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In order to study the distribution of gas hydrate stable zones (GHSZ) in the Huaguang Sag of Qiongdongnan Basin, the important factors affecting GHSZ's thickness are quantitatively studied, including hydrostatic pressure, bottom water temperature, geothermal gradient and gas source composition. Then, it analyzes that the thickness distribution of the present methane GHSZ in Huaguang Sag. Finally, based on the historical evolution process of above various factors, the evolution of gas hydrate stabilization zone since 1.05 Ma BP in this area is preliminarily discussed. The results show that: (1) the gas source composition and seabed temperature have a great influence on the GHSZ in the study area, and the thickness of GHSZ has a good linear negative correlation with seabed temperature; (2) the temperature and pressure conditions for gas hydrate formation are available in the Huaguang Sag of Qiongdongnan Basin, where water depth is more than 600 m, the thickness of the hydrate stability zone is more than 100 m; the thickest GHSZ is located in the northwest of the study area, with a maximum thickness of more than 300 m; it is a favorable hydrate exploration area; (3) the methane GHSZ has gone through stable stage, relatively quick incrassation, gently changing stage, and quickly attenuating and recovery stage since 1.05 Ma BP. There is a good superposition relationship between the pockmark group and the sensitive area of GHSZ. Combined with previous research results, it is concluded that their formation is related to the decomposition and release of natural gas hydrate.

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为了探讨琼东南盆地华光凹陷海底天然气水合物稳定带的分布规律,定量研究了静水压力、底水温度、地温梯度和气源组分对水合物稳定带的影响程度。在此基础上,分析了华光凹陷现今甲烷水合物稳定带的厚度分布。最后,综合各因素的历史演化过程,初步探讨了华光凹陷1.05 Ma BP以来天然气水合物稳定带的演化。结果表明:(1)气源组分和海底温度的变化对研究区内水合物稳定带的影响较大;水合物稳定带厚度与海底温度呈良好的线性负相关性。(2)水深超过600 m的海域具备形成天然气水合物的温压条件;超过600 m水深的海域水合物稳定带厚度大部分超过 100 m,其中西北部稳定带的最大厚度超过300 m,是有利的水合物勘探区。(3)华光凹陷1.05 Ma BP以来天然气水合物稳定带厚度经历了快速增厚–窄幅变化–快速减薄和恢复的过程。麻坑群与水合物稳定变化敏感区在空间上具有较好的叠合关系。结合前人的研究成果,推测其形成与天然气水合物的分解释放有关。

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刘杰(1986—),男,湖北省仙桃市人,助理研究员,研究方向为海域天然气水合物成藏地质条件分析。E-mail:

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刘杰(1986—),男,湖北省仙桃市人,助理研究员,研究方向为海域天然气水合物成藏地质条件分析。E-mail:

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Characteristics of fluid inclusions and their constraints on timing of hydrocarbon filling in the Yacheng area of Qiongdongnan basin, South China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2012, 30(1): 189−196., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1254506184032063561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun Qiliang, Wu Shiguo, Hovland M, et al. The morphologies and genesis of mega-pockmarks near the Xisha Uplift, South China Sea[J]. 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a. The thickness of methane hydrate stable zone at C14 station decreases by about 30 m when sea level drops by 120 m; b. the relationship between the water depth and the thickness of hydrate stable zone; c. thickness variation characteristics of methane hydrate stable zone at C14 station since 1.05 Ma BP (only considering the influence of sea level change)

, figureFileSmall=7J7trcVvDOLkHvxXXpf57A==, figureFileBig=Y6nuixl2kW6hefQYR5JaGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506148292399984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海平面变化对天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响

a. 海平面下降120 m时,C14站位的甲烷水合物稳定带厚度变化;b. 海水深度与水合物稳定带厚度的关系;c. 1.05 Ma BP以来,C14站位处水合 物稳定带厚度变化特征(只考虑海平面变化的影响)

, figureFileSmall=7J7trcVvDOLkHvxXXpf57A==, figureFileBig=Y6nuixl2kW6hefQYR5JaGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506148577612656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effect of seafloor temperature on the thickness of gas hydrate stable zones

a. Thickness variation of gas hydrate stable zone under different seafloor temperatures; b. functional relationship between seafloor temperature and thickness of gas hydrate stable zone; c. trends of benthic foraminifera δ 18O curve (after Jian et al[28]) and seafloor temperature change at ODP 1148 station since 6 Ma BP (at the Middle Pleistocene Revolution, the thickness of the methane hydrate stabilization zone increases by 38.4 m if only the seafloor temperature is taken into account)

, figureFileSmall=fYlkk91F2VieJ6Fav4eRvg==, figureFileBig=y6Jk8id+V1ZdkzxYqWGW/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506148820882291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, language=CN, label=图3, caption=海底温度对天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响

a. 不同海底温度下天然气水合物稳定带厚度的变化;b. 海底温度与水合物稳定带厚度的关系;c. ODP1148站位底栖有孔虫δ 18O曲线(据 Jian等[28])和6 Ma BP以来海底温度变化趋势(注意中更新世气候转型,只考虑海底温度甲烷水合物稳定带厚度增大38.4 m)

, figureFileSmall=fYlkk91F2VieJ6Fav4eRvg==, figureFileBig=y6Jk8id+V1ZdkzxYqWGW/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506149068346230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effect of geothermal gradient on the thickness of gas hydrate stable zones

a. Thickness variation of methane hydrate stable zone under different geothermal gradients; b. relationship between geothermal gradient and methane hydrate stable zone thickness

, figureFileSmall=IlkHf1eejK0/dKwkSwNSJw==, figureFileBig=ZXSb1qeBqQ+CuFB6eTJHOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506149320004474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, language=CN, label=图4, caption=地温梯度对天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响

a. 不同地温梯度下甲烷水合物稳定带厚度变化;b. 地温梯度与甲烷水合物厚度的关系

, figureFileSmall=IlkHf1eejK0/dKwkSwNSJw==, figureFileBig=ZXSb1qeBqQ+CuFB6eTJHOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506151144526718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effect of gas composition on the thickness of gas hydrate stable zones

a. Phase equilibrium curves of gas hydrates with different gas components; b. the depth of stable zone base for hydrates with different gas components arcoss pockmark area (see Fig. 1 for profile location)

, figureFileSmall=YvtSFFSXXMoUlAZvKcSuIA==, figureFileBig=DYjLVb0tCXPthh6cf35htA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506151446516607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, language=CN, label=图5, caption=气源组分变化对天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响

a. 不同气体成分水合物的相平衡曲线;b. 过麻坑区剖面不同气体组分形成的水合物的稳定带底界深度(剖面位置见图1

, figureFileSmall=YvtSFFSXXMoUlAZvKcSuIA==, figureFileBig=DYjLVb0tCXPthh6cf35htA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506151920472961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Isopach distribution of the gas hydrate stability zone in the Huaguang Sag of the Qiongdongnan Basin (red circle denotes pockmark; its location is from reference [51]), figureFileSmall=sWwqOeLy+QZ6L59BdKKjRA==, figureFileBig=Z3dtm8SzL6Jrx6NEpLOVJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506152109216644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, language=CN, label=图6, caption=琼东南盆地华光凹陷天然气水合物稳定带厚度分布(麻坑的位置参考Sun等[51],用红色圆圈表示), figureFileSmall=sWwqOeLy+QZ6L59BdKKjRA==, figureFileBig=Z3dtm8SzL6Jrx6NEpLOVJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506152386040711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833310698197977, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, 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琼东南盆地华光凹陷天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响因素
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刘杰 1, 2 , 杨睿 3 , 邬黛黛 1, 2 , 金光荣 1 , 张辉 1
海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2019,41(8): 13-25
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海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2019, 41(8): 13-25
琼东南盆地华光凹陷天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响因素
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刘杰1, 2 , 杨睿3, 邬黛黛1, 2, 金光荣1, 张辉1
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院广州能源研究所 天然气水合物重点实验室,广东 广州 510640
  • 2 中国科学院南海生态环境工程创新研究院,广东 广州 511458
  • 3 青岛海洋地质研究所,山东 青岛 266071
  • 刘杰(1986—),男,湖北省仙桃市人,助理研究员,研究方向为海域天然气水合物成藏地质条件分析。E-mail:

Factors affecting the thickness of gas hydrate stability zones in the Huaguang Sag, Qiongdongnan Basin
Jie Liu1, 2 , Rui Yang3, Daidai Wu1, 2, Guangrong Jin1, Hui Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China
  • 3 Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2019-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.002
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为了探讨琼东南盆地华光凹陷海底天然气水合物稳定带的分布规律,定量研究了静水压力、底水温度、地温梯度和气源组分对水合物稳定带的影响程度。在此基础上,分析了华光凹陷现今甲烷水合物稳定带的厚度分布。最后,综合各因素的历史演化过程,初步探讨了华光凹陷1.05 Ma BP以来天然气水合物稳定带的演化。结果表明:(1)气源组分和海底温度的变化对研究区内水合物稳定带的影响较大;水合物稳定带厚度与海底温度呈良好的线性负相关性。(2)水深超过600 m的海域具备形成天然气水合物的温压条件;超过600 m水深的海域水合物稳定带厚度大部分超过 100 m,其中西北部稳定带的最大厚度超过300 m,是有利的水合物勘探区。(3)华光凹陷1.05 Ma BP以来天然气水合物稳定带厚度经历了快速增厚–窄幅变化–快速减薄和恢复的过程。麻坑群与水合物稳定变化敏感区在空间上具有较好的叠合关系。结合前人的研究成果,推测其形成与天然气水合物的分解释放有关。

天然气水合物  /  稳定带厚度  /  分布  /  演化  /  华光凹陷  /  琼东南盆地

In order to study the distribution of gas hydrate stable zones (GHSZ) in the Huaguang Sag of Qiongdongnan Basin, the important factors affecting GHSZ's thickness are quantitatively studied, including hydrostatic pressure, bottom water temperature, geothermal gradient and gas source composition. Then, it analyzes that the thickness distribution of the present methane GHSZ in Huaguang Sag. Finally, based on the historical evolution process of above various factors, the evolution of gas hydrate stabilization zone since 1.05 Ma BP in this area is preliminarily discussed. The results show that: (1) the gas source composition and seabed temperature have a great influence on the GHSZ in the study area, and the thickness of GHSZ has a good linear negative correlation with seabed temperature; (2) the temperature and pressure conditions for gas hydrate formation are available in the Huaguang Sag of Qiongdongnan Basin, where water depth is more than 600 m, the thickness of the hydrate stability zone is more than 100 m; the thickest GHSZ is located in the northwest of the study area, with a maximum thickness of more than 300 m; it is a favorable hydrate exploration area; (3) the methane GHSZ has gone through stable stage, relatively quick incrassation, gently changing stage, and quickly attenuating and recovery stage since 1.05 Ma BP. There is a good superposition relationship between the pockmark group and the sensitive area of GHSZ. Combined with previous research results, it is concluded that their formation is related to the decomposition and release of natural gas hydrate.

gas hydrate  /  thickness of gas hydrate stable zones  /  distribution  /  evolution  /  Huaguang Sag  /  Qiongdongnan Basin
刘杰, 杨睿, 邬黛黛, 金光荣, 张辉. 琼东南盆地华光凹陷天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响因素. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (8) : 13 -25 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.002
Jie Liu, Rui Yang, Daidai Wu, Guangrong Jin, Hui Zhang. Factors affecting the thickness of gas hydrate stability zones in the Huaguang Sag, Qiongdongnan Basin[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (8) : 13 -25 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.002
天然气水合物是以甲烷为主的烃类气体分子与水分子组成的一种似冰状固态物质。作为潜在的高效清洁能源,其形成于低温、高压和有充足的气–水来源的环境中;主要分布于永久冻土带和水深大于300 m的深水沉积物中。天然气水合物的形成受到静水压力、海底温度、地温梯度、气源组分和孔隙水盐度等条件的直接制约,并随着这些因素的变化而发生动态演变[1-3]。研究天然气水合物的动态演化对于掌握天然气水合物的富集成矿规律、预测潜在的海底地质灾害及了解其对古气候的影响与指示都具有重要现实意义。
前人从地球物理、地质–地球化学和稳定条件的变化等方面对天然气水合物动态成藏进行了研究[4-8]。在地球物理方面,主要是从双似海底反射层(似海底反射层,Bottom Simulating Reflector,BSR)或多BSR的角度来认识天然气水合物系统的动态演化过程。目前世界上典型的双BSR或多BSR仅出现在挪威西部大陆边缘、日本南海海槽、布莱克海脊和黑海的多瑙河深海扇等少数地区[4-5],因此该方法的使用范围有限。而天然气水合物分解释放会留下独特的地质和地球化学证据。异常的深海碳酸盐沉积、指示甲烷浓度异常的生物标志化合物、生物成因重晶石富集、甲烷羽状流、海底滑塌和麻坑群等可以作为恢复天然气水合物演化过程,并评价其环境效应的重要证据和手段[6-7]。例如,叶黎明等[7]通过分析南海北部末次冰期以来高分辨率的CaCO3含量记录,结合底栖有孔虫壳体δ 13C和有机碳堆积速率,讨论了“低钙事件”与天然气水合物分解的相关性和天然气水合物分解的触发因素。显然,在勘探程度较低且资料较为缺乏的海域,从影响天然气水合成藏的基本要素出发,研究天然气水合物稳定带的演化是了解天然气水合物的成藏规律和演化历史的最基本和有效的手段之一[8]
琼东南盆地是我国重要的油气资源产区,其南部深水区(如华光凹陷)广泛存在指示天然气水合物发育的地质、地球物理和地球化学标志[9-14]。前人在琼东南海域天然气水合物资源调查中识别出了大量的BSR。BSR主要位于第四系地层内,埋藏深度在海底以下160~310 m,平均埋深约230 m,且BSR的埋深随水深的增加而增加[11, 13-14]。前人对琼东南盆地天然气水合物稳定带的影响因素以定性分析为主,且在预测水合物稳定带的平面分布时,较少考虑温度、地温梯度等在平面上的非均一特征;尤其是针对华光凹陷天然气水合物稳定带空间分布状况和演化过程的认识还较为缺乏[10]。本文以琼东南华光凹陷为例,通过分析水深、海底温度、地温梯度和气源组分的变化来探讨单因素对稳定带演化的影响程度;在此基础上,分析华光凹陷现今甲烷水合物稳定带的厚度分布。最后,以相对海平面变化曲线和底栖有孔虫δ 18O稳定同位素曲线作为分析水合物温压条件变化的参数曲线,初步恢复天然气水合物稳定带的演化过程。本文系统开展天然气水合物稳定带的研究,对于揭示琼东南盆地南部深水区天然气水合物发育规律、目标靶区选择,具有重要的指导意义。
琼东南盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘西北部, 是新生代形成的北东向裂谷盆地。盆地西侧以 1 号断裂与莺歌海盆地相邻,北部为海南隆起,南与中建南盆地相望(图1a)。其构造演化可划分为3个阶段:古新世-渐新世断陷阶段、早中新世-中中新世裂后热沉降阶段和晚中新世以来的加速沉降阶段。琼东南盆地可划分为北部坳陷、北部隆起、中央坳陷、南部隆起等一级构造单元。盆地西侧包含崖北、崖南、乐东和华光凹陷等多个二级构造单元。华光凹陷位于琼东南盆地南部坳陷带,北靠陵南低凸起,南部和东部分别是广乐隆起区和西沙隆起区。研究区主要位于华光凹陷和西沙群岛的西部地区,受古地貌的影响,海底地貌变化较大,西南和东北方向海底地势较高(图1b)。华光凹陷新近系地层总体呈由西北向东南逐渐减薄,充填了下中新统三亚组、中中新统梅山组、上中新统黄流组、上新统莺歌海组和第四系乐东组地层,为一套厚的半深海–深海相碎屑夹碳酸盐岩沉积(图1c)。研究区天然气水合物成藏条件优良[9]。存在多种类型的流体输导系统,包括:构造断层、泥底辟、气烟囱和多边形断层等。大规模的构造断层主要发育在华光凹陷古近系的地层中;而新近系为拗陷沉降阶段,断裂微弱,但发育了一定数目的浅层断裂、泥底辟构造和多边形断层[9]。同时,晚中新世以来至第四纪,琼东南盆地沉降–沉积中心由东往西迁移。这有利于烃源岩的晚期快速熟化,使得盆地西部热演化程度较高且以生气为主[15]。快速的沉降作用和来自越南中部的物源供给使得华光凹陷上新统–第四纪快速沉积了较厚的泥岩,从而为生物气的形成提供了充足的物质基础[16]
天然气水合物稳定带是一定温度和压力条件下,天然气水合物–水–气体三相平衡的热力学稳定范围。海水层中温度–压力曲线与水合物相平衡曲线的交点是天然气水合物稳定存在的最小水深。海底以下的沉积地层中地温梯度曲线与水合物相边界交点的深度是天然气水合物稳定存在的最大深度;该交点到海底的距离即为水合物稳定带厚度。本文采用基于热力学理论的CSMHYD程序,来计算研究区天然气水合物相平衡条件。该程序可以计算不同盐度、不同气体组分下稳定带的温压条件。
模拟天然气水合物稳定带厚度所需要的数据包括:海底深度、海底温度和盐度、地温梯度以及气体组分等。海底深度数据来源于美国国家地球物理数据中心的ETOP02数据库。海底温度数据来源于美国国家海洋和大气管理局的WOA13。琼东南南部水深大于200 m的海水盐度平均值约为34.5[19]。假设海底浅层沉积物的孔隙流体盐度与海水平均盐度一致,采用孔隙水为34.5的NaCl溶液模拟计算天然气水合物稳定域的厚度。对琼东南盆地钻孔热导率数据统计后,发现该区热导率随深度变化较小,主要介于1.4~1.8 W/(m·K),本文取平均热导率约为1.6 W/(m·K)进行模拟。热流数据来自公开发表的文献。地温梯度可以通过根据热流、热导率与地温梯度的关系计算获得。
2012年5月中国科学院南海海洋研究所对琼东南盆地西南海域的麻坑区,进行了重力取样。其中C14站位水深为840 m,位于麻坑内的翼部。依Cl 浓度和δ 18O异常值估算的该站位处天然气水合物饱和度在7%~15%之间[20]。下面从静水压力、海底温度、地温梯度和气体组分4个方面,定量地讨论在地质历史时期,该站位天然气水合物稳定带厚度变化情况。
海平面升降引起海底静水压力的变化,直接影响天然气水合物的形成与稳定。华光凹陷现今超压顶面具有西浅东深特征,超压顶界面的埋深在2 500~3 000 m之间,远大于天然气水合物的赋存深度[21]。这意味着深部的异常高孔隙流体压力带对水合物的相平衡没有直接的影响。因此,水合物相平衡曲线中的压力可以通过水深数据转换获得。由于目前尚无公开文献资料报道琼东南盆地华光凹陷地区海平面变化情况,本文主要通过全球和南海其他地区海平面变化,结合现今水深情况来分析水深变化,探讨其对水合物稳定带厚度演化的影响。
郝诒纯等[22]以琼东南盆地陆架区的微体古生物化石为基础,结合对有孔虫化石群的丰度和分异度的统计, 以及对表层浮游有孔虫壳体的氧、碳稳定同位素的测试分析, 探讨了琼东南盆地渐新世以来的海平面周期性变化。Shao等[23]综合西科1井的陆源输入指标BIT指数、无机指标和生物礁发育特征等,恢复了西沙群岛中新世(23 Ma BP)以来的相对海平面变化。研究表明琼东南盆地中新世以来,总体表现为一个大海平面振荡上升过程,最高海平面时期为早上新世(5.1~3.4 Ma BP)。这一大的海平面上升过程由多个次级海平面变化旋回构成。在次级海平面变化旋回上,琼东南盆地与Haq等[24]所制定的全球海平面升降周期具有一定的差异性,这反映出琼东南盆地海平面周期变化受控于全球海平面变化和区域地壳沉降(尤其是热沉降)的共同作用。他们的研究重建了琼东南盆地百万年尺度的海平面变化过程,但没有获得海平面波动幅度的具体范围。余克服和陈特固等[25]通过对雷州半岛珊瑚礁区的海滩沉积剖面分析,探讨了该区珊瑚礁记录的南海全新世海平面变化历史。研究表明距今约1.7~1.2 ka BP,海平面总体上是一个持续上升的过程,约 1.2 ka BP海平面达到最高,比现在的至少高 128 cm,之后海平面开始下降。该研究成果基于地层序列中的礁记录分析,为南海海平面变化幅度提供了精确的估计,但缺乏海平面连续变化的信息。
Bintanja等[26]通过来自全球57个站位的底栖有孔虫氧同位素综合记录,重建过去近1 100 ka的全球海平面演化的历史;结果显示末次冰盛期时全球平均海平面与现在相比下降了120~130 m。该研究成果考虑了冰盖和深水温度变化对深海同位素的影响,结论与南海地区的海平面变化趋势和幅度一致,且提供了高精度的长时间尺度上连续的海平面变化记录。本文采用Bintanja等[26]的全球海平面变化方案,推算出C14 站位约1.05 Ma BP以来水深的变化。海底温度和地温梯度分别取5℃和50℃/km,来模拟海平面变化对C14站位处甲烷水合物稳定带厚度的影响。根据地温梯度和天然气水合物相边界曲线的交点,计算出C14站点现今的甲烷水合物稳定带厚度为131 m(图2a)。海平面下降120 m时, 海水深度为 720 m,对应的甲烷水合物稳定带厚度为101 m。总体上,天然气水合物稳定带厚度随海水深度增加呈逐渐增加的趋势(图2b,图2c),且随着海水深度的加深,稳定带厚度增加的幅度变缓。1.05 Ma BP以来,海平面下降单一因素最大可以引起甲烷水合物稳定带减薄30 m,平均减薄18 m。
水团性质尤其是温度的变化是影响天然气水合物稳定的最重要因素。太平洋圣巴巴拉海盆60 ka BP以来天然气水合物频繁地发生大规模的分解,被认为是由北太平洋中层水团变暖触发[27]。新仙女木末期神狐海域CaCO3含量在 11.3~8.0 ka BP期间突然降低,被认为是天然气水合物大规模分解所留下的独特地质证据。这一“低钙事件”与全球变暖的相位关系以及底栖有孔虫壳体δ 18O特征均表明,底层水团温度上升很可能是神狐海域天然气水合物分解的主要触发因素,而不太可能是海平面引起的压力变化[7]
目前,琼东南海域还没有直接的底层海水古温度重建数据。本文采用南海北部ODP 1148站位底栖有孔虫C.wuellerstorfiδ 18O稳定同位素变化曲线,来粗略计算底层水温的变化。ODP 1148站位近6 Ma BP以来的底栖有孔虫δ 18O曲线呈现分段式逐渐增大的趋势[28]δ 18O在3.1~6.0 Ma BP、2.5~1.0 Ma BP和0.9 Ma BP至今相对稳定,平均值分别为2.12‰、3.1‰和3.50‰;这3个稳定阶段内δ 18O的波动浮动也呈增大趋势,从约3.1 Ma BP的最大波动0.9‰,增大为2.5~0.9 Ma BP之间的1.4‰,0.9 Ma BP至今再进一步增大为1.8‰。在3.1~2.5 Ma BP之间呈阶梯状逐渐变重,这可能与南海上新世以来深部水团及西太平洋深部水流的变化有关[29]。1.0~0.9 Ma BP之间则呈突然变重的特征,代表中更新世气候转型;该时期温度呈现变冷的特点[30]
南海北部现今的表层水主要来源于西太平洋表层水,而南海表层以下的水团由西太平洋相应的水团经巴士海峡进入南海后演化而成[31]。假定研究区3.1 Ma BP至今的底水温度变化范围与ODP1148一致。按照δ 18O变化0.21‰~0.27‰相当于温度变1℃来估算[32]。3.1~2.5 Ma BP相对3.1~6 Ma BP南海北部底层水温度平均降幅在3.6~4.7℃之间;1.0~0.9 Ma BP期间平均降温在1.5~1.7℃左右。在C14站位的海水深度和地温梯度不变的条件下,按照期间底水温度的变化,分别选取 5℃、6.5℃和8℃计算水合物稳定带厚度模拟。当海底温度设为5 ℃时,对应的水合物稳定带底界深度为971 m,水合物稳定带厚度为131 m。同样,海底温度升为6.5℃,得到水合物稳定带厚度是85 m。海底温度达到8℃,则减薄为60 m,当达到水合物相边界与海底交点时(约10.2℃),超出该深度条件下水合物稳定带的范围,不能形成水合物(图3a)。总体上,随着海底温度增加,水合物稳定带厚度降低,呈良好的线性关系(图3b);在其他条件不变的情况下,海底温度每上升1℃,甲烷水合物稳定带厚度平均减薄24 m。1.05 Ma BP以来,底水温度下降这一单一因素最大可以引起甲烷水合物稳定带增厚38.4 m(图3c)。这一时期形成的天然气水合物为后续全新世水合物分解提供了“物质基础”。
前人针对琼东南盆地的现代热结构、构造–热演化模型及数值模拟方面做了比较细致的研究,取得了一系列研究成果。在现代热结构方面,不同学者对琼东南盆地的现今热流格局认识一致,即表现为“两边热,中央冷”和“南热北冷”的特征[17, 33-37]。但由于这些研究主要基于分布在陆架处的数据,而针对南部深水区的数据几乎为空白。数据的分布不均和研究方法的差异等因素造成热流趋势并不完全一致,热流范围也存在差异。如米立军等[34]通过数理统计分析西南深水区热流范围在80~90 mW/m2,局部地区在90~100 mW/m2,显示出热流值由北部陆架区向深海方向逐渐增大的特征。单竞男等[17]利用南海北部实测热流值及深水区地震测线模拟热流值,计算得到了琼东南盆地热流分布。琼东南盆地内海底热流整体呈现由浅水区向深水区(由北向南)逐渐增加的趋势,盆地平均海底热流值为(77.3±11.4)mW/m2;包括华光凹陷在内的西南部深水区,因临近红河断裂带,海底热流呈现由西部陆架区向深海方向降低的特征,热流值主要在85~95 mW/m2之间。施小斌等[37]考虑了热流演变与岩石圈张裂过程和沉积作用的关系,通过海底热流探针的约束,分析了琼东南盆地热流特征,其中盆地西南部深水区为高热流带,主要位于70~85 mW/m2。本文采用单竞男等[17]和施小斌等[37]对琼东南海底热流分布的研究成果。
琼东南盆地从渐新世起逐渐接受海侵,中新世晚期至上新世早期大范围处于半深海–深水沉积环境,开始具备天然气水合物成藏的温压条件。上新世以来的古热流旋回直接影响天然气稳定带的演化。在热史模拟方面,前人采用构造一热模拟法和热指标法,恢复了琼东南盆地各个地质时期内热流和地温场特征。多数学者的研究表明:琼东南盆地深水区始新世以来至少存在三期热流旋回过程,即盆地演化过程中拉张期热流上升,拉张停止时热流随时间衰减。1985年中美在南海联合开展了海洋地质科学调查,获得了南海北部陆缘西部、中部和东部的3条地学断面,其中西部断面穿过西沙海槽[38]。He等[33]对中美合作南海综合地球物理调查的南海西地学断面的构造热演化进行了模拟研究,研究表明琼东南盆地西沙海槽的基底热流15.2 Ma BP以来热流经历了降低–快速升高–降低3个阶段。5.2 Ma BP热流下降到62.5 mW/m2,之后快速升高,并在2 Ma BP左右达到最大值73 mW/m2,随后回落到现今的72 mW/m2。宋洋等[35]采用多期有限拉张一应变速率法计算了琼东南盆地各凹陷的古热流值,恢复盆地的热演化史。研究表明始新世以来琼东南盆地热演化史经历了3次热流升高的过程;现今高背景热流实质为多期拉张加热事件叠加的结果。渐新世时期热流升高比较快速,盆地西部深水地区如乐东凹陷基底热流由60 mW/m2升高到70 mW/m2,中新世基底热流开始冷却;直至上新世(5 Ma BP)早期热流又开始急剧升高,并在2.48 Ma BP大面积达到73 mW/m2,局部高热区达到78 mW/m2左右;随后再次下降。
He等[33]、宋洋等[35]和Wang等[36]对古热流的研究结论与构造运动及断裂活动、岩浆活动之间存在很好的耦合关系。本文参考他们的方案推算地温梯度的变化,模拟5 Ma BP以来不同地温梯度条件下C14站位处甲烷水合物稳定带的演化(假设不同时期的热传导系数相同)。图4为计算得到的水合物稳定带厚度和地温梯度的关系。当地温梯度为40℃/km时,天然气水合物稳定带厚度为162 m;当地温梯度为60℃/km时,稳定带厚度为108 m。海底水合物稳定带厚度与地温梯度呈较好的指数负相关关系;在地温梯度较小时,稳定带厚度随地温梯度的增大而迅速减薄;在地温梯度较大时,地温梯度的变化对稳定带厚度的影响减小。3~4 Ma BP之间古热流迅速增大,水合物稳定带厚度相应减薄达25 m。高热流或高地温梯度不利于天然气水合物的形成与保存。
生物成因气和热解成因气是形成水合物的两种主要气体来源。生物成因气基本上以CH4 构成,而热解成因气中除CH4 外,还可能含有少量其他气体,如C2H6和CO2 [39]。目前在世界海域发现的天然气水合物绝大多数为微生物成因的水合物。热解气或热解气为主的混合气成因水合物只在马更些三角洲、阿拉斯加北坡和祁连山等冻土区以及里海、黑海、贝加尔湖等少数海域或湖泊发现[39-42]。微生物成因水合物和热解成因水合物在同一地区同时出现也被证实,如Milkov等[42]对水合物脊(ODP 204航次)大量顶空气和水合物样品的气体组成和同位素进行分析,发现热解成因水合物与微生物成因水合物可以在同一地区共同存在。
琼东南盆地西南部表层沉积物的总有机碳含量在0.8%~1.5%[43],高于一般水合物富集区沉积物中的总有机碳含量(通常高于为0.5%)[44],具有较好的生物气生烃潜力,是形成水合物的主要生物气来源。通过对位于研究区北部的冷泉活动区进行重力活塞取样,获得了浅表层块状天然气水合物样品;初步分析后,判断为I型生物成因的甲烷天然气水合物[11]。同时,琼东南盆地华光凹陷发育始新统湖相、渐新统崖城组海陆过渡相–半封闭浅海相2套成熟烃源岩。沉积物酸解烃测试和同位素分析显示凹陷内海底浅表层检测到的气态烃甲烷以热解成因为主,部分高值区域可能混有过成熟气或煤成气[12];因而在天然气水合物勘探程度较低的琼东南盆地西南深水区,不能排除具备形成热解成因水合物的可能性。
琼东南盆地深水区不同含气构造中天然气的主要组成(烃气、CO2和N2)存在差异。该区的油气勘探和开采实践表明:盆地西部的天然气组分中烃类气的总体含量较高,在82.5%~98.9%之间,以甲烷气为主,多数样品中天然气干燥系数在0.93以上;非烃类气体CO2含量一般不超过10% [45]。结合盆地西部油气钻井的气体组分,选取CH4 含量为90%,C2H6含量为10%;CH4 含量为90%,C2H6含量为5%,CO2为5%;CH4 含量为90%,CO2为10%和CH4含量为100%的4种气体组分进行模拟,预测研究区气体成分改变对水合物稳定带厚度的最大影响程度(图5)。结果表明不同气体组分对天然气水合物的相平衡曲线都有一定影响;相同温度、压力和地温梯度条件下,热成因水合物比生物成因水合物的稳定带厚度更大,稳定带底界更深,其中混入乙烷气体对天然气水合物的稳定带厚度的影响大于二氧化碳(图5a)。这意味着不同气体成分的水合物对地质作用中温–压变化的敏感程度不同。当水合物稳定条件被破坏时,(如温度升高或者压力降低时),甲烷水合物更容易首先发生分解,只有当温度继续升高或压力继续降低时,含一定其他轻烃成分(主要是乙烷)的热成因水合物才会发生分解。如果压力或温度频繁变化,且变化幅度略大于热成因水合物形成的临界值,那么通过水合物的“选择性分解”, 将使水合物中的乙烷逐渐富集[46]。剖面上水合物稳定带厚度向上倾方向呈楔状减薄;随着水深的增加,不同成因水合物的稳定带底界深度变大,且稳定带厚度差变小(图5b)。与纯甲烷相比,10%的乙烷气体混入所形成的水合物,其稳定带底界下移了约54~100 m(图5b)。
除了水合物藏富集与调整过程中的“选择性分解”效应会促使稳定带内气体组成变化外,烃类热演化过程也会造成热解成因水合物的气源组分变化,进而使得水合物稳定带发生迁移。烃源岩的生排烃过程具有多期多幕的特点,且不同期次生成的热解气组分不同[47-48]。热解水合物形成后随着稳定条件的变化,水合物藏处于分解-稳定-分解的动态调整与变化中。先期形成的水合物气体组分可能会随着热解气的多次充注而发生改变。琼东南盆地乐东–陵水凹陷中新统储层流体包裹体特征分析表明,在第四纪发生高温CO2流体的充注[49]。当CO2进入水合物稳定带,引起气体成分发生变化,会导致水合物稳定带的减薄。与纯甲烷相比,在C14站位处若混入10%的二氧化碳气体,其形成的水合物的稳定带底界下移了约20 m(图5a)。而盆地西部崖城地区油气成藏特征分析表明中新世以来,琼东南盆地西部发生的两期油气充注,具有晚期成藏的特征。两期油气充注时间相近,两期油气的充注基本是连续的,气藏组分相对均一,且盆地西部地区CO2含量不高[50]。这意味着烃源岩的生排烃过程与非烃类气体含量可能对琼东南西部海域的水合物稳定带厚度变化的影响不大。
利用网格化方法得出同一坐标点处海水深度、海底温度和地温梯度。根据前述原理,计算甲烷水合物稳定带厚度。整体上看,天然气水合物稳定带随着海水加深,从凹陷边缘向凹陷中心呈现逐渐增厚的趋势,但分布不均一(图6)。凹陷中心局部区域由于受到水深和地热等因素的影响不存在甲烷水合物。甲烷水合物出现的最小水深在600 m左右;小于600 m的区域由于海底温度偏高,不存在水合物稳定带。超过800 m水深的大部分区域甲烷水合物稳定带厚度超过 100 m。水合物稳定带厚度最大的区域呈条带状或环状分布位于研究区的西北和东南角,厚度超过300 m。该区域内若具备水合物成藏的构造条件、沉积条件和气源条件,则可形成具有较大的资源潜力的水合物矿藏,是有利的水合物勘探区。
水合物稳定带厚度较厚的西北和东南区被北东向的广乐隆起海域分隔。该区域内发育海底麻坑群,水深主要在600~800 m之间。水合物稳定带厚度相对较小,且呈楔状向大陆架方向减薄。该水深范围内的天然气水合物对压力和温度的敏感度高,对浅层地质灾害和古气候的研究具有重大意义。以位于麻坑区的C14站位为例,根据 1.05 Ma BP以来研究区水深变化、海底温度变化和地温梯度变化数据,计算出该站位的天然气水合物稳定带厚度的变化(图7)。在计算时,主要以 20 ka为时间间隔,考虑到海底温度部分时间段内数据变化较大,故在一些时间段进行了加密取点。总体来看,1.05 Ma BP以来华光凹陷地区天然气水合物稳定带经历了基本不变(1.05~0.92 Ma BP)、快速增厚(0.92~0.86 Ma BP)、窄幅变化(2.5~0.05 Ma BP)和快速减薄–恢复(0.015 Ma BP至今)的一个过程。1.05 Ma BP以来华光凹陷C14站位天然气水合物稳定带变化范围为:96~192 m,现今厚度为131 m。另外,C14站位沉积物中孔隙水Cl浓度降低,δ 18O值的升高等地球化学特征指示该站位发生过水合物分解,且现今仍在发生微弱的渗漏[18];根据天然气水合物稳定带的变化和地球化学方面的证据推测华光地区形成的天然气水合物在地质历史时期曾经历过多次分解过程;这种由海底流体逸散形成的残留地貌很可能与天然气水合物的分解释放有关。
(1)本文从静水压力、海底温度、地温梯度和气源组分4种因素出发,探讨了各个单因素对天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响。结果表明:海平面变化对天然气水合物稳定带演化影响较小;气源组分和海底温度的变化对水合物稳定带的影响较大。水合物稳定带厚度与海底温度呈良好的线性负相关。
(2)琼东南盆地华光凹陷水深超过600 m的海域具备形成天然气水合物的温压条件;整体上看,大部分海域的水合物稳定带厚度均超过 100 m。研究区西北部稳定带的厚度最大,最大厚度超过300 m。通过对海平面变化、海底温度及热流演化的分析,恢复出天然气水合物稳定带的演化过程。研究表明,华光凹陷1.05 Ma BP以来天然气水合物稳定带厚度经历了快速增厚-窄幅变化-快速减薄和恢复的一个过程。麻坑群与水合物稳定变化敏感区在空间上具有较好的叠合关系,暗示它们很可能与天然气水合物的分解释放有关。
  • 中国科学院天然气水合物重点实验室基金(Y807je1001);广州市珠江科技新星项目(201710010198);南海水合物成藏条件对比和甲烷渗漏预警研究(ISEE2018YB03);广东省促进经济发展专项资金(GDME-2018D002)。
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2019年第41卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.002
  • 接收时间:2018-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-12-04
  • 修回日期:2019-03-11
基金
中国科学院天然气水合物重点实验室基金(Y807je1001);广州市珠江科技新星项目(201710010198);南海水合物成藏条件对比和甲烷渗漏预警研究(ISEE2018YB03);广东省促进经济发展专项资金(GDME-2018D002)。
作者信息
    1 中国科学院广州能源研究所 天然气水合物重点实验室,广东 广州 510640
    2 中国科学院南海生态环境工程创新研究院,广东 广州 511458
    3 青岛海洋地质研究所,山东 青岛 266071
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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