Article(id=1246416856886698421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1528214400000, receivedDateStr=2018-06-06, revisedDate=1539792000000, revisedDateStr=2018-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775098535986, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1563984000000, pubDateStr=2019-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775098535986, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775098535986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775098535986, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246416853124407707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775098535083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200282549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246416857977217489, articleId=1246416856886698421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Seasonal variation characteristics of freshwater transport in the Arabian Sea, columnId=1243867131083862618, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Physical Oceanography, Marine Meteorology and Marine Physics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Simple Ocean Data Assimilation reanalysis and other data were used to explore seasonal variation characteristics of freshwater transport between the Arabian Sea (AS) and the Equatorial Western Indian Ocean (EWIO), and the Gulf of Oman (GOO). Freshwater budget in the AS is characterized by a basic balance and its seasonal variation is also present. Our results indicate that the amount of input freshwater from the EWIO and river discharge is roughly equal to the amount of freshwater output to GOO and lost caused by the evaporation overwhelming the precipitation (PE). The lost freshwater via air-sea exchange (i.e. PE) is compensated by freshwater flux from the EWIO and the Bay of Bengal (BOB), which plays a key role in maintaining the basic balance of salinity over the AS. Net freshwater flux in the AS is negative (i.e. lost freshwater) from January to June together with December, and positive (i.e. receive freshwater) during July and November with a maximum positive value in September. The seasonal variation characteristics of net freshwater flux in the AS shows a single remarkable peak. Along the 9°N section, freshwater exchange between the EWIO and the AS primarily occurs from the surface to 200 m depth, with a multi-year averaged net flux into the AS of about 0.1×106 m3/s. From October to next March, the BOB low-salinity water extends into the AS at above 60 m depth through the southwest of the Indian peninsula. In summer and autumn, the transport associated with the Great Whirl located at the east of Somali Peninsula, is characterized by low (high) salinity water in the west (east) of the whirl transported northward (southward) into the AS (equatorial Indian Ocean). This transport during these two seasons is largest in a year with its influence can extend downward to about 300 m depth, which forms in June, then peaks in August and September, and finally decays rapidly in November. Water exchange between the AS and the GOO is relatively weak, and has a sandwich-like three-layer structure in vertical direction: high salinity water intrudes from GOO into the AS in the upper 10 m layer and in the bottom layer between 175 m and 400 m depth; whereas in the middle layer (i.e. 15 m to 170 m depth) low salinity water is transported from the AS to the GOO. On multi-year average, a net freshwater transport of about 0.39×104 m3/s is further estimated into the GOO from the AS across the section along the GOO mouth.

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本文利用简单海洋模式同化再分析产品等资料,阐述了阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋,阿拉伯海与阿曼湾之间淡水输运量的季节变化特征,揭示了阿拉伯海淡水输运量的基本平衡和季节变化特征。结果表明,阿拉伯海得到的淡水输运量(包括来自赤道西印度洋、河流)和失去的淡水输运量(包括降水量减蒸发量、向阿曼湾输运)基本相当。阿拉伯海通过海气交换失去的淡水(降水量减蒸发量)主要由来自赤道西印度洋(包括孟加拉湾)的淡水输运来补偿,赤道西印度洋向阿拉伯海的淡水输运对维持阿拉伯海的盐度基本平衡起到至关重要的作用。阿拉伯海的淡水输运量在1−6月和12月为负值,失去淡水;7−11月为正值,9月最大,得到淡水。阿拉伯海的净淡水输运量的季节变化特征表现为单峰现象。阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋(9°N断面)的淡水输运量主要出现在表层至约200 m层,多年平均约为0.1×106 m3/s,向阿拉伯海输运。从10月至翌年3月,来自孟加拉湾的低盐水向阿拉伯海输运,该输运主要出现在印度半岛西南端近海约60 m层以浅区域。夏季和秋季,出现在索马里半岛东部海域的涡旋(大回旋)引起的输运(涡旋的西部低盐水向北输运,东部高盐水向南输运),不仅输运量是一年当中最大的,而且影响的深度可达约300 m。该输运从6月开始形成,8−9月最强,11月迅速减弱。阿拉伯海与阿曼湾的淡水输运量较小,其垂直分布呈现3层结构,表层至10 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运;15~170 m层,低盐水向阿曼湾输运;175~400 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。阿曼湾湾口断面多年平均淡水输运量约为0.39×104 m3/s,向阿曼湾输运。

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许金电(1963—),男,福建省晋江市人,高级工程师,主要从事热带边缘海海洋动力学研究。E-mail:

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许金电(1963—),男,福建省晋江市人,高级工程师,主要从事热带边缘海海洋动力学研究。E-mail:

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许金电(1963—),男,福建省晋江市人,高级工程师,主要从事热带边缘海海洋动力学研究。E-mail:

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a. Freshwater transport; b. freshwater transport for January, April, July, and October; c. current velocity and the salinity term

, figureFileSmall=MX55Qtt3xPSmk80BQD3IFw==, figureFileBig=rBWF+HK0xJGpwiFlPRO8yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506015110664656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=CN, label=图2, caption=断面A淡水输运量、流速、盐度项((S0S)/S0)的垂直分布

a.淡水输运量;b.1月、4月、7月、10月的淡水输运量;c.流速、盐度项

, figureFileSmall=MX55Qtt3xPSmk80BQD3IFw==, figureFileBig=rBWF+HK0xJGpwiFlPRO8yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506016868078036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time series of freshwater transport, current velocity and the salinity term for Section A

a.Freshwater transport for the total section; b.freshwater transport, current velocity and the salinity term at the 10 m layer

, figureFileSmall=Dwz/A0jl2jEFHTKVAl0/rQ==, figureFileBig=65uBowO91wTLJQ+UXuK45g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506017061016024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=CN, label=图3, caption=断面A淡水输运量、流速、盐度项的时间序列

a.整条断面的淡水输运量;b.10 m层的淡水输运量、流速、盐度项

, figureFileSmall=Dwz/A0jl2jEFHTKVAl0/rQ==, figureFileBig=65uBowO91wTLJQ+UXuK45g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506017354617309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution of freshwater transport for Section A, figureFileSmall=XiAQIBJv+W7cydL/9sH3gA==, figureFileBig=n+c47L7mynplTCul5nJ9ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506017555943904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=CN, label=图4, caption=断面A淡水输运量的断面分布, figureFileSmall=XiAQIBJv+W7cydL/9sH3gA==, figureFileBig=n+c47L7mynplTCul5nJ9ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506017690161635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Distribution of the meridional velocity for Section A, figureFileSmall=gHpHJie8apMhHvjDmnh5Ig==, figureFileBig=dg9gVSv3z4BvlVFXGWeBiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506017912459752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=CN, label=图5, caption=断面A经向流速的断面分布, figureFileSmall=gHpHJie8apMhHvjDmnh5Ig==, figureFileBig=dg9gVSv3z4BvlVFXGWeBiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506018168312300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Distribution of surface current velocity at 5 m depth and salinity in the Arabian Sea, figureFileSmall=SvMaO2RLzSdv6RcBd6Pw/w==, figureFileBig=VHr+KD2FZUIFdbIywAY3Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506018415776243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=CN, label=图6, caption=阿拉伯海表层(5 m)流速和盐度的平面分布, figureFileSmall=SvMaO2RLzSdv6RcBd6Pw/w==, figureFileBig=VHr+KD2FZUIFdbIywAY3Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506018763903479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Longitude-time plot of the freshwater transport for Section A, figureFileSmall=Wz7EjIK+miII0gjNZ43Zxw==, figureFileBig=7e0QDS4ZGIuDdrjCPww+uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506019107836410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=CN, label=图7, caption=断面A各层淡水输运量的经度–时间分布, figureFileSmall=Wz7EjIK+miII0gjNZ43Zxw==, figureFileBig=7e0QDS4ZGIuDdrjCPww+uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506019422409216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Depth-time plot of freshwater transport for Section A, figureFileSmall=weD2CkQ6NqQ1kmxjVArIaw==, figureFileBig=ibq5N6GwMiEss81mHk340A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506021288874501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=CN, label=图8, caption=断面A淡水输运量的深度–时间分布, figureFileSmall=weD2CkQ6NqQ1kmxjVArIaw==, figureFileBig=ibq5N6GwMiEss81mHk340A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506021620224520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Vertical distribution of freshwater transport(a), current velocity and the salinity term((S0S)/S0)(b)for Section B, figureFileSmall=9SH0+xtf3NMNiCFuv3Xqzg==, figureFileBig=3OTa8VcoLZWFOmsxLy8hUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506022056432139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=CN, label=图9, caption=断面B淡水输运量(a)、流速、盐度项((S0S)/S0)(b)的垂直分布, figureFileSmall=9SH0+xtf3NMNiCFuv3Xqzg==, figureFileBig=3OTa8VcoLZWFOmsxLy8hUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506022396170767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Time series of freshwater transport, current velocity and the salinity term for Section B

a. Freshwater transport for the total section; b. freshwater transport, current velocity and the salinity term at the 10 m layer

, figureFileSmall=iCHXeNgSkJ0gB3x7YcigyQ==, figureFileBig=DErlXY7ClkP1qKp10Cu9+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506022962401811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416856886698421, language=CN, label=图10, caption=断面B淡水输运量、流速、盐度项的时间序列

a.整条断面的淡水输运量;b.10 m层的淡水输运量、流速、盐度项

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阿拉伯海淡水输运量的季节变化特征研究
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许金电 1 , 高璐 1, 2 , 邱云 1 , 张俊鹏 1
海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019,41(7): 1-14
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海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019, 41(7): 1-14
阿拉伯海淡水输运量的季节变化特征研究
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许金电1 , 高璐1, 2, 邱云1, 张俊鹏1
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋动力学实验室,福建 厦门 361005
  • 2 国家海洋局海口海洋环境监测中心站,海南 海口 570311
  • 许金电(1963—),男,福建省晋江市人,高级工程师,主要从事热带边缘海海洋动力学研究。E-mail:

Seasonal variation characteristics of freshwater transport in the Arabian Sea
Jindian Xu1 , Lu Gao1, 2, Yun Qiu1, Junpeng Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Laboratory of Marine Dynamics, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 2 Haikou Marine Environment Monitoring Station, State Oceanic Administration, Haikou 570311, China
出版时间: 2019-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.001
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本文利用简单海洋模式同化再分析产品等资料,阐述了阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋,阿拉伯海与阿曼湾之间淡水输运量的季节变化特征,揭示了阿拉伯海淡水输运量的基本平衡和季节变化特征。结果表明,阿拉伯海得到的淡水输运量(包括来自赤道西印度洋、河流)和失去的淡水输运量(包括降水量减蒸发量、向阿曼湾输运)基本相当。阿拉伯海通过海气交换失去的淡水(降水量减蒸发量)主要由来自赤道西印度洋(包括孟加拉湾)的淡水输运来补偿,赤道西印度洋向阿拉伯海的淡水输运对维持阿拉伯海的盐度基本平衡起到至关重要的作用。阿拉伯海的淡水输运量在1−6月和12月为负值,失去淡水;7−11月为正值,9月最大,得到淡水。阿拉伯海的净淡水输运量的季节变化特征表现为单峰现象。阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋(9°N断面)的淡水输运量主要出现在表层至约200 m层,多年平均约为0.1×106 m3/s,向阿拉伯海输运。从10月至翌年3月,来自孟加拉湾的低盐水向阿拉伯海输运,该输运主要出现在印度半岛西南端近海约60 m层以浅区域。夏季和秋季,出现在索马里半岛东部海域的涡旋(大回旋)引起的输运(涡旋的西部低盐水向北输运,东部高盐水向南输运),不仅输运量是一年当中最大的,而且影响的深度可达约300 m。该输运从6月开始形成,8−9月最强,11月迅速减弱。阿拉伯海与阿曼湾的淡水输运量较小,其垂直分布呈现3层结构,表层至10 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运;15~170 m层,低盐水向阿曼湾输运;175~400 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。阿曼湾湾口断面多年平均淡水输运量约为0.39×104 m3/s,向阿曼湾输运。

淡水输运量  /  断面分布  /  季节变化  /  淡水平衡  /  阿拉伯海

Simple Ocean Data Assimilation reanalysis and other data were used to explore seasonal variation characteristics of freshwater transport between the Arabian Sea (AS) and the Equatorial Western Indian Ocean (EWIO), and the Gulf of Oman (GOO). Freshwater budget in the AS is characterized by a basic balance and its seasonal variation is also present. Our results indicate that the amount of input freshwater from the EWIO and river discharge is roughly equal to the amount of freshwater output to GOO and lost caused by the evaporation overwhelming the precipitation (PE). The lost freshwater via air-sea exchange (i.e. PE) is compensated by freshwater flux from the EWIO and the Bay of Bengal (BOB), which plays a key role in maintaining the basic balance of salinity over the AS. Net freshwater flux in the AS is negative (i.e. lost freshwater) from January to June together with December, and positive (i.e. receive freshwater) during July and November with a maximum positive value in September. The seasonal variation characteristics of net freshwater flux in the AS shows a single remarkable peak. Along the 9°N section, freshwater exchange between the EWIO and the AS primarily occurs from the surface to 200 m depth, with a multi-year averaged net flux into the AS of about 0.1×106 m3/s. From October to next March, the BOB low-salinity water extends into the AS at above 60 m depth through the southwest of the Indian peninsula. In summer and autumn, the transport associated with the Great Whirl located at the east of Somali Peninsula, is characterized by low (high) salinity water in the west (east) of the whirl transported northward (southward) into the AS (equatorial Indian Ocean). This transport during these two seasons is largest in a year with its influence can extend downward to about 300 m depth, which forms in June, then peaks in August and September, and finally decays rapidly in November. Water exchange between the AS and the GOO is relatively weak, and has a sandwich-like three-layer structure in vertical direction: high salinity water intrudes from GOO into the AS in the upper 10 m layer and in the bottom layer between 175 m and 400 m depth; whereas in the middle layer (i.e. 15 m to 170 m depth) low salinity water is transported from the AS to the GOO. On multi-year average, a net freshwater transport of about 0.39×104 m3/s is further estimated into the GOO from the AS across the section along the GOO mouth.

freshwater transport  /  sectional distribution  /  seasonal variations  /  freshwater balance  /  Arabian Sea
许金电, 高璐, 邱云, 张俊鹏. 阿拉伯海淡水输运量的季节变化特征研究. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (7) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.001
Jindian Xu, Lu Gao, Yun Qiu, Junpeng Zhang. Seasonal variation characteristics of freshwater transport in the Arabian Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (7) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.001
阿拉伯海是北印度洋西部的边缘海,位于索马里半岛、阿拉伯半岛与印度半岛之间,北部由阿曼湾经霍尔木兹海峡连接波斯湾,西部由亚丁湾通过曼德海峡进入红海,南面连通着赤道西印度洋(图1)。阿拉伯海除南面外被陆地包围,海陆热力差异形成显著的季风气候,冬季盛行东北季风,夏季盛行西南季风。
阿拉伯海的年蒸发量大于年降水量,海表净损失淡水[1],受其影响以及来自红海和波斯湾高盐水的影响,上层海水盐度较高。阿拉伯海、红海和波斯湾是北印度洋高盐水团的生成源地[2]
受季风的驱动,阿拉伯海冬季出现逆时针方向的东北季风环流,夏季则出现顺时针方向的西南季风环流[2-3]。夏季的西南季风环流将阿拉伯海高盐水输送到东部孟加拉湾和赤道印度洋海域,东非沿岸流和索马里急流把赤道印度洋的低盐水输送到阿拉伯海[2]。冬季的东北季风环流则将孟加拉湾的低盐水向阿拉伯海输送,实现不同海域之间高、低盐水的水交换,对维持北印度洋的盐度基本平衡起着重要的作用[4-8]。因此开展赤道印度洋和孟加拉湾向阿拉伯海淡水输运的季节变化研究十分必要。
关于印度洋的水交换和淡水输运研究,宣莉莉等[9]分析了赤道东印度洋与孟加拉湾经向盐交换的季节变化特征,估算了孟加拉湾湾口6°N断面的年均淡水输运量。Sengupta等[10]利用历史降水、蒸发及地表径流等资料通过区域盐度收支平衡估算了孟加拉湾跨6°N断面(80°~100°E)向南的淡水输运量约为0.13×106 m3/s。张玉红等[11]研究了热带印度洋中部东西水交换特征。Jensen[4]利用海洋模式给出了北印度洋通过7°N断面的混合层盐通量,揭示了阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾之间高、低盐水的交换和通道。D'Addezio等[12]采用多种数据计算了北印度洋6°N断面的盐通量。Bower等[13]采用历史水文数据和数值模型给出了红海和波斯湾高盐水进入阿拉伯海的传播路径。Stramma等[14]使用1998年1月和1993年8月的航次观测数据估算了阿拉伯海8°N断面的淡水通量。Johns等[15]利用锚系等资料给出了霍尔木兹海峡的流量,并估算了波斯湾的海−气热通量和淡水通量。然而这些研究基本没有涉及到阿拉伯海与赤道印度洋、孟加拉湾、红海、波斯湾之间的淡水输运量。
阿拉伯海的年蒸发量大于年降水量,海表净损失淡水,而且红海和波斯湾向阿拉伯海输送高盐水,为了维持阿拉伯海盐度的基本平衡,赤道印度洋和孟加拉湾必需通过阿拉伯海南面(图1的断面A)向阿拉伯海输运淡水,否则阿拉伯海的盐度将越来越高。同样,阿拉伯海由阿曼湾(图1的断面B)经霍尔木兹海峡向波斯湾输运淡水。而阿拉伯海与红海水交换的通道(曼德海峡)宽度较窄,海水的交换量较小,且受篇幅的限制,本文不加以考虑。迄今为止,对于阿拉伯海与赤道印度洋、孟加拉湾、波斯湾之间淡水输运量季节变化特征的认识仍不足,尤其是缺乏定量化的研究。因此,本文拟利用简单海洋模式同化再分析产品等资料,来阐述阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋(断面A),阿拉伯海与阿曼湾(断面B)之间淡水输运量的季节变化特征,揭示阿拉伯海淡水输运量的基本平衡和季节变化特征,为阿拉伯海的盐度、水团、水交换、热盐环流等的时空变化特征研究提供参考,对提高阿拉伯海高盐水时空变化特征及机理的认识有一定的意义。
简单海洋模式同化再分析资料(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Reanalysis, SODA)是由美国马里兰大学开发的产品,它提供了一种基于最优插值数据同化的约束算法来对观测资料进行同化,从而保证了同化结果的可用性和可信度。本文采用的SODA资料是阿拉伯海月平均数据(http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~ocean/index_files/soda3.3.1_mn_download.htm),水平分辨率为0.5°×0.5°。垂向上取海面下前34层,最大深度取2 071 m,为非等间距分布。宣莉莉等[9]对比分析结果表明,SODA资料的环流场和盐度场与历史实测资料(WOA13、OSCAR、Argos)的结果基本吻合,其所反映的环流及盐度的季节变化特征也与历史观测资料的结果大体一致。
Argo计划是新一代全球海洋观测网计划的简称,即地转海洋学实时观测阵。该计划于1998年提出,2000年初开始实施,至2007年底全球Argo观测网初步建成,基本趋向稳定。本文采用的Argo资料来自中国Argo实时资料中心(http://www.argo.org.cn),是经过处理的阿拉伯海月平均格点温盐数据。水平分辨率为1°×1°,垂直方向共有58层,最大深度为1 975 m,为非等间距分布。通过SODA资料的盐度场与Argo的盐度场进行对比分析(图略)表明,两者在阿拉伯海的分布与季节变化大体一致。
降水资料来自GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project),本文采用的GPCP资料是阿拉伯海的月平均数据,其空间分辨率为2.5°×2.5°,下载地址:http://precip.gsfc.nasa.gov/
蒸发资料来自OAFlux(Objectively Analyzed Air-sea Fluxes),本文采用的OAFlux资料是阿拉伯海的月平均数据(ftp://ftp.whoi.edu/pub/science/oaflux/data_v3/daily/evaporation/),其空间分辨率为1°×1°。
本文采用的上述数据的时间跨度为2004年1月至2015年12月,共12年。
本文在阿拉伯海选取2条断面(图1),分析通过断面的淡水输运量。淡水输运量采用公式(1)进行计算[16]
${F_{\rm W}} = \int\limits_A {\left[ {\left( {{S_0} - S} \right)/{S_0}} \right]} \cdot {V_n} \cdot {\rm d}A,$
式中,FW为断面上的淡水输运量(单位:m3/s);S0为阿拉伯海(9°N以北)每月每层(58层)海水的平均盐度;SVn分别为断面上海水的盐度和垂直于断面的流速(单位:m/s);dA为垂向网格单元的面积(单位:m2)。在实际的计算中,把流速和盐度(SS0)在垂直方向上插值成间隔为5 m的数据。考虑到深层海水的流速和盐度的变化较小(图略),因此淡水输运量的积分深度范围从表层至1 980 m,其结果用于代表断面上的淡水输运量。
断面A位于索马里半岛东北端与印度半岛西南端之间(9°N,图1),是阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋水交换的通道,断面长度约2 749 km。本文使用断面A的SODA经向流速和Argo盐度资料,采用公式(1)计算断面A的淡水输运量。
图2是断面A各层(每层间隔5 m,共397层)多年平均淡水输运量、流速、公式(1)中的盐度项((S0S)/S0)以及4个季节(冬、春、夏、秋)代表性月份(1月、4月、7月、10月)淡水输运量的垂直分布,由图可见,盐度项皆为正值,即阿拉伯海的平均盐度(S0)大于断面A的盐度(S)。垂直于断面的流速最大值出现在10 m层,随着深度的增加迅速减小,约260 m层以下流速为负值,为南向流,但流速较小。多年平均淡水输运量最大值出现在10 m层,随着深度的增加迅速减小,约200 m层以下输运量较小。整条断面多年平均淡水输运量约为10.046×104 m3/s。1月的淡水输运量最大值也出现在10 m层,随着深度的增加迅速减小,约80 m层以下输运量较小。4月的淡水输运量最大值同样出现在10 m层,随着深度的增加迅速减小,50 m层以下输运量较小。7月的淡水输运量表层至50 m层为负值,向南输运,其绝对值10 m层最大,50 m层以下为正值,向北输运,最大值出现在100 m层,200 m层以下输运量较小。10月的淡水输运量最大值出现在5 m层,随着深度的增加逐渐减小,200 m层以下输运量较小。
由于环流和盐度的季节变化导致淡水输运量出现季节变化。由图3a可见,就整条断面而言,1–4月,淡水输运量逐渐减小。5–6月,淡水输运量为负值,向南输运。7–9月,淡水输运量迅速增大,并在9月达到最大值。10–12月,淡水输运量逐渐减小。
而输运量较大的10 m层,盐度项皆为正值,1–5月较大,然后逐渐减小。淡水输运量和流速的季节变化比较相似,呈“V”型变化(图3b)。1–4月,两者都逐渐减小;5月和6月,两者都为负值,向南流、向南输运,并在6月达到向南流、向南输运的最大值。7–9月,南向流逐渐减小,10–12月北向流逐渐增大。7月向南输运减小,8–12月向北输运逐渐增大。可见10 m层淡水输运量的季节变化主要是流速的季节变化所导致。然而,8月和9月流速为负值,输运量却为正值,这是因为流速和盐度项是断面上10 m层的所有数据点的平均,然后再进行12年(2004–2015年)对应月份的平均。输运量是断面上10 m层的所有数据点的流速乘以盐度项和单元面积后的平均,然后再进行12年对应月份的平均。
淡水输运量不仅出现季节变化,而且在断面分布上存在较大的差异。冬季(1月),断面A的淡水输运主要出现在断面东部约60 m层以浅区域,是低盐水向阿拉伯海输运,其他区域较小(图4a,图中淡水输运量很小的值没有给出,以下同)。冬季,东印度沿岸流(EICC)把孟加拉湾的低盐水向湾外输送,越过斯里兰卡岛后通过东北季风海流(NMC)和西印度沿岸流(WICC)把低盐水向阿拉伯海输送[2]。由图5a图6a可见,断面东部约60 m层以浅区域的流速相对其他区域较大,为北向流;印度半岛西南端近海(断面东部)被低盐水所盘踞,阿拉伯海平均盐度与该区域盐度之差(S0S)较大,由此导致断面东部约60 m以浅区域的输运量较大。
春季(4月)是北印度洋东北季风向西南季风转换的季节,阿拉伯海的海流比较复杂。断面西侧的东北向索马里海流开始形成,其东部出现一个逆时针旋转的涡旋;断面的中部以北向流为主,东部流速很小,盐度较低(图5b图6b)。由图4b可见,春季的输运量较小,且输运主要出现在100 m层以浅区域。断面西侧低盐水向北输运;涡旋的西部高盐水向南输运,东部低盐水向北输运;断面的中部低盐水向北输运,东部高盐水向南输运。可见从断面的西部到东部输运的方向表现为“北—南—北—南”的特征。
夏季(7月),阿拉伯海出现顺时针方向的西南季风环流(图6c)。在索马里半岛东部海域(6.5°N,52.7°E)出现一个顺时针旋转的涡旋,即所谓的大回旋(Great Whirl, GW)[17]。受其驱动,断面的西侧(涡旋的西部)低盐水向北输运(图4c),其影响深度(输运量较大的深度)可达近400 m;涡旋的东部高盐水向南输运,其影响深度可达160 m。涡旋的输运量较大,网格单元的输运量可达1.0×104 m3/s以上。断面的东部区域,高盐水向南输运,其影响深度只有50 m。断面的中部,由于流速相对较小,阿拉伯海平均盐度与该区域盐度之差较小,导致输运量较小。
秋季(10月),索马里半岛东部海域的涡旋依然存在,涡旋引起的输运比7月稍大。涡旋的东部和西部,输运的影响深度可达300 m。断面的东部,盐度较低,流向为北向,低盐水向北输运。断面的中部,由于流速较小,阿拉伯海平均盐度与该区域盐度之差较小,导致输运量较小(图4d)。
图4图5可见,淡水输运量的断面分布与经向流速的断面分布比较相似。通过相关分析可知,两者的相关系数r=0.922(样本数N=30 300个,通过显著性检验),而淡水输运量与盐度项((S0S)/S0)的相关系数r=0.122,淡水输运量与盐度差(S0S)的相关系数r=0.126。由此可见,淡水输运量的分布和变化主要由垂直于断面的流速所决定。
由于环流和盐度的季节变化导致淡水输运量出现季节变化,那么不同层次断面上的淡水输运量如何进行季节演变?由图7可见,在断面的西部,由顺时针旋转的涡旋(大回旋)引起的淡水输运量是整条断面最大的,也是一年当中最大的。该输运从6月开始形成,8–9月最强,11月迅速减弱。在垂直方向上,该输运10 m层最大,随着深度的增加迅速减小,但在200 m层依然清晰可见,只是输运量只有10 m层的1/10。断面的东部,10 m层,从10月至翌年3月,来自孟加拉湾的低盐水向阿拉伯海输运,5–8月则是阿拉伯海高盐水向南输运。断面的中部,由于流速较小,阿拉伯海平均盐度与该区域盐度之差较小,导致输运量较小。
图3a给出的是整条断面深度积分后淡水输运量的季节变化,无法体现随深度的变化。图8a是淡水输运量的深度–时间分布,由图可见,1–4月,淡水输运量为正值,低盐水向阿拉伯海输运,输运主要出现在80 m层以浅。5–7月,60 m层以浅,淡水输运量为负值,高盐水向南输运;60~150 m层,淡水输运量为正值,低盐水向北输运。8–12月,淡水输运量为正值,低盐水向阿拉伯海输运。输运影响的深度,呈现“V”型分布,冬、春季较浅,夏、秋季较深,8–9月最深,可达约250 m。由此可见,就整条断面不同层次而言,高盐水向南输运大体只出现在5–7月的表层至60 m层,其他时间、层次几乎都是低盐水向阿拉伯海输运。
图4图7可见,在断面A的西部,由顺时针旋转的涡旋引起的淡水输运量是整条断面最大的,涡旋中心的西部向北输运,涡旋中心的东部向南输运,向北输运大于向南输运。就整个涡旋(56.5°E以西)引起的输运来说,输运量为正值,低盐水向北输运。该输运主要出现在6–10月(图8b),输运影响的深度,呈现“V”型分布。而断面A的56.5°E以东淡水输运量的深度–时间分布(图8c)与整条断面淡水输运量的深度–时间分布大体相似,说明56.5°E以东淡水输运起主导作用。
综上所述,阿拉伯海的平均盐度大于断面A的盐度,断面A淡水输运量最大值出现在10 m层,随着深度的增加迅速减小,约200 m层以下输运量较小。整条断面多年平均淡水输运量约为0.1×106 m3/s。就整条断面而言,1–4月,淡水输运量逐渐减小;5–6月,淡水输运量为负值,向南输运;7–9月,淡水输运量迅速增大,并在9月达到最大值;10–12月,淡水输运量逐渐减小。
冬季,断面A的淡水输运主要出现在断面东部约60 m层以浅区域,是孟加拉湾的低盐水向阿拉伯海输运。春季的输运量较小,且输运主要出现在100 m层以浅区域。夏季和秋季,出现在断面西部的涡旋(大回旋)引起的输运(涡旋的西部低盐水向北输运,东部高盐水向南输运),不仅输运量是一年当中最大的,而且影响的深度可达300 m。该输运从6月开始形成,8–9月最强,11月迅速减弱。断面的东部区域,夏季高盐水向南输运,秋季低盐水向北输运。
从10月至翌年3月,来自孟加拉湾的低盐水向阿拉伯海输运,该输运主要出现在断面东部约60 m层以浅区域。
就整条断面不同层次而言,高盐水向南输运大体只出现在5–7月的表层至60 m层,其他时间、层次几乎都是低盐水向阿拉伯海输运。断面56.5°E以西低盐水向北输运,56.5°E以东淡水输运起主导作用。
断面B位于阿曼湾湾口(图1),是阿拉伯海与阿曼湾、波斯湾水交换的通道,断面长度约453.1 km。波斯湾的高盐水经霍尔木兹海峡和阿曼湾向阿拉伯海输送,阿拉伯海的低盐水也经霍尔木兹海峡和阿曼湾向波斯湾输送,以此来维持波斯湾的盐度和水位的基本平衡。
图9可见,断面B盐度项((S0S)/S0)皆为负值,即阿拉伯海的平均盐度(S0)小于断面的盐度(S),导致淡水输运量和流速的垂直分布呈现反相的关系。表层至10 m层,垂直于断面的流速为负值,多年平均淡水输运量为正值,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运;15~170 m层,流速为正值,输运量为负值,低盐水(相对阿曼湾的高盐水而言)向阿曼湾输运;175~400 m层,流速为负值,输运量为正值;400 m层以下流速和输运量都很小。可见断面B淡水输运量的垂直分布呈现3层结构。整条断面多年平均淡水输运量约为0.39×104 m3/s,向阿曼湾输运。
就整条断面而言,淡水输运量季节变化并不明显。2–8月及10月,淡水输运量为正值,向阿拉伯海输运,5月份最大。1月、9月、11月、12月,输运量为负值,向阿曼湾输运,其绝对值12月最大。
而输运量较大的10 m层,盐度项皆为负值,淡水输运量和流速的季节变化呈现反相的关系,流速大体呈“V”型变化,淡水输运量呈倒“V”型变化。1–3月和10–12月,流速为正值,流向阿曼湾,低盐水向阿曼湾输运;4–9月,流速为负值,流向阿拉伯海,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。
图9图10可知,断面B淡水输运量的垂直分布和季节变化比较复杂,那么其断面分布在季节上如何变化?由图11可见,4–6月,通过断面B的表层海流以东南向流为主(图12)。表层至约40 m层淡水输运量较大,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。约40 m层以下,断面的西部以及东部的约40~150 m层低盐水向阿曼湾输运,其他区域为高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。9–12月以及1月,海流从阿曼湾湾口的东部和中部流入阿曼湾,然后从西部流出(图12)。断面的东部和中部,低盐水向阿曼湾输运,西部高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。2–3月和7–8月是淡水输运量断面分布的季节演变过渡月份。
表层,3–9月,整条断面都是阿曼湾高盐水向阿拉伯海输运,5月最大(图13)。10–12月以及1–2月,断面西部仍然是阿曼湾高盐水向阿拉伯海输运,中部和东部则相反,低盐水向阿曼湾输运。50 m、100 m、200 m层淡水输运量的经度–时间分布都比较相似。1–3月以及8–12月,断面西部是阿曼湾高盐水向阿拉伯海输运,中部和东部则是低盐水向阿曼湾输运。4–7月,断面西部和东部大体是低盐水向阿曼湾输运(200 m层东部是高盐水向阿拉伯海输运),中部大体是高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。
就整条断面不同层次而言,阿曼湾高盐水向阿拉伯海输运主要出现在3–9月的表层至20 m层,低盐水向阿曼湾输运主要出现在10–12月以及1–2月的表层至50 m层。50 m层以下,输运量较小(图14)。
综上所述,断面B盐度项皆为负值,淡水输运量的垂直分布呈现3层结构:表层至10 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运;15~170 m层,低盐水向阿曼湾输运;175~400 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。整条断面多年平均淡水输运量约为0.39×104 m3/s,向阿曼湾输运。
4–6月,表层至约40 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。约40 m层以下,断面的西部以及东部的约40~150 m层低盐水向阿曼湾输运,其他区域为高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。9–12月以及1月,断面的东部和中部,低盐水向阿曼湾输运,西部高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。2–3月和7–8月是淡水输运量断面分布的季节演变过渡月份。
就整条断面不同层次而言,阿曼湾高盐水向阿拉伯海输运主要出现在3–9月的表层至20 m层,低盐水向阿曼湾输运主要出现在10–12月以及1–2月的表层至50 m层。50 m层以下,输运量较小。
根据阿拉伯海的降水量(P)、蒸发量(E)数据,计算得到阿拉伯海(不含陆地,含亚丁湾、阿曼湾)的平均年降水量为624.3 mm,平均年蒸发量为1 425.5 mm,PE为–801.2 mm。阿拉伯海的面积约为3.86×106 km2,经计算得到海气净淡水通量(淡水输运量)为–9.807×104 m3/s,阿拉伯海净失去淡水。
注入阿拉伯海的主要河流有印度河和讷尔默达河,印度河的平均流量为0.256×104 m3/s,讷尔默达河的平均流量为0.123×104 m3/s,合计为0.379×104 m3/s。
断面A的平均淡水输运量约为10.046×104 m3/s,向阿拉伯海输运,断面B平均淡水输运量约为0.39×104 m3/s,向阿曼湾输运。阿拉伯海的西部由亚丁湾通过曼德海峡进入红海,但曼德海峡的宽度较窄,海水的交换量较小,本文不加以考虑。因此,阿拉伯海得到的淡水输运量为:(10.046+0.379)×104=10.425×104 m3/s,而阿拉伯海失去的淡水输运量为:(–9.807–0.39)×104=–10.197×104 m3/s,两者基本相当。造成二者的差异可能的原因有:(1)所用的数据为同化数据,存在一定的误差;(2)计算淡水输运量时,因数据所限未能积分到海底;(3)数据的空间分辨率较小,会产生一定的误差。
图15可见,河流和断面B的淡水输运量较小,河流只占阿拉伯海得到的淡水输运量的3.6%,断面B只占阿拉伯海失去的淡水输运量的3.8%。因此,阿拉伯海的淡水输运量主要取决于断面A和PE,也就是说阿拉伯海通过海气交换(PE)失去的淡水主要由断面A的淡水输运来补偿。由此可见,断面A的淡水输运对维持阿拉伯海的盐度基本平衡起到至关重要的作用。
12月和1–4月,阿拉伯海的降水量很小,5–11月稍大,6月较大。阿拉伯海的蒸发量出现双峰现象,冬夏季较大,春秋季较小。除6月外,PE都是负值,海面失去淡水。1–4月和11–12月,海面失去淡水较多,5月和7–10月,海面失去淡水较少。断面A和断面B淡水输运量的季节变化见图3图10。阿拉伯海的河流、PE、断面A、断面B淡水输运量总和在1–6月和12月为负值,失去淡水;7–11月为正值,9月最大,得到淡水。阿拉伯海的净淡水输运量的季节变化特征表现为单峰现象。
综上所述,阿拉伯海得到的淡水输运量(包括断面A和河流)和失去的淡水输运量(包括PE、断面B)基本相当。阿拉伯海通过海气交换(PE)失去的淡水主要由断面A的淡水输运来补偿,断面A的淡水输运对维持阿拉伯海的盐度基本平衡起到至关重要的作用。阿拉伯海的河流、PE、断面A、断面B淡水输运量总和在1–6月和12月为负值,失去淡水;7–11月为正值,9月最大,得到淡水。阿拉伯海的净淡水输运量的季节变化特征表现为单峰现象。
本文利用简单海洋模式同化再分析产品等资料,阐述了阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋,阿拉伯海与阿曼湾之间淡水输运量的季节变化特征,揭示了阿拉伯海淡水输运量的基本平衡和季节变化特征,为阿拉伯海的盐度、水团、水交换、热盐环流等的时空变化研究提供参考,对提高阿拉伯海高盐水时空变化特征及机理的认识有一定的意义。分析结果表明:
(1)阿拉伯海得到的淡水输运量(包括来自赤道西印度洋、河流)和失去的淡水输运量(包括降水量减蒸发量、向阿曼湾输运)基本相当。阿拉伯海通过海气交换失去的淡水(降水量减蒸发量)主要由来自赤道西印度洋(包括孟加拉湾)的淡水输运来补偿,赤道西印度洋向阿拉伯海的淡水输运对维持阿拉伯海的盐度基本平衡起到至关重要的作用。
(2)阿拉伯海的淡水输运量在1–6月和12月为负值,失去淡水;7–11月为正值,9月最大,得到淡水。阿拉伯海的净淡水输运量的季节变化特征表现为单峰现象。
(3)阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋(9°N断面)的多年平均淡水输运量约为0.1×106 m3/s,向阿拉伯海输运。该输运量最大值出现在10 m层,随着深度的增加迅速减小,约200 m层以下输运量较小。就整条断面而言,1–4月,淡水输运量逐渐减小;5月和6月,淡水输运量为负值,向南输运;7–9月,淡水输运量迅速增大,并在9月达到最大值;10–12月,淡水输运量逐渐减小。
(4)冬季,阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋(9°N断面)的淡水输运主要出现在断面东部约60 m层以浅区域,是来自孟加拉湾的低盐水向阿拉伯海输运,该输运从10月开始形成至翌年3月消失。春季的输运量较小,且输运主要出现在100 m层以浅区域。夏季和秋季,出现在断面西部的涡旋(大回旋)引起的输运(涡旋的西部低盐水向北输运,东部高盐水向南输运),不仅输运量是一年当中最大的,而且影响的深度可达约300 m。该输运从6月开始形成,8–9月最强,11月迅速减弱。断面的东部区域,夏季高盐水向南输运,秋季低盐水向北输运。就整条断面不同层次而言,高盐水向南输运大体只出现在5–7月的表层至60 m层,其他时间、层次几乎都是低盐水向阿拉伯海输运。断面56.5°E以西低盐水向北输运,56.5°E以东淡水输运起主导作用。
(5)阿拉伯海与阿曼湾(阿曼湾湾口断面)的淡水输运量的垂直分布呈现3层结构:表层至10 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运;15~170 m层,低盐水向阿曼湾输运;175~400 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。阿曼湾湾口断面多年平均淡水输运量约为0.39×104 m4/s,向阿曼湾输运。
(6)4–6月,阿曼湾湾口断面的表层至约40 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。约40 m层以下,断面的西部以及东部的约40~150 m层低盐水向阿曼湾输运,其他区域为高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。9–12月以及1月,断面的东部和中部,低盐水向阿曼湾输运,西部高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。2–3月和7–8月是淡水输运量断面分布的季节演变过渡月份。就整条断面不同层次而言,阿曼湾高盐水向阿拉伯海输运主要出现在3–9月的表层至20 m层,低盐水向阿曼湾输运主要出现在10–12月以及1–2月的表层至50 m层。50 m层以下,输运量较小。
  • 科技基础资源调查专项(2017FY201402);全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-IPOVAI-02,GASI-IPOVAI-03);国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项资金资助(海三科2018001,海三科2017012)。
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2019年第41卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.001
  • 接收时间:2018-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2019-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-06-06
  • 修回日期:2018-10-18
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科技基础资源调查专项(2017FY201402);全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-IPOVAI-02,GASI-IPOVAI-03);国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项资金资助(海三科2018001,海三科2017012)。
作者信息
    1 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋动力学实验室,福建 厦门 361005
    2 国家海洋局海口海洋环境监测中心站,海南 海口 570311
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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