Article(id=1246416858300174548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1520438400000, receivedDateStr=2018-03-08, revisedDate=1546272000000, revisedDateStr=2019-01-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775098536324, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1563984000000, pubDateStr=2019-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775098536324, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775098536323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775098536323, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246416853124407707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775098535083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200282549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246416858757353696, articleId=1246416858300174548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Mineral chemistry of clinopyroxene in pyroclastic rocks of the Xisha Islands and their geological significance, columnId=1243867132006613042, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Geology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The composition of clinopyroxene in pyroclastic rocks at the bottom of the Xisha Islands was determined in detail by electron microprobe analysis. The results show that the clinopyroxenes are mostly rich in calcium and have a zonal structure. Ca, Fe and Ti concentrations increased from the core to the outer layers, reflecting the normal sequence of magmatic crystallization. The chemical characteristics of the pyroxene, including low Si, high Al (SiO2=41.40%–48.44%, Al2O3=5.54%–10.20%) and even higher AlIV concentrations, coincide with those of basic magma. The main element data of the clinopyroxene show that the concentration of monoclinic Ca is high. The Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe) ratio is between 46.1% and 51.4%. The large amount of high-calcium clinopyroxene may be attributed to the high concentration of Ca in magma. Combining this with the earthquake and tectonic data of the Xisha sea area, we speculate that the basement of the coral reefs of Chenhang Island is a flat-topped seamount composed of basaltic volcanic clastic rocks. Further, we infer that its formation involved the passing of magma through the lithospheric layer of the fault and its eruption in the seabed of the Xisha Islands. The volcanic clastic material is thus formed by accumulation and consolidation, and the original rock of the volcanic clastic rock is an intraplate alkaline basalt.

, correspAuthors=Kefu Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shiying Li, Kefu Yu, Yu Zhang, Shichen Tao, Hongqiang Yan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246416862083436858, articleId=1246416858300174548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=西沙群岛基底火山碎屑岩中单斜辉石的矿物化学特征及其地质意义, columnId=1243867133143269435, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文利用电子探针对南海西沙群岛琛航岛珊瑚礁底部火山碎屑岩中的单斜辉石矿物的化学特征进行了研究。结果表明,该单斜辉石属于富钙透辉石,部分有正环带结构,从核部到边部Ca、Fe、Ti的含量逐渐增加,是岩浆正常结晶顺序的反映,说明该区域的岩浆演化是向着富Ca、Fe、Ti方向发展的。主量元素数据显示,单斜辉石具有低Si高Al的特征(SiO2=41.40%~48.44%,Al2O3=5.54%~10.20%),且Al含量较高,说明母岩浆为不饱和碱性岩浆系列;此外,单斜辉石Ca含量偏高,Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe)值在46.1%~51.4%之间,推测是母岩浆的高Ca含量导致了大量高钙辉石的产出。结合西沙海域的地震和构造资料,推测琛航岛珊瑚礁的基底是玄武质火山碎屑岩组成的平顶状海山,系岩浆穿过断裂发育的岩石圈层在西沙群岛的海底喷发,随后火山碎屑物质经过堆积、固结作用而形成;该火山碎屑岩的原岩为板内碱性玄武岩。

, correspAuthors=余克服, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*余克服(1969—),男,湖北省公安县人,教授,博士,主要从事南海珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2019, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=UeiFEfdGw/SvsfciYeNjZg==, magXml=lNH4R+9hN2ADx+pf2BDn5w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=t5u7731Vs4PlkH3sfuo+LQ==, pdfFileSize=1095989, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=eb+D7sZzl260e0YDrKvjtw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OsrthaPfy5qFO6zAOEfZ6A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李诗颖(1993—),女,广东省江门市人,从事珊瑚礁基底火成岩石学研究。E-mail:

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李诗颖(1993—),女,广东省江门市人,从事珊瑚礁基底火成岩石学研究。E-mail:

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李诗颖(1993—),女,广东省江门市人,从事珊瑚礁基底火成岩石学研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2017, 123(4): 3065−3079., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506017283305945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重大研究计划重点支持项目“珊瑚礁千米深钻记录的西沙碳酸盐台地形成演化和环境变迁史”(91428203);国家自然科学基金面上项目“全球变化背景下西沙珊瑚礁区碳循环及其对海洋酸化的响应”(41776128)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254506000485118209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506000510284034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, companyId=1254506000485118209, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506000518672644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, companyId=1254506000485118209, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 中国科学院边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室,广东 广州 510301)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506000837439752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506000850022665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, companyId=1254506000837439752, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506000870994188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, companyId=1254506000837439752, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学,北京 100049)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506001030377744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506001080709395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, companyId=1254506001030377744, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506001084903700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, companyId=1254506001030377744, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 广西大学 广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506001185566999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506001189761304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, companyId=1254506001185566999, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506001210732825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, companyId=1254506001185566999, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 广西大学 珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506001336561950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, xref=5, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506001357533472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, companyId=1254506001336561950, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5 School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506001365922081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, companyId=1254506001336561950, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5 广西大学 海洋学院,广西 南宁 530004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506012577296802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Geological sketch map of the South China Sea (a) and the distribution of deep cores in the Xisha coral reef area (b)

a is modified from reference [6]; b is modified from reference [22]

, figureFileSmall=lIhxCORS6vjPMmA5NdSxWQ==, figureFileBig=Asrdx78r2wkHLbwYRxpOJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506012724097445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=CN, label=图1, caption=南海地质简图(a)及西沙群岛珊瑚礁深钻分布(b)

a 修改自文献[6];b 底图据文献[22]

, figureFileSmall=lIhxCORS6vjPMmA5NdSxWQ==, figureFileBig=Asrdx78r2wkHLbwYRxpOJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506012942201256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Photos of pyroclastic rock and its clinopyroxenes under optical microscope

a1 is a rock’s picture; a2 showing amygdaloidal structure; b1 and c1 are pyroxene particles observed by a single polarizer; b2 and c2 are pyroxene particles observed by an orthogonal polarizer

, figureFileSmall=MJUB6keZS6pItmxIf4cHjA==, figureFileBig=ffqsvPYbvTe1kaLzDSavIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013063836075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基岩(玄武质火山碎屑岩)实体照片及单斜辉石(Px)在光学显微镜下照片

a1为基岩实体照片;a2显示杏仁结构;b1和c1为单偏光镜下的辉石颗粒;b2和c2为正交偏光镜下的辉石颗粒

, figureFileSmall=MJUB6keZS6pItmxIf4cHjA==, figureFileBig=ffqsvPYbvTe1kaLzDSavIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013202248108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Wo-En-Fs classification diagram showing the compositions of the clinopyroxene phenocrysts(developed from figure in reference [28])

Di. Diopside; He. hedenbergite; Au. augite; Pi. pigeonite; ClEn. clinoenstatite; ClFs. clinoferrosilite. All data of our samples fall into the Di area

, figureFileSmall=GLPHUzRKF9G0rE7D3D0azQ==, figureFileBig=UQEL2/v/O0FKmb0cjFL68w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013290328496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=CN, label=图3, caption=单斜辉石成分分类图解(底图据文献[28])

Di.透辉石;He.钙铁辉石;Au.普通辉石;Pi.易变辉石;ClEn.斜顽辉 石;ClFs.斜铁辉石,本文样品(实心圆点)全部落入透辉石区域

, figureFileSmall=GLPHUzRKF9G0rE7D3D0azQ==, figureFileBig=UQEL2/v/O0FKmb0cjFL68w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013411963315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The backscattered electronic images of the clinopyroxenes’ ring-band structure

a is the ring-band structure pyroxene particles of sample CK0107-2; b is the ring-band structure pyroxene particles of sample CK0107-4

, figureFileSmall=FUXZ2NrEoMpv7cdkCU6BgQ==, figureFileBig=8NdtQkrkP8KTPiXSBcNGOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013554569655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=CN, label=图4, caption=单斜辉石环带结构背散电子图

图a为样品CK0107-2环带结构辉石颗粒;图b为样品CK0107-4环带结构辉石颗粒

, figureFileSmall=FUXZ2NrEoMpv7cdkCU6BgQ==, figureFileBig=8NdtQkrkP8KTPiXSBcNGOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013739119034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Al2O3-SiO2 diagrams for clinopyroxenes (developed from figure in reference [28])

a is Al2O3-SiO2 diagram, with all the data of our samples falling into the over-alkaline region; b is (Ca+Na)-Ti diagram, with all the data of our samples falling into the alkaline basalt area

, figureFileSmall=v0JIX5kKHJUhbaK1/QZXtw==, figureFileBig=WjotqrIBMuNMp0PLu41adg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013911085501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=CN, label=图5, caption=单斜辉石岩浆系列判别图(底图据文献[28])

a为单斜辉石Al2O3-SiO2岩浆系列判别图,本文的样品(实心圆点)全部落入过碱性区域;b为(Ca+Na)-Ti 岩浆系列判别图,全部落入碱性玄武岩区域

, figureFileSmall=v0JIX5kKHJUhbaK1/QZXtw==, figureFileBig=WjotqrIBMuNMp0PLu41adg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506014179520962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Triangular diagram of TiO2-MnO-Na2O (a) and F1 versus F2 diagram of clinoproxene (b), figureFileSmall=3tV6Hn7WMbHaVdL1mDHiww==, figureFileBig=cQ47ySJYSGQGZ2SjPxV6ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506014376653253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=CN, label=图6, caption=西沙群岛琛航岛火山碎屑岩中的单斜辉石在TiO2-MnO-Na2O三角判别图(a)及F1-F2双因子判别图(b), figureFileSmall=3tV6Hn7WMbHaVdL1mDHiww==, figureFileBig=cQ47ySJYSGQGZ2SjPxV6ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506014557008329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

EPMA analytical results of clinopyroxne(wt%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号 CK0101-1 CK0101-2 CK0101-3 CK0101-4 CK0101-5 CK0104-1 CK0104-2 CK0104-3 CK0105-1 CK0105-3 CK0105-4 CK0105-5 CK0105-6
SiO2 47.22 44.10 48.01 43.02 46.57 43.43 43.25 46.52 45.13 42.44 44.27 46.59 42.59
TiO2 2.62 4.02 2.56 4.12 2.63 4.03 4.50 2.72 3.48 4.57 3.67 2.65 4.65
Al2O3 5.91 8.49 5.81 9.32 5.60 9.20 9.75 6.04 7.77 9.78 7.84 5.58 10.03
Cr2O3 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.27 0.16 0.10 0.03 0.13 0.23 0.12 0.16 0.01 0.22
FeO 6.79 7.54 6.42 6.93 6.97 7.23 7.43 6.88 6.61 7.44 6.97 7.02 8.11
MnO 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.04
MgO 13.28 11.80 13.69 11.30 13.41 11.59 11.20 13.24 12.60 11.17 12.10 13.05 12.69
CaO 22.24 22.27 22.22 22.29 21.81 22.24 22.09 22.02 22.21 22.19 22.17 22.04 20.54
Na2O 0.43 0.47 0.49 0.57 0.42 0.52 0.58 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.48 0.42 0.50
K2O 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.07
阳离子数(以6个氧离子为基准)
Si 1.78 1.68 1.80 1.65 1.78 1.66 1.65 1.77 1.71 1.63 1.70 1.79 1.61
Al(Ⅳ) 0.22 0.32 0.20 0.35 0.22 0.34 0.35 0.23 0.29 0.37 0.30 0.21 0.39
Al(Ⅵ) 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.06
Ti 0.07 0.11 0.07 0.12 0.08 0.12 0.13 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.13
Cr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Fe3+ 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.14
Fe2+ 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.11
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 0.75 0.67 0.76 0.65 0.76 0.66 0.63 0.75 0.71 0.64 0.69 0.75 0.72
Ca 0.90 0.91 0.89 0.92 0.89 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.83
Na 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04
K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
各端元组分及计算结果
Wo 47.50 49.02 47.08 50.13 46.73 49.45 49.61 47.22 48.56 49.91 48.91 47.42 45.24
En 39.45 36.14 40.36 35.37 39.97 35.87 34.99 39.49 38.32 34.97 37.14 39.07 38.91
Fs 11.39 12.95 10.70 12.18 11.69 12.58 13.06 11.60 11.27 13.03 12.04 11.87 13.85
Mg# 77.81 73.77 79.26 74.58 77.54 74.26 73.03 77.54 77.37 72.97 75.73 76.95 73.84
t1/℃ 1 178.58 1 207.82 1 177.29 1 217.56 1 175.12 1 215.93 1 221.89 1 180.07 1 199.61 1 222.48 1 200.64 1 175.08 1 223.91
t2/℃ 1 294.40 1 400.67 1 288.00 1 437.84 1 284.95 1 430.75 1 451.40 1 301.42 1 370.53 1 456.01 1 377.13 1 284.67 1 460.95
p/102MPa 14.78 24.37 14.20 27.72 13.93 27.08 28.95 15.41 21.65 29.36 22.25 13.90 29.81
SiO2 43.86 43.64 42.39 47.38 47.95 46.12 47.28 43.22 45.67 45.38 45.27 43.99 45.65
TiO2 4.14 3.58 4.74 2.39 2.47 3.15 2.76 4.41 3.26 3.35 3.54 3.98 3.35
Al2O3 9.19 8.87 10.20 5.54 5.62 7.42 5.59 9.54 7.38 7.90 7.84 9.00 7.69
Cr2O3 0.22 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.33 0.17 0.27 0.15 0.39 0.29
), ArticleFig(id=1254506014825443787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单斜辉石成分电子探针分析结果(wt%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号 CK0101-1 CK0101-2 CK0101-3 CK0101-4 CK0101-5 CK0104-1 CK0104-2 CK0104-3 CK0105-1 CK0105-3 CK0105-4 CK0105-5 CK0105-6
SiO2 47.22 44.10 48.01 43.02 46.57 43.43 43.25 46.52 45.13 42.44 44.27 46.59 42.59
TiO2 2.62 4.02 2.56 4.12 2.63 4.03 4.50 2.72 3.48 4.57 3.67 2.65 4.65
Al2O3 5.91 8.49 5.81 9.32 5.60 9.20 9.75 6.04 7.77 9.78 7.84 5.58 10.03
Cr2O3 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.27 0.16 0.10 0.03 0.13 0.23 0.12 0.16 0.01 0.22
FeO 6.79 7.54 6.42 6.93 6.97 7.23 7.43 6.88 6.61 7.44 6.97 7.02 8.11
MnO 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.04
MgO 13.28 11.80 13.69 11.30 13.41 11.59 11.20 13.24 12.60 11.17 12.10 13.05 12.69
CaO 22.24 22.27 22.22 22.29 21.81 22.24 22.09 22.02 22.21 22.19 22.17 22.04 20.54
Na2O 0.43 0.47 0.49 0.57 0.42 0.52 0.58 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.48 0.42 0.50
K2O 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.07
阳离子数(以6个氧离子为基准)
Si 1.78 1.68 1.80 1.65 1.78 1.66 1.65 1.77 1.71 1.63 1.70 1.79 1.61
Al(Ⅳ) 0.22 0.32 0.20 0.35 0.22 0.34 0.35 0.23 0.29 0.37 0.30 0.21 0.39
Al(Ⅵ) 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.06
Ti 0.07 0.11 0.07 0.12 0.08 0.12 0.13 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.13
Cr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Fe3+ 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.14
Fe2+ 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.11
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 0.75 0.67 0.76 0.65 0.76 0.66 0.63 0.75 0.71 0.64 0.69 0.75 0.72
Ca 0.90 0.91 0.89 0.92 0.89 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.83
Na 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04
K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
各端元组分及计算结果
Wo 47.50 49.02 47.08 50.13 46.73 49.45 49.61 47.22 48.56 49.91 48.91 47.42 45.24
En 39.45 36.14 40.36 35.37 39.97 35.87 34.99 39.49 38.32 34.97 37.14 39.07 38.91
Fs 11.39 12.95 10.70 12.18 11.69 12.58 13.06 11.60 11.27 13.03 12.04 11.87 13.85
Mg# 77.81 73.77 79.26 74.58 77.54 74.26 73.03 77.54 77.37 72.97 75.73 76.95 73.84
t1/℃ 1 178.58 1 207.82 1 177.29 1 217.56 1 175.12 1 215.93 1 221.89 1 180.07 1 199.61 1 222.48 1 200.64 1 175.08 1 223.91
t2/℃ 1 294.40 1 400.67 1 288.00 1 437.84 1 284.95 1 430.75 1 451.40 1 301.42 1 370.53 1 456.01 1 377.13 1 284.67 1 460.95
p/102MPa 14.78 24.37 14.20 27.72 13.93 27.08 28.95 15.41 21.65 29.36 22.25 13.90 29.81
SiO2 43.86 43.64 42.39 47.38 47.95 46.12 47.28 43.22 45.67 45.38 45.27 43.99 45.65
TiO2 4.14 3.58 4.74 2.39 2.47 3.15 2.76 4.41 3.26 3.35 3.54 3.98 3.35
Al2O3 9.19 8.87 10.20 5.54 5.62 7.42 5.59 9.54 7.38 7.90 7.84 9.00 7.69
Cr2O3 0.22 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.33 0.17 0.27 0.15 0.39 0.29
), ArticleFig(id=1254506015056130512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

EPMA analytical results of Compositional zone of clinopyroxene(wt%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号 CK0101-1 CK0105-4 CK0106-8 CK0107-2 CK0107-4 CK0107-5 CK0108-4
SiO2 45.95 47.97 47.76 47.81 41.58 43.41 47.95 44.67 47.85 44.38 44.34 43.90 41.42 48.38 42.95 44.16 46.25 41.55
TiO2 3.11 2.26 2.51 2.45 4.96 3.61 2.47 3.26 2.54 3.76 3.84 4.17 5.23 2.19 4.33 3.75 3.06 5.13
Al2O3 6.79 5.33 5.61 5.29 9.86 8.37 5.62 8.80 5.94 8.91 8.75 8.96 10.91 5.28 9.48 9.01 7.20 10.78
Cr2O3 0.00 0.14 0.20 0.10 0.08 0.29 0.13 0.03 0.02 0.22 0.50 0.28 0.19 0.15 0.18 0.51 0.40 0.25
FeO 7.49 6.31 6.56 6.11 7.84 6.95 6.62 7.76 6.66 7.23 7.02 6.86 7.46 6.47 7.24 7.00 6.37 7.43
MnO 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.12 0.04 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.06 0.11
MgO 12.42 13.73 13.69 13.84 10.73 11.72 13.60 11.91 13.41 12.05 12.00 11.90 10.62 13.77 11.47 11.70 13.11 10.75
CaO 22.16 22.27 22.30 22.07 22.20 22.24 21.88 21.92 21.95 22.42 22.33 22.44 22.00 22.18 22.28 22.62 22.44 22.30
Na2O 0.44 0.38 0.47 0.47 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.54 0.46 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.55 0.42 0.48 0.50 0.44 0.54
K2O 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
阳离子数(以6个氧离子为基准)
Si 1.75 1.81 1.79 1.81 1.61 1.68 1.80 1.69 1.80 1.67 1.68 1.66 1.59 1.82 1.64 1.67 1.74 1.59
Al(Ⅳ) 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.39 0.32 0.20 0.31 0.20 0.33 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.18 0.36 0.33 0.26 0.41
Al(Ⅵ) 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07
Ti 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.14 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.06 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.15
Cr 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
Fe3+ 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.12 0.11 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.11
Fe2+ 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.13
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 0.70 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.62 0.68 0.76 0.67 0.75 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.61 0.77 0.65 0.66 0.73 0.61
Ca 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.92 0.92 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.90 0.91
Na 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04
K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
各端元组分及计算结果
Wo 48.08 47.35 47.08 46.98 50.26 49.62 46.75 48.17 47.01 49.03 49.13 49.56 50.46 47.01 49.82 49.94 48.30 50.62
En 37.49 40.60 40.22 40.99 33.81 36.39 40.43 36.41 39.96 36.66 36.74 36.56 33.89 40.60 35.69 35.95 39.26 33.94
Fs 12.71 10.58 10.90 10.21 13.88 12.13 11.21 13.25 11.23 12.36 12.12 11.80 13.39 10.77 12.56 12.12 10.74 13.25
Ac 1.72 1.47 1.80 1.83 2.05 1.87 1.61 2.16 1.80 1.95 2.00 2.09 2.27 1.61 1.93 1.99 1.71 2.20
), ArticleFig(id=1254506016788378067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416858300174548, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单斜辉石环带电子探针成分分析结果(wt%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号 CK0101-1 CK0105-4 CK0106-8 CK0107-2 CK0107-4 CK0107-5 CK0108-4
SiO2 45.95 47.97 47.76 47.81 41.58 43.41 47.95 44.67 47.85 44.38 44.34 43.90 41.42 48.38 42.95 44.16 46.25 41.55
TiO2 3.11 2.26 2.51 2.45 4.96 3.61 2.47 3.26 2.54 3.76 3.84 4.17 5.23 2.19 4.33 3.75 3.06 5.13
Al2O3 6.79 5.33 5.61 5.29 9.86 8.37 5.62 8.80 5.94 8.91 8.75 8.96 10.91 5.28 9.48 9.01 7.20 10.78
Cr2O3 0.00 0.14 0.20 0.10 0.08 0.29 0.13 0.03 0.02 0.22 0.50 0.28 0.19 0.15 0.18 0.51 0.40 0.25
FeO 7.49 6.31 6.56 6.11 7.84 6.95 6.62 7.76 6.66 7.23 7.02 6.86 7.46 6.47 7.24 7.00 6.37 7.43
MnO 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.12 0.04 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.06 0.11
MgO 12.42 13.73 13.69 13.84 10.73 11.72 13.60 11.91 13.41 12.05 12.00 11.90 10.62 13.77 11.47 11.70 13.11 10.75
CaO 22.16 22.27 22.30 22.07 22.20 22.24 21.88 21.92 21.95 22.42 22.33 22.44 22.00 22.18 22.28 22.62 22.44 22.30
Na2O 0.44 0.38 0.47 0.47 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.54 0.46 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.55 0.42 0.48 0.50 0.44 0.54
K2O 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
阳离子数(以6个氧离子为基准)
Si 1.75 1.81 1.79 1.81 1.61 1.68 1.80 1.69 1.80 1.67 1.68 1.66 1.59 1.82 1.64 1.67 1.74 1.59
Al(Ⅳ) 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.39 0.32 0.20 0.31 0.20 0.33 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.18 0.36 0.33 0.26 0.41
Al(Ⅵ) 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07
Ti 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.14 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.06 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.15
Cr 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
Fe3+ 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.12 0.11 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.11
Fe2+ 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.13
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 0.70 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.62 0.68 0.76 0.67 0.75 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.61 0.77 0.65 0.66 0.73 0.61
Ca 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.92 0.92 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.90 0.91
Na 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04
K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
各端元组分及计算结果
Wo 48.08 47.35 47.08 46.98 50.26 49.62 46.75 48.17 47.01 49.03 49.13 49.56 50.46 47.01 49.82 49.94 48.30 50.62
En 37.49 40.60 40.22 40.99 33.81 36.39 40.43 36.41 39.96 36.66 36.74 36.56 33.89 40.60 35.69 35.95 39.26 33.94
Fs 12.71 10.58 10.90 10.21 13.88 12.13 11.21 13.25 11.23 12.36 12.12 11.80 13.39 10.77 12.56 12.12 10.74 13.25
Ac 1.72 1.47 1.80 1.83 2.05 1.87 1.61 2.16 1.80 1.95 2.00 2.09 2.27 1.61 1.93 1.99 1.71 2.20
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西沙群岛基底火山碎屑岩中单斜辉石的矿物化学特征及其地质意义
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李诗颖 1, 2 , 余克服 1, 3, 4, 5, * , 张瑜 3, 4, 5 , 陶士臣 1 , 严宏强 1
海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2019,41(7): 65-76
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海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2019, 41(7): 65-76
西沙群岛基底火山碎屑岩中单斜辉石的矿物化学特征及其地质意义
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李诗颖1, 2 , 余克服1, 3, 4, 5, * , 张瑜3, 4, 5, 陶士臣1, 严宏强1
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 中国科学院边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
  • 2 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3 广西大学 广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004
  • 4 广西大学 珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004
  • 5 广西大学 海洋学院,广西 南宁 530004
  • 李诗颖(1993—),女,广东省江门市人,从事珊瑚礁基底火成岩石学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*余克服(1969—),男,湖北省公安县人,教授,博士,主要从事南海珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境研究。E-mail:
Mineral chemistry of clinopyroxene in pyroclastic rocks of the Xisha Islands and their geological significance
Shiying Li1, 2 , Kefu Yu1, 3, 4, 5, * , Yu Zhang3, 4, 5, Shichen Tao1, Hongqiang Yan1
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 2 University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3 Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 4 Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 5 School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
出版时间: 2019-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.006
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本文利用电子探针对南海西沙群岛琛航岛珊瑚礁底部火山碎屑岩中的单斜辉石矿物的化学特征进行了研究。结果表明,该单斜辉石属于富钙透辉石,部分有正环带结构,从核部到边部Ca、Fe、Ti的含量逐渐增加,是岩浆正常结晶顺序的反映,说明该区域的岩浆演化是向着富Ca、Fe、Ti方向发展的。主量元素数据显示,单斜辉石具有低Si高Al的特征(SiO2=41.40%~48.44%,Al2O3=5.54%~10.20%),且Al含量较高,说明母岩浆为不饱和碱性岩浆系列;此外,单斜辉石Ca含量偏高,Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe)值在46.1%~51.4%之间,推测是母岩浆的高Ca含量导致了大量高钙辉石的产出。结合西沙海域的地震和构造资料,推测琛航岛珊瑚礁的基底是玄武质火山碎屑岩组成的平顶状海山,系岩浆穿过断裂发育的岩石圈层在西沙群岛的海底喷发,随后火山碎屑物质经过堆积、固结作用而形成;该火山碎屑岩的原岩为板内碱性玄武岩。

西沙群岛  /  火山碎屑岩  /  单斜辉石  /  矿物化学  /  珊瑚礁基底

The composition of clinopyroxene in pyroclastic rocks at the bottom of the Xisha Islands was determined in detail by electron microprobe analysis. The results show that the clinopyroxenes are mostly rich in calcium and have a zonal structure. Ca, Fe and Ti concentrations increased from the core to the outer layers, reflecting the normal sequence of magmatic crystallization. The chemical characteristics of the pyroxene, including low Si, high Al (SiO2=41.40%–48.44%, Al2O3=5.54%–10.20%) and even higher AlIV concentrations, coincide with those of basic magma. The main element data of the clinopyroxene show that the concentration of monoclinic Ca is high. The Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe) ratio is between 46.1% and 51.4%. The large amount of high-calcium clinopyroxene may be attributed to the high concentration of Ca in magma. Combining this with the earthquake and tectonic data of the Xisha sea area, we speculate that the basement of the coral reefs of Chenhang Island is a flat-topped seamount composed of basaltic volcanic clastic rocks. Further, we infer that its formation involved the passing of magma through the lithospheric layer of the fault and its eruption in the seabed of the Xisha Islands. The volcanic clastic material is thus formed by accumulation and consolidation, and the original rock of the volcanic clastic rock is an intraplate alkaline basalt.

Xisha Islands  /  pyroclastic rock  /  clinopyroxene  /  mineral chemistry  /  coral reef basement
李诗颖, 余克服, 张瑜, 陶士臣, 严宏强. 西沙群岛基底火山碎屑岩中单斜辉石的矿物化学特征及其地质意义. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (7) : 65 -76 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.006
Shiying Li, Kefu Yu, Yu Zhang, Shichen Tao, Hongqiang Yan. Mineral chemistry of clinopyroxene in pyroclastic rocks of the Xisha Islands and their geological significance[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (7) : 65 -76 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.006
西沙群岛珊瑚礁碳酸盐层厚近千米,是南海形成过程中不断沉降的产物。其中,西沙群岛珊瑚礁基底岩石的属性,对于理解南海的形成演化过程及其构造活动都具有重要意义,但迄今极少有穿透该珊瑚礁碳酸盐层的钻孔,因此关于西沙群岛珊瑚礁基岩的信息极少。为探明西沙海区构造及岩浆活动特征,前人开展了大量的地球物理探测[1-4],结果表明,南海中–西沙微地块及周围区域广泛存在以火山喷发为主要表现形式的岩浆活动,岩浆喷发时间久、次数多、分布广、时间跨度大(从古新世到第四纪)[5-6]。前人[7]根据火成岩与周围地层的接触关系和沉积地层的反射地震特征,把西沙区域的岩浆活动划分为3期:第一期为南海扩张期(32~16 Ma BP),主要集中在南海西北次海盆、西沙隆起周围地区,零星分布在琼东南盆地及中建盆地;第二期(16~5.5 Ma BP),规模小、数量少,只零星分布在西沙隆起内;第三期(5.5 Ma BP至今),表现为个体面积较小、数量众多、分布广泛,几乎分布在整个西沙区域。总的来说,西沙海区岩浆活动时间跨度大、期次多、分布复杂,但这些认识都来自于地球物理资料,缺少实体的火山基岩进行验证。
本文以钻穿西沙群岛珊瑚礁碳酸盐层并获得基底岩石的琛科1井为材料,通过对火山基岩中单斜辉石的研究,探讨基岩岩浆的性质、演化过程及其形成的物理化学条件,为深入认识西沙群岛琛航岛区域的岩浆活动提供新的信息。单斜辉石是基性超基性岩中常见的造岩矿物,其成分和结构记录了岩浆起源及演化的物理化学条件等重要信息[7-10],同时化学成分通常与构造作用密切相关[11-12]。因此,利用电子探针测定单斜辉石的化学成分,将有助于确定寄主玄武岩的岩浆性质[11]。我国青藏高原、华南沿海、华北板块均发育着大量含有单斜辉石颗粒的基性岩石,前人对其化学特征及构造特征有着详细的研究[13-18]。而对南海玄武岩中单斜辉石的研究非常有限,如鄢全树等[19]、闫纪元等[20]对南海海盆海山玄武岩的单斜辉石和橄榄石进行了主量元素及微量、稀土元素成分测定,分析了岩石形成过程的温压条件、氧逸度条件以及潜在的地幔温度、源区特征等。这些工作为本研究提供了宝贵的参考资料。
南海中–西沙微地块位于南海北部陆坡西北部,其西北部毗邻琼东南盆地,位于西沙海槽和中沙海槽之间,西侧靠近南海西缘断裂带。南海西沙群岛所在的西沙地块为减薄型大陆地壳,基底构造受到南海多期扩张的影响[3]。根据邻近区域出露的基岩特征推断,西沙海区存在古老结晶基底,但遭受多期岩浆作用的影响,因此基岩的组成及分布状况尚未明确[7]。至新近纪以来,西沙地块相对稳定,在岛礁基底之上沉积了厚逾千米的生物礁地层[21]
在西沙群岛石岛上实施的深钻“西永1井”和“西科1井”均穿透了珊瑚礁层并获得了基岩(图1)。西永1井井深1 279.0~1 384.6 m为一套浅灰至深灰色片麻状花岗岩(或花岗片麻岩),曾鼎乾用Rr-Sr法测得该套片麻岩的年龄为627.0 Ma[23],孙嘉诗[23]用K-Ar法测得该基底片麻岩的变质年龄为(96.3±1.2)Ma。西科1井在1 257.5 m处钻遇由变质岩和侵入岩组成的基底,基底花岗片麻岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为152.9 Ma[24]。在西沙隆起西侧永乐群岛上的琛航岛上的两口深钻(图1b),即“琛科1井”和“琛科2井”,均钻穿珊瑚礁并获得了基岩(火山碎屑岩)。琛科2井基岩的年代测试结果表明其火成碎屑岩的喷发时间介于35.5~19.6 Ma BP之间[25]。由于琛科1井与琛科2井相距仅20多米,基岩火山碎屑岩特征相似、层位相当,喷发时间应该也为35.5~19.6 Ma BP。位于西沙隆起东侧的高尖石岛为西沙群岛唯一的玄武岩质岛屿(图1b),前人报导的玄武岩年龄为1.57 Ma[26]
琛科1井位于西沙群岛琛航岛礁坪处,井深901.4 m,基底岩石位于井深888.4~901.4 m处,实际获得的基岩总长度为7.2 m。在光学显微镜下对岩石结构及矿物组成进行观察与鉴定,发现岩石含有晶屑、岩屑,基质为火山灰夹杂长石、辉石等矿物微晶,为玄武质火山碎屑岩[27]。岩石样品中气孔、杏仁构造大量发育(图2a),部分被压实作用影响而变形成椭圆形或者压扁状;质地松散,裂隙发育,填充碳酸盐矿物,与西沙海区长期以来断裂构造活动活跃相吻合。全岩成分混杂,含有大量的蚀变矿物,晶屑则主要由单斜辉石和斜长石组成,单斜辉石含量占晶屑含量的80%以上,大部分晶屑形状完好,部分受挤压呈破碎状,单体为短柱状(图2b图2c),常以束状集合体出现。
对总长度为7.2 m的玄武质火山碎屑岩,由上至下均匀取样8份,编号CK0101~CK0108。先将样品制备成0.05 mm厚的光薄片,再对其中的单斜辉石进行电子探针分析。该分析工作在国家海洋局海底科学重点实验室完成,所用仪器为Jeol JXA-8100型电子探针分析仪,分析条件为加速电压15.0 kV,电子束流约2×10–8 A,电子束斑为5 μm;采用中国微束分析标准委员会研制的微束分析系列国家标准样品,总量分析误差小于±2%。
琛科1井岩石薄片中27个辉石颗粒共52个探针点的分析结果列于表1,以辉石颗粒为单位,并以6个氧原子为基础计算了阳离子系数和端元组成。由表1可知:单斜辉石中SiO2=41.40%~48.44%,平均值为45.43%;Al2O3=5.54%~10.20%,平均值为7.80%;FeO=5.59%~8.11%,平均值为7.03%;MgO=10.43%~14.14%,平均值为13.19%;Na2O=0.38%~0.59%,平均值为0.46%;TiO2=2.10%~5.23%,平均值为3.38%,总体表现为高Al、Ti,低Si、Na的特征。
按照Morimoto辉石分类命名方案[28],本文研究的辉石均属于Ca-Mg-Fe辉石族,经Wo-En-Fs投图(图3)可知,辉石晶屑种属属于透辉石和次透辉石。透辉石和次透辉石中有少量样品位于Wo端元的50含量线之上,在深绿辉石区域,表明这些样品相对其他样品富Ca。
光学显微镜下图像及矿物背散射电子像均显示(图2b图4),辉石颗粒形态以粒状和短柱状为主,集合体呈放射状。电子探针分析结果(表2)显示,单斜辉石晶屑的成分变化复杂,明暗分界处化学成分变化显著,且大部分单斜辉石发育正环带结构(图4),由核部至边部Mg#降低。
发育正环带结构的单斜辉石,核部相对富镁(Mg#=0.75~0.80,平均0.78),为较高Ti-Al的透辉石,(TiO2=0.25%~0.44%,Al2O3=0.93%~1.56%),端元组成为Wo47~49En37~41Fs10~12,其Cr2O3和Na2O含量也相对较低(分别为0.008%~0.056%和0.12%~0.15%);边部相对富铁(Mg#=0.70~0.75,平均0.73),TiO2含量(0.42%~0.60%)、Al2O3含量(1.53%~1.97%)比核部略高,Cr2O3含量(0.010%~0.061%)比核部更低。部分正环带结构的单斜辉石从核部至边部,化学成分含量变化相对一致;但也有部分表现为从核部到边部Mg#逐渐降低。
这些正环带结构的单斜辉石从核部到边部,Mg#和镁、铬的氧化物含量降低,而铁、钠、铝、钛的氧化物含量升高,是岩浆正常结晶的顺序的反映。根据Wo-En-Fs投图(图3)可知,正环带核部均位于透辉石区域,幔部及边部部分位于深绿辉石区域,表明边部钙含量更高。矿物的环带结构记录了岩浆早期结晶的历史,其边部的化学成分受后期岩浆成分影响较大,因此核部记录的信息更能反映岩浆早期的结晶环境[29]
随着岩浆的演化,辉石主要组成元素(Ca、Mg和Fe)的含量及其相互关系也会不断变化,而不同岩浆体系中的辉石具有不同的结晶趋势。前人研究表明,单斜辉石的组成变化可以很好地记录母岩浆初始组成的差异[30-31]。若玄武岩经过了侵蚀、变质和风化,其中的斜长石常常发生化学成分改变,而单斜辉石虽有可能绿泥石化,但其残晶的化学成分仍然有助于确定玄武岩的岩浆系列[32]
火成岩中单斜辉石的Si与Al具互不相容性。在SiO2过饱和的拉斑玄武质岩浆中结晶出的单斜辉石,其四面体中Si的含量较高,而Al的含量较低;来自不饱和碱性玄武质岩浆中的单斜辉石,其四面体中Si的含量较低,而Al的含量较高[33]。透辉石中Al2O3的含量通常为1%~3%[15]。本研究区的单斜辉石具有相对高的Al2O3(5.33%~11.18%),较低的SiO2(41.40%~48.44%),且本研究区单斜辉石内部四面体位置的Al含量较高,变化区间为0.20~0.39(平均为0.28),Al/AlTot=78.63%~86.45%(平均为82.84%,AlTot为Al总量),同时在Al2O3-SiO2图解中(图5a),样品全部位于碱性玄武岩及其右方;在(Ca+Na)-Ti图解(图5b)中,样品全部落入碱性玄武岩区域。这些特征均反映母岩浆为不饱和碱性岩浆系列。
前人[34]通过对岩浆岩中Ti在硅酸盐和氧化物之间的分配,发现单斜辉石的结晶温度与其Ti含量呈正相关,即单斜辉石的结晶温度越高,则单斜辉石中Ti的含量越高[34]。本研究区单斜辉石具有较高的TiO2含量(2.39%~4.74%),明显高于南海海盆玄武岩中的单斜辉石(TiO2含量0.85%~2.23%)[19],这意味着西沙群岛琛航岛的单斜辉石比南海海盆新生代玄武岩的单斜辉石具有相对高的结晶温度。
主量元素数据(表1)显示,本文样品中的单斜辉石Ca含量普遍偏高,Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe)值在46.1%~51.4%之间,在成分分布图(图3)上位于Wo端元的50含量线附近。
本文样品Ca含量与矾山杂岩体的单斜辉石Ca含量变化范围(47%~50%)[35]几乎一致。矾山杂岩体Ca含量比Shonkin Sag岩高,但碱度却不高,因此矾山杂岩体单斜辉石的高钙特征不是熔体中硅浓度较低的结果,而是岩浆的过钾质特征所致[35]。而卓潘、六合钾质碱性岩体中同样含有富Ca的辉石,研究者根据岩浆结晶时Ca与Na的活动性质认为是岩石的高钙含量所致[36]。因此,对于高钙单斜辉石的形成原因,从矿物的形成背景来看,可能是岩浆的高钙含量所致,也可能与岩浆的富钾贫硅特征有关。
本文的火成碎屑岩蚀变严重,未能挑选出新鲜的、可代表岩石原始成分的矿物(如火山玻璃等),无法结合主岩信息分析原始的岩浆成分。然而,样品中的长石均为斜长石,这反映其母岩浆为非富钾岩浆体系,因此我们认为本研究的高钙单斜辉石是由于母岩浆的高钙含量所致。
鄢全树等[19]报导的南海海盆玄武岩中的基质微晶辉石与本文的辉石晶屑成分接近,同属于透辉石、次透辉石及高钙辉石颗粒(钙含量分别为49.7%,52.5%和53.7%)。南海海盆玄武岩中的基质辉石微晶是在岩浆演化后期结晶,比玄武岩中辉石斑晶具有更高的Ca、Fe、Ti,体现了该区域的岩浆演化向着富Ca、Fe、Ti方向发展[19]。而本文单斜辉石的环带成分变化规律也同样体现了岩浆演化向着富Ca、Fe、Ti方向发展,且各元素的含量及高钙特征与海盆玄武岩中基质辉石微晶成分特征相似,即本文样品的岩浆成分与南海海盆岩浆演化后期的成分相似。据此推测,西沙群岛琛航岛区域的岩浆可能与南海海盆的玄武岩为同一岩浆房中的深源岩浆,因为西沙区域的单斜辉石结晶时间略晚于海盆区域玄武岩辉石斑晶的结晶时间,故母岩浆与南海海盆区域岩浆相比更富Ca、Fe、Ti。同时也反映西沙群岛琛航岛区域火成碎屑岩岩浆比南海海盆区域玄武岩岩浆具有更高的Ca含量,使得西沙群岛琛航岛区域的火山质岩石发育高钙单斜辉石晶屑,印证了高钙单斜辉石是由于母岩浆的高钙含量所致这一观点。
西沙群岛琛航岛区域火山碎屑岩中的单斜辉石,从核部到边部,Ca、Fe、Ti的含量逐渐增加,说明岩浆从深部到浅部运移的过程中,向着富Ca、Fe、Ti方向发展,经过多次结晶分化后演化出富含Ca的岩浆,最终在西沙区域产出大量的高钙单斜辉石。
前人在利用单斜辉石判别玄武岩形成的构造环境方面开展了大量的工作。如Nisbet和Pearce[12]运用单斜辉石主要氧化物含量构建了TiO2-MnO-Na2O三角判别图及F1-F2双因子判别图,用以判别源岩的构造环境。将本文样品的数据投入到Nisbet和Pearce[12]的图(图6)中发现,西沙群岛琛航岛火山碎屑岩的单斜辉石全部落入板内碱性玄武岩区,说明本文样品中单斜辉石来自于同一构造单元,且均属于板内碱性玄武岩。
已有地球物理资料显示,西沙群岛的地壳厚度为26~28 km,西沙及周缘在新生代时期演化经历了多次构造事件,包括晚白垩世或古近纪时发生的大陆裂谷,因此普遍发育着北东向断裂构造[3]。张峤[37]根据西沙海区及周缘地球物理资料在西沙海区识别出两大类火成岩:侵入型和喷出型。根据外形特征,进一步将喷出型分成平顶海山和尖顶锥状海山,包括13座平顶状海山。平顶状火山一般为早期形成的中心喷发型火山,之后遭受风化剥蚀,使顶部被削成平顶且被沉积物覆盖[37]。研究表明,只要岩浆在高于各自的压力补偿深度处喷发,就可以发生爆发性的火山作用,从而产生火山碎屑岩[38-39]。而火山碎屑岩结构更容易风化蚀变,进而形成平顶状海山。除少量以悬浮方式在海山顶部沉积下来物质之外,海山状的正地形很大程度上限制了外源的碎屑堆积,因此海山火山碎屑岩的组成相对单一。西沙群岛琛航岛火山碎屑岩的晶屑主要为棱角状–次棱角状,沿解理面破裂成阶梯状或次阶梯状,表明该套火山碎屑岩为原位堆积或近源堆积。此外,该套火山碎屑岩厚度大于7 m,且岩石组成相对单一,而西沙群岛永兴岛和石岛的基岩中均未发现该套火山碎屑岩,进一步表明该套火山碎屑岩不是远距离搬运而来的。此外,西沙隆起周缘的沉积中心(华光凹陷、琼东南盆地、中建南盆地以及西沙海槽)阻止了来自华南大陆以及中南半岛的陆源沉积[1-2]。因此,我们认为琛科1井火山碎屑岩为原位堆积或者近源堆积。结合黄海波等利用天然地震资料发现下地壳存在地幔深部热活动引起的流变构造[40],我们进一步推测,琛科1井基底可能为张峤描述的平顶柱状火山[37]之一。由于我们的钻孔并未钻穿火山碎屑岩地层,因此这一推测仍需进一步的钻井或地球物理资料来证实。
西沙群岛琛航岛区域火山碎屑岩喷发在南海海底扩张前期,前人在南海海盆中利用地震资料辨识出了3座海底扩张期间32~16 Ma BP间形成的火山[37],表明在南海海盆扩张之前,岩浆活动并不只局限于南海海盆扩张中心处,在南海洋盆之外的地区乃至南海北部也有相应的岩浆活动。因此,南海扩张前期并不是一个岩浆活动宁静期。
海南岛底部岩石圈存在的地幔柱[41-44]广泛地影响着华南南部及南海北部区域。前人[40]利用远震接收函数方法发现琛航岛下有地球物理异常,显示琛航岛属于中等偏高的热流地区,下部存在地幔热活动。结合西沙区域单斜辉石的岩浆系列、来源深度和成分演化分析,我们推测西沙琛航岛火山碎屑岩岩浆是在地幔柱的驱动下,从西沙底部侵入,穿过断裂发育的岩石圈层,喷发至海底,再经过堆积、固结作用形成玄武质火山碎屑岩。
本文利用电子探针对南海西沙群岛琛航岛珊瑚礁底部火山碎屑岩中的单斜辉石,开展了矿物化学特征研究,得出以下结论:
(1)西沙火山碎屑岩中的晶屑是单斜辉石,单斜辉石绝大部分属于透辉石,少部分落在深绿辉石区间。大部分辉石存在正环带结构,从核部到边部Ca、Fe、Ti的含量逐渐增加,反映岩浆正常结晶的顺序,岩浆演化是向着富Ca、Fe、Ti方向发展。
(2)主量元素显示,琛科1井单斜辉石具有低Si高Al的特征,且Al含量较高,显示母岩浆为不饱和的碱性岩浆系列。辉石Ca含量较高,且火山碎屑岩中的长石均为斜长石,反映其岩浆为非富钾岩浆体系,推测由其富含Ca母岩浆是经过多次结晶分化的结果,导致西沙区域的火山质岩石发育高钙含量的单斜辉石晶屑。
(3)通过对比地震资料及分析前人对西沙隆起的火山活动识别结果,推测琛航岛底部为玄武质火山碎屑岩平顶状海山。
(4)西沙群岛琛航岛火山碎屑岩原岩为板内碱性玄武岩。该火山碎屑岩是在地幔柱的影响下,新生代前期从西沙底部岩浆侵入,穿过断裂发育的岩石圈层,喷发至海底。随后所产生的火山碎屑物质,经过堆积、固结作用形成玄武质火山碎屑岩。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大研究计划重点支持项目“珊瑚礁千米深钻记录的西沙碳酸盐台地形成演化和环境变迁史”(91428203);国家自然科学基金面上项目“全球变化背景下西沙珊瑚礁区碳循环及其对海洋酸化的响应”(41776128)。
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2019年第41卷第7期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.006
  • 接收时间:2018-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2019-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-03-08
  • 修回日期:2019-01-01
基金
国家自然科学基金重大研究计划重点支持项目“珊瑚礁千米深钻记录的西沙碳酸盐台地形成演化和环境变迁史”(91428203);国家自然科学基金面上项目“全球变化背景下西沙珊瑚礁区碳循环及其对海洋酸化的响应”(41776128)。
作者信息
    1 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 中国科学院边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
    2 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3 广西大学 广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004
    4 广西大学 珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004
    5 广西大学 海洋学院,广西 南宁 530004

通讯作者:

*余克服(1969—),男,湖北省公安县人,教授,博士,主要从事南海珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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