Article(id=1246416857410986430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1535472000000, receivedDateStr=2018-08-29, revisedDate=1543248000000, revisedDateStr=2018-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775098536111, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1563984000000, pubDateStr=2019-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775098536111, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775098536111, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775098536111, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246416853124407707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775098535083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200282549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246416858379870696, articleId=1246416857410986430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on various response to typhoon of nourished beaches with different sediments, columnId=1243867132006613042, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Geology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

By monitoring the typical profiles of the artificial cobble and sandy beach on Xiamen Tianquan Bay and Huizhan before and after the super Typhoon No.1614 Meranti, combined with the observation and numerical simulation of hydrodynamic factors, we calculate the wave field together with the total water level during the typhoon process, and analyze the morphology and the average variation of the profile. Results show that the characteristics of response to typhoon between artificial cobble and sandy beach on macro-tidal coast are significantly different. The majority of cobbles transported onshore, the beach face eroded while the beach berm accumulated to form a higher beach berm, and the slope of the artificial cobble beach is obviously steepened. In contract, the artificial sandy beach shows obvious sediment transport offshore, the upper beach face eroded and the lower beach face deposited, the slope of the beach face obviously become gentler, moreover the top of the beach berm become flattened due to the strong onshore wind after the typhoon landing, and the height of the beach berm almost remain unchanged. Whether the beach berm eroded during typhoon process is closely related to the total water level including astronomical tide, storm surge and wave run-up. During the process of typhoon, the artificial cobble beach characterized with higher wave energy and steeper beach slope showed less profile variation comparing to that of the artificial sandy beach. The artificial cobble beach performed a small degree of response to typhoon. Taken together, it is an effective approach of slowing sandy beach erosion by using gravels and other coarse-grained sediments for beach nourishment on strong eroded high-energy macro-tidal coasts.

, correspAuthors=Feng Cai, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fangfang Shu, Feng Cai, Hongshuai Qi, Jianhui Liu, Gang Lei), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246416862968439407, articleId=1246416857410986430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=不同沉积物养护海滩对台风响应的差异性研究, columnId=1243867133143269435, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文通过对厦门天泉湾人工卵石滩和会展人工沙滩在1614“莫兰蒂”超强台风影响前后的典型剖面监测,结合水文动力要素的观测和数值模拟,计算了台风影响过程的波浪场、总水位,分析了剖面形态和台风过程的剖面平均变化量。结果表明,强潮海岸人工卵石滩与人工沙滩对台风响应的特征明显不同,人工卵石滩横向上大部分卵石向岸输移堆积,滩面侵蚀,滩肩堆积形成更高的风暴滩肩,坡度明显变陡。而人工沙滩则表现为明显的沉积物离岸输运,上部滩面侵蚀,下部滩面淤积,滩面坡度明显变缓,受台风登陆后的强烈向岸风作用,滩肩顶有所夷平,滩肩高度变化很小。海滩滩肩在台风过程中是否侵蚀与台风登陆和影响过程的总水位(天文潮、风暴增水、波浪爬高)密切相关,两个人工海滩的风暴响应模式均为冲蚀;台风影响过程中,波浪能量相对强、滩面坡度相对陡的人工卵石滩比人工沙滩的剖面平均变化量小,对于台风的响应程度小,在强侵蚀高能海岸采用砾石等粗粒径沉积物进行海滩养护是减缓砂质海滩侵蚀的一种有效手段。

, correspAuthors=蔡锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*蔡锋(1965—),男,福建省厦门市人,教授,主要从事海岸动力地貌与海滩保护研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2019, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=b/sXb7CS8wSuACdtP1dVRA==, magXml=6avciDjtRwfpJL+bbnbWxQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=HFhIJL2xqMpSeQY9IrvM9A==, pdfFileSize=6447314, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=sTGtnizofKRFS6wxF4Rugg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=D6ZiFZf6iJM0rdO7gzaM2w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

束芳芳(1984—),女,安徽省安庆市人,主要从事海岸动力地貌与海洋水动力学研究。E-mail:

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束芳芳(1984—),女,安徽省安庆市人,主要从事海岸动力地貌与海洋水动力学研究。E-mail:

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Empirical model of morphodynamic beachface behaviour for low-energy mesotidal environments[J]. Marine Geology, 2000, 167(3/4): 375−390., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1254506017157481304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费(20170305,2011010);国家公益性行业(海洋)科研专项(201405037)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1254505999512044188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254505999570764445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, companyId=1254505999512044188, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254505999583347358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, companyId=1254505999512044188, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254505999927280289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254505999965029026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, companyId=1254505999927280289, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Lab of Coastal & Marine Geology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254505999973417635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, companyId=1254505999927280289, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋与海岸地质实验室,福建 厦门 361005)]), AuthorCompany(id=1254506000216687273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506000225075882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, companyId=1254506000216687273, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Island Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Pingtan 350400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1254506000233464491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, companyId=1254506000216687273, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 自然资源部海岛研究中心,福建 平潭 350400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1254506008835982100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of the location of the research area

a. Path of Typhoon Meranti; b. location of the study coast segment; c. Tianquan Bay artificial cobble beach; d. Huizhan artificial sandy beach

, figureFileSmall=Zv0LJXP4p6NKa6ztwokZQQ==, figureFileBig=WkJpcPDp5bo0x/v5qSS6Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506009020531479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区位置示意图

a. “莫兰蒂”台风路径;b. 研究岸段区域位置;c. 天泉湾人工卵石滩;d. 会展人工海滩

, figureFileSmall=Zv0LJXP4p6NKa6ztwokZQQ==, figureFileBig=WkJpcPDp5bo0x/v5qSS6Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506009410601754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Curves of wind processes in the research area during Typhoon Meranti, figureFileSmall=KE0TiDvHrLG1zqurm6k9AA==, figureFileBig=kbiaFr/YBYFgBuq1m/tRUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506009586762525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=图2, caption=“莫兰蒂”台风期间研究区风速、风向过程曲线图, figureFileSmall=KE0TiDvHrLG1zqurm6k9AA==, figureFileBig=kbiaFr/YBYFgBuq1m/tRUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506009733563168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Computing grid of the typhoon wave model, figureFileSmall=XJf0sc52Zpmwt7l1Y/GIOg==, figureFileBig=0CmrzuZlRIF/ReRkgNembw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506009947472676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=图3, caption=台风浪模型计算网格, figureFileSmall=XJf0sc52Zpmwt7l1Y/GIOg==, figureFileBig=0CmrzuZlRIF/ReRkgNembw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506010048135973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The verification of wind and wave processes at buoy stations, figureFileSmall=ACJYpPsMF0hgw6jrHxGuxw==, figureFileBig=JbP2iTxBxHT7uanvrE5bKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506010366903080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=图4, caption=计算风、波浪过程与浮标站观测值时间序列验证, figureFileSmall=ACJYpPsMF0hgw6jrHxGuxw==, figureFileBig=JbP2iTxBxHT7uanvrE5bKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506010505315113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Wave results before and after Typhoon Meranti

a. Wave results on 3 September 15th; b. wave results on 5 September 15th; c. wave process

, figureFileSmall=I+2+v5tZsnLbxmSWPM2uJQ==, figureFileBig=B67Qgkg1u844OggRx5QSVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506012325643052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=图5, caption=“莫兰蒂”台风过境前后波浪场模拟结果

a.9月15日3时波浪场;b.9月15日5时波浪场;c.研究区台风波浪过程曲线

, figureFileSmall=I+2+v5tZsnLbxmSWPM2uJQ==, figureFileBig=B67Qgkg1u844OggRx5QSVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506012568912687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Total water level of the artificial beach during Typhoon Meranti, figureFileSmall=aFhwCOzMwIZ+ZbjBjoBunw==, figureFileBig=KI9GC5KyOIhbgDS5m2qtKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506012766044977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=图6, caption=人工海滩“莫兰蒂”台风过程总水位, figureFileSmall=aFhwCOzMwIZ+ZbjBjoBunw==, figureFileBig=KI9GC5KyOIhbgDS5m2qtKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506012904457011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Photos before and after Typhoon Meranti

a, b are photos of Tianquan Bay artificial cobble beach before and after typhoon; c, d are photos of Huizhan artificial sandy beach before and after typhoon

, figureFileSmall=lSRv6JapFcOAtvsQS1lA9Q==, figureFileBig=yXldCm9FL3dBuR6uymro+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013089006391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=图7, caption=“莫兰蒂”台风前后照片

a, b分别为天泉湾人工卵石滩经历台风前、后; c, d分别为会展人工海滩经历台风前、后

, figureFileSmall=lSRv6JapFcOAtvsQS1lA9Q==, figureFileBig=yXldCm9FL3dBuR6uymro+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013189669688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Typical profiles of the artificial cobble and sandy beach, figureFileSmall=X9FyHflTF6kgYBytthmLsA==, figureFileBig=1I0vpWnyr13MYX/kRyoeTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013302915898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=图8, caption=典型剖面形态变化, figureFileSmall=X9FyHflTF6kgYBytthmLsA==, figureFileBig=1I0vpWnyr13MYX/kRyoeTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013470688062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Variations of the beach berm height, width and beach slope

a, b, c. Tianquan Bay artificial cobble beach; d, e, f. Huizhan artificial sandy beach

, figureFileSmall=9tdUZEU9Lhs79e9hBlTYWA==, figureFileBig=UB+iXFcXd8SW7mWpTMGXXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013600711486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=图9, caption=典型剖面滩肩宽度、滩肩高度、滩面坡度变化

a, b, c. 天泉湾人工卵石滩; d, e, f. 会展人工沙滩

, figureFileSmall=9tdUZEU9Lhs79e9hBlTYWA==, figureFileBig=UB+iXFcXd8SW7mWpTMGXXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013785260865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Variations of typical profiles elevation during Typhoon Meranti

a. Tianquan Bay artificial cobble beach; b. Huizhan artificial sandy beach

, figureFileSmall=Bk5l40c99RqjFCwoF7DnOQ==, figureFileBig=vGOnng7kZanfbicNUatDhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013911089987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=图10, caption=“莫兰蒂”台风过程典型剖面高程变化量

a. 天泉湾人工卵石滩; b. 会展人工沙滩

, figureFileSmall=Bk5l40c99RqjFCwoF7DnOQ==, figureFileBig=vGOnng7kZanfbicNUatDhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506014145971014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Storm response characteristics of artificial beaches (mean profile)

a. Artificial cobble beach; b. artificial sandy beach

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a. 人工卵石滩; b. 人工沙滩

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The overview of the beach nourishment project

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海滩岸段长度/m养护沉积物总量/104 m3养护沉积物粒径/mm施工滩肩宽度/m施工滩面宽度/m滩肩高程/m初始坡度
天泉湾人工卵石滩6325.7150~10013~2035~46.54.01:5
会展人工沙滩1 79574.750.550100~1504.01:15
), ArticleFig(id=1254506014817059663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海滩养护工程基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海滩岸段长度/m养护沉积物总量/104 m3养护沉积物粒径/mm施工滩肩宽度/m施工滩面宽度/m滩肩高程/m初始坡度
天泉湾人工卵石滩6325.7150~10013~2035~46.54.01:5
会展人工沙滩1 79574.750.550100~1504.01:15
), ArticleFig(id=1254506015030969169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Wave energy and variations of artificial beach profile during Typhoon Meranti

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海滩中值粒径/mm最大波浪能量/kW·m−1平均波浪能量/kW·m−1最大剖面平均变化量/m剖面平均变化量/m
天泉湾人工卵石滩7012 2591 9370.300.20
会展人工沙滩0.57 0971 8200.460.28
), ArticleFig(id=1254506016717079380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857410986430, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

“莫兰蒂”台风过程人工海滩波浪能量–剖面变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海滩中值粒径/mm最大波浪能量/kW·m−1平均波浪能量/kW·m−1最大剖面平均变化量/m剖面平均变化量/m
天泉湾人工卵石滩7012 2591 9370.300.20
会展人工沙滩0.57 0971 8200.460.28
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不同沉积物养护海滩对台风响应的差异性研究
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束芳芳 1, 2 , 蔡锋 2, * , 戚洪帅 2 , 刘建辉 3 , 雷刚 2
海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2019,41(7): 103-115
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海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2019, 41(7): 103-115
不同沉积物养护海滩对台风响应的差异性研究
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束芳芳1, 2 , 蔡锋2, * , 戚洪帅2, 刘建辉3, 雷刚2
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋与海岸地质实验室,福建 厦门 361005
  • 3 自然资源部海岛研究中心,福建 平潭 350400
  • 束芳芳(1984—),女,安徽省安庆市人,主要从事海岸动力地貌与海洋水动力学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*蔡锋(1965—),男,福建省厦门市人,教授,主要从事海岸动力地貌与海滩保护研究。E-mail:
Study on various response to typhoon of nourished beaches with different sediments
Fangfang Shu1, 2 , Feng Cai2, * , Hongshuai Qi2, Jianhui Liu3, Gang Lei2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2 Lab of Coastal & Marine Geology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 3 Island Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Pingtan 350400, China
出版时间: 2019-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.009
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本文通过对厦门天泉湾人工卵石滩和会展人工沙滩在1614“莫兰蒂”超强台风影响前后的典型剖面监测,结合水文动力要素的观测和数值模拟,计算了台风影响过程的波浪场、总水位,分析了剖面形态和台风过程的剖面平均变化量。结果表明,强潮海岸人工卵石滩与人工沙滩对台风响应的特征明显不同,人工卵石滩横向上大部分卵石向岸输移堆积,滩面侵蚀,滩肩堆积形成更高的风暴滩肩,坡度明显变陡。而人工沙滩则表现为明显的沉积物离岸输运,上部滩面侵蚀,下部滩面淤积,滩面坡度明显变缓,受台风登陆后的强烈向岸风作用,滩肩顶有所夷平,滩肩高度变化很小。海滩滩肩在台风过程中是否侵蚀与台风登陆和影响过程的总水位(天文潮、风暴增水、波浪爬高)密切相关,两个人工海滩的风暴响应模式均为冲蚀;台风影响过程中,波浪能量相对强、滩面坡度相对陡的人工卵石滩比人工沙滩的剖面平均变化量小,对于台风的响应程度小,在强侵蚀高能海岸采用砾石等粗粒径沉积物进行海滩养护是减缓砂质海滩侵蚀的一种有效手段。

强潮海岸  /  人工卵石滩  /  人工沙滩  /  台风响应

By monitoring the typical profiles of the artificial cobble and sandy beach on Xiamen Tianquan Bay and Huizhan before and after the super Typhoon No.1614 Meranti, combined with the observation and numerical simulation of hydrodynamic factors, we calculate the wave field together with the total water level during the typhoon process, and analyze the morphology and the average variation of the profile. Results show that the characteristics of response to typhoon between artificial cobble and sandy beach on macro-tidal coast are significantly different. The majority of cobbles transported onshore, the beach face eroded while the beach berm accumulated to form a higher beach berm, and the slope of the artificial cobble beach is obviously steepened. In contract, the artificial sandy beach shows obvious sediment transport offshore, the upper beach face eroded and the lower beach face deposited, the slope of the beach face obviously become gentler, moreover the top of the beach berm become flattened due to the strong onshore wind after the typhoon landing, and the height of the beach berm almost remain unchanged. Whether the beach berm eroded during typhoon process is closely related to the total water level including astronomical tide, storm surge and wave run-up. During the process of typhoon, the artificial cobble beach characterized with higher wave energy and steeper beach slope showed less profile variation comparing to that of the artificial sandy beach. The artificial cobble beach performed a small degree of response to typhoon. Taken together, it is an effective approach of slowing sandy beach erosion by using gravels and other coarse-grained sediments for beach nourishment on strong eroded high-energy macro-tidal coasts.

macro-tidal coast  /  artificial cobble beach  /  artificial sandy beach  /  typhoon response
束芳芳, 蔡锋, 戚洪帅, 刘建辉, 雷刚. 不同沉积物养护海滩对台风响应的差异性研究. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (7) : 103 -115 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.009
Fangfang Shu, Feng Cai, Hongshuai Qi, Jianhui Liu, Gang Lei. Study on various response to typhoon of nourished beaches with different sediments[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (7) : 103 -115 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.009
海岸侵蚀是沿海国家面临的共同问题,在全球气候变化和人类活动双重影响下,70%的砂质海岸处于侵蚀后退状态,且不断加剧[1-5],为此采用了各种硬质和软质的海岸防护措施,其中海滩养护因其实用性、生态性和经济性等优点,成为全球沿海国家海岸防护的优先选择,得到推广和应用[6-10]。为了抵御更剧烈的海岸侵蚀和更强的极端动力破坏,已经有不少地区开始尝试在强侵蚀砂质海岸开展粗粒径沉积物(砾石、卵石)海滩养护[11-14],此类海滩孔隙率大、渗透性强,具有很强的消能作用和良好的稳定性[15-16]
热带风暴诱发的风暴潮和台风浪是海滩常见的极端动力事件,会在短时间内导致海滩形态的剧烈变化和海滩侵蚀[17-19],热带风暴对海滩的影响与台风路径、台风强度、登陆时间、海滩类型、海滩走向等多重因素有关[20-23]。国内外对海滩的风暴响应研究较为丰富,包括风暴过程的防护效果、海滩沉积物、地形地貌、动力机制、响应类型、破坏与风暴后恢复等方面[24-28],Sallenger[29]对典型障壁海滩风暴响应模式进行了总结,将其分为冲刷、冲蚀、冲越和洪泛4种类型;研究表明,海滩固有的地貌动力学特性对风暴响应影响明显[29-31]。粗粒径沉积物海滩的风暴响应研究主要集中在岸线地形变化[32-35]、砾石输移[36-37]、破波带的水动力学特性和数值模拟等方面[38-42],对其在极端动力事件下的海滩动力地貌响应研究明显不足。
极端动力事件在养护海滩演化中扮演着重要的角色,既是适应性调整的必经环节,也是发挥防护功能的体现[35, 43-45]。本文基于1614“莫兰蒂”台风过境厦门期间的水文动力观测、模拟与典型剖面跟踪监测,分析强潮海岸不同粒径沉积物养滩工程对于热带风暴响应的差异性,通过比对研究探讨粗粒径沉积物养护海滩对极端动力事件的动力地貌响应特征。
研究区位于台湾海峡西岸厦门岛南侧和东侧岸段(图1b)。天泉湾岸段呈东—西走向,海岸修筑有阶梯型护岸,海滩基岩裸露,是厦门岛东南部海岸侵蚀最严重的岸段,2014年6月在天泉湾海岸修复了人工卵石滩,卵石粒径为5~10 cm(图1c)。会展岸段呈南—北走向,修复前为直立式人工护岸堤,2012年11月修复形成人工沙滩,平均粒径0.5 mm(图1d),海滩养护工程基本情况见表1
研究海域属于正规半日潮海区,多年平均大潮高潮位为3.81 m,多年平均潮差3.98 m,属于典型的强潮海岸。福建沿海年平均台风影响7.6次,近年来直接登陆厦门的有9914“丹恩”、0519“龙王”、1614“莫兰蒂”,均为强台风以上级别。根据2009年历史波浪观测资料统计,天泉湾岸段常浪向为SSE向,出现频率为43.91%,有效波高(Hs)年平均值为0.35 m;会展岸段常浪向也为SSE向,出现频率为25.83%,Hs年平均值为0.30 m。
“莫兰蒂”台风(图1a)于2016年9月10日14时在西北太平洋生成,随后向西北方向移动,13日夜间中心附近最大风速达到70 m/s,中心最低气压900 hPa,15日3时以强台风级在厦门翔安附近海域登陆,登陆期间中心气压945 hPa,中心最大风速52 m/s,登陆地点位于研究海滩东北约20 km(图1b),根据研究区实测风数据统计,天泉湾实测10 min平均风速最大值为33.1 m/s,瞬时最大风速达到49 m/s,登陆时研究区风向为正北向,台风登陆后,风向由北向西北、西南向偏转(图2)。
天泉湾人工卵石滩自西向东设置P1~P10共10条典型剖面进行测量(图1c),会展人工海滩自北向南设置P1~P5共5条典型剖面,根据剖面方向采用Trimble RTK-GPS进行海滩剖面重复测量,测量精度误差为±1 cm。监测时间分别为2016年9月3日和9月21日(“莫兰蒂”台风前后),其中会展人工沙滩台风前采用2016年5月9日观测资料。对剖面测量数据进行分析,滩肩高度为滩肩隆起带的最高点高度,岸线为多年平均大潮高潮位与海滩剖面相交线,滩肩宽度为海滩陆侧起始点至海滩岸线间的宽度,卵石滩砂石分界线为表层沉积物由卵石向砂转变的界线,人工卵石滩坡度为岸线至砂石分界线之间的坡度值,人工海滩坡度为岸线至低潮带之间的坡度。本文采用剖面平均变化量作为量化海滩台风响应强度的指标,它指台风影响前后海滩剖面上各点高程平均变化值,其无正负值之分,能够更准确地表示海滩变化[23]
台风浪数值模拟,采用Holland理论模型风场叠加NCEP再分析海面风场资料(美国国家环境预报中心提供)构造台风合成风场,应用SWAN模型对“莫兰蒂”台风过程的波浪进行模拟,模型采用加密的非结构三角网格(图3),对水深急剧变化、岸线复杂、岛屿众多的厦门湾海域地形进行刻画,计算区域为15°~29°N,115°~129°E,计算区域共有95 806个单元,最大网格边长约6′,最小网格边长约100 m。根据“莫兰蒂”台风的移行路径和时间,模拟时间为2016年9月11日0时至16日0时,计算时间步长取300 s,结果30 min输出一次。模型开边界条件采用本地风速JONSWAP谱计算值,陆地边界认为波浪完全耗散,采用全吸收条件。模型验证资料采用台湾海峡海域2个浮标站台风过程的实测风、波浪数据,TW01(23.629 7°N,118.200 3°E)、TW02(24.480 0°N,119.290 0°E),浮标站位置见图1a,风速、波浪验证见图4
“莫兰蒂”台风过境期间,登陆前,研究区受偏NE向风控制(图2),湾内海域以NE向波浪为主(图5a),天泉湾岸段主要受ENE–ESE向浪影响,会展岸段受NE–ENE向浪影响;台风登陆后,厦门湾转为偏W–SW风,湾内转为SW向波浪为主(图5b),天泉湾岸段台风登陆时转为偏W–SW向浪,会展岸段转为偏S向浪影响;随着台风的逐渐远离,两个岸段均受偏S–SE向外海涌浪影响。“莫兰蒂”台风影响过程中,天泉湾人工卵石滩近岸最大波浪出现在台风登陆后,Hs达2.65 m,对应波向为SW向,会展人工沙滩近岸最大波浪出现在台风登陆前,Hs为2.12 m,对应波向为ENE向(图5c)。
台风过程的总水位包含天文潮、风暴增水、波浪和波浪爬高,其中波浪爬高可以根据下式计算[46]
${R_2} = 1.1\left( {0.35{\beta _f}{{({H_0}{L_0})}^{1/2}} + \frac{{{{\left[ {{H_0}{L_0}(0.563{\beta _f}^2 + 0.004)} \right]}^{1/2}}}}{2}} \right),$
式中,R2为超越概率2%的波浪爬高;βf为前滨滩面坡度;H0为深水波高;L0为深水波长。
图6为“莫兰蒂”台风过程人工海滩的实测潮位、有效波高、波浪爬高和海滩总水位,人工卵石滩和人工沙滩台风过程总水位最大值分别为4.48 m和4.59 m,发生在台风登陆前的14日23时,台风登陆后两个海滩的总水位最高值为4.35 m和3.55 m。
“莫兰蒂”台风影响前,两个人工海滩均已经过养护后的初始调整,趋于稳定(图7a图7c),台风过境后,天泉湾人工卵石滩和会展人工沙滩的现场照片见图7b图7d。人工海滩的典型剖面形态见图8。从海滩剖面整体响应特征来看,天泉湾人工卵石滩剖面形态变化较为显著,滩肩高度明显增加,剖面坡度变陡,上凹幅度增大。会展人工沙滩的剖面形态从上陡下缓有较为明显坡折点转变为坡度较缓、坡折点不明显。对典型剖面台风前后的滩肩宽度、滩肩高度和滩面坡度进行统计,结果见图9,沿岸方向上,分别定义天泉湾P10剖面为0点,向西为正,会展P1剖面位置为0点,向南为正。台风影响后,人工海滩的滩肩宽度整体表现为变窄,人工卵石滩比人工沙滩的变窄幅度小。天泉湾人工卵石滩平均滩肩宽度从11.93 m蚀退到11.29 m,其中P6蚀退程度最大,滩肩宽度变窄达2.76 m,P8、P9剖面有一定程度淤宽。会展人工沙滩平均滩肩宽度从33.94 m蚀退至31.58 m,除北排水管邻近南侧的P2淤宽4.51 m以外,其他剖面均有2 m以上的蚀退,南侧P5蚀退最多,达到8.32 m;两个海滩的滩肩高度变化特征明显不同,天泉湾人工卵石滩滩肩高度明显增加,而会展人工沙滩的滩肩高度变化很小。人工卵石滩平均滩肩高度从台风前的4.17 m增高至4.46 m,P5剖面滩肩高度最高,达到4.65 m。会展人工沙滩台风前、后剖面平均滩肩高度分别为4.74 m和4.72 m,基本没有变化;海滩坡度对台风响应特征迥异,天泉湾人工卵石滩表现为滩面坡度整体变陡,平均坡度从0.188变陡至0.225。而会展人工沙滩则表现为整体变缓,平均坡度从0.114减缓至0.097。
天泉湾人工卵石滩和会展人工沙滩典型剖面高程变化量见图10,人工卵石滩多数典型剖面最大堆积高度出现在平均大潮高潮位附近位置,最大侵蚀深度出现在平均海面与平均大潮高潮位之间,人工排水管邻近西侧的P6剖面表现有所不同,其最大堆积高度出现在平均大潮高潮位和台风过程最高总水位之间位置,最大侵蚀深度出现在平均大潮高潮位附近。人工卵石滩剖面最大堆积高度为0.67 m,出现在东段P9剖面,P8剖面的最大堆积高度也达到0.60 m,出现在剖面高程+3.70 m位置处,位于平均大潮高潮位附近;最大侵蚀深度为0.70 m,出现在P10剖面高程+1.60 m位置处,介于平均海面和平均大潮高潮位之间。人工沙滩除北排水管邻近南侧的P2剖面以外,剖面最大侵蚀深度均出现在平均大潮高潮位偏下的上部滩面,最大堆积高度则多发生在平均海平面以下。最大堆积高度为1.08 m,出现在P2剖面高程–0.07 m位置处,平均海平面以下;最大侵蚀深度为1.40 m,出现在南侧P5剖面高程+3.26 m位置处,从图10可以看到,人工沙滩除北排水管邻近的P2剖面外,其他剖面侵蚀程度最大的位置均出现在平均大潮高潮位下0.60 m附近。
“莫兰蒂”台风影响后,天泉湾人工卵石滩的剖面平均变化量小于会展人工沙滩。人工卵石滩的剖面平均变化量为0.20 m,其中东侧P10剖面平均变化量0.30 m为区域最大,西侧P3剖面平均变化量0.16 m为区域最小。人工沙滩在台风影响过程的剖面平均变化量为0.28 m,南侧P5剖面平均变化量0.46 m最大,北侧P1最小,为0.15 m。
台风过程的大浪和增水是海滩发育和演化的重要动力因素,可在短时间内对海滩地形地貌产生灾难性破坏[21, 29, 47],这在弱潮和中潮海滩表现尤为明显,对于强潮海滩则不完全适用,原因是强潮海滩的大潮差限制了潮汐加浪涌高度超过阈值水平的时间,从而限制了海滩侵蚀的时间,高水位的持续时间与海滩侵蚀强度有直接影响[48-49]。厦门岛沿岸属于典型的强潮海岸,普遍发育低潮阶地型海滩[50]。与波高相比,风暴期间的总水位更能准确地区分海滩侵蚀和淤积状态[41, 51],滩肩在台风过程中是否侵蚀与台风登陆和影响过程的总水位密切相关。“莫兰蒂”台风登陆时处于落潮近低潮时段,台风影响过程的总水位未超过人工沙滩台风前平均滩肩高度(4.74 m),没有发生冲越,滩肩高度变化很小,仅滩肩脊部受台风登陆后的强烈向岸风影响,滩肩顶有所夷平。台风影响过程中人工卵石滩的总水位最高值虽超过台风前平均滩肩高度(4.17 m),但由于卵石向岸输移,形成更高的风暴滩肩,因此也没有产生冲越现象,两个海滩的风暴响应类型均表现为冲蚀。Qi等[30]研究了9914台风对华南沿海低潮阶地型海滩的风暴响应特征,认为低潮阶地型海滩对风暴的响应总体表现为强烈的上部剖面改造,海滩上部发生强烈侵蚀,滩肩可能在一次风暴中侵蚀殆尽,风暴作用引起强烈的离岸输沙,海滩坡度明显变缓。9914“丹恩”台风登陆厦门时为涨潮近高潮时段,总水位超过警戒水位,厦门岛东侧海滩滩肩侵蚀殆尽[21, 30, 52]
此前很少有关于砾石滩的调查强调沉积物粒径是控制风暴响应的关键因素,因此,研究混合和粗粒径海滩的风暴响应更为关键,因为这些海滩的沉积物粒径变化很大,从而使分析变得复杂。研究发现,砂质海滩受到高能风暴浪作用时,一般的结果是导致大部分细粒径沉积物离岸输移,滩肩侵蚀和近岸沙坝形成,而砾石海滩则会继续保持其陡峭的剖面形态和反射型状态[53-54]图11总结了研究区不同类型人工海滩对“莫兰蒂”台风响应的特征,可以发现,粒径5~10 cm的人工卵石滩与平均粒径0.5 mm的人工沙滩对台风响应明显不同。“莫兰蒂”台风过程人工卵石滩的总水位最高值虽然超过了台风前平均滩肩高度,但由于卵石海滩的沉积物粒径粗,孔隙率大、具有很强的渗透性和较大的摩擦阻力,卵石滩斜坡带的向岸上冲流明显大于向海回流[15, 48]。横向上滩面大部分卵石受到高能卷破波产生的上冲流影响,不断向岸输移,滩面侵蚀,滩肩堆积,形成更高的风暴滩肩。只有少部分卵石和细粒径泥沙被回流输移向海,卵石滩坡度明显变陡,这种更高的滩肩和更陡的剖面反过来又更有效的耗散入射高能波浪。人工卵石滩的最大侵蚀深度介于平均海平面与平均大潮高潮位之间的滩面中部位置,而最大堆积高度则出现在平均大潮高潮位附近的滩肩顶外缘。而人工沙滩沉积物粒径细,风暴期间横向上出现强烈的向海输移,上部滩面侵蚀严重,下部滩面淤积,海滩坡度变缓。人工沙滩的侵蚀堆积特征与卵石滩相反,最大侵蚀深度出现在平均大潮高潮位偏下的上部滩面,最大堆积高度出现在平均海平面以下。这与台风过程中人工卵石滩横向上卵石向岸输移,而人工沙滩强烈的离岸输沙规律一致。
除海滩剖面横向的风暴响应特征以外,人工海滩对风暴响应的程度也与沉积物粒径密切相关。对砂质海滩而言,沉积物粒径越粗,坡度越陡,波浪反射性越强,海滩风暴响应越强烈,而坡度缓的耗散性越强,海滩在风暴作用中表现更为迟钝[23, 55]表2统计了台风过程中人工卵石滩和人工沙滩波浪能量-沉积物粒径和剖面平均变化量,结果发现人工卵石滩的剖面平均变化量小于人工沙滩。近岸波浪能量相对更强,海滩坡度相对更陡、波浪反射性更强的人工卵石滩比人工沙滩对于台风的响应程度小,这也说明卵石滩相对于沙滩来说稳定性更好,消能作用更好,在强潮强侵蚀高能海岸采用卵、砾石等粗粒径沉积物进行海滩养护是减缓砂质海滩侵蚀的一种有效手段[11-12, 34]
本文通过对强潮海岸人工卵石滩和人工沙滩台风前后的典型剖面要素特征结合台风影响过程中的水动力观测、模拟结果进行分析,得到了以下结论:
(1)人工卵石滩和人工沙滩对“莫兰蒂”台风响应的特征明显不同。天泉湾人工卵石滩滩肩高度明显增加,滩肩宽度整体变窄,滩面坡度明显变陡,剖面上凹幅度增大,剖面最大堆积高度发生在滩肩,最大侵蚀深度出现在滩面中部,海滩剖面平均变化量为0.20 m;而会展人工沙滩的滩肩高度基本没有变化,滩肩宽度平均蚀退2.36 m,海滩坡度变缓,剖面形态从上陡下缓有较为明显坡折点转变为坡度较缓,剖面最大侵蚀深度发生在上部滩面,最大堆积高度出现在平均海平面以下的下部滩面,海滩剖面平均变化量为0.28 m。
(2)强潮海岸人工海滩对风暴的响应特征、响应程度与沉积物粒径及台风过程中的总水位密切相关。人工卵石滩总水位最高值虽超过台风前平均滩肩高度,但卵石粒径粗、孔隙率大、渗透性强,向岸上冲流大于向海回流,风暴期间卵石向岸输移形成更高的风暴滩肩,海滩坡度整体变陡,未发生冲越。而人工沙滩粒径细,总水位最高值未超过台风前平均滩肩高度,仅滩肩脊部受台风期间的强烈向岸风作用,滩肩顶有所夷平;横向上表现为强烈的沉积物离岸输运,上部滩面侵蚀严重,下部滩面淤积,海滩坡度整体变缓。台风影响过程中,波浪能量相对更强,海滩坡度相对更陡的人工卵石滩比人工沙滩在台风影响过程的剖面平均变化量小,对于风暴的响应程度更小,沉积物粒径更粗的人工卵石滩相对于粒径细的人工沙滩来说更稳定。
  • 国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费(20170305,2011010);国家公益性行业(海洋)科研专项(201405037)。
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2019年第41卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.009
  • 接收时间:2018-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2019-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-08-29
  • 修回日期:2018-11-27
基金
国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费(20170305,2011010);国家公益性行业(海洋)科研专项(201405037)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋与海岸地质实验室,福建 厦门 361005
    3 自然资源部海岛研究中心,福建 平潭 350400

通讯作者:

*蔡锋(1965—),男,福建省厦门市人,教授,主要从事海岸动力地貌与海滩保护研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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