Article(id=1246833309678985427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1548000000000, receivedDateStr=2019-01-21, revisedDate=1557331200000, revisedDateStr=2019-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775197826070, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1566662400000, pubDateStr=2019-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775197826070, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775197826070, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775197826070, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246833307606995898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775197825576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200503343, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=106, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246833310027112668, articleId=1246833309678985427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The impact of nutrient inputs from sewage effluents on the adjacent intertidal seaweed communities, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nutrient enrichment, followed by economic development, has already had a significant impact on the costal ecosystem of China. Field investigations on seaweed beds adjacent to Lingshui River in Dalian were conducted in present studies to elucidate the response of the seaweed communities to the sewage effluents along a natural nutrient gradient. Further, the studies were conducted in the laboratory on the uptake and growth kinetics of NO3 , NH4 + and PO4 3– of the clone of Enteromorpha linza, r-strategic green alga dominating in the nutrient-rich estuaries, and Ceramium tenerrimum, k-strategic red alga distributing in the oligotrophic areas. Comparative analyses were carried out on the absorption and utilization of nutrient, and reproduction strategies of the two species to explain the responses of seaweed communities to different nutrient environments. The results show that with the decrease of environmental nutrients, species number of seaweed increases, and the coverage of dominant species decreases. According to the response of seaweed communities to nitrogen nutrient, it is considered that the threshold of category I of inorganic nitrogen in the current seawater quality standard should be revised from the current 14.29 μmol/L to 6.69 μmol/L. In a nutrient-rich area, increasing nutrient concentration promotes the competitiveness and fertility of shoots of r-strategic seaweeds, which makes them occupy a large number of space niches and form dominant populations, resulting in decreasing of the diversity of seaweed communities. However, in the oligotrophic environment, r-strategic algae is limited in the fertility of shoots, occupying only small amount of space niche, while those k-strategic algae with high efficiency in nutrient utilization shows greater competitiveness and could quickly break through early environmental sieves and grow into adults, which contributes to the rich diversity of seaweed communities.

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伴随着经济的发展,我国沿海海域富营养化日趋严重。为了明确富营养化对底栖海藻群落的影响及作用机制,本文选择了与大连凌水河口(污水河)毗邻的海藻床作为野外观测点,研究底栖海藻群落对营养盐自然衰减梯度的响应规律;在实验室内,选择了在排污口附近优势分布、营r-生态策略的绿藻缘管浒苔和仅在寡营养区域分布、营k-生态策略的红藻柔质仙菜作为实验材料,开展了营养吸收动力学和生长动力学研究。通过二者在营养盐吸收、利用和繁殖策略方面的比较研究,剖析了底栖海藻群落对不同营养环境的响应机制。结果显示:随着海水中营养盐浓度的降低,底栖海藻群落呈现种类数增加、优势种覆盖度降低的趋势。根据底栖海藻在群落水平对氮源营养的响应,认为现行海水水质标准中无机氮一类水质标准的限值应该由目前的14.29 μmol/L降低为6.69 μmol/L。在富营养环境中,营养盐浓度的上升促进了r-策略海藻幼体的竞争力和种群繁殖力,使其占据了大量的生态位,形成优势种群,导致底栖海藻多样性较低;在寡营养环境中,由于得不到充足的营养盐供应,r-策略海藻幼体的竞争力和种群繁殖力都受到制约,占据的空间生态位有限,为其他种类的生存提供了条件,而那些对营养盐需求较低但利用效率高的k-策略海藻则表现出更强的竞争力,在竞争中取得优势,能快速突破早期环境筛的限制,形成成体,因此,在寡营养海域,底栖海藻的多样性比较丰富。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=wiFMv28ioCZiUj9m9AuZ7g==, magXml=AdwA1sei4AoCU04MtphWpQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hEC+t9VVrVoKSxKa1vZ9rg==, pdfFileSize=1221601, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=u0DjKokLKjnmuxp6oOd3hg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YFCl+RwcmtK4yOOSxE1UwQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

邵魁双(1973—),辽宁省凤城市人,副研究员,博士,主要从事海藻生物学研究。E-mail:

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邵魁双(1973—),辽宁省凤城市人,副研究员,博士,主要从事海藻生物学研究。E-mail:

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邵魁双(1973—),辽宁省凤城市人,副研究员,博士,主要从事海藻生物学研究。E-mail:

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Nutritional status and distribution of seaweeds in various sections

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 凌水河口海域 旅顺黄金山海域
1# 2# 3# 4#
营养状况/μmol·L–1 $ {\rm {NO}} _3^- $ 121.02±24.95 13.03±2.28 10.12±1.51 5.96±0.78 4.24±1.66
$ {\rm {NO}} _2^- $ 54.89±8.87 3.92±1.17 1.62±0.40 0.06±0.02 0.07±0.01
${\rm {NH}} _4^+ $ 66.09±5.85 3.86±0.91 1.99±0.41 0.68±0.16 0.47±0.08
DIN 242.00±29.94 20.81±6.36 13.74±3.73 6.69±0.88 4.79±1.56
${\rm {PO}} _4^{3-} $ 51.36±14.71 3.56±0.55 3.79±0.81 1.03±0.39 0.48±0.13
N/P 4.71±1.66 5.85±1.21 3.63±0.30 6.50±1.39 9.98±2.97
海藻分布 种类数/个 2 5 12 27 30
绿藻覆盖度 66.0%±10.7% 50.6%±4.5% 34.1%±3.9% 22.9%±3.2% 17.3%±2.7%
), ArticleFig(id=1254506152146965381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833309678985427, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各区域营养状况及底栖海藻分布情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 凌水河口海域 旅顺黄金山海域
1# 2# 3# 4#
营养状况/μmol·L–1 $ {\rm {NO}} _3^- $ 121.02±24.95 13.03±2.28 10.12±1.51 5.96±0.78 4.24±1.66
$ {\rm {NO}} _2^- $ 54.89±8.87 3.92±1.17 1.62±0.40 0.06±0.02 0.07±0.01
${\rm {NH}} _4^+ $ 66.09±5.85 3.86±0.91 1.99±0.41 0.68±0.16 0.47±0.08
DIN 242.00±29.94 20.81±6.36 13.74±3.73 6.69±0.88 4.79±1.56
${\rm {PO}} _4^{3-} $ 51.36±14.71 3.56±0.55 3.79±0.81 1.03±0.39 0.48±0.13
N/P 4.71±1.66 5.85±1.21 3.63±0.30 6.50±1.39 9.98±2.97
海藻分布 种类数/个 2 5 12 27 30
绿藻覆盖度 66.0%±10.7% 50.6%±4.5% 34.1%±3.9% 22.9%±3.2% 17.3%±2.7%
), ArticleFig(id=1254506152373457798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833309678985427, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Kinetics parameters for different nutrient uptake by two species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养源 供试海藻 V max/μmol·g–1·h–1(dw) Ks /μmol·L–1 a (V max/ Ks ) R 2 吸收方式
${\rm {NO}}_3^{-} $ 缘管浒苔 30.9±0.9b 3.5±0.5a 8.9 0.97 主动运输
柔质仙菜 11.3±0.3a 6.5±0.9b 1.7 0.97 主动运输
${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ 缘管浒苔 1.7×S 0.99 被动扩散
柔质仙菜 70.5±3.2 b 28.0±3.6 b 2.5 0.97 主动运输
$ {\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $ 缘管浒苔 4.2±0.1a 0.9±0.2 a 4.7 0.96 主动运输
柔质仙菜 6.5±0.9 a 13.7±3.6 b 0.5 0.94 主动运输
), ArticleFig(id=1254506152688030601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833309678985427, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两种海藻对营养盐的吸收动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养源 供试海藻 V max/μmol·g–1·h–1(dw) Ks /μmol·L–1 a (V max/ Ks ) R 2 吸收方式
${\rm {NO}}_3^{-} $ 缘管浒苔 30.9±0.9b 3.5±0.5a 8.9 0.97 主动运输
柔质仙菜 11.3±0.3a 6.5±0.9b 1.7 0.97 主动运输
${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ 缘管浒苔 1.7×S 0.99 被动扩散
柔质仙菜 70.5±3.2 b 28.0±3.6 b 2.5 0.97 主动运输
$ {\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $ 缘管浒苔 4.2±0.1a 0.9±0.2 a 4.7 0.96 主动运输
柔质仙菜 6.5±0.9 a 13.7±3.6 b 0.5 0.94 主动运输
), ArticleFig(id=1254506152847414155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833309678985427, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Kinetics parameters for nitrogen growth of two species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氮源 背景生长率/d–1 最大净生长率/d–1 Kμ /μmol·L–1 R 2
硝酸氮 缘管浒苔 3.5%±0.6%a 10.4%±0.7%b 20.7±6.5b 0.99
柔质仙菜 1.5%±0.1%a 2.3%±0.1%a 9.6±1.7b 0.99
氨氮 缘管浒苔 3.9%±0.4%a 7%±0.5% b 26.2±8.7b 0.93
柔质仙菜 1.6%±0.4%a 2.1%±0.2%a 17.6±4b 0.87
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两种海藻氮营养生长动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氮源 背景生长率/d–1 最大净生长率/d–1 Kμ /μmol·L–1 R 2
硝酸氮 缘管浒苔 3.5%±0.6%a 10.4%±0.7%b 20.7±6.5b 0.99
柔质仙菜 1.5%±0.1%a 2.3%±0.1%a 9.6±1.7b 0.99
氨氮 缘管浒苔 3.9%±0.4%a 7%±0.5% b 26.2±8.7b 0.93
柔质仙菜 1.6%±0.4%a 2.1%±0.2%a 17.6±4b 0.87
), ArticleFig(id=1254506153556251536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833309678985427, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Kμ /Ks of two species seaweeds

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种类 缘管浒苔 柔质仙菜
Kμ /Ks 5.92 1.47
), ArticleFig(id=1254506153921155988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833309678985427, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两种海藻的Kμ /Ks

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种类 缘管浒苔 柔质仙菜
Kμ /Ks 5.92 1.47
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陆源排污对邻近海域底栖海藻群落的影响
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邵魁双 1 , 巩宁 2 , 曲翊 3 , 李珂 4
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019,41(8): 106-114
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019, 41(8): 106-114
陆源排污对邻近海域底栖海藻群落的影响
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邵魁双1 , 巩宁2, 曲翊3, 李珂4
作者信息
  • 1 国家海洋环境监测中心,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 2 大连海事大学 环境系统生物研究所,辽宁 大连 116026
  • 3 大连市环境监测中心,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 4 瑞士万通中国有限公司,北京 100085
  • 邵魁双(1973—),辽宁省凤城市人,副研究员,博士,主要从事海藻生物学研究。E-mail:

The impact of nutrient inputs from sewage effluents on the adjacent intertidal seaweed communities
Kuishuang Shao1 , Ning Gong2, Yi Qu3, Ke Li4
Affiliations
  • 1 National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2 Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
  • 3 Dalian Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
  • 4 Swiss Wantong China Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
出版时间: 2019-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.010
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伴随着经济的发展,我国沿海海域富营养化日趋严重。为了明确富营养化对底栖海藻群落的影响及作用机制,本文选择了与大连凌水河口(污水河)毗邻的海藻床作为野外观测点,研究底栖海藻群落对营养盐自然衰减梯度的响应规律;在实验室内,选择了在排污口附近优势分布、营r-生态策略的绿藻缘管浒苔和仅在寡营养区域分布、营k-生态策略的红藻柔质仙菜作为实验材料,开展了营养吸收动力学和生长动力学研究。通过二者在营养盐吸收、利用和繁殖策略方面的比较研究,剖析了底栖海藻群落对不同营养环境的响应机制。结果显示:随着海水中营养盐浓度的降低,底栖海藻群落呈现种类数增加、优势种覆盖度降低的趋势。根据底栖海藻在群落水平对氮源营养的响应,认为现行海水水质标准中无机氮一类水质标准的限值应该由目前的14.29 μmol/L降低为6.69 μmol/L。在富营养环境中,营养盐浓度的上升促进了r-策略海藻幼体的竞争力和种群繁殖力,使其占据了大量的生态位,形成优势种群,导致底栖海藻多样性较低;在寡营养环境中,由于得不到充足的营养盐供应,r-策略海藻幼体的竞争力和种群繁殖力都受到制约,占据的空间生态位有限,为其他种类的生存提供了条件,而那些对营养盐需求较低但利用效率高的k-策略海藻则表现出更强的竞争力,在竞争中取得优势,能快速突破早期环境筛的限制,形成成体,因此,在寡营养海域,底栖海藻的多样性比较丰富。

底栖海藻群落  /  陆源排污  /  效应浓度  /  营养生理  /  生态策略

Nutrient enrichment, followed by economic development, has already had a significant impact on the costal ecosystem of China. Field investigations on seaweed beds adjacent to Lingshui River in Dalian were conducted in present studies to elucidate the response of the seaweed communities to the sewage effluents along a natural nutrient gradient. Further, the studies were conducted in the laboratory on the uptake and growth kinetics of NO3 , NH4 + and PO4 3– of the clone of Enteromorpha linza, r-strategic green alga dominating in the nutrient-rich estuaries, and Ceramium tenerrimum, k-strategic red alga distributing in the oligotrophic areas. Comparative analyses were carried out on the absorption and utilization of nutrient, and reproduction strategies of the two species to explain the responses of seaweed communities to different nutrient environments. The results show that with the decrease of environmental nutrients, species number of seaweed increases, and the coverage of dominant species decreases. According to the response of seaweed communities to nitrogen nutrient, it is considered that the threshold of category I of inorganic nitrogen in the current seawater quality standard should be revised from the current 14.29 μmol/L to 6.69 μmol/L. In a nutrient-rich area, increasing nutrient concentration promotes the competitiveness and fertility of shoots of r-strategic seaweeds, which makes them occupy a large number of space niches and form dominant populations, resulting in decreasing of the diversity of seaweed communities. However, in the oligotrophic environment, r-strategic algae is limited in the fertility of shoots, occupying only small amount of space niche, while those k-strategic algae with high efficiency in nutrient utilization shows greater competitiveness and could quickly break through early environmental sieves and grow into adults, which contributes to the rich diversity of seaweed communities.

seaweed communities  /  sewage effluents  /  effect concentrations  /  nutrient physiology  /  ecological strategy
邵魁双, 巩宁, 曲翊, 李珂. 陆源排污对邻近海域底栖海藻群落的影响. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (8) : 106 -114 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.010
Kuishuang Shao, Ning Gong, Yi Qu, Ke Li. The impact of nutrient inputs from sewage effluents on the adjacent intertidal seaweed communities[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (8) : 106 -114 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.010
随着我国经济的发展和沿海城市的扩张,大量陆源营养随着地表径流、城市排污河等注入河口、海湾等浅海海域,导致沿岸海域富营养化。2017年中国海洋环境质量公报显示,全国70%的排污口邻近海域水质劣于第四类海水水质标准,其中的主要污染物是无机氮和活性磷酸盐[1]。近岸海域的富营养化,已经公认为是海洋生态系统结构改变、生物多样性下降、海草床和珊瑚礁退化、赤潮和绿潮频发的主要原因[2-4]
底栖海藻是近岸海域重要的植物类群之一,以底栖海藻群落为主导结构的海藻床生态系统是生物多样性丰富和高生产力的生态关键区域,不仅为底栖和游泳动物提供饵料和栖息场所,而且对维系沿岸海洋生态系统的稳定和减少海底地貌的侵蚀起着十分重要的作用。由于底栖海藻主要栖息于基岩海岸、潟湖等近岸海域,因此,它们也是受富营养化影响最大、响应最显著的生物类群之一。有关底栖海藻群落对富营养化的响应规律,在国际上已经有广泛的研究,且已形成共识,即富营养化将会促进生活史周期短、生长速度快的机会型海藻的生长和绿潮的发生,而多年生海藻群落和海草床将会逐渐消退,甚至消失[3-7],但是有关底栖海藻群落对营养盐自然衰减梯度的响应,还鲜见报道。
有关底栖海藻对不同营养环境的响应机制,目前大多数观点认为氮和磷是影响底栖海藻生长和群落组成变化的主要营养因素,其浓度升高是某些机会型海藻(主要是绿藻门和褐藻门)长度和生物量增加的主要原因[4, 8-14]。与多年生的海藻相比,这些机会型海藻具有藻体结构简单、比表面积大、生命周期短、特定生长率高和营养盐吸收能力强等特点[8, 10, 15],是其在营养盐丰富的河口、内湾和潟湖区域过度生长形成绿潮的重要原因[4, 13-14]。然而,Lotze和Schramm[16]却指出仅通过对营养盐吸收和生长速率的比较并不能解释两种机会型海藻Enteromorpha intestinalisPilayella littoralis形成优势种群的原因。在以往研究中,关注的重点往往都是海藻成体的营养生理指标,将绿潮的发生归因于这些海藻成体在生长率和营养盐利用上的优势[4, 13-14],而忽略了海藻的生活史特征。事实上,个体的生存是以繁殖为核心的,每个物种的存在都是为了提供更多的子代,提高子代的生存几率,以维持种群的延续。在海藻的生活史进程中,早期阶段幼体的竞争力和繁殖力对于个体后期的成长以及种群数量的增加尤其重要[17],因此,在分析营养盐对海洋植物的影响时,不应仅局限在个体的生长方面,更应综合考虑海藻的生活史策略,明晰种群数量对营养盐变化的响应,而这可能是某些机会型海藻形成优势种群的重要原因。
大连凌水河是一个季节性的排污河(河道内有污水处理厂排污口),在河口毗邻着一处天然海藻床,沿河口向东延伸的方向,海藻分布格局差异明显,是研究底栖海藻群落对营养盐梯度衰减响应的理想场所。因此,本文以该处海藻床作为野外观测点,同时在大连旅顺选择一处清洁海域的海藻床作对照区,开展了排污口邻近海域底栖海藻群落对营养盐梯度分布的响应研究;进一步,通过两种生态策略海藻的营养生理学和繁殖策略的比较研究,剖析温带海域底栖海藻群落对不同营养环境的响应机制,以期为评估我国海域富营养化的生态效应提供科学依据。
野外调查地点位于大连凌水河河口及邻近海域。如图1所示,以河口为原点,沿东侧岸线依次选择4个藻类群落分布特征差异明显的斑块作为调查区域。同时,选择旅顺黄金山海域海藻床作为清洁对照区域,两处调查区域的底质类型均为岩礁底质。调查和采样时间为4月中旬的大潮期间。
在每个调查区的中心位置设置水质采样点,在退潮期间采集3瓶水样,水样低温保存运回实验室,分别测定 ${\rm {NO}} _2^-$ ${\rm {NO}} _3^- $ ${\rm {NH}} _4^+ $ $ {\rm {PO}} _4^{3-}$ 的浓度,计算平均值。营养盐的分析参照海洋监测规范(GB 17378.7–2007)。
在各调查区(包括旅顺海藻床)内,按照垂直岸线方向设置1个调查断面,每个断面设置5个站位,每个站位分别进行海藻的定性、定量调查。定量调查:对优势绿藻(石莼目绿藻)进行覆盖度调查,覆盖度调查方法见文献[18],将每断面各个站位覆盖度平均,即为该区域优势绿藻平均覆盖度。
海藻定性调查的方法为:以每个断面为中心线,统计其周围3 m范围内所有底栖海藻。生物调查时间同水样采集时间。
分别选择在排污口附近优势分布、营r生态策略的绿藻缘管浒苔和仅在寡营养区域分布、营k生态策略的红藻柔质仙菜作为实验对象,开展营养吸收动力学和生长动力学的比较研究,实验所用材料均为无性繁殖系,保存于国家海洋环境监测中心海藻种质库。两种海藻氮、磷营养吸收动力学和两种海藻氮生长吸收动力学的具体方法见文献[19]。
营养盐分析结果显示(表1):在毗邻河口的1#区,溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN)和溶解无机磷(Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate,DIP)的浓度最高,分别为(242±29.94)μmol/L和(51.36±14.71) μmol/L,N/P为4.71,属于氮中等限制潜在性富营养[20],其中, $ {\rm {NH}} _4^+ $ 浓度较高。在2#区内,DIN的浓度急剧减少至(20.81±6.36) μmol/L,DIP降低至(3.56±0.55) μmol/L,N/P为5.85,属于氮中等限制潜在性富营养[20]。在3#区内,DIN浓度继续下降至(13.74±3.73)μmol/L,DIP为(3.79±0.81)μmol/L,N/P为3.63,属于氮限制潜在性富营养[19]。在4#区内,DIN浓度继续下降至(6.69±0.88) μmol/L,DIP降低至(1.03±0.39)μmol/L,N/P为6.5,属于氮限制中度营养[20]
对照区旅顺海域的各项氮、磷营养指标均低于凌水海域的各个区域,DIN浓度为(4.79±1.56) μmol/L,DIP为(0.48±0.13)μmol/L,N/P为9.98±2.97,处于贫营养状态[20]
伴随着营养盐浓度的衰减,各区域的海藻种类数呈现上升趋势,优势绿藻的覆盖度呈下降趋势(图2),凌水河口邻近的1#区域只分布有缘管浒苔和盘苔2种优势绿藻,其平均覆盖度为66.0%±10.7%;2#区域有5种海藻分布,除缘管浒苔外,增加了1种褐藻(萱藻)、3种红藻(马泽藻、松节藻、条斑紫菜),优势绿藻的平均覆盖度降为50.6%±4.5%;3#区域分布的海藻种类明显增多,达到12种,优势绿藻的平均覆盖度降为34.1%±3.9%;4#区域海藻的丰富度达到最大,为27种,其中红藻16种,绿藻5种,褐藻6种,优势绿藻的平均覆盖度降为22.9%±3.2%。旅顺海域分布的底栖海藻为30种,其中红藻14种,褐藻11种,绿藻5种,优势绿藻的平均覆盖度为17.3%±2.7%。
考虑到海藻的种类数、优势绿藻覆盖度对营养盐的响应情况,可以将上述调查区合并为3个生态效应区,分别为富营养区(1#区和2#区)、中营养区(3#区)、低营养区(4#区和旅顺黄金山海域)。
实验结果显示(图3),缘管浒苔和柔质仙菜对 ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $ 的吸收动力学曲线均呈现出饱和吸收动力学特征,说明二者对 ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $ 的吸收均属于主动吸收。缘管浒苔对 ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $ 吸收的最大吸收速率(V max)为30.9 μmol/(g·h) (dw),远高于柔质仙菜(11.3 μmol/(gdw·h) (dw)),差异显著(P<0.05)。柔质仙菜的吸收半饱和常数(Ks )值为6.5 μmol/L,高于缘管浒苔,差异显著(P<0.05)。但缘管浒苔的初始斜率aV max/Ks )值几乎为柔质仙菜幼体的5倍。
在实验浓度范围内,缘管浒苔对 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ 的吸收速率呈线性升高,表现为直线特征(P<0.000 1)(图4),斜率为1.7,说明缘管浒苔对 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ 的吸收机制为被动扩散。而柔质仙菜的吸收速率呈现类似饱和吸收动力学特征,最大吸收速率为70.5 μmol/(g·h) (dw)(表2),说明其对 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ 的吸收机制为主动运输。
两种海藻对 ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $ 吸收结果显示(图5),两种海藻对 ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $ 的吸收动力学曲线均呈现饱和吸收动力学特征;说明二者对 $ {\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}$ 的吸收属于主动吸收。其中,柔质仙菜最大吸收速率(V max)为6.5 μmol/(g·h) (dw),大于缘管浒苔(4.2 μmol/(g·h) (dw)),并且差异显著(P<0.05)。柔质仙菜的吸收半饱和常数(Ks )值(13.7 μmol/L)显著大于缘管浒苔的Ks 值(0.9 μmol/L)(P<0.05)。缘管浒苔 ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $ 吸收动力学曲线初始斜率aV max/ Ks )为4.7,远大于柔质仙菜(0.5),差异显著(P<0.05)(表2)。
两种海藻生长动力学结果显示(图6),二者均呈现饱和动力学特征。在硝酸氮下培养,缘管浒苔的最大生长速率(G max)为10.4% d–1,柔质仙菜的G max为2.3% d–1,二者差异显著;缘管浒苔的生长半饱和常数(Kμ )值为20.7 μmol/L,柔质仙菜的Kμ 值为9.6 μmol/L,二者差异显著(P<0.05)。在氨氮培养下,缘管浒苔的G max为7% d–1,柔质仙菜的G max为2.1% d–1,二者差异显著(P<0.05)。缘管浒苔的Kμ 值为26.2 μmol/L,柔质仙菜的Kμ 值为17.6 μmol/L,差异显著(P<0.05)(表3)。
生长半饱和常数与吸收半饱和常数之比(Kμ /Ks )目前常被用作评价海藻对环境中营养压力敏感程度的指标,比值越低表明该种越适合在低营养浓度下生长;相反,表明该种的生长更容易受到低介质浓度的限制[21]。本文中,由于缘管浒苔对氨呈线性吸收,不存在Ks ,无法进行比较。在硝酸盐介质中,缘管浒苔的Kμ /Ks 值为5.92,明显高于柔质仙菜的1.47(表4)。
大连海域潮间带分布的海藻区系以冷温性和亚寒带为主[22],夏季仅有少量的暖温性和亚热带海藻在中潮带的石沼中和低潮带分布,4月份是底栖海藻由冷温性区系向暖温性区系过渡的时期,是大连海域潮间带海藻生物量最高和生物多样性最丰富的时期,最能反映该区域海藻群落的分布特征。
本文调查的时间为4月份,正是大连地区的枯水期,现场调查显示在河道感潮段的盐度低于20,1#区域由于毗邻河口盐度稍低,但也在26~28之间,接近正常海水盐度,其他区域盐度都在31左右,旅顺海域盐度在31.5左右,都处于正常海水盐度水平。因此,可以排除盐度对潮间带海藻群落的影响。本文中调查区域底质类型均为岩礁底质,不存在软相底质中沉积营养影响藻类生长,因此,这类情况不会对本文调查结果产生影响。排除上述可能的干扰因素,可以认为本文中各区域海藻群落分布的差异性主要来自于不同的营养盐环境影响。
大量研究结果表明,氮源是影响底栖海藻生长的主要因素[4, 23-25],因此,以DIN浓度指征营养盐生态效应是可行的。由前述结果可知,陆源营养经凌水河口入海后,在微生物降解[26-27]和海水混合稀释的共同作用下,溶解无机氮形成了自然的衰减梯度。与之相对应的,海藻群落表现出在物种数和优势种分布方面差异明显的空间分布格局。因此,根据温带底栖海藻在群落水平对介质中DIN梯度浓度的响应情况,可以将DIN划分为3个效应浓度水平:富营养效应,DIN>20.81 μmol/L,表现为底栖海藻群落物种数极低,石莼目绿藻优势度明显;中度营养效应,6.69<DIN≤20.81 μmol/L,表现为底栖海藻种类数中等,石莼目绿藻优势度显著下降;低营养效应,4.79<DIN≤6.69 μmol/L,表现为底栖海藻种类数较高,生物多样性丰富,石莼目绿藻优势度不明显。需要指出的是,不同纬度区域、不同区系的海藻群落对营养盐的响应浓度梯度可能存在差异,本文只是为该领域研究做出了一个有益的尝试,要获得更精确或普适性更强的效应浓度划分范围,还需要更深入、更广泛的研究。
现行国家海水水质标准中各类海水水质标准相对应的无机氮浓度范围为:一类水质为≤14.29 μmol/L,二类水质为14.29~21.43 μmol/L,三类水质为21.43~28.57 μmol/L,四类水质为28.57~35.71 μmol/L。其中,一类水质适用于海洋渔业水域,海上自然保护区和珍稀濒危海洋生物保护区;二类水质适用于水产养殖区,海水浴场,人体直接接触海水的海上运动或娱乐区,以及与人类食用直接有关的工业用水区[28]
在本文的营养盐效应浓度划分中,富营养效应浓度区间覆盖三、四类水质,且与三类水质限值接近,中度营养效应浓度区间覆盖二类水质和部分一类水质,低营养效应浓度要远低于一类水质标准中的限值,这表明现有的国家海水水质标准中对无机氮的一类水质标准划分还不够细致,不能客观反映其生态效应。因此,对于温带海域的海藻床、海草床自然保护区,仅仅维持一类水质还是不够的,还需要提出更高的要求,建议将一类水质标准的无机氮浓度限值由目前的14.29 μmol/L降低为6.69 μmol/L。
在海藻的生活史中,幼体阶段的竞争能力对于个体的生存、生长、成熟以及种群增长都具有至关重要的意义,只有那些能高效利用有限资源,快速度过幼体阶段的种类才能获取更多的资源(营养、光源),在群落竞争中取得优势[17, 29]。本文中采取的无性系材料,由于其来源于个体的早期发育或体细胞的再生,并且具备无限的生长能力,因此保持了幼体的生理特性和生长特征,更能体现自然海区中幼体的特点[30]
缘管浒苔是广泛分布的世界种,是公认的绿潮藻,常常在河口、排污口附近的潮间带形成优势种群,其生活史特征表现为成熟早、繁殖力高、寿命短,属于典型的r-策略生物[31-32]。柔质仙菜通常分布在寡营养海域的低潮线附近或潮下带,生长期长、繁殖力较低,在生态策略上更偏向于k-策略的特征[31]
由本文结果可知,缘管浒苔幼体对 ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $ V max远远大于柔质仙菜幼体,说明缘管浒苔幼体在高浓度下具有更强的吸收能力。缘管浒苔幼体采取被动扩散的方式吸收 $ {\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ ,与柔质仙菜幼体相比,对高浓度 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ 的吸收更具有优势。缘管浒苔幼体对 $ {\rm {NO}}_3^- $ ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ a值均大于柔质仙菜幼体,说明缘管浒苔幼体在低营养盐浓度时对 ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $ $ {\rm {NH}}_4^+$ 的亲和力更大。柔质仙菜幼体对 ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $ V max大于缘管浒苔幼体,说明柔质仙菜幼体对高浓度 $ {\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}$ 的吸收能力更强;但缘管浒苔幼体的a值远大于柔质仙菜幼体,说明前者对低浓度 $ {\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}$ 的亲和力更强。柔质仙菜幼体的Ks 远大于缘管浒苔幼体,说明前者对磷的需求高于后者,因此,在寡营养海域,磷可能成为柔质仙菜幼体生长的限制因子。
在硝酸氮和氨氮两种氮源下,缘管浒苔幼体的G maxKμ 均显著高于柔质仙菜幼体,说明缘管浒苔幼体尽管生长速率快,但其对营养盐的浓度要求也比较高,即其对营养盐的利用效率不如柔质仙菜幼体。在硝酸盐介质中,缘管浒苔幼体的Kμ /Ks 值为5.92,明显高于柔质仙菜幼体的1.47,说明缘管浒苔幼体的生长更容易受到低浓度硝酸盐的限制。
经过亿万年的自然选择,为了适应环境,底栖海藻进化出不同的繁殖策略,无性繁殖、有性生殖和营养繁殖是产生后代的3种方式[33],为了躲避捕食、协调存活与繁殖关系,底栖海藻也进化出一次繁殖与多次繁殖两种繁殖节律。当环境处于有利条件时,从幼体阶段开始多次开展无性繁殖实施对母体的复制,是很多石莼目绿藻和红毛菜目红藻最有效的繁殖方式。以缘管浒苔为例,它在幼体阶段少量多次的单性生殖(或孤雌生殖)[33],既能有效躲避捕食者的捕食,又能大量促进新生个体在母体周围的空间分布,对于种群的子代补充具有重要意义。但在寡营养环境分布的柔质仙菜,在生活史进程中只在成体阶段进行一次无性繁殖。
基于两性结合的有性生殖是藻类普遍的一种繁殖方式,通常为一次繁殖,虽然繁殖细胞数量巨大,但由于是在特定阶段(通常是大潮期间)的集中释放,大部分为蛰伏的捕食者摄食,只有极少数为强潮流稀释而存活下来,附着到生长基质中,保留了形成新生个体的机会。因此,有性生殖对于底栖海藻的生态意义主要在于物种的空间分布以及为自然选择提供变异的种质基础。
在底栖海藻中,通常将藻体的裂殖作为营养繁殖的主要方式[33],但其实,很多海藻(如缘管浒苔和柔质仙菜)的假根也能实施营养繁殖,这些假根不仅是附着器官,同时也具有抗逆和产生子代的功能。
在海洋环境中,很多r-策略者(如缘管浒苔)在成体阶段通过有性生殖和一次无性繁殖产生的游孢子和配子,在原生动物(如海洋长吻虫等)捕食、软体动物(如紫贻贝等)滤食等的高选择压力下[34],往往仅有极少量的繁殖细胞幸存下来,因此,其对于优势种群的形成往往贡献较小。而能否实现最大的种群内禀增长率,并占据更多的空间生态位,则更多的依赖幼体阶段的竞争力和繁殖力(多次无性繁殖)。
如果一个个体在早期投入繁殖的能量过多,那么它可能要付出生长速率、胁迫抗性和存活率下降的代价;如果还想保持在较高水平,就需要摄入更多的资源和能量[35]。以缘管浒苔为例,其幼体阶段既要维持快速生长,又要经历多次单性繁殖,所以其对营养盐的需求要远远高于柔质仙菜,因此,表现出更高的吸收速率和亲和能力,尤其是对于氨的吸收优势。
在据排污口较近的富营养区域,过剩的营养极大地促进了以石莼目绿藻为代表的r-策略者幼体的竞争力和种群繁殖力,使其占据了大量的生态位,形成优势种群。由于密度过大和藻体随水流摆动,致使其他藻类的繁殖细胞无法附着,或幼体缺乏生长的立体空间,因而丧失了生存机会,导致这一区域出现底栖海藻多样性低,绿藻优势度明显的现象。
在寡营养环境中,由于得不到充足的营养供应,r-策略海藻幼体的竞争力和种群繁殖力都受到制约,占据的空间生态位有限,为其他种类的生存提供了条件,而那些对营养盐需求较低但利用效率高的k-策略海藻则表现出更强的竞争力,在竞争中取得优势,能快速突破早期环境筛的限制,形成成体。因此,在寡营养海域,底栖海藻的多样性比较丰富。
在排污口临近海域,随着海水中营养盐浓度降低,温带海域底栖海藻群落呈现种类数增加、优势绿藻覆盖度降低的趋势。根据底栖海藻在群落水平对氮源的响应,建议将现行海水水质标准中无机氮一类水质标准的限值由目前的14.29 μmol/L降低为6.69 μmol/L。在富营养环境中,营养盐浓度的上升促进了r-策略海藻幼体的竞争力和种群繁殖力,使其占据了大量的生态位,形成优势种群,导致底栖海藻多样性较低;在寡营养环境中,r-策略海藻的幼体竞争力和种群繁殖力都受到制约,占据的空间生态位有限,为其他种类的生存提供了条件,k-策略海藻则表现出更强的竞争力,在竞争中取得优势,因而,在寡营养海域,底栖海藻的多样性丰富。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1402104);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA13020401);国家自然科学基金(41301560)。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.010
  • 接收时间:2019-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-01-21
  • 修回日期:2019-05-09
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1402104);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA13020401);国家自然科学基金(41301560)。
作者信息
    1 国家海洋环境监测中心,辽宁 大连 116023
    2 大连海事大学 环境系统生物研究所,辽宁 大连 116026
    3 大连市环境监测中心,辽宁 大连 116023
    4 瑞士万通中国有限公司,北京 100085
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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