Article(id=1246833308315833274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1543852800000, receivedDateStr=2018-12-04, revisedDate=1554739200000, revisedDateStr=2019-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775197825744, onlineDateStr=2026-04-03, pubDate=1566662400000, pubDateStr=2019-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775197825744, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775197825744, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775197825744, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246833307606995898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775197825576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200503343, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246844539051332283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246833307606995898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=124, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246833308714292157, articleId=1246833308315833274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Occurrence phase and enrichment mechanism of platinum group elements in the Pacific cobalt-rich crusts, columnId=1246833308588463036, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Notes, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Selective chemical extraction method was utilized to fractionally extract platinum group elements (PGE) in cobalt-rich crusts from Caiwei Seamount in the Pacific, and PGE contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Occurrence phase analysis results in cobalt-rich crusts show that the PGE enrichments in different phases conform to the following order: iron oxide phase, residual phase, manganese oxide phase, carbonate phase, adsorbed phase. PGE in the new non-phosphate layers and the old phosphate layers are mainly enriched in the iron oxide phase, with the enrichment ratio from 59.26% to 82.19%, and the phosphate in residual phase has certain enrichment ability for PGE, with the enrichment ratio from 17.23% to 35.37%. Meanwhile, occurrence phase analysis results in different geological bodies show that the PGE enrichment in cobalt-rich crusts and seamount nodules is mainly affected by iron oxide phase and residual phase. In addition, the enrichment mechanism of PGE in cobalt-rich crusts is presumed to the iron oxide/iron hydroxides colloid particles adsorption, and the soluble $ {\rm PtCl}_4^{2-}$ in seawater is adsorbed into the iron oxide phase, so PGE are enriched in cobalt-rich crusts.

, correspAuthors=Jihua Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingjing Gao, Jihua Liu, Hui Zhang, Shijuan Yan, Lianhua He, Xiaojing Wang, Hongmin Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246833309960000459, articleId=1246833308315833274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素赋存状态与富集机理, columnId=1194652708993995497, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=研究报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过选择性化学提取法,对太平洋采薇海山富钴结壳样品中铂族元素进行分级提取实验,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了铂族元素含量。赋存状态结果显示,富钴结壳中铂族元素在各个化学相态中富集比例从大到小依次为:铁氧化物相、残渣态、锰氧化物相、碳酸盐相、吸附态,未磷酸盐化新壳层和磷酸盐化老壳层中铂族元素都主要赋存于铁氧化物相中,其富集比例为59.26%~82.19%,残渣态中磷酸盐对铂族元素具有一定的富集能力,其富集比例为17.23%~35.37%。不同类型地质体中铂族元素的赋存状态结果,也证实了富钴结壳和海山结核中铂族元素富集主要受到铁氧化物相和残渣态的影响。太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素的富集机理推测为铁氧/氢氧化物胶体粒子的吸附作用,使海水中 ${\rm PtCl}_4^{2-} $ 离子被吸附到铁氧化物相中,从而使富钴结壳中铂族元素富集。

, correspAuthors=刘季花, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘季花,女,研究员,主要从事海洋沉积与资源潜力评价研究。E-mail:
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高晶晶(1980—),女,山东省青岛市人,工程师,从事海洋地球化学分析研究。E-mail:

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高晶晶(1980—),女,山东省青岛市人,工程师,从事海洋地球化学分析研究。E-mail:

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Science China Earth Sciences, 2011, 54(2): 197−203., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506149382910818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国际海域资源调查与开发“十三五”项目(DY135-C1-1-04)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506121553703572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506121562092181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, companyId=1254506121553703572, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506121570480790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, companyId=1254506121553703572, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋沉积与环境地质自然资源部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506121767613080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506121780195993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, companyId=1254506121767613080, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Laboratory for Marine Geology and Environment, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506121788584602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, companyId=1254506121767613080, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506143192118063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The sampling location of cobalt-rich crust CD16, figureFileSmall=tSbUc/DH2gtwc0ebXmG21g==, figureFileBig=3h4TMEp3u/efdh8rWLTo2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506143548633907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=CN, label=图1, caption=富钴结壳CD16样品采集站位位置, figureFileSmall=tSbUc/DH2gtwc0ebXmG21g==, figureFileBig=3h4TMEp3u/efdh8rWLTo2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506143745766200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The photo and stratification of cobalt-rich crust CD16, figureFileSmall=rBGKtIoWNAp+o8GNkW7v7g==, figureFileBig=ri/tJlRSnObuW1k3Lb55RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506144127447867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=CN, label=图2, caption=富钴结壳CD16样品照片及分层取样图, figureFileSmall=rBGKtIoWNAp+o8GNkW7v7g==, figureFileBig=ri/tJlRSnObuW1k3Lb55RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506144467186497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The photos of different geological bodies

a. Basalt, vesicular structure, filled with secondary minerals;b. carbonate rock, composed of foraminifera shells;c. phosphate rock, composed of fine crystal grains or cryptocrystalline minerals;d. seamount nodules, ellipsoidal nodule bodies

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a. 玄武岩,气孔发育,多见白色杏仁体充填;b. 碳酸岩,由有孔虫壳体组成;c. 磷块岩,由微细晶粒或隐晶质矿物组成;d. 海山结核,椭球状结核体

, figureFileSmall=gQFwynLrG8EmpcDFkDpd3w==, figureFileBig=9uF5ZKzFY9enuy4TlS7Zdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506144911782724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Occurrence phase of platinum group elements (PGE) in different structural layer of cobalt-rich crusts, figureFileSmall=Cfk/RV6bYl4pOJyRKUq36g==, figureFileBig=d1Ry+zh5WrbNZ8TLqE1YZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506146715333447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同构造层富钴结壳中铂族元素(PGE)赋存状态, figureFileSmall=Cfk/RV6bYl4pOJyRKUq36g==, figureFileBig=d1Ry+zh5WrbNZ8TLqE1YZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506146946020169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Occurrence phase of platinum group elements (PGE) in different geological bodies, figureFileSmall=cU8USaQxbEXc6OYFmk0wnA==, figureFileBig=0EdKhte7KQEl7E+uwrVN7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506147260592971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同类型地质体中铂族元素(PGE)赋存状态, figureFileSmall=cU8USaQxbEXc6OYFmk0wnA==, figureFileBig=0EdKhte7KQEl7E+uwrVN7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506147503862604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Platinum group elements distribution curves of carbonate phase, manganese oxide phase, iron oxide phase and residual phase in different structural layers of cobalt-rich crusts, figureFileSmall=mo7YlAl4439gA0tzjrIQdg==, figureFileBig=/Ir9Ols9ZgCic5CGRv505g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506147751326542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同构造层富钴结壳在碳酸盐相、锰氧化物相、铁氧化物相和残渣态中铂族元素配分曲线, figureFileSmall=mo7YlAl4439gA0tzjrIQdg==, figureFileBig=/Ir9Ols9ZgCic5CGRv505g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506147982013265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Description of different structural layer in cobalt-rich crusts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 构造层 深度/mm 样品描述
CD16(Ⅰ) 第Ⅰ构造层 0~16 致密,褐黑色,表层葡萄体状突起,以柱状构造为主
CD16(Ⅱ) 第Ⅱ构造层 16~26 致密,黑色,以柱状构造为主
CD16(Ⅲ) 第Ⅲ构造层 26~60 疏松,黄褐色,黏土较多,以树丛状构造为主
CD16(Ⅳ) 第Ⅳ构造层 60~88 致密,黑色,少量磷酸盐脉,以斑杂状构造为主
CD16(Ⅴ) 第Ⅴ构造层 88~98 致密,亮黑色,较多磷酸盐脉,以水平层纹状构造为主
), ArticleFig(id=1254506148120425300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

富钴结壳不同构造层样品描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 构造层 深度/mm 样品描述
CD16(Ⅰ) 第Ⅰ构造层 0~16 致密,褐黑色,表层葡萄体状突起,以柱状构造为主
CD16(Ⅱ) 第Ⅱ构造层 16~26 致密,黑色,以柱状构造为主
CD16(Ⅲ) 第Ⅲ构造层 26~60 疏松,黄褐色,黏土较多,以树丛状构造为主
CD16(Ⅳ) 第Ⅳ构造层 60~88 致密,黑色,少量磷酸盐脉,以斑杂状构造为主
CD16(Ⅴ) 第Ⅴ构造层 88~98 致密,亮黑色,较多磷酸盐脉,以水平层纹状构造为主
), ArticleFig(id=1254506148229477206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Platinum group elements (PGE) contents of different structural layer in cobalt-rich crusts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 Ru含量/ng·g–1 Pd含量/ng·g–1 Ir含量/ng·g–1 Pt含量/ng·g–1 Rh含量/ng·g–1 Os含量/ng·g–1 PGE含量/ng·g–1
CD16(Ⅰ) 19.00 1.700 4.600 202.4 14.70 0.350 0 242.8
CD16(Ⅱ) 20.60 0.300 0 5.700 247.6 13.20 0.470 0 287.9
CD16(Ⅲ) 10.26 2.350 4.710 380.5 18.95 0.130 0 416.9
CD16(Ⅳ) 15.80 2.700 9.700 866.8 24.90 0.110 0 920.0
CD16(Ⅴ) 9.700 4.200 4.900 470.0 14.40 0.130 0 503.3
), ArticleFig(id=1254506148422415192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

富钴结壳不同构造层样品中铂族元素(PGE)含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 Ru含量/ng·g–1 Pd含量/ng·g–1 Ir含量/ng·g–1 Pt含量/ng·g–1 Rh含量/ng·g–1 Os含量/ng·g–1 PGE含量/ng·g–1
CD16(Ⅰ) 19.00 1.700 4.600 202.4 14.70 0.350 0 242.8
CD16(Ⅱ) 20.60 0.300 0 5.700 247.6 13.20 0.470 0 287.9
CD16(Ⅲ) 10.26 2.350 4.710 380.5 18.95 0.130 0 416.9
CD16(Ⅳ) 15.80 2.700 9.700 866.8 24.90 0.110 0 920.0
CD16(Ⅴ) 9.700 4.200 4.900 470.0 14.40 0.130 0 503.3
), ArticleFig(id=1254506148669879131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Platinum group elements (PGE) contents in different geological bodies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 Ru含量/ng·g–1 Pd含量/ng·g–1 Ir含量/ng·g–1 Pt含量/ng·g–1 Rh含量/ng·g–1 Os含量/ng·g–1 PGE含量/ng·g–1
碳酸岩 0.010 0 0.740 0 0.120 0 10.13 0.190 0 0.120 0 11.31
磷块岩 1.360 1.770 0.190 0 33.11 0.260 0 0.110 0 36.80
玄武岩 1.250 3.900 0.340 0 80.49 0.330 0 0.130 0 86.44
海山结核 16.42 2.970 2.290 164.9 0.680 0 0.610 0 187.9
富钴结壳 18.30 4.700 5.400 215.6 15.30 0.200 0 259.5
), ArticleFig(id=1254506148921537373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246833308315833274, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同类型地质体中铂族元素(PGE)含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 Ru含量/ng·g–1 Pd含量/ng·g–1 Ir含量/ng·g–1 Pt含量/ng·g–1 Rh含量/ng·g–1 Os含量/ng·g–1 PGE含量/ng·g–1
碳酸岩 0.010 0 0.740 0 0.120 0 10.13 0.190 0 0.120 0 11.31
磷块岩 1.360 1.770 0.190 0 33.11 0.260 0 0.110 0 36.80
玄武岩 1.250 3.900 0.340 0 80.49 0.330 0 0.130 0 86.44
海山结核 16.42 2.970 2.290 164.9 0.680 0 0.610 0 187.9
富钴结壳 18.30 4.700 5.400 215.6 15.30 0.200 0 259.5
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太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素赋存状态与富集机理
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高晶晶 1, 2 , 刘季花 1, 2, * , 张辉 1, 2 , 闫仕娟 1, 2 , 何连花 1, 2 , 王小静 1, 2 , 汪虹敏 1, 2
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2019,41(8): 115-124
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2019, 41(8): 115-124
太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素赋存状态与富集机理
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高晶晶1, 2 , 刘季花1, 2, * , 张辉1, 2, 闫仕娟1, 2, 何连花1, 2, 王小静1, 2, 汪虹敏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋沉积与环境地质自然资源部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 高晶晶(1980—),女,山东省青岛市人,工程师,从事海洋地球化学分析研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘季花,女,研究员,主要从事海洋沉积与资源潜力评价研究。E-mail:
Occurrence phase and enrichment mechanism of platinum group elements in the Pacific cobalt-rich crusts
Jingjing Gao1, 2 , Jihua Liu1, 2, * , Hui Zhang1, 2, Shijuan Yan1, 2, Lianhua He1, 2, Xiaojing Wang1, 2, Hongmin Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Marine Geology and Environment, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2019-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.011
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通过选择性化学提取法,对太平洋采薇海山富钴结壳样品中铂族元素进行分级提取实验,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了铂族元素含量。赋存状态结果显示,富钴结壳中铂族元素在各个化学相态中富集比例从大到小依次为:铁氧化物相、残渣态、锰氧化物相、碳酸盐相、吸附态,未磷酸盐化新壳层和磷酸盐化老壳层中铂族元素都主要赋存于铁氧化物相中,其富集比例为59.26%~82.19%,残渣态中磷酸盐对铂族元素具有一定的富集能力,其富集比例为17.23%~35.37%。不同类型地质体中铂族元素的赋存状态结果,也证实了富钴结壳和海山结核中铂族元素富集主要受到铁氧化物相和残渣态的影响。太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素的富集机理推测为铁氧/氢氧化物胶体粒子的吸附作用,使海水中 ${\rm PtCl}_4^{2-} $ 离子被吸附到铁氧化物相中,从而使富钴结壳中铂族元素富集。

富钴结壳  /  铂族元素  /  赋存状态  /  富集机理  /  化学提取

Selective chemical extraction method was utilized to fractionally extract platinum group elements (PGE) in cobalt-rich crusts from Caiwei Seamount in the Pacific, and PGE contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Occurrence phase analysis results in cobalt-rich crusts show that the PGE enrichments in different phases conform to the following order: iron oxide phase, residual phase, manganese oxide phase, carbonate phase, adsorbed phase. PGE in the new non-phosphate layers and the old phosphate layers are mainly enriched in the iron oxide phase, with the enrichment ratio from 59.26% to 82.19%, and the phosphate in residual phase has certain enrichment ability for PGE, with the enrichment ratio from 17.23% to 35.37%. Meanwhile, occurrence phase analysis results in different geological bodies show that the PGE enrichment in cobalt-rich crusts and seamount nodules is mainly affected by iron oxide phase and residual phase. In addition, the enrichment mechanism of PGE in cobalt-rich crusts is presumed to the iron oxide/iron hydroxides colloid particles adsorption, and the soluble $ {\rm PtCl}_4^{2-}$ in seawater is adsorbed into the iron oxide phase, so PGE are enriched in cobalt-rich crusts.

cobalt-rich crust  /  platinum group elements (PGE)  /  occurrence phase  /  enrichment mechanism  /  chemical extraction
高晶晶, 刘季花, 张辉, 闫仕娟, 何连花, 王小静, 汪虹敏. 太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素赋存状态与富集机理. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (8) : 115 -124 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.011
Jingjing Gao, Jihua Liu, Hui Zhang, Shijuan Yan, Lianhua He, Xiaojing Wang, Hongmin Wang. Occurrence phase and enrichment mechanism of platinum group elements in the Pacific cobalt-rich crusts[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (8) : 115 -124 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.011
铂族元素包括Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Pt 6种元素,合称为PGE(Platinum Group Elements)。富钴结壳(简称结壳)作为一种重要的海底矿产资源,富集有较高含量的铂族元素。就太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素而言,PGE总量为100~1 900 ng/g[1],其富集程度远远高于同海区其他类型的地质体。富钴结壳中Ru、Rh和Pt平均含量分别为21.2 ng/g、18.22 ng/g和433 ng/g,Os、Ir、Pd平均含量分别为4.47 ng/g、6.74 ng/g和6.60 ng/g[1]。由此可见,Pt、Ru、Rh的含量接近或超过了伴生铂矿床的工业要求(Pt、Pd为30 ng/g,Os、Ir、Ru、Rh则为20 ng/g)[2-4],具有铂工业意义。因此,富钴结壳被称为铂族元素伴生矿床,是一种具有潜在经济价值的海底矿产资源,受到了人们的广泛关注。
20世纪80年代以来,许多学者对大洋富钴结壳的元素组成和丰度、同位素组成和成因、来源和演化等进行了研究,取得了许多成果[5-8]。随着富钴结壳资源综合评价的进行,其评价体系和成矿机制研究已不仅限于主要有用元素,其伴生有用元素如稀土和铂族元素也纳入这一评价体系中。对于富钴结壳中铂族元素的研究成果[9-12],主要集中于结壳全岩样品的元素地球化学研究,并通过某些特定元素比值来判断物质来源和形成环境,但在铂族元素的赋存状态及富集机理方面研究则相对薄弱。关于富钴结壳中元素赋存状态的研究,前人已经初步开展了一些研究工作。Koschinsky等[13-14]通过对富钴结壳进行分级淋滤实验,将其分成4个化学相态:(1)吸附的离子和碳酸盐态,(2)锰氧化物态,(3)铁氧化物态,(4)残渣态(包括硅酸盐、碳氟磷灰石和部分结晶的氧化物等)。研究发现,除了少量碱金属和碱土金属主要富集于吸附态和碳酸盐态中,其他元素主要富集于锰氧化物态和铁氧化物态中。白志民等[15]通过对太平洋富钴结壳中稀土元素进行分级提取实验发现,非晶态的铁氧/氢氧化物对稀土元素具有较强的吸附能力,稀土元素主要赋存于铁氧化物态中,有机结合态对稀土元素的富集具有重要影响。徐兆凯等[16]对东菲律宾铁锰结壳中稀土元素进行化学提取实验发现,大约66.4%的稀土元素主要赋存于锰氧化物态中,碳酸盐态和有机结合态对稀土元素富集的贡献较小。目前为止,虽然有学者开展了大洋富钴结壳赋存状态的研究工作,但都是针对主要成矿元素及稀土元素赋存状态的研究[17-18],始终缺乏权威的关于铂族元素赋存状态的研究数据。
本文针对太平洋富钴结壳铂族元素赋存状态研究相对薄弱的现状提出研究思路,综合前人的研究成果,对太平洋海山富钴结壳及基岩样品中铂族元素赋存状态进行了系统研究。通过选择性化学提取法,对构成结壳主体的五大化学相态:吸附态、碳酸盐相、锰氧化物相、铁氧化物相、残渣态中铂族元素赋存相态和富集比例进行定量计算,根据铂族元素相态分析结果,初步探讨了铂族元素的赋存状态及富集机理。
选取太平洋麦哲伦海山群的采薇海山富钴结壳CD16号样品作为研究对象,样品由“大洋一号”考察船在执行大洋DY105-16A航次时采用拖网方式取得,采样站位位置为15.88°N,155.17°E(图1),取样水深为1 838 m,基岩为角砾岩。富钴结壳CD16样品具有明显3层结构的板状结壳(图2),不同构造层取样方法如下:将富钴结壳样品分割成4块,取1/4块样品,沿结壳生长剖面方向,用不锈钢刀从上到下,依次分层取得构造层样品(图2),分别标记为CD16(Ⅰ)、CD16(Ⅱ)、CD16(Ⅲ)、CD16(Ⅳ)、CD16(Ⅴ),具体样品描述见表1所示。将取得样品用研钵研磨至200目,置于干净的样品袋中,备用。
另外,选取富钴结壳形成环境中不同类型地质体,根据富钴结壳赋存基岩和地质体的结构构造、矿物成分分析及全岩成分分析结果(另文详细讨论),它们分别为玄武岩、碳酸岩、磷块岩、海山结核(图3)。将取得样品用去离子水将样品洗涤干净,室温下空气干燥后,用研钵研磨,过200目筛,置于干净的样品袋中,备用。
准确称取烘干样品50.00 mg于消解罐中,加入1.0 mL HNO3、1.0 mL HCl、1.0 mL HF,于190℃加热分解48 h。冷却后蒸干,再次加入1 mL HNO3蒸干(以除去残余的HCl和HF),然后加入4 mL 20%(V/V)HCl溶液,于150℃加热溶解12 h。冷却后用2%(V/V)HNO3溶液定容至100 mL,摇匀,备测。
主量元素用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪ICP-AES(Thermo,iCAP6300)测定,稀土元素用电感耦合等离子质谱仪ICP-MS(Thermo,X series 2)测定。实验过程中控制元素回收率均在90%~110%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%。样品测试工作在自然资源部第一海洋研究所海洋沉积与环境地质重点实验室完成。
根据文献[19-20]中铂族元素分析方法,对富钴结壳样品进行了预处理,过程如下:准确称取烘干试样1.00 g于卡洛斯管中,加入5 mL盐酸充分除去碳酸盐后,准确加入适量的101Ru、105Pd、194Pt、193Ir、185Re和190Os稀释剂,然后加入10 mL硝酸,加盖封闭卡洛斯管,置于170℃加热分解24 h。待冷却后,用蒸馏法分离Os元素,将剩余溶液用Te共沉淀法分离Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh、Ir元素,沉淀经硝酸溶解后蒸干,残渣用王水溶解后离心,取上层清液经阳离子交换树脂柱,接收滤液,备测。
铂族元素用电感耦合等离子质谱仪ICP-MS(Thermo,X series 2)测定。实验过程中控制Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh、Ir、Os元素回收率均在80%~120%之间,RSD均<10%。样品测试工作在自然资源部第一海洋研究所海洋沉积与环境地质重点实验室完成。
根据文献[13, 21]中元素分级提取方法,对富钴结壳中铂族元素进行了分级提取,共分离出5种化学相态:吸附态、碳酸盐相、锰氧化物相、铁氧化物相、残渣态,流程如下:
(1)吸附态:准确称取2 g样品,加入1 mol/L的醋酸铵溶液(pH=7)50 mL,在20℃下振荡1 h,提取液经离心分离后,备测。
(2)碳酸盐相:将步骤(1)所得残余物加入1 mol/L的醋酸溶液(pH=2.5)50 mL,在20℃下振荡5 h,提取液经离心分离后,备测。
(3)锰氧化物相:将步骤(2)所得残余物加入0.1 mol/L的盐酸羟胺(pH=3.5)200 mL,在20℃下振荡20 h,提取液经离心分离后,备测。
(4)铁氧化物相:将步骤(3)所得残余物加入0.1 mol/L的盐酸羟胺–醋酸溶液(pH=2.0)200 mL,在20℃下振荡20 h,提取液经离心分离后,备测。
(5)残渣态(主要为硅铝酸盐、磷酸盐和氧化物):将步骤(4)所得残余物,按全岩样品中铂族元素分析方法(2.3节)进行实验,收集滤液,备测。
实验过程中控制各个相态提取液中铂族元素回收率均在80%~120%之间。实验所用的醋酸铵、醋酸、盐酸羟胺均为优级纯,所用的硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸均经二次亚沸蒸馏所得,实验用水均为二次去离子水。
对太平洋采薇海山富钴结壳CD16构造层中铂族元素含量进行测定,其铂族元素含量如表2所示。结果显示,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ构造层为致密柱状结构,PGE含量平均为265.3 ng/g;第Ⅲ构造层为疏松树枝状结构,PGE含量为416.9 ng/g;第Ⅳ构造层为致密斑杂状结构,发育一定程度磷酸盐化,PGE含量为920.0 ng/g;第Ⅴ构造层为致密水平纹层状结构,磷酸盐化严重,PGE含量为503.3 ng/g。富钴结壳第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ构造层为新壳层,PGE含量平均为315.8 ng/g,第Ⅳ、Ⅴ构造层为老壳层,PGE含量平均为711.7 ng/g。由此可见,老壳层中PGE含量明显高于新壳层,因此,老壳层比新壳层更富集铂族元素,这可能与老壳层磷酸盐化有关[22-25]
采用选择性化学提取法,对不同构造层富钴结壳中铂族元素的赋存相态进行研究,其赋存状态如图4所示。结果显示,在未磷酸盐化新壳层的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ构造层中,铂族元素主要赋存于铁氧化物相中,其富集比例分别为60.36%、59.26%和82.19%,其次是残渣态,其富集比例分别为35.37%、37.14%和17.23%,锰氧化物态的富集比例则远远低于铁氧化物态和残渣态,富集比例分别为3.14%、2.96%和0.56%,而吸附态和碳酸盐态的富集比例则相对很少。在磷酸盐化老壳层的第Ⅳ、Ⅴ构造层中,铂族元素主要赋存于铁氧化物态中,其富集比例分别为83.72%和82.00%,其次是残渣态,其富集比例分别为15.07%和16.26%,锰氧化物态的富集比例则远远低于铁氧化物态和残渣态,富集比例分别为0.95%和1.49%,而吸附态和碳酸盐态富集比例则相对很少。
因此,不同构造层富钴结壳中铂族元素赋存状态存在明显差异,其富集比例从大到小依次为:铁氧化物相、残渣态、锰氧化物相、碳酸盐相、吸附态。在未磷酸盐化新壳层(第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ构造层)和磷酸盐化老壳层(第Ⅳ、Ⅴ构造层)中铂族元素都主要赋存于铁氧化物相中,其富集比例在59.26%~82.19%之间,残渣态中磷酸盐对铂族元素也有一定程度的富集作用,其富集比例在17.23%~35.37%之间,而锰氧化物相、碳酸盐相和吸附态对铂族元素的富集贡献较小。
对太平洋采薇海山富钴结壳,及其形成环境中各类地质体:玄武岩、磷块岩、碳酸岩、海山结核样品的铂族元素含量进行测定,结果如表3所示。结果显示,富钴结壳的铂族元素含量最高,为259.5 ng/g;碳酸岩中铂族元素含量最低,为11.31 ng/g;磷块岩的铂族元素含量为36.80 ng/g;玄武岩的铂族元素含量为86.44 ng/g;海山结核的铂族元素含量为187.9 ng/g。由此可见,铂族元素含量在不同地质体中存在较大差别,其含量从大到小依次为:富钴结壳、海山结核、玄武岩、磷块岩、碳酸岩。这说明富钴结壳对铂族元素的富集作用远高于碳酸岩、磷块岩、玄武岩等各类基岩样品,而富钴结壳的主要成分为铁锰氧化物矿物,也就是说铁锰氧化物矿物对铂族元素的富集能力,远远大于碳酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐类矿物。海山结核的铂族元素含量稍低于富钴结壳,也证实了铁锰氧化物矿物对铂族元素具有较强的富集能力。
采用选择性化学提取法,对富钴结壳及其形成环境中4类地质体:玄武岩、磷块岩、碳酸岩、海山结核的赋存相态进行研究,其赋存状态如图5所示。结果显示,在富钴结壳和海山结核中,铂族元素主要富集于铁氧化物相中,其富集比例分别为65.10%和76.13%,其次是残渣态,其富集比例分别为30.94%和19.53%,而锰氧化物相、吸附态和碳酸盐相的富集比例均较少。在磷块岩和玄武岩中,铂族元素主要富集于残渣态中,其富集比例分别为65.30%和84.88%,其次是铁氧化物相,其富集比例分别为29.35%和12.58%,而锰氧化物相、碳酸盐相和吸附态的富集比例均较少。在碳酸岩中,铂族元素主要富集于碳酸盐相中,其富集比例为82.28%,其次是铁氧化物相,其富集比例为12.09%,而锰氧化物相、吸附态和残渣态的富集比例均较少。
因此,在不同地质体中,铂族元素的赋存状态存在明显差别,这说明在富钴结壳和海山结核中,铂族元素主要受控于其中的铁锰氧化物矿物;在磷块岩和玄武岩中,铂族元素主要受控于其中的碳氟磷灰石和硅酸盐类矿物;碳酸岩中,铂族元素主要受控于其中的碳酸钙矿物。不同类型地质体的赋存状态结果,也证实了铂族元素的富集除了受到铁氧化物相影响外,还受到磷酸盐的影响,这也与以前稀土元素赋存状态的结果相一致[21]
目前,对于太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素的富集机制方面仍无最终定论,总结起来主要有氧化沉淀富集、还原沉淀富集、地外物质混入富集和表面吸附富集这4个方面[26-27],这些研究成果均反映了富钴结壳的成矿物质具有多源性和富集机制的复杂性。研究发现[28-29],富钴结壳中元素赋存状态与其矿物相或者氧化物相密切相关,而与富钴结壳的分布区域、水深及元素含量之间关系不大,为此,我们从富钴结壳中铂族元素的赋存状态方面入手,来探讨其富集机理。
对于富钴结壳不同构造层(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ)在碳酸盐相、锰氧化物相、铁氧化物相、残渣态中铂族元素进行CI球粒陨石标准化[30],其配分曲线见图6。其中,Pt异常反映了铂族元素之间分异程度,用δPt表示,计算公式为
$\delta {\rm {Pt}} ={ {\rm {Pt}}_{{\rm N}}}/\sqrt {{{\rm {Rh}}_{{\rm N}}} +{ {\rm {Pd}}_{{\rm N}}}} ,$
式中,PtN、RhN、PdN为CI球粒陨石标准化值,δPt>1为正异常,δPt<1为负异常。
结果显示,在碳酸盐相中,不同构造层Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ的δPt分别为0.02、0.13、0.56、0.21和0.21,均小于1,呈现出Pt负异常。在锰氧化物相中,不同构造层Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ的δPt分别为22、17、48、56和43,均大于1,呈现出Pt正异常。在铁氧化物相中,不同构造层Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ的δPt分别为23、26、58、62和64,均大于1,呈现出Pt正异常。在残渣态中,不同构造层Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ的δPt分别为35、2、3、20和7,均大于1,呈现出Pt正异常。
因此,对于富钴结壳同一相态,不同构造层(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ)中铂族元素配分模式基本相似。在碳酸盐相中,均呈现出明显的Pt负异常,这表明Pt具有严重亏损的特征,铂族元素之间发生了明显分异;在锰氧化物相、铁氧化物相和残渣态中,均呈现出明显的Pt正异常,这表明富钴结壳具有Pt明显富集的特征,铂族元素之间发生了明显分异。这进一步说明富钴结壳中铂族元素的富集程度与其矿物相态或氧化物相态密切相关。
据研究[31-32],海水中的铂族元素,主要是以络合物阴离子形式存在,铂族元素中除了Rh为+3价外,其余铂族元素多以+2价态或者+4价态出现。其中,Pt主要以 ${\rm PtC1}_4^{2-} $ ${\rm PtCl}_6^{2-}$ 形式存在,但 ${\rm PtCl}_6^{2-} $ 仅存在于强氧化条件下,因此, ${\rm PtCl}_4^{2-} $ 是海水条件下最主要存在形式。综合前面相态分析结果得出,由于锰氧化物相不是铂族元素的主要富集相态,所以 $ {\rm PtCl}_4^{2-}$ 不可能与海水中Mn2+发生氧化还原反应,使Pt2+被还原成Pt0,并随MnO2一起沉淀到锰氧化物态中,因此,富钴结壳中Pt正异常应该不是还原沉淀富集所致。另外,锰氧化物表面带有负电荷,可以吸附带有正电荷的离子或者离子团,而不可能直接吸附同样带负电荷的 ${\rm PtCl}_4^{2-} $ ,因此, ${\rm PtCl}_4^{2-} $ 不可能与锰氧化物发生氧化还原反应。由此可见,富钴结壳中Pt正异常,并不是锰氧化物的吸附作用和氧化作用所致。
太平洋海山研究区富钴结壳是水成沉积成因[33-35],主要分布在最小含氧带下方的海山表面,富钴结壳中元素主要来自海水。根据前面相态分析结果可知,铁氧化物相是铂族元素的主要富集相态,因此,我们推测在海水弱碱性条件下,铁氧/氢氧化物胶体粒子带有正电荷,且具有较强的表面吸附能力(比表面积200~300 m2/g)[36],刚好可以吸附海水中带有负电荷的 ${\rm PtCl}_4^{2-}$ 离子,从而造成富钴结壳中Pt正异常。
综上所述,富钴结壳中铂族元素的富集机理推测为铁氧/氢氧化物胶体粒子的吸附作用,使海水中 $ {\rm PtCl}_4^{2-}$ 离子被吸附到铁氧化物相中,从而导致富钴结壳中铂族元素富集。
通过选择性化学提取法,对构成结壳主体的五大化学相态:吸附态、碳酸盐相、锰氧化物相、铁氧化物相、残渣态中铂族元素进行了相态分析。富钴结壳中铂族元素在各个化学相态中富集比例从大到小依次为:铁氧化物相、残渣态、锰氧化物相、碳酸盐相、吸附态。不同构造层富钴结壳中铂族元素赋存状态研究发现,未磷酸盐化新壳层和磷酸盐化老壳层中铂族元素都主要赋存于铁氧化物相中,残渣态中磷酸盐对铂族元素具有一定的富集能力。不同类型地质体中铂族元素赋存状态研究发现,富钴结壳和海山结核中铂族元素富集主要受到铁氧化物相和残渣态的影响。太平洋富钴结壳中铂族元素的富集机理推测为铁氧/氢氧化物胶体粒子的吸附作用,使海水中 ${\rm PtCl}_4^{2-} $ 离子被吸附到铁氧化物相中,从而导致富钴结壳中铂族元素富集。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.011
  • 接收时间:2018-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2019-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-12-04
  • 修回日期:2019-04-09
基金
国际海域资源调查与开发“十三五”项目(DY135-C1-1-04)。
作者信息
    1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋沉积与环境地质自然资源部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061

通讯作者:

*刘季花,女,研究员,主要从事海洋沉积与资源潜力评价研究。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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