Article(id=1246416857016717502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1532534400000, receivedDateStr=2018-07-26, revisedDate=1545753600000, revisedDateStr=2018-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775098536018, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1563984000000, pubDateStr=2019-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775098536018, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775098536018, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775098536018, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246416853124407707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775098535083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200282549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=149, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246416857410982081, articleId=1246416857016717502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Research on the spectral width of the X-band radar clutter backscattered from sea surface, columnId=1243867133881466948, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Information Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The spectral width of the electromagnetic scattering from sea surface is closely related to the SWH (significant wave height), and thus the spectral width can be used to retrieve the SWH. In this paper, the linear filtering method is employed to simulate the radial velocity of the orbit velocity of the each scattering element on sea surface. Based on the radial velocity, we establish a spectral width model, and analyze the influences of spatial resolution, time sampling length and SWH on spectral width. At the same time, we also discuss how to select the parameters such as time sampling length and the azimuth angle during the actual observation. Here, the theoretical results are compared with the estimated results based on the measured data required by the CSIR-X band radar. The comparisons demonstrate that the spectral width obtained by the estimation method based on Gaussian distribution standard deviation agree well with the theoretical results after eliminating the effects of radar noise and frequency leakage, which proves the reliability of the theoretical results. The results obtained in this paper have certain reference value for the retrieval of the SWH.

, correspAuthors=Yanmin Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lijia Ji, Yanmin Zhang, Yunhua Wang, Yandong Xu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246416861416542485, articleId=1246416857016717502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=X波段雷达海面回波谱宽特征研究, columnId=1243867134770659409, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋信息科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海面电磁回波频谱宽度与海浪波高密切相关,可应用频谱宽度进行海浪有效波高反演。本文应用线性滤波法仿真出了海表散射面元在雷达视向上的投影速度,建立了回波谱宽模型,分析了雷达空间分辨率、回波时间序列长度及海洋环境参数等因素对频谱宽度的影响,同时还针对如何在实际观测过程中选择回波时间序列长度、观测方位角等参数进行了讨论。最后还将理论结果与CSIR-X波段雷达实测数据谱宽估计结果进行了比较。结果表明,剔除雷达噪声以及频率泄露的影响后,基于高斯分布标准偏差的谱宽估计方法所得结果与理论结果吻合很好,这从而证明了理论结果的可靠性。本文所得结果对海浪有效波高反演具有一定参考价值。

, correspAuthors=张彦敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张彦敏,女,副教授,主要从事海面电磁散射特性和海面SAR目标探测等研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2019, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=HDmqQcAL9lYPI4FDzr25+w==, magXml=ifY1PKMkCF3j1Om1OP8Krw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ilG6V65iYWMRh2tUSu7Cfw==, pdfFileSize=1506290, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Nltk9ZzDn66z+uyXY9Ijhg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=CQJGc3b2Kfi3Vv59sl9JDA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

纪立佳(1993—),女,河北省石家庄市人,主要从事微波海洋遥感研究。E-mail:

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纪立佳(1993—),女,河北省石家庄市人,主要从事微波海洋遥感研究。E-mail:

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纪立佳(1993—),女,河北省石家庄市人,主要从事微波海洋遥感研究。E-mail:

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angle, the influences of azimuth angle and effective wave height on spectral width (${\rho _{{t}}} = 15\;{\rm{s}}$${\rho _x} = {\rho _y} = 200\;{\rm{m}}$), figureFileSmall=vwT9vdo6D1f6OZu1V7PzxA==, figureFileBig=+Bb/wg9J3QGjULauFRI78w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506012908651316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=CN, label=图2, caption=雷达方位角、海浪有效波高等因素对不同入射角回波谱宽的影响(${\rho _{{t}}} = 15\;{\rm{s}}$${\rho _x} = {\rho _y} = 200\;{\rm{m}}$, figureFileSmall=vwT9vdo6D1f6OZu1V7PzxA==, figureFileBig=+Bb/wg9J3QGjULauFRI78w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013072229173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=For different radar incident angle, the influences of azimuth angle and effective wave height on spectral width (${\rho _{{t}}} = 1\;{\rm{s}}$, ${\rho _x} = {\rho _y} = 15\;{\rm{m}}$), figureFileSmall=Hx7Cp8+/VJJBZ4dExVHIZw==, figureFileBig=Qg8pAZlPln939JYzK/Hi6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013193863993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=CN, label=图3, caption=雷达方位角、海浪有效波高等因素对不同入射角回波谱宽的影响(${\rho _{{t}}} = 1\;{\rm{s}}$${\rho _x} = {\rho _y} = 15\;{\rm{m}}$, figureFileSmall=Hx7Cp8+/VJJBZ4dExVHIZw==, figureFileBig=Qg8pAZlPln939JYzK/Hi6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013311304507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The value of Q with the Doppler frequency for different T, figureFileSmall=9kloauOJXNLVOw7tSJx8qQ==, figureFileBig=MGuCavC6egpz91Hcfk3M8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506013470688060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同回波时间序列时,Q值随Doppler频率变化, 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figureFileBig=507lhWVaULgq9FfS37rp8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506014150165319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同的谱宽估计方法结果和理论结果的比较, figureFileSmall=Q+OXQqq3OLMfUrcQ2Dt4DQ==, figureFileBig=507lhWVaULgq9FfS37rp8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506014330520394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Power spectrum under different time series and observation, figureFileSmall=HSozRzNwShINscpQtF08nA==, figureFileBig=99tDoYSUrAH77Y9tzxlhYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506014447960906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同回波时间序列及观测条件下的功率谱, figureFileSmall=HSozRzNwShINscpQtF08nA==, figureFileBig=99tDoYSUrAH77Y9tzxlhYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506014561207116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Comparison scatter plots between the spectral width for T=30 s and for T=1 s for different observation, figureFileSmall=5XZxYas5/Wf3QQCbxfDKLA==, figureFileBig=N0ZWr59BMRhbGoxPMJRjPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506014812865358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同观测条件下,长时谱宽与短时谱宽的散点图, figureFileSmall=5XZxYas5/Wf3QQCbxfDKLA==, figureFileBig=N0ZWr59BMRhbGoxPMJRjPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506015022580560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Measured sample data parameter information

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数据集距离单元掠射角
/(°)
方位角
$\varphi /$(°)
有效波高
H/m
Dataset_08_069_CStFA37~496.86~16.602.14
Dataset_09_011_TTrFA68~805.56~10.602.83
Dataset_06_093_CStFA33~706.86~16.602.91
Dataset_02_029_CStFA19~347.28~14.603.00
Dataset_06_064_TTrFA24~376.14~12.903.22
Dataset_05_081_CStFA20~886.86~16.603.33
Dataset_05_027_CStFA39~596.86~16.603.68
), ArticleFig(id=1254506016683524947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实测样本数据参数信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集距离单元掠射角
/(°)
方位角
$\varphi /$(°)
有效波高
H/m
Dataset_08_069_CStFA37~496.86~16.602.14
Dataset_09_011_TTrFA68~805.56~10.602.83
Dataset_06_093_CStFA33~706.86~16.602.91
Dataset_02_029_CStFA19~347.28~14.603.00
Dataset_06_064_TTrFA24~376.14~12.903.22
Dataset_05_081_CStFA20~886.86~16.603.33
Dataset_05_027_CStFA39~596.86~16.603.68
), ArticleFig(id=1254506016910017366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters a, b of the linear equation

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谱宽ab
理论模拟谱宽8.5518.84
$\Delta {f_1}$10.3017.81
$\Delta {f_2}$8.5617.55
$\Delta {f_3}$8.7012.21
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线性方程的参数ab

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谱宽ab
理论模拟谱宽8.5518.84
$\Delta {f_1}$10.3017.81
$\Delta {f_2}$8.5617.55
$\Delta {f_3}$8.7012.21
), ArticleFig(id=1254506017363002203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416857016717502, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Deviation and standard deviation between measured results and theoretical results

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比较方式偏差标准偏差
$\Delta {f_1}$与理论结果4.583.47
$\Delta {f_2}$与理论结果-1.091.98
$\Delta {f_3}$与理论结果-6.015.58
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实测结果与理论结果之间的偏差与标准偏差

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比较方式偏差标准偏差
$\Delta {f_1}$与理论结果4.583.47
$\Delta {f_2}$与理论结果-1.091.98
$\Delta {f_3}$与理论结果-6.015.58
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X波段雷达海面回波谱宽特征研究
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纪立佳 1 , 张彦敏 1, * , 王运华 1, 2 , 徐延东 1
海洋学报 | 海洋信息科学 2019,41(7): 149-158
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海洋学报 | 海洋信息科学 2019, 41(7): 149-158
X波段雷达海面回波谱宽特征研究
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纪立佳1 , 张彦敏1, * , 王运华1, 2, 徐延东1
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 信息科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 纪立佳(1993—),女,河北省石家庄市人,主要从事微波海洋遥感研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张彦敏,女,副教授,主要从事海面电磁散射特性和海面SAR目标探测等研究。E-mail:
Research on the spectral width of the X-band radar clutter backscattered from sea surface
Lijia Ji1 , Yanmin Zhang1, * , Yunhua Wang1, 2, Yandong Xu1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Information Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2019-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.014
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海面电磁回波频谱宽度与海浪波高密切相关,可应用频谱宽度进行海浪有效波高反演。本文应用线性滤波法仿真出了海表散射面元在雷达视向上的投影速度,建立了回波谱宽模型,分析了雷达空间分辨率、回波时间序列长度及海洋环境参数等因素对频谱宽度的影响,同时还针对如何在实际观测过程中选择回波时间序列长度、观测方位角等参数进行了讨论。最后还将理论结果与CSIR-X波段雷达实测数据谱宽估计结果进行了比较。结果表明,剔除雷达噪声以及频率泄露的影响后,基于高斯分布标准偏差的谱宽估计方法所得结果与理论结果吻合很好,这从而证明了理论结果的可靠性。本文所得结果对海浪有效波高反演具有一定参考价值。

海面模拟  /  海杂波  /  多普勒特性  /  频谱宽度

The spectral width of the electromagnetic scattering from sea surface is closely related to the SWH (significant wave height), and thus the spectral width can be used to retrieve the SWH. In this paper, the linear filtering method is employed to simulate the radial velocity of the orbit velocity of the each scattering element on sea surface. Based on the radial velocity, we establish a spectral width model, and analyze the influences of spatial resolution, time sampling length and SWH on spectral width. At the same time, we also discuss how to select the parameters such as time sampling length and the azimuth angle during the actual observation. Here, the theoretical results are compared with the estimated results based on the measured data required by the CSIR-X band radar. The comparisons demonstrate that the spectral width obtained by the estimation method based on Gaussian distribution standard deviation agree well with the theoretical results after eliminating the effects of radar noise and frequency leakage, which proves the reliability of the theoretical results. The results obtained in this paper have certain reference value for the retrieval of the SWH.

sea surface simulation  /  sea clutter  /  Doppler characteristics  /  spectrum width
纪立佳, 张彦敏, 王运华, 徐延东. X波段雷达海面回波谱宽特征研究. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (7) : 149 -158 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.014
Lijia Ji, Yanmin Zhang, Yunhua Wang, Yandong Xu. Research on the spectral width of the X-band radar clutter backscattered from sea surface[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (7) : 149 -158 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.014
海面回波的多普勒特性与海浪的运动特性密切相关。其中,质心频移与海浪运动在雷达视向上的平均投影速度有关,而谱宽则是由海浪雷达视向速度的标准偏差决定,因此,基于多普勒的海面回波信息的特征研究尤为重要[1-14]。早在1955年,Crombie[1]首先发现了高频雷达海面回波的多普勒频谱特性。Barrick[2]则利用电磁散射微扰法,推导得到了高频地波雷达海面回波的频谱模型,该模型至今仍然被诸多学者用于地波雷达海浪反演算法之中,由此来反演海表流速、海浪谱等。相对于高频地波而言,针对微波海面散射场频谱特性的研究起步较晚。在理论研究方面,Zavorotny和Voronovich[3]应用海面电磁散射双尺度法并结合海浪轨道速度、斜率的联合概率模型建立了水平极化和垂直极化海面回波的频谱模型,并分析了束缚波对回波频谱特性的影响。Toporkov和Brown[4-5]则分别基于基尔霍夫近似、一阶小斜率近似理论及矩量法研究了线性和弱非线性海面回波的频谱特征,研究结果均显示:在掠射条件时,非线性海面回波的频谱宽度比线性海面回波的频谱宽度明显要宽。近年来,Wang等[6-8]则基于双尺度理论建立了微波海面散射场的频谱模型,该模型中不但考虑了海浪轨道速度、大尺度海浪倾斜调制等因素的影响,而且还引入了流体力学调制对回波频谱特征的影响。在实验观测方面,Walker[9]基于浪池实验观测了C波段回波的频谱特性,发现水平极化比垂直极化回波的中心频移要大一些,而且可用高斯分布模型近似模拟频谱。Rozenberg等[10-11]则通过浪池观测实验,还分析了逆风观测和顺风观测时回波频谱的频移特征。在最近的研究成果中,Corretja等[12]针对不同的风速,对提出的模型进行了多普勒特性的比较研究。张金鹏等[13]基于不同散射机制特征建立了海杂波时变多普勒谱模型。Fiche等[14]对低掠射角下海杂波的多普勒谱特性进行了统计分析,同时将经验模型与实验数据作了对比,印证了经验模型的有效性。
X波段雷达是一种低掠射角船载、舰载常用雷达,尤其对于相参X波段雷达而言,可以利用其发射的脉冲信号与本振信号的相位关系,得到海杂波的多普勒信息,从而用来进行海流、海浪的反演,而海面回波谱宽特征对于风浪流反演又起着至关重要的作用。近年来,Watts等[15]基于Gauss分布函数建立了X波段雷达海面回波的频谱模型。Wang等[16-17]应用X波段雷达海面回波中心频移对海表轮廓进行了反演。但在研究中,针对谱宽特征的研究相对较少,尚未发现有研究系统讨论雷达分辨率、回波采样时间序列长度、雷达入射角度、雷达方位角及海浪波高等因素对频谱宽度的影响,以及如何选择在实际观测中的雷达参数。鉴于此,本文将首先应用线性滤波法建立回波谱宽模型,分析雷达及环境参数对谱宽的影响,探讨如何选择采样时间长度、观测方位角等。同时采用科学和工业研究理事会(The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,CSIR)实际观测海面回波数据对理论模型进行了印证。
基于线性滤波法[18]可以模拟得到二维海浪轨道速度在雷达视向上的投影速度(在下文中称为“海浪轨道投影速度”)为:
$\begin{aligned}v\left( {{x_m},{y_n}} \right) =& \frac{1}{{{L_x}{L_y}}}\sum\limits_{{m_k} = - M/2 + 1}^{M/2} \sum\limits_{{n_k} = - N/2 + 1}^{N/2} {T_k^vF\left( {{k_{{m_k}}},{k_{{n_k}}}} \right)} \times \\& \cos \left( {{k_{{m_k}}}{x_m} + {k_{{n_k}}}{y_n} + {\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}t + {\phi _{{m_k},{n_k}}}} \right) ,\end{aligned}$
式中,$T_k^v = - \omega \left(\sin \theta \displaystyle\frac{{{k_l}}}{{\left| k \right|}} + {\rm i}\cos \theta \right)$为速度传递函数,${k_l}$为雷达视向上的二维海浪波数分量;${\phi _{{m_k},{n_k}}}$为在区间$[ -{\text π} ,{\text π} ]$中均匀分布的随机相位。$F({k_{{m_k}}},{k_{{n_k}}}) = 2{\text π} \sqrt {{L_x}{L_y}S({k_{{m_k}}},{k_{{n_k}}})} $,其中,$S({k_{{m_k}}},{k_{{n_k}}})$为直角坐标系中的二维海浪谱,$S({k_{{m_k}}},{k_{{n_k}}})$与其极坐标系中的表示式满足恒等式:$S({k_x},{k_y}){\rm d}{k_x}{\rm d}{k_y} = $$S(k,\varphi ){\rm d}k{\rm d}\varphi $。在此,$S(k,\varphi )$采用二维Elfouhaily风浪谱[19],可表示为:
${S}(k,\varphi ) = M\left( k \right)f(k,\varphi ),$
式中,$M(k) = {k^{ - 3}}({B_l} + {B_h})$;角分布函数${f_{}}(k,\varphi ) = \displaystyle\frac{1}{{2{\text π} }}(1 + \Delta \left( k \right)\times$$\cos \left( {2\varphi } \right))$$\varphi $表示雷达方位角。
由于海散射面元散射场的多普勒频移与面元轨道投影速度之间满足以下关系:
${f_D} = \frac{2}{{{\lambda _e}}}v.$
所以当忽略回波强度对频谱调制的影响时,频谱宽度与海面面元轨道投影速度的标准偏差存在以下关系,即:
$\Delta f = \frac{2}{{{\lambda _e}}}{\sigma _v},$
式中,海浪轨道投影速度的标准偏差${\sigma _v} = \sqrt {\left\langle {\mathop {{v^2}}\limits^{\_\_} - {{\bar v}^2}} \right\rangle } $。可见,为了理论计算回波频谱宽度,需要计算海浪轨道投影速度的均值和海浪轨道投影速度平方的均值等。对于海面散射回波而言,其谱宽由雷达空间分辨单元内所有散射面元的轨道投影速度决定。由于该投影速度与时间亦相关,因此雷达回波的谱宽与采样时间也有关系。令${\rho _x}$${\rho _y}$表示雷达空间分辨率,${\rho _t}$表示海面回波时间序列的采样时间长度,由于频谱宽度是由雷达分辨单元内所包含的海浪的运动特征决定,这类似于高通滤波的效果。因此,在假定线性海浪条件下,经过推导可得:
$\begin{aligned} {{\bar v}^2} =& \sum\limits_{{m_k} = - M/2}^{M/2} {\sum\limits_{{n_k} = - N/2}^{N/2} {\frac{1}{2}{{\left| {T_k^v} \right|}^2}\left[ {S({k_{{m_k}}},{k_{{n_k}}}){\rm d}{k_{{m_k}}}{\rm d}{k_{{n_k}}}} \right]} } \times \\ & {\left[ {\frac{{\sin ({k_{{m_k}}}{\rho _x}/2)\sin ({k_{{n_k}}}{\rho _y}/2)\sin ({\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}{\rho _t}/2)}}{{({k_{{m_k}}}{\rho _x}/2)({k_{{n_k}}}{\rho _y}/2)({\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}{\rho _t}/2)}}} \right]^2} \times \\& \left[ {{\rm{1 + }}\cos (2{k_{{m_k}}}{x_m} + 2{k_{{n_k}}}{y_n} + 2{\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}t)} \right]. \end{aligned} $
$\begin{aligned} \mathop {{v^2}}\limits^{\_\_} ({x_m},{y_n}) =& \sum\limits_{{m_k} = - M/2}^{M/2} {\sum\limits_{{n_k} = - N/2}^{N/2} {\frac{1}{2}{{\left| {T_k^v} \right|}^2}\left[ {S({k_{{m_k}}},{k_{{n_k}}}){\rm d}{k_{{m_k}}}{\rm d}{k_{{n_k}}}} \right]} } \times \\ & {\rm{ }}\Bigg[ 1 + \frac{{\sin ({k_{{m_k}}}{\rho _x})\sin ({k_{{n_k}}}{\rho _y})\sin ({\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}{\rho _t})}}{{({k_{{m_k}}}{\rho _x})({k_{{n_k}}}{\rho _y})({\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}{\rho _t})}}\times\\ & \cos (2{k_{{m_k}}}{x_m} + 2{k_{{n_k}}}{y_n} + 2{\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}t) \Bigg]. \end{aligned} $
于是,由式(5)和式(6)可得:
$\begin{aligned} {\sigma _v} =& \sqrt {\left\langle {\mathop {{v^2}}\limits^{\_\_} - {{\bar v}^2}} \right\rangle } \\ =& \left\{ {\sum\limits_{{m_k} = - M/2}^{M/2} {\sum\limits_{{n_k} = - N/2}^{N/2} {\frac{1}{2}{{\left| {T_k^v} \right|}^2}\left[ {S({k_{{m_k}}},{k_{{n_k}}}){\rm{d}}{k_{{m_k}}}{\rm{d}}{k_{{n_k}}}} \right]} } } \right. \times \\ & {\left. {\left[ {1 - {{\left( {\frac{{\sin ({k_{{m_k}}}{\rho _x}/2)\sin ({k_{{n_k}}}{\rho _y}/2)\sin ({\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}{\rho _t}/2)}}{{({k_{{m_k}}}{\rho _x}/2)({k_{{n_k}}}{\rho _y}/2)({\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}{\rho _t}/2)}}} \right)}^2}} \right]} \right\}^{{\rm{1/2}}}}. \end{aligned} $
将式(7)带入式(4)即可得到海面回波的谱宽,即
$\begin{aligned} \Delta f =& \frac{2}{{{\lambda _e}}} \times \left\{ {\sum\limits_{{m_k} = - M/2}^{M/2} {\sum\limits_{{n_k} = - N/2}^{N/2} {\frac{1}{2}{{\left| {T_k^v} \right|}^2}\left[ {S({k_{{m_k}}},{k_{{n_k}}}){\rm{d}}{k_{{m_k}}}{\rm{d}}{k_{{n_k}}}} \right]} } } \right. \times \\ & {\left. {\left[ {1 - {{\left( {\frac{{\sin ({k_{{m_k}}}{\rho _x}/2)\sin ({k_{{n_k}}}{\rho _y}/2)\sin ({\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}{\rho _t}/2)}}{{({k_{{m_k}}}{\rho _x}/2)({k_{{n_k}}}{\rho _y}/2)({\omega _{{m_k},{n_k}}}{\rho _t}/2)}}} \right)}^2}} \right]} \right\}^{{\rm{1/2}}}}. \end{aligned} $
基于第2节提出的谱宽理论模型,本节分别讨论了雷达空间分辨率、回波采样时间序列长度、雷达入射角度、雷达方位角及海浪波高等因素对频谱宽度的影响,并进行了采样时间序列长度、观测方位角等参数选择的分析,由此可以在雷达实际观测中获得更为可靠的结果。
图1中讨论了雷达空间分辨率的空间尺度大小(在此令:${\rho _x}{\rm{ = }}{\rho _y}$)、时间序列采样长度(${\rho _{{t}}}$)、海浪波高对谱宽的影响,其中雷达入射角均取$\theta {\rm{ = 89}}^\circ $,雷达方位角均取$\varphi {\rm{ = 0}}^\circ $
图1a可以看到,当时间采样尺度较短时(${\rho _{{t}}} = 1\;{\rm{s}}$),在一定的空间分辨率范围内,频谱宽度随着雷达空间分辨率单元的增大而增大,而当雷达空间分辨率单元的尺度继续增大,频谱宽度逐渐趋于一个饱和值。从图1c可以看到,当雷达分辨单元较小时(${\rho _x} = $${\rho _y} =15\;{\rm{m}} $),在一定的时间采样尺度范围内,频谱宽度随着时间尺度的增大而增大并趋于定值。产生以上现象的主要原因是:时间采样长度较短或雷达空间分辨单元较小时,大尺度海浪的轨道速度仅提供影响频移背景平均速度,而谱宽由空间分辨单元内小尺度浪决定,因此谱宽较窄;然而,随着空间分辨单元的增大或时间采样长度的增加,空间分辨单元内或时间采样过程中包含更多大尺度海浪的运动状态,频谱宽度也随之越来越宽;而当时间或空间尺度增大到一定值时,统计上已经包含所有大尺度海浪的运动状态,因此,此时即使时间或空间分辨单元的尺度再增大,频谱宽度也不会再发生明显变化。从图1b可以看到,${\rho _{{t}}} = 15\;{\rm{s}}$时,无论空间尺度怎样变化,不同海面回波的频谱宽度都已经达到饱和值,不再发生明显变化。从图1d可以看到,空间尺度为${\rho _x} = {\rho _y} = 200\;{\rm{m}}$时,频谱宽度也不再随时间尺度的变化而变化。此外,从图1还可以看到,在相同时间采样长度和雷达空间分辨单元时,不同浪高所对应的频谱宽度有所差异,浪越高,谱宽越宽。
在实际的雷达观测中,可根据图1来探讨如何选择回波采样时间长度等参数,从而在利用谱宽反演波高信息时,可以获得更为可靠、可信的结果。在现实观测的微波地基雷达中,如X波段雷达等,其空间分辨单元尺度通常为米的量级,对于${\rho _x} = {\rho _y} = 200\;{\rm{m}}$等较大空间分辨单元尺度并不常用,所以可以以图1c空间分辨单元尺度${\rho _x} = {\rho _y} = 15\;{\rm{m}}$条件下的结果进行分析。从图1c可以看到,当时间采样长度大致低于8 s时,即采用较短的时间采样尺度时,谱宽与波高并不具有唯一的对应关系,这使得利用谱宽反演波高的过程受到影响,反演出的波高信息不具备确定性。相反,在选择较长的时间采样长度时,谱宽与波高一一对应,由谱宽估计波高时,可以保证反演结果的可靠性。同样,从图1a也可以得到,在时间采样尺度较短的条件下(${\rho _{{t}}} = 1\;{\rm{s}}$),空间分辨单元尺度为15 m时,谱宽与波高的对应关系不具备唯一性,而在图1b较长时间采样尺度条件下(${\rho _{{t}}} = 15\;{\rm{s}}$),空间分辨单元尺度为15 m时,谱宽与波高一一对应。所以根据上述分析,可以得出,由于实际观测的雷达空间分辨单元尺度较为固定,就必须要调整时间采样长度,来获得较好的观测效果,其中采用较长的时间采样长度(不低于8 s)时,可以得到较为可靠的结果。
图2图3给出了雷达入射角、方位角及海浪有效波高对散射回波谱宽的影响。在图2中,时间采样尺度和雷达空间分辨单元尺度都取较大的值,它们分别为:${\rho _{\rm{t}}} = 15\;{\rm{s}}$${\rho _x} = {\rho _y} = 200\;{\rm{m}}$
图2可以看到,对于不同雷达入射角和雷达方位角,频谱宽度都随着有效波高的增大而增大。当雷达入射角度$\theta \;{\rm{ = }}\;{{\rm{0}}^\circ }$时,由于是垂直入射,所以雷达方位角度$\varphi $对频谱宽度没有影响。然而,随着雷达入射角度的增大,由图可见:随着雷达方位角的增大(雷达波数水平分量与浪向一致时,此时为顺浪观测,雷达方位角$\theta \;{\rm{ =\; 0}}^\circ $),频谱宽度变窄。并且,随着入射角度和海浪波高的增大,不同方位角回波频谱宽度的差异越显著。
图3给出了时间采样尺度和雷达分辨单元尺度都较小时(${\rho _{{t}}} = 1\;{\rm{s}}$${\rho _x} = {\rho _y} = 15\;{\rm{m}}$),海浪有效波高、雷达入射角和方位角对散射回波谱宽的影响。
图3图2相比较可见:当时间采样尺度和雷达分辨单元尺度都较小时,海面散射回波的谱宽较窄,并且随着有效波高的增大,频谱宽度的增速逐渐放缓。这主要是因为,此时的谱宽主要由分辨单元内的小尺度海浪决定,而小尺度海浪自身很容易达到饱和状态。
实际的微波地基、船基雷达,多以掠散射角度观测,所以可利用图2图3中雷达入射角$\theta {\rm{ = 8}}{{\rm{9}}^\circ }$条件下的结果进行采样时间长度、观测方位角等参数选择的讨论。在图3d中可以看到,当时间采样尺度和雷达分辨单元尺度都较小时,谱宽随波高的增大逐渐放缓,谱宽对于波高信息并不敏感,波高在变化,而谱宽却不会也随着波高一直变化,这种现象尤其在$\varphi {\rm{ = 9}}{{\rm{0}}^\circ }$时,表现得更为明显,在这样的条件下,用谱宽反演波高是不利的。而当时间采样尺度和雷达空间分辨单元尺度取较大的值,从图2d中可以看到,谱宽会随着有效波高的增大而增大,此时在反演时,会得到较好的结果,同时也可以看到顺浪观测即$\varphi {\rm{ = }}{{\rm{0}}^\circ }$时要比$\varphi {\rm{ = 9}}{{\rm{0}}^\circ }$时,谱宽对于波高的敏感度更高,效果更好。由此在选择时间采样尺度和雷达空间分辨单元尺度时,两者都取较大的值时比较合适。然而,考虑到现实观测中雷达空间分辨单元尺度通常为米的量级,而又由图1的分析中可知,时间采样尺度和雷达空间分辨单元尺度都较小时,可达到图3的效果,时间采样尺度和雷达空间分辨单元尺度两个参数,至少有一个参数较大时,就可达到图2的效果。此时,如图1所示,必须要保证采样时间长度足够长。
本文采用CSIR在南非开普敦海岸(33°55′15.62″S,18°23′53.76″E)X波段VV极化全相参雷达采集的实测数据开展谱宽特性研究。该雷达的脉冲重复频率为2 kHz,距离向的空间分辨单元大小为15 m,雷达波束宽度为2°,每个距离单元的时间采样长度大于30 s。为了消除遮挡效应及其他目标的影响,在此挑选掠射角较大并无目标的海杂波样本数据。表1给出了数据的具体参数信息。
首先利用周期图法对实测数据进行功率谱估计,
$P\left( f \right) = {\left| {\frac{1}{T}\int\limits_{ - {f_k}}^{{f_k}} {E\left( t \right)\exp (j2{\text π} } ft){\rm d}t} \right|^2}.$
通过式(9),基于高斯分布标准偏差来估计谱宽,可以给出谱宽的第一种定义($\Delta {f_1}$)为:
$\Delta {f_1} = \sqrt {\int\limits_{ - {f_{kc}}}^{{f_{kc}}} {{{\left( {f - {f_D}} \right)}^2}P\left( f \right){\rm d}f} } \Bigg/\sqrt {\int\limits_{ - {f_{kc}}}^{{f_{kc}}} {P\left( f \right){\rm d}f} } ,$
式中,$P(f)$表示功率谱;$[ - {f_{kc}},{f_{kc}}]$表示由回波数据采样频率所确定的多普勒频率范围,由于CSIR雷达的数据采样频率为2 kHz,所以${f_{kc}} = $1 kHz。${f_D}$表示质心频移[20-21],可表示为:
${f_D} = \int\limits_{ - {f_{kc}}}^{{f_{kc}}} {P\left( f \right)} f{\rm d}f\Bigg/\int\limits_{ - {f_{kc}}}^{{f_{kc}}} {P\left( f \right)} {\rm d}f.$
然而,由于采样时间有限,因此在利用周期图法对实测数据进行功率谱估计时,必然存在频率泄露问题,从而造成式(10)估计的谱宽$\Delta {f_1}$偏大;除此之外,雷达自身的本底噪声也会导致式(10)估计的谱宽$\Delta {f_1}$偏大。图4a图4b分别给出了回波长时间序列(T=30 s)和短时间序列(T=1 s)估计的$Q = P\left( f \right) \times $${\left( {f - {f_D}} \right)^2}$的值。这里所采用的数据为Dataset_08_069_CStFA第49距离单元回波数据。由图可见,$Q$的值在两侧($\left| f \right|$较大)有所抬高,这必然导致在应用式(10)估计谱宽时估计结果$\Delta {f_1}$偏大。为了进一步定量展示以上影响,我们求解了高频段所对应的值占整个频段所对应的值的权重,即
$W = 1 - \left[ {\int\limits_{{f_{cd}}}^{{f_{cu}}} {{{\left( {f - {f_D}} \right)}^2}P\left( f \right)} {\rm{d}}f \Bigg/\int\limits_{ - {f_{kc}}}^{{f_{kc}}} {{{\left( {f - {f_D}} \right)}^2}P\left( f \right)} {\rm{d}}f} \right],$
式中,${f_{cd}}$${f_{cu}}$分别对应于从低频到高频过程中$Q$的第一极小值和第三极小值所对应的频率。经过计算,图4a$W = 13.04\% $图4b$W = 18.92\% $,这也体现出,回波时间采样长度较短时,频率泄露的影响更显著。为了减小频率泄露和雷达本底噪声对估计所得频谱宽度的影响,在式(10)和式(11)中,我们分别应用${f_{cd}}$${f_{cu}}$代替积分下限$ - {f_{kc}}$和积分上限${f_{kc}}$,并将得到的新谱宽用$\Delta {f_2}$表示。
除此之外,为了比较用不同方法估计所得谱宽与理论结果的拟合情况,本文还给出了半功率带宽,该带宽定义为:回波功率谱密度降到最大值的一半位置处所对应的谱宽,用$\Delta {f_3}$表示。
图5给出了基于观测数据估计所得谱宽$\Delta {f_1}$$\Delta {f_2}$$\Delta {f_3}$随海浪有效波高的变化,在此时间采样长度T = 30 s。其中,黑色实线为谱宽$\Delta {f_1}$$\Delta {f_2}$$\Delta {f_3}$散点图的线性拟合直线,蓝色点线则为基于理论模拟结果的拟合直线。线性拟合公式为:$\Delta f = aH + b$,拟合参数ab表2所示。从图5可以看到,基于实测回波数据估计所得谱宽的变化趋势与理论结果一致,随有效波高的增大而增大。正如所预料的,谱宽$\Delta {f_1}$结果比$\Delta {f_2}$要大一些,存在高估现象,与理论结果相比较,半功率宽度$\Delta {f_3}$则又显著被低估了。与谱宽$\Delta {f_1}$$\Delta {f_3}$相比,$\Delta {f_2}$与理论结果具有较好的一致性。
为了进一步比较理论谱宽与实测谱宽,图6给出了理论值与基于测量数据估计谱宽的散点图。表3中则给出了实测结果与仿真结果的偏差和标准偏差。由表3可以看出,剔除频率泄露和雷达本底噪声后估计所得谱宽$\Delta {f_2}$与理论结果的偏差和标准偏差都相对较小,说明$\Delta {f_2}$与理论谱宽更为吻合。而$\Delta {f_1}$$\Delta {f_3}$则分别比理论结果偏大和偏小。
图5图6中基于实测数据的谱宽估计过程中,时间采样序列的长度T = 30 s,远大于大尺度波浪的周期,因此所估计的谱宽包含了完整海浪的运动特征。然而,由第2节的讨论发现,雷达观测方向和时间采样序列的长度也会对回波谱宽造成影响。为了展示采样长度及雷达观测方向对谱宽的影响,图7中分别给出了雷达方位角为0°(图7a图7b顺浪观测)和90°(图7c图7d侧浪观测)时的数据集Dataset_06_063_TtrFA和Dataset_08_071_CStFA多普勒谱。其中图7a图7b分别是数据集Dataset_06_063_TtrFA中第33距离单元的长时间采样序列的功率谱(T = 30 s)和短时间采样序列功率谱(T = 1 s),而图图7c图7d分别是数据集Dataset_08_071_CStF中第49距离单元的长时功率谱和短时功率谱。为了进一步展示以上结论,图8a给出了数据集Dataset_06_063_TtrFA中40个距离单元(第20—第59距离单元)谱宽的散点图,图8b则给出了数据集Dataset_08_071_CStF中57个距离单元(第20—第76距离单元)谱宽的散点图。由图8可以更直观地看出,顺浪观测和侧浪观测时,长时间采样序列谱宽与短时间采样序列谱宽的差异。由图7图8可以看到,雷达观测角度为0°时,长时间采样序列的频谱宽度较短时间采样序列的频谱宽度要显著宽一些,这与理论分析结果相一致。然而,当雷达观测角度为90°时,长时间采样序列的频谱宽度与短时间采样序列的频谱宽度却较为一致。这主要是因为CSIR雷达的距离向分辨率为15 m,然而由于其波束宽度为2°,因此雷达方位向上的分辨率在近距像元(距离1 800 m处)和远距像元(距离2 800 m处)分别为:63 m和98 m。当顺浪观测时,由于雷达方位向正好与波峰或波谷平行,因此沿方位向海浪运动特征变化不大,此时,方位向分辨率尽管较大,但是分辨单元内所包含的海浪运动特征主要由距离向分辨率决定。由于距离向分辨率仅为15 m,正如第2节结果所示,当分辨率较低时,长时间采样序列的频谱宽度比短时间采样序列的频谱宽度更宽。然而,当侧浪观测时,雷达方位向正好与波浪的传播方向平行,由于沿海浪传播方向海浪轨道速度变化迅速,此时分辨单元沿着方位向尺度较大时,分辨单元内所包含的海浪运动特征主要由方位向分辨率决定,由于方位向分辨率较大,此时正如图1结果所示:时间采样序列采样长度对频谱宽度的影响不再显著。
本文基于线性滤波法推导给出了海面回波频谱宽度的理论模型,分析了分辨率、入射角度、方位角度、时间序列采样长度等雷达参数和海浪有效波高对谱宽特性的影响,探讨了在实际观测过程中回波时间序列长度、观测方位角等参数如何选择问题,并将基于CSIR实测海面回波数据估计所得谱宽结果与理论结果进行了比较。结果表明:(1)频谱宽度随着分辨单元、时间序列采样长度的增大而变宽,但最终趋于定值;(2)当入射角度较大时,方位角度对频谱宽度的影响更为显著,顺浪观测谱宽最宽,而侧浪观测谱宽最窄;(3)为了更好地反演有效波高,雷达观测应采用较长的时间采样长度(不宜低于8 s),并且,顺浪观测时谱宽与有效波高之间的响应关系更为敏感;(4)雷达噪声和频谱泄露会导致估计的频谱宽度较大,因此应剔除二者的影响;(5)理论结果与测量结果具有较好的一致性。所得结论对海浪有效波高的反演有一定参考价值。
  • 航空科学基金(201720S0001);国家自然科学基金(41576170,41376179)。
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2019年第41卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.014
  • 接收时间:2018-07-26
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2019-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-07-26
  • 修回日期:2018-12-26
基金
航空科学基金(201720S0001);国家自然科学基金(41576170,41376179)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 信息科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237

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*张彦敏,女,副教授,主要从事海面电磁散射特性和海面SAR目标探测等研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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