Article(id=1246833308865290437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1545926400000, receivedDateStr=2018-12-28, revisedDate=1552406400000, revisedDateStr=2019-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775197825876, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1566662400000, pubDateStr=2019-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775197825876, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775197825876, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775197825876, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246833307606995898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775197825576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200503343, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=97, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246833309188251849, articleId=1246833308865290437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The role of ecological factors in the progress of the green tide in the Yellow Sea, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The green tide occurred in the South Yellow Sea for 10 a from 2008 to 2017, affecting aquaculture, tourism and the safety of shipping in surrounding coastal cities. Studying the progress of the green tide and their influencing factors are of vital significance for understanding the distribution characteristics of the green tide in the South Yellow Sea and for preventing and controlling the green tide disaster. MODIS L1B data is used in this paper and normalized difference vegetation index is applied to extract related information of the green tide. According to the variation characteristics of the coverage area of the green tide, the whole progress of the green tide is divided into three stages: trigger stage, fast development stage and depletion stage. And the effects of sea surface temperature, precipitation and short-wave radiation on the variation of the green tide were analyzed. The results show that in the trigger stage, when the temperature is over 15℃, effective precipitation can stimulate the triggering of the green tide. The green tide can be detected by MODIS image within half a month following the effective precipitation. In the fast development stage, the sea surface temperature at the location of the green tide is 16–21℃, which is suitable for the rapid growth of the green tide. The solar short-wave radiation is concentrated in the range of 250~280 W/m2, and the precipitation is important for the growth of the green tide during this stage. The peak coverage area of the green tide is low when precipitation is small, while the precipitation is extremely high in 2016 when the peak coverage area is the largest. During the depletion stage, the sea surface temperature rises to 22–26℃. When the green tide disappears, the average sea surface temperature exceeds 26℃, and the highest temperature reaches 27.48℃. The high sea surface temperature is one of the main factors for the demise of the green tide. The solar short-wave radiation is concentrated at 240–260 W/m2, which is slightly lower than that in the fast development stage. The precipitation is relatively sufficient in this stage and no longer affects the growth of the green tide.

, correspAuthors=Liang Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu Bai, Liang Zhao, Jingzhou Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246833312346562810, articleId=1246833308865290437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=生态因子在黄海绿潮生消过程中的作用, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2008–2017年南黄海海域连续10 a发生绿潮,影响周边沿海城市养殖、旅游和航运安全等。研究绿潮生消过程及其影响因素对于理解黄海绿潮分布特征,开展绿潮灾害的预防与治理有重要意义。本文主要采用MODIS L1B数据,通过归一化植被指数提取绿潮信息。根据逐年绿潮覆盖面积的变化特征,将绿潮生消过程分为3个阶段:触发阶段、快速发展阶段、消衰阶段,分析了海表温度、降水和光照在绿潮生消过程中的作用。结果表明:在触发阶段,温度达到15°C后,有效降水可以刺激绿潮的触发,在降水后的半个月内可以通过MODIS影像发现绿潮。在快速发展阶段,绿潮所在位置海表面温度为16~21°C,适宜绿潮的快速生长;太阳短波辐射集中在250~280 W/m2范围内;降水量是影响绿潮生长规模的一个重要因素,降水量少时绿潮覆盖面积峰值明显较小,而出现绿潮覆盖面积最大值的2016年降水量也极高。在消衰阶段,海表温度上升至22~26°C,绿潮在卫星影像中消失时,平均海表温度超过26°C,最高温度可达27.48°C,较高的海表面温度是导致绿潮消亡的主要原因之一;太阳短波辐射集中在240~260 W/m2,略低于快速发展阶段光照范围;降水量在该阶段相对充足不再影响绿潮的生长。

, correspAuthors=赵亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*赵亮(1975—),教授,从事海洋生态系统动力学研究。E-mail:
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白雨(1996—),男,天津市人,研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

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白雨(1996—),男,天津市人,研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

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The relationship between temperature, precipitation and the green tide trigger from 2008 to 2017

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年份 降水日期 温度达到15℃日期 降水与适宜温度的间隔天数/d 是否为有效降水 绿潮出现日期 首次有效降水与绿潮首发的间隔天数/d
2008 5月4日 5月11日 7 5月15日 11
2009 4月20日 5月7日 17 × 5月26日 10
5月16日 9
5月20日 13
2010 4月18日 5月14日 26 × 6月3日 17
4月19日 25 ×
4月21日 23 ×
5月17日 3
5月22日 8
2011 5月11日 5月10日 1 5月27日 16
2012 4月21日 5月7日 16 × 5月6日 12
4月24日 13
2013 5月9日 5月12日 3 5月21日 12
2014 4月26日 5月11日 15 5月12日 16
5月11日 0
2015 5月2日 5月11日 9 5月14日 12
2016 4月16日 5月8日 22 × 5月11日 14
4月20日 18 ×
4月27日 11
5月2日 6
5月10日 2
2017 5月4日 5月7日 3 5月13日 9
5月8日 1
5月12日 5
), ArticleFig(id=1254506148640522407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308865290437, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2008–2017年温度、降水与绿潮触发关系

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年份 降水日期 温度达到15℃日期 降水与适宜温度的间隔天数/d 是否为有效降水 绿潮出现日期 首次有效降水与绿潮首发的间隔天数/d
2008 5月4日 5月11日 7 5月15日 11
2009 4月20日 5月7日 17 × 5月26日 10
5月16日 9
5月20日 13
2010 4月18日 5月14日 26 × 6月3日 17
4月19日 25 ×
4月21日 23 ×
5月17日 3
5月22日 8
2011 5月11日 5月10日 1 5月27日 16
2012 4月21日 5月7日 16 × 5月6日 12
4月24日 13
2013 5月9日 5月12日 3 5月21日 12
2014 4月26日 5月11日 15 5月12日 16
5月11日 0
2015 5月2日 5月11日 9 5月14日 12
2016 4月16日 5月8日 22 × 5月11日 14
4月20日 18 ×
4月27日 11
5月2日 6
5月10日 2
2017 5月4日 5月7日 3 5月13日 9
5月8日 1
5月12日 5
), ArticleFig(id=1254506148875403434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308865290437, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sea surface temperature, solar short-wave radiation, and precipitation in the intensive areas in the fast development stage of green tide from 2008 to 2017

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快速发展阶段时间 海表面温度/℃ 太阳短波辐射/W·m–2 降水量/mm
2008 5月20日至6月25日 17.38 258.89 131.81
2009 5月31日至7月2日 20.39 276.84 41.11
2010 6月5日至7月6日 20.66 275.34 49.03
2011 5月28日至6月13日 17.52 276.40 14.15
2012 5月3日至6月12日 16.75 282.09 7.86
2013 5月21日至6月20日 17.42 259.60 103.72
2014 5月15日至6月18日 17.75 266.58 101.49
2015 5月16日至6月12日 17.51 272.49 37.81
2016 5月17日至6月25日 18.72 252.12 131.70
2017 5月19日至6月9日 18.30 284.89 20.22
), ArticleFig(id=1254506149076730030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308865290437, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2008–2017年绿潮快速增加阶段绿潮密集区域内海表面温度、太阳短波辐射、降水统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
快速发展阶段时间 海表面温度/℃ 太阳短波辐射/W·m–2 降水量/mm
2008 5月20日至6月25日 17.38 258.89 131.81
2009 5月31日至7月2日 20.39 276.84 41.11
2010 6月5日至7月6日 20.66 275.34 49.03
2011 5月28日至6月13日 17.52 276.40 14.15
2012 5月3日至6月12日 16.75 282.09 7.86
2013 5月21日至6月20日 17.42 259.60 103.72
2014 5月15日至6月18日 17.75 266.58 101.49
2015 5月16日至6月12日 17.51 272.49 37.81
2016 5月17日至6月25日 18.72 252.12 131.70
2017 5月19日至6月9日 18.30 284.89 20.22
), ArticleFig(id=1254506149307416753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308865290437, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sea surface temperature, solar shortwave radiation, and precipitation within the study areas in the green tide depletion stage from 2008 to 2017

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
衰退时间 海表面温度/℃ 太阳短波辐射/W·m–2 降水量/mm
2008年7月6日至8月9日 24.29 235.68 131.10
2009年7月2日至8月13日 24.56 239.41 181.66
2010年7月6日至8月8日 25.46 254.23 94.77
2011年7月4日至8月4日 23.38 211.44 268.90
2012年6月20日至8月6日 23.75 249.93 201.95
2013年7月5日至8月8日 25.08 241.53 104.59
2014年7月3日至8月15日 24.66 244.85 85.06
2015年7月1日至8月14日 24.79 241.47 142.87
2016年7月2日至7月29日 24.72 246.71 84.22
2017年6月9日至7月11日 22.50 262.97 93.56
), ArticleFig(id=1254506151098384566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308865290437, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2008–2017年绿潮消衰阶段研究区域内海表面温度、太阳短波辐射、降水统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
衰退时间 海表面温度/℃ 太阳短波辐射/W·m–2 降水量/mm
2008年7月6日至8月9日 24.29 235.68 131.10
2009年7月2日至8月13日 24.56 239.41 181.66
2010年7月6日至8月8日 25.46 254.23 94.77
2011年7月4日至8月4日 23.38 211.44 268.90
2012年6月20日至8月6日 23.75 249.93 201.95
2013年7月5日至8月8日 25.08 241.53 104.59
2014年7月3日至8月15日 24.66 244.85 85.06
2015年7月1日至8月14日 24.79 241.47 142.87
2016年7月2日至7月29日 24.72 246.71 84.22
2017年6月9日至7月11日 22.50 262.97 93.56
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生态因子在黄海绿潮生消过程中的作用
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白雨 1 , 赵亮 1, * , 刘境舟 1
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019,41(8): 97-105
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2019, 41(8): 97-105
生态因子在黄海绿潮生消过程中的作用
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白雨1 , 赵亮1, * , 刘境舟1
作者信息
  • 1 天津科技大学 海洋与环境学院,天津 300457
  • 白雨(1996—),男,天津市人,研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*赵亮(1975—),教授,从事海洋生态系统动力学研究。E-mail:
The role of ecological factors in the progress of the green tide in the Yellow Sea
Yu Bai1 , Liang Zhao1, * , Jingzhou Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
出版时间: 2019-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.009
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2008–2017年南黄海海域连续10 a发生绿潮,影响周边沿海城市养殖、旅游和航运安全等。研究绿潮生消过程及其影响因素对于理解黄海绿潮分布特征,开展绿潮灾害的预防与治理有重要意义。本文主要采用MODIS L1B数据,通过归一化植被指数提取绿潮信息。根据逐年绿潮覆盖面积的变化特征,将绿潮生消过程分为3个阶段:触发阶段、快速发展阶段、消衰阶段,分析了海表温度、降水和光照在绿潮生消过程中的作用。结果表明:在触发阶段,温度达到15°C后,有效降水可以刺激绿潮的触发,在降水后的半个月内可以通过MODIS影像发现绿潮。在快速发展阶段,绿潮所在位置海表面温度为16~21°C,适宜绿潮的快速生长;太阳短波辐射集中在250~280 W/m2范围内;降水量是影响绿潮生长规模的一个重要因素,降水量少时绿潮覆盖面积峰值明显较小,而出现绿潮覆盖面积最大值的2016年降水量也极高。在消衰阶段,海表温度上升至22~26°C,绿潮在卫星影像中消失时,平均海表温度超过26°C,最高温度可达27.48°C,较高的海表面温度是导致绿潮消亡的主要原因之一;太阳短波辐射集中在240~260 W/m2,略低于快速发展阶段光照范围;降水量在该阶段相对充足不再影响绿潮的生长。

绿潮  /  生消  /  海表温度  /  光照  /  降水量  /  南黄海

The green tide occurred in the South Yellow Sea for 10 a from 2008 to 2017, affecting aquaculture, tourism and the safety of shipping in surrounding coastal cities. Studying the progress of the green tide and their influencing factors are of vital significance for understanding the distribution characteristics of the green tide in the South Yellow Sea and for preventing and controlling the green tide disaster. MODIS L1B data is used in this paper and normalized difference vegetation index is applied to extract related information of the green tide. According to the variation characteristics of the coverage area of the green tide, the whole progress of the green tide is divided into three stages: trigger stage, fast development stage and depletion stage. And the effects of sea surface temperature, precipitation and short-wave radiation on the variation of the green tide were analyzed. The results show that in the trigger stage, when the temperature is over 15℃, effective precipitation can stimulate the triggering of the green tide. The green tide can be detected by MODIS image within half a month following the effective precipitation. In the fast development stage, the sea surface temperature at the location of the green tide is 16–21℃, which is suitable for the rapid growth of the green tide. The solar short-wave radiation is concentrated in the range of 250~280 W/m2, and the precipitation is important for the growth of the green tide during this stage. The peak coverage area of the green tide is low when precipitation is small, while the precipitation is extremely high in 2016 when the peak coverage area is the largest. During the depletion stage, the sea surface temperature rises to 22–26℃. When the green tide disappears, the average sea surface temperature exceeds 26℃, and the highest temperature reaches 27.48℃. The high sea surface temperature is one of the main factors for the demise of the green tide. The solar short-wave radiation is concentrated at 240–260 W/m2, which is slightly lower than that in the fast development stage. The precipitation is relatively sufficient in this stage and no longer affects the growth of the green tide.

green tide  /  outbreak and extinction  /  sea surface temperature  /  short-wave radiation  /  precipitation  /  south Yellow Sea
白雨, 赵亮, 刘境舟. 生态因子在黄海绿潮生消过程中的作用. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (8) : 97 -105 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.009
Yu Bai, Liang Zhao, Jingzhou Liu. The role of ecological factors in the progress of the green tide in the Yellow Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (8) : 97 -105 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.009
绿潮是海洋大型绿藻暴发性生长形成的藻华现象[1],自2008年后连续10 a不断在黄海形成灾害,严重影响周边海域生态环境,造成巨大的经济损失。仅2012年上报的直接经济损失就达0.3亿元,但实际上为打捞和清理浒苔付出的经济代价以及由绿潮暴发引起的间接经济损失均要远高于此[2]。研究绿潮的生消过程及其影响因子对预防与应对绿潮灾害有重要的意义。
自绿潮在黄海形成灾害后,对绿潮藻种进行了大量研究,结果表明黄海绿潮的主要优势种是浒苔[3],影响其生长的生态因子主要包括温度、光强、盐度、溶解氧、摄食动物等[4]。温度影响绿潮的生长速率,其最高生长率出现在15~20℃[5]。实验表明浒苔孢子/配子适宜萌发的温度范围为15~25℃,最适温度为20℃,浒苔孢子/配子体不具有耐高温性[6]。光照强度的大小在一定程度上决定着绿潮光合作用的强弱和生长的快慢,光照强度的升高可以显著促进浒苔的生长[7]。浒苔的盐度适应范围较广,在盐度5~29均能存活,其中25和29为生长最适宜盐度[8]。营养盐是浒苔生长的重要条件,营养盐实验显示浒苔对氮的需求很高,添加Fe、Mn等微量元素可明显促进浒苔的生长与繁殖[9]。突发性、大量的营养盐输入会对浮游植物生长和种群结构产生重要影响,且大气沉降中的微量元素(如Fe、Mn等)对海洋浮游植物的生长也有着不可忽视的作用[10]
研究温度和光照等生态因子对绿潮生消过程的影响,有助于理解这一灾害性生态过程。因此,本文利用遥感影像反演黄海绿潮分布,分析其变化特征,进而利用再分析数据,讨论温度、光照和降水量这3个生态因子在黄海绿潮生消过程中的作用。
黄海绿潮主要发生在春夏季,覆盖江苏盐城以北,山东半岛以南的黄海西部海域,本文主要研究区域范围:31.5°~37.5°N,119.0°~124.5°E。本文采用2008–2017年,云况较少或无云情况下Terra/Aqua MODIS L1B影像来获取绿潮分布,影像空间分辨率为250 m×250 m,数据来源为https://adsweb.modaps.eosdis. nasa.gov/search/。海表温度、太阳短波辐射和降水数据采用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)提供的ERA-interim再分析数据,空间分辨率为0.125° × 0.125°,时间分辨率分别为6 h、12 h和12 h,数据来源为http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/levtype%3Dsfc/
本文利用归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)提取绿潮信息,具体方法和步骤参见郭伟等[11]。根据绿潮的季节变化特征,将绿潮生消过程分为触发、快速发展和消衰3个阶段,在触发阶段,逐天提取绿潮发源地每年4月中旬至绿潮首次出现期间的降水量和海表温度,分析它们对绿潮触发的影响。在绿潮快速发展与消衰阶段,根据绿潮不同覆盖范围,提取绿潮变化过程中密集区域的海表温度、太阳短波辐射和降水量,讨论它们在绿潮生消过程中的作用。
根据2008–2017年多年反演结果,给出黄海绿潮的生消特征,分阶段讨论光照、温度和降水在绿潮生消过程中的作用。
黄海绿潮整个生消过程持续60~100 d,2017年绿潮持续时间最短,仅约60 d;2009–2011年黄海绿潮生消过程相对较短,约70~80 d;其余6年均在90~100 d左右[11]。过去10年间,黄海绿潮覆盖面积峰值变化较大,年际变化呈现出先升高后降低的趋势变化(图1),2016年出现全期最大峰值,约为7 990.43 km2,在2017年出现全期最小峰值,仅为977.94 km2,2010–2012年绿潮暴发规模相对较小,峰值均没有超过2 000 km2,其余各年约3 000~6 000 km2。虽然每年覆盖面积差异较大,但其季节变化规律基本相同:绿潮触发主要发生在5月初至6月初,这段时间内绿潮的覆盖面积很低,绿潮首次被MODIS观测到的时间,最早为5月6日,最晚为6月3日。6月至7月期间,绿潮浒苔进入快速发展阶段,覆盖面积在30~40 d内迅速上升,其覆盖面积峰值主要出现在6月中旬至7月初之间。7月至8月初绿潮浒苔进入消衰阶段,绿潮覆盖面积在达到当年峰值后迅速减小,基本在8月初至8月下旬消失。除2017年外,其余各年最后一次观测到绿潮的时间最早为7月29日最晚为8月15日。
卫星反演结果显示,绿潮首次出现时间集中在5月,位置集中于苏北浅滩(图2),2008年、2010年、2014年绿潮首先出现于江苏省盐城以北海域,呈零星状分布。2009年、2011年、2012年、2015–2017年均出现于南通以北及江苏辐射沙洲附近海域,由于早期绿潮规模较小不易被MODIS观测,因此统计图2中A区域所示范围内,每年4月中旬至首次发现绿潮期间的降水量与海表面温度,分析它们对绿潮触发的影响。
以2016年为例,在4月15日至5月11日(绿潮首次出现)之间,降水次数较多且日降水量相差较大(图3),根据我国气象局颁布的降水强度等级划分标准,记录中雨(24 h内降水量为10.0~24.9 mm)及以上级别的降水。发现该时间段内共有5次中雨及以上级别降水,分别为4月16日、4月20日、4月27日、5月2日、5月10日,其中前3次降水期间海表面温度相对较低,分别为11.7℃、12.1℃、13.1℃,绿潮没有伴随降水出现。随着时间推移,海表面温度逐渐上升,在第4、5次降水时海表面温度分别达到14.1℃、14.9℃。第4次降水6天后,海水温度超过15℃;5月10日发生第5次降水,1天后,卫星影像中发现绿潮出现。由于浒苔微观繁殖体的最适萌发温度为15℃[12],故推测单纯的降水不能直接促使绿潮的出现。达到适宜浒苔微观繁殖体萌发的温度条件后,降水才可以有效刺激绿潮触发。本文将温度达到15℃的前后半月内降水定义为有效降水,并对2008–2017年连续10 a数据进行统计分析,结果如表1
表1结果表明,在一次或者多次有效降水后17 d内,均可以观测到绿潮的出现。衣立等[13]对2008年和2009年黄海西部降水与绿潮出现时间进行了比对分析,发现两年间降水明显增多时间相差约15 d,而2008年和2009年绿潮出现时间也相差约15 d,与本文多年统计得到认识一致。
在黄海突发性的大气降水能暂时使黄海表层富营养化,给藻华物种提供必要的生长条件[14],并且实验表明无论是一次性还是间歇性的添加高氮低磷的雨水,浮游植物的生长都有积极响应[15]。大气沉降带来的微量元素(如Fe、Mn等)对海洋浮游植物的生长有着不可忽视的作用[10],李瑞香等[9]的营养盐实验结果表明浒苔对氮的需求很高,添加Fe、Mn等微量元素可明显促进浒苔的生长与繁殖。大气输送是黄海营养盐的主要来源之一[16],在南黄海大气沉降对该海域溶解无机氮及溶解无机磷的贡献比例分别为35.84%及26.67%[17],刘素美等[18]研究表明相对于河水和海水,降雨是在工业城市近岸地区痕量化学要素的主要来源,并且Fe主要通过湿沉降进入海水表面,其湿沉降通量可达11.33 g/(m2·a)。因此,大量降水可以向黄海表层输送丰富的营养盐与Fe等浒苔所需的痕量元素,为浒苔生长提供较好的营养环境。适宜的海水温度也对绿潮的触发起着一定的促进作用,陈月红[19]对硝酸还原酶活力(Nitric Acid Reductase Activity,NRA)的实验显示,浒苔的NRAmax与NRA平均值均在在15℃最大,且NRA平均值与浒苔日均相对增长率呈正相关。韩红宾等[6]的研究显示,浒苔孢子/配子适宜萌发的温度范围为15~25℃,最适温度为20℃。综上所述,在温度适宜绿潮浒苔生长的同时,降水可以向海水中输入大量的营养盐与绿潮生长所需的痕量元素如Fe等,适宜的温度和有效降水共同刺激黄海绿潮的触发。
图1图4表明黄海绿潮在每年5月出现后,向北漂移,漂移过程中覆盖面积迅速增加,至6月下旬达到最大,经历了一个快速发展阶段,快速发展阶段历时30~40 d。其中2009年、2016年、2017年绿潮浒苔覆盖面积的相对变化较大,从首次发现到最大覆盖面积发生时,面积分别扩大321倍、181倍、180倍,其余各年均扩大12~82倍。选取每年绿潮快速发展阶段绿潮分布密集区域作为研究区域,如图4黑框所示,分析光照、降水和温度特征。
对密集区域内的海表面温度、光照、降水进行统计,结果如表2。在绿潮快速发展阶段,绿潮主要密集区域的海表面温度普遍处于16~21℃范围内,其中最低为16.75℃,最高为20.66℃,平均为18.24℃。密集区海表温度处于适宜绿潮生长温度范围内,与Taylor等[5]的研究结果一致,绿潮在该温度范围内出现最高生长率。Cui等[20]研究显示,浒苔成体在15~20℃之间生长速率最高。
密集区内太阳短波辐射最低为252.12 W/m2,最高为284.89 W/m2,平均约271.82 W/m2,主要集中在250~280 W/m2范围内。崔琳琳等[1]研究显示在绿潮早期聚集期间,太阳短波辐射能量在200 W/m2左右,有利于浒苔繁殖。吴青等[21]在对绿潮的跟踪监测过程中测量的野外自然光辐照强度平均在1 000 μmol/(m2·s)以上,但该范围已超过适宜浒苔生长的光照强度范围(180~300 μmol/(m2·s))[6]。由于南黄海悬沙浓度较高,低海水透明度可以削弱光强,减弱了强烈光照对上层浒苔的损害,与此同时漂浮气囊的遮荫效果使得悬挂分枝在海水中所承受的光照强度也大大减弱[21-22],李彦之[23]也认为受水表浒苔的遮盖以及水体透明度的影响,会使得到达水下的光照大幅衰减。因此,虽然密集区短波辐射超过绿潮适宜光照,但不是主要的影响因子。
密集区内降水量差异较大,最高为131.81 mm,最低为7.86 mm,其中2011年、2012年、2017年3年的降水量明显较小,分别为14.15 mm,7.86 mm和20.22 mm,2008年、2013年、2014年、2016年4年的降水量较大均超过100 mm。根据图1表2可以发现绿潮覆盖面积峰值最小的3年(2011年、2012年、2017年)其快速发展阶段降水量也最小,而覆盖面积最大的2016年在快速发展阶段的降水量也极大,超过130 mm。对降水量与绿潮覆盖面积进行了相关性分析,由于绿潮快速发展阶段密集区分布稍有不同,为了避免其余环境因素干扰,按分布区域将2008年、2010年、2013年、2017年归为一类,其余几年归为另一类。结果如图5所示,发现降水量与绿潮覆盖面积峰值之间存在有较好的相关性,第一类相关性较高,R 2达到0.85,第二类相关性R 2也达到0.53。在快速发展阶段降水量与太阳短波辐射呈现负相关趋势,降水量超过100 mm的4年太阳短波辐射也最低(图略)。降水通过湿沉降带来绿潮生长需要的营养盐和微量元素,增强了海水的垂直混合,为浒苔生长提供了丰富的陆源营养物质[24],另一方面可以有效的避免浒苔在高光强条件下受到损伤,并防止水分流失[25]
根据图1所示,绿潮在每年7月至8月期间,面积明显下降进入消衰阶段,本文选取消衰阶段绿潮覆盖区域(图6),对区域内的海表面温度、太阳短波辐射和降水进行统计分析,如表3,在衰退期间覆盖区海表面温度介于22~26℃间,最低为22.50℃,最高为25.46℃,平均约为24.33℃,相对于快速发展阶段,绿潮分布区海表面温度明显升高。绿潮最后出现位置海表平均温度均超过26℃,最高温度可达27.48℃。辛蕾等[26]发现随着表层水温持续上升超过25℃,绿潮覆盖面积呈现下降趋势,直至消亡。由于绿潮的生消过程受海表温度影响较大[27],通过比对末次观测到绿潮时的海表面平均温度与发展、消衰阶段海表面平均温度(图7),发现海表面温度在绿潮发生不同阶段差异明显,超过15℃绿潮触发,在快速发展阶段海表面温度范围为16~21℃,到了消衰阶段,温度上升至22~26℃,绿潮在卫星影像中消失的时候,平均温度超过26℃。该认识与陈月红[19]的实验结果相近,在实验后期浒苔的相对增长率大小顺序随温度升高而下降,即10℃组 > 15℃组 > 20℃组 > 25℃组 > 30℃组,且在25℃和30℃时下降趋势最为明显。Jin等[24]也表示在消衰阶段高海表温度极大地抑制了绿潮的生长。
覆盖区太阳短波辐射最低为211.44 W/m2,最高为262.97 W/m2,平均约为242.82 W/m2,主要集中在240~260 W/m2范围内,相比于发展阶段,太阳短波辐射略有下降,但仍超过浒苔生长的最适光照范围。在绿潮向北漂移到北黄海的过程中,海水透明度不断变高,由于没有悬浮固体的阴影,绿潮所接受的光照强度不断增强,经过日照海域的绿潮颜色显著变浅,已处于衰亡状态[21-22],因此在北黄海,较高的透明度可能使光照成为绿潮的抑制因子[28]
绿潮消衰阶段,降水量最低为84.22 mm,最高为268.90 mm,总体降水量明显高于发展阶段。在发展阶段降水量与绿潮覆盖面积峰值之间存在较好的相关性,降水可能是促使绿潮形成规模的一个有利因素,而在消亡阶段降水量同样充足,因此降水不是造成绿潮消衰的主要因子,较高的海表面温度与光照抑制了浒苔的生长[23],使得浒苔不断死亡下沉直至彻底消亡。
本文主要采用云况较少或无云情况下空间分辨率为250 m×250 m的Terra/Aqua MODIS L1B数据,通过NDVI算法提取绿潮信息。采用欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的ERA-interim再分析数据,分析了海表温度、光照、降水对绿潮触发、快速发展和消衰3个阶段的影响。
在触发阶段,温度达到15℃后适宜绿潮微观繁殖体的萌发,降水带来大量的氮磷营养盐和浒苔发育所需的痕量元素如Fe等,两者共同刺激绿潮的触发。在快速发展阶段,海表面温度介于16~21℃之间,适宜绿潮的快速生长;光照集中在250~280 W/m2范围内。由于南黄海海水透明度较低,极大地削弱了光强,同时浒苔的漂浮气囊也可产生一定的遮阴效果,使得高光照在该阶段并不抑制浒苔的生长;降水量与绿潮覆盖面积峰值存在一定的相关性,大量降水有利于绿潮形成规模,因此降水量和合适的温度是促进绿潮快速增长的生态因素。消衰阶段,海表温度持续上升至22~26℃,较高的海表面温度是导致绿潮消亡的主要原因之一,绿潮在卫星影像中消失的时候,平均温度超过26℃;光照主要集中在240~260 W/m2,由于绿潮向北漂移的过程中海水透明度不断变高,使得较强的光照成为绿潮的抑制因子;降水量在该阶段相对充足,不是造成绿潮消衰的主要因子。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1401602);国家自然科学基金(41876018)。
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2019年第41卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.009
  • 接收时间:2018-12-28
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-12-28
  • 修回日期:2019-03-13
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1401602);国家自然科学基金(41876018)。
作者信息
    1 天津科技大学 海洋与环境学院,天津 300457

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*赵亮(1975—),教授,从事海洋生态系统动力学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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