本鲭资源丰度预测模型建立
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武胜男 1, 2 , 陈新军 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 刘祝楠 1
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019,41(8): 36-42
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019, 41(8): 36-42
基于GAM的西北太平洋日本鲭资源丰度预测模型建立
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武胜男1, 2 , 陈新军1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 刘祝楠1
作者信息
  • 1 上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
  • 2 农业农村部大洋渔业开发重点实验室,上海 201306
  • 3 上海海洋大学 国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心,上海 201306
  • 4 大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室,上海 201306
  • 5 农业农村部大洋渔业资源环境科学观测实验站,上海 201306
  • 武胜男(1994—),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事渔业资源研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈新军(1967—),教授,研究方向为渔业资源。E-mail:
Establishment of forecasting model of the abundance index for chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the northwest Pacific Ocean based on GAM
Shengnan Wu1, 2 , Xinjun Chen1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , Zhu'nan Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Oceanic Fisheries Exploration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 3 National Engineering Research Center for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 5 Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Oceanic Fishery Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2019-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.004
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日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)是西北太平洋重要的鱼类资源之一,科学预测日本鲭的资源丰度有利于其资源的合理开发和利用。本研究依据日本渔业机构提供的1987–2012年日本鲭太平洋群体的资源量数据,结合产卵场和渔场的海洋环境数据以及气候因子,使用广义加性模型对影响日本鲭太平洋群体的海洋环境和气候因子进行分析,筛选出有显著影响的因子并建立该群体的资源量预测模型。结果表明,与该群体资源量有显著关系的影响因子有:北极涛动指数、太平洋年代际振荡指数、渔场海表面高度、渔场海表面盐度和渔场海表面温度。基于赤池信息准则筛选出的4个资源量预测模型分析表明,包含北极涛动指数、渔场海表面高度和渔场海表面温度的模型有较好的预测效果,该模型的验证结果也通过了t检验(P<0.05),可用于日本鲭太平洋群体资源量的预测。

日本鲭  /  太平洋群体  /  环境因子  /  气候因子  /  GAM模型

Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is one of the important fishery resources in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Building a scientific forecast model of abundance index to this species is beneficial for its exploitation and utilization. In this study, based on the biomass data of the Pacific-cohort of Scomber japonicus during 1987–2012 obtained from Japan Fisheries Institution, as well as the marine environmental data and climatic data of spawning ground and fishing ground, we analyzed the relationship between the environmental and climatic factors and the biomass of this cohort. The significant factors were selected and the forecast models were established by using the generalized addictive models (GAM). The result shows the significant factors affecting the biomass of this cohort conclude the Arctic Oscillation index (AOI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDOI) and sea surface height (SSH2), sea surface salinity (SSS2) and sea surface temperature (SST2) both in the fishing ground. Result based on Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) suggests that the model 1 which included AOI, SSH2 and SST2 has the optimal model impacts. The model 1 passes the significant test (P<0.05) and the t test (P<0.05) is also passed based the validation result of model 1. Therefore, we suggest that this model can be used to forecast the abundance of the Pacific-cohort of Scomber japonicus.

chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus)  /  the Pacific-cohort  /  environmental factors  /  climatic factors  /  GAM models
武胜男, 陈新军, 刘祝楠. 基于GAM的西北太平洋日本鲭资源丰度预测模型建立. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (8) : 36 -42 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.004
Shengnan Wu, Xinjun Chen, Zhu'nan Liu. Establishment of forecasting model of the abundance index for chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the northwest Pacific Ocean based on GAM[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (8) : 36 -42 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.004
日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)属于暖水性中上层鱼类,属于鲈形目,鲭科,鲐属[1],广泛分布于西北太平洋沿岸海域,我国沿岸、朝鲜及日本海域[2]。中日学者对日本鲭的群体划分存在很多争议,日本学者将其分为对马暖流群体和太平洋群体[2],目前我国进行商业性开发的对象是对马暖流群体[3],也有部分学者将东海、黄海的日本鲭划分为东海西部群体[4]。目前国内外学者对其渔业生物学[5]、海洋环境和气候与资源丰度的关系[6-11]和资源评估[12]等方面进行了广泛的研究。相关研究表明,海表面水温(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)[6]、海表面高度(Sea Surface Height, SSH)[7]、海表面盐度(Sea Surface Salinity, SSS)[8]、海流[9]以及气候相关指标[10-11]等均对日本鲭的资源丰度产生一定的影响。
广义加性模型(Generalized Addictive Models, GAM)是多元线性回归的扩展,是广义线性模型(Generalized Linear Models, GLM)的非参数化修改模式,其优点是能直接处理响应变量与多个解释变量的非线性关系[13]。GAM模型灵活性强,更注重探测数据间的复杂关系,目前已经应用到许多学科领域中[14-15],在渔业领域中应用广泛。因此,本研究利用日本水产厅提供的日本鲭太平洋群体资源评估报告的资源量数据、美国NOAA气候预报中心提供的气候数据以及亚洲-太平洋数据研究中心提供的产卵场和渔场的海洋环境数据,对该群体的影响因子与资源量之间的关系进行GAM分析,找出关键影响因子,建立资源丰度预测模型,筛选出最优模型为日本鲭太平洋群体资源的合理利用提供科学依据。
(1)资源丰度的指标为资源量,单位为kt,来源于日本渔业机构提供的2015年日本鲭太平洋群体年度资源评估报告(http://abchan.fra.go.jp/digests27/index.html),生产捕捞范围主要为日本太平洋南部沿岸至千岛列岛海域[2]图1),数据时间包括了1987-2012年,时间分辨率为年。
(2)环境数据包括产卵场和渔场的SST、SSS、SSH、黑潮潮差和亲潮春季的平均面积。产卵场的时间范围为每年1-6月,数据范围覆盖27°~35°N,130°~140°E;渔场的时间范围为每年的7-12月,数据范围覆盖35°~45°N,140°~160°E(图1[16],空间分辨率均为1°×1°,其中SST、SSS和SSH数据来源于亚洲–太平洋数据研究中心(http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/data/data.php),黑潮潮差和亲潮春季平均面积数据来源于日本气象厅(http://www.data.jma.go.jp/kaiyou/data/),数据时间包括了1987-2012年的12个月,时间分辨率为月。
(3)气候数据包括北极涛动指数(the Arctic Oscillation Index, AOI)、太平洋年代际振荡指数(Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index, PDOI)、厄尔尼诺指数(El Niño Index, NI)以及南方涛动指数(Southern Oscillation Index, SOI),其中,SOI用海表面压力异常值来表示,AOI来源于美国NOAA气候预报中心网站(http://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/);PDOI的高低表征太平洋年代际振荡的变化情况[17],来源于美国华盛顿大学数据库(http://research.jisao.washington.edu/pdo/PDO.latest);NI用El Niño 3.4区的海表温度距平值(Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly, SSTA)来表示,NI的高低表征厄尔尼诺现象的有无[18],数据来源于美国NOAA气候预报中心网站(http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml),数据时间包括了1987-2012年的12个月,时间分辨率为月。
(1)数据预处理。将获得的产卵场和渔场的SST、SSS和SSH按月进行平均,得到各月产卵场和渔场SST、SSS和SSH的平均值。
(2)关键影响因子的选择。本研究中,利用R 3.5.0软件[19]以1987-1999年的资源量作为非独立变量,AOI、NI、PDOI、SOI、黑潮潮差、亲潮春季平均面积以及产卵场和渔场的SST、SSS和SSH作为解释变量建立GAM模型,分析日本鲭太平洋群体资源量与各环境因子和气候因子间的关系,筛选出对资源量具有显著影响的因子,作为关键影响因子。
GAM模型表达式为[20]
${\rm{Biomass}} = {{s}}({\rm{factor}}) + \varepsilon \text{,}$
式中,Biomass表示日本鲭太平洋群体的年资源量,单位为kt;s表示平滑函数;factor表示各影响因子;ε表示误差项。
(3)关键影响因子之间的相关性分析。筛选出对资源量具有显著影响的因子两两进行回归分析,判断因子间是否存在共线性,当两因子显著相关时,即两因子间存在共线性,建模时只选择其中一个因子,排除了因子间的相互作用对模型的影响。
(4)预测模型的建立和有效性分析。利用R 3.5.0软件[19]将1987-1999年筛选出有显著影响的因子分别组合,建立不同的GAM资源量预测模型,组合过程中具有共线性的两因子不同时存在于同一模型中,计算方法如下:
$\begin{split}\ln({\rm{Biomass}}) =& {{s}}({\rm{factor}}\;1) + {{s}}({\rm{factor}}\;2) + \cdots + \\& {{s}}({\rm{factor}}\;{{n}}) + \varepsilon (n = 1,2,3 \cdots )\text{,}\end{split}$
式中,采用自然对数转换方法对Biomass进行转化。
赤池信息准则(Akaike’s Information Criterion, AIC),是由Akaike[21]提出的,即当从一组模型中选出一个最佳模型时,AIC值越小,则模型拟合的越好[22],AIC值的计算如下式[22]
${\rm{AIC}} = 2{{k}} - 2\ln (L)\text{,}$
式中,k表示模型独立参数个数;L表示模型的极大似然函数。
排除有显著影响的因子之间存在共线性的情况,再依据AIC准则,AIC值由小到大依次筛选出4个预测模型,作为日本鲭太平洋群体资源量预测的最优模型。通过模型的有效性分析进一步检验因子的重要性,模型的有效性分析包括模型的显著性和调整后的相关系数。
(5)模型的验证和t检验。根据已筛选出的4个模型对2000-2012年日本鲭太平洋群体的资源量进行预测和验证,分析不同环境和气候条件下日本鲭太平洋群体资源量的变化,据此推断海洋环境和气候变化对日本鲭资源量产生的潜在影响。
利用GAM模型检验各气候和环境因子与日本鲭太平洋群体年资源量的显著性(表1),从而获得统计学上有意义的影响因子。由表1可见,AOI、PDOI、渔场SSH(SSH2)、渔场SSS(SSS2)和渔场SST(SST2)与资源量在P<0.05水平上均显著相关。其中,PDOI、SSS2和SST2的P值均小于0.01,即PDOI、SSS2和SST2与资源量呈极显著相关关系。因此,本研究中的AOI、PDOI、SSH2、SSS2和SST2对日本鲭太平洋群体资源量均有显著影响,可作为关键影响因子用于预测模型的建立。
对已筛选出的关键影响因子两两进行回归分析(表2),结果表明,PDOI分别与SSH2和SST2在P<0.05水平上呈极显著相关关系,即PDOI和SSH2、PDOI和SST2存在共线性,建模时排除因子间的相互作用对模型的影响,两组共线性因子不同时存在于同一模型中。
考虑到多因子的不同组合方式(模型因子数 ≥2),并排除有显著影响的因子之间存在共线性的情况,利用1987–1999年的日本鲭太平洋群体资源量数据和关键影响因子数据分别建立不同的GAM模型,再依据AIC准则,AIC值由小到大依次筛选出4个预测模型(表3),即
模型1:ln(Biomass)=s(AOI)+s(SSH2)+s(SST2)+ε;
模型2:ln(Biomass)=s(AOI)+s(SSH2)+s(SSS2)+s(SST2)+ε;
模型3:ln(Biomass)=s(SSH2)+s(SSS2)+s(SST2)+ε;
模型4:ln(Biomass)=s(AOI)+s(PDOI)+ε.
模型的有效性分析表明(表2),4个模型在P<0.05水平上均达到显著性,调整后复决定系数(调整R 2)均大于90%,其中模型1的调整R 2达到了100%。从模型有效性分析的不同指标来看,即考虑到AIC准则、各模型的显著性以及调整后复决定系数(调整R 2),模型1的精度最高,拟合效果最好。
根据已筛选出的4个模型对2000–2012年日本鲭太平洋群体的资源量进行预测(图2),并对该群体的预测值和真实值之间进行了t检验(表4)。由t检验结果得知,模型1和模型2、在P<0.05水平上均达到显著性,表明这2个模型拟合的结果较好。因此结合AIC准则,并从模型的验证结果来看,模型1具有最小的AIC值,其预测结果也通过了t检验,可作为最适的日本鲭太平洋群体资源量预测模型。
本研究利用产卵场和渔场的环境因子和气候因子作为指标,基于GAM模型对日本鲭太平洋群体的资源量进行了预测。GAM模型结果表明,包含AOI、SSH2和SST2的模型1有着较好的预测效果。模型的有效性分析和验证结果表明,模型 3和模型4在P<0.05水平上均达到显著性,但模型3在2005-2007年间和模型4在2009-2011年间的预测结果与真实值之间还是存在着较大差异,不能准确地反映出当年资源量的变化趋势,这可能是由于捕捞压力的不确定性导致的。李纲等[12]研究表明,捕捞努力量和捕捞压力对鱼类资源产生重要的影响,日本中央水产研究所[2]分析了日本鲭太平洋群体的资源量变动情况。1987年以后由于捕捞压力的增大以及补充量的减少,资源快速衰退,2000年以后由于捕捞压力降低,补充量增加,资源量得到了恢复。因此,由于捕捞压力的不确定性,预测模型的预测值可能会与真实值有一定的差异,今后可以结合当年的捕捞压力进行进一步的研究。
因子间的相互作用可能会对模型产生影响,例如SSS受到SST的影响会发生变化[23],亲潮、黑潮的冷暖水团也会对日本鲭产卵场和渔场的水温产生影响[24-25]等,本研究为了排除这种相互作用,对关键影响因子两两进行了回归分析,避免了具有共线性关系的因子叠加作用于模型。此外,以P值为关键影响因子对资源量影响程度的指标,影响程度由大到小依次为PDOI、SST2、SSS2、SSH2和AOI(表1)。根据AIC准则和t检验结果,模型1和模型2有着最小的AIC值并且通过了t检验,有着较好的预测效果。分析发现,模型1和模型2均包含SSH2和SST2,表明这两个因子对模型的优劣程度影响较大。通过预测模型比较得到的因子的重要性与GAM检验的结果存在着差异,本研究认为影响因子和资源量之间的GAM检验结果可能更为可信,它得到的是单因子与资源量的关联程度,各因子的显著性可以反映其对总资源量的影响程度(表1),而模型则反映了因子之间的综合影响。
环境因子的选择上,由GAM检验结果可知(表1):渔场平均SSS和SST的显著性(P值)均低于0.01(P<0.05),对资源量的影响最大。SST是影响日本鲭资源量变动的关键因子[12, 26],王从军等[27]利用GAM模型验证了SST是对黄海日本鲭资源丰度指数影响最大的环境因子;Yatsu等[28]研究发现SST对日本鲭资源补充量产生一定影响,进而影响总资源量;蒋玫和王云龙[23]采用逐步回归法,发现水温和盐度是日本鲭仔鱼分布的主要影响因子。这些都表明,SSS和SST对日本鲭的资源丰度产生重要影响。李纲和陈新军[7]发现日本鲭的中心渔场出现在SSH极大值和极小值交汇的、并靠近极大值一侧的海域,即冷水团和暖水团交汇且靠近暖水团一侧海域,这表明SSH也是日本鲭资源丰度的重要影响因子,与本研究的结果相一致。此外,有研究发现[29-30],黑潮、亲潮的变动对日本鲭资源密切相关,然而本研究中选取的黑潮潮差和亲潮春季的平均面积没有具体的经纬度范围,可能与日本鲭太平洋群体产卵场和渔场范围不能达到完全匹配,弱化了黑潮和亲潮对该群体资源量的影响,因此今后的研究应加强这方面的工作。
气候因子的选择上,有研究表明[28],PDOI与SOI相关的变量以及北极涛动现象均对日本鲭的补充量和生产力及其资源丰度产生重要影响;Caramantin-Soriano等[31]研究发现,厄尔尼诺事件对秘鲁沿海日本鲭的分布和生殖行为产生影响。本研究中,根据GAM检验结果发现太平洋年代际振荡和北极涛动比厄尔尼诺和南方涛动现象更为重要,这可能是由于前两者属于年代际的变化,与厄尔尼诺和南方涛动现象相比持续时间更长,因此可能对日本鲭太平洋群体各年龄的总资源量造成影响。
本研究表明,GAM模型灵活性强,每一个加性项使用单个光滑函数来估计,能够更好地解释自变量和因变量之间的非单调、非线性关系[20]。这对于渔业资源的研究很有意义,因为很多因子对资源量的影响往往是复杂的、非线性的,GAM模型非参数拟合就能较好的解决这个问题。但GAM模型每个解释变量的关系均采用非参数拟合会产生计算量大、过度拟合等现象[20],因此在今后的研究中,还需要对模型进一步检验和筛选,据此推断出海洋环境和气候变化对日本鲭资源量产生的潜在影响。
综上所述,气候因子和渔场的环境因子共同对日本鲭太平洋群体的资源量产生了影响。在今后的研究分析中,还应结合其他环境因子和气候指标以及考虑到捕捞压力的影响,提高资源量数据的准确性和数据间的空间匹配度,建立多种模型比较分析,为更精确地预报日本鲭资源量提供理论依据。
  • 海洋局公益性行业专项(20155014);上海市科技创新计划(15DZ1202200)。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.004
  • 接收时间:2018-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-06-04
  • 修回日期:2018-07-17
基金
海洋局公益性行业专项(20155014);上海市科技创新计划(15DZ1202200)。
作者信息
    1 上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
    2 农业农村部大洋渔业开发重点实验室,上海 201306
    3 上海海洋大学 国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心,上海 201306
    4 大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室,上海 201306
    5 农业农村部大洋渔业资源环境科学观测实验站,上海 201306

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*陈新军(1967—),教授,研究方向为渔业资源。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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