Article(id=1246416855120896424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1526918400000, receivedDateStr=2018-05-22, revisedDate=1531929600000, revisedDateStr=2018-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775098535565, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1563984000000, pubDateStr=2019-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775098535565, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775098535565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775098535565, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246416853124407707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775098535083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200282549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=77, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246416857071247798, articleId=1246416855120896424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Rare earth element characteristics of Pahang River and Kelantan River sediments and their tracing implication, columnId=1243867132006613042, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Geology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rare earth element (REE) in the surface sediments from Pahang River (28 samples) and Kelantan River (22 samples) in the eastern portion of Malay Peninsula are analyzed to decipher the characteristics of REE composition and distribution, to discern the controlling factors of REE composition, and to illustrate the significances of provenance tracing of REE. The results show that the total REE ranges from 24.88 μg/g to 304.29 μg/g, with an average of 165.22 μg/g, for the Pahang River; and 126.02 μg/g to 281.40 μg/g, with an average of 181.15 μg/g, for the Kelantan River, respectively. The UCC standardization of REE indicates that Pahang River sediments enrich with heavy rare earth elements, in relative to light rare earth elements. However, there is no significant difference between light and heavy rare earth elements in the Kelantan River. The composition of source rocks and minerals plays a controlling role in the REE composition of the two rivers. The influence of chemical weathering in the Pahang River is greater than Kelantan River, and the difference of grain size among the Pahang River sediments leads to larger REE variations. δEuUCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC discrimination diagram demonstrates that it can be used as an effective index to qualitatively seperate the sediment source of two rivers. It can further be used to trace and identify the source of sediments quantitatively on the continental shelf of Malay Peninsula.

, correspAuthors=Xuefa Shi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kaikai Wu, Shengfa Liu, Aimin Jin, Zhanghua Lou, Bin Wu, Jingrui Li, Hui Zhang, Xisheng Fang, Abd.Rahim Bin Mohamed Che, Xuefa Shi), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246416861605290535, articleId=1246416855120896424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=马来半岛彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物稀土元素特征及其物源示踪, columnId=1243867133143269435, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过对马来半岛东部彭亨河28个站位和吉兰丹河22个站位表层沉积物进行稀土元素(REE)测试,对比分析了稀土元素的组成特征和分布规律,探讨了稀土元素组成的控制因素和物源示踪意义。结果表明,彭亨河沉积物稀土元素含量介于24.88~304.29 μg/g之间,平均含量为165.22 μg/g,吉兰丹河沉积物中稀土元素含量介于126.02~281.40 μg/g之间,平均值为181.15 μg/g。彭亨河大部分沉积物上陆壳(UCC)标准化模式为重稀土相对轻稀土富集,吉兰丹河沉积物轻重稀土无明显分异。沉积物源岩和矿物组成对两条河流的REE组成起到了重要的控制作用,化学风化对彭亨河REE组成的影响大于吉兰丹河,而彭亨河沉积物粒度组成显著差异也导致了其REE含量变化范围更大。δEuUCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC关系图中彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物分区明显,表明其可作为定性判别两条河流来源的有效指标,并可用于海区沉积物来源的示踪和定量识别。

, correspAuthors=石学法, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*石学法(1965—),男,研究员,主要从事海洋沉积学和海底成矿作用研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2019, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=lP3AVhYQTSkXJ/dhZZ6DXA==, magXml=Oo0sGH4w44GCAK5rrY8KBA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=KqKKJY3mxyA4kWSIqAtsCQ==, pdfFileSize=4340745, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=0pHhtrxEApGTJUu+OCiGdw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=WL2h/f7BYkVReXx+wgDqvg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴凯凯(1992—),男,河南省沁阳市人,主要从事海洋沉积学研究。E-mail:

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a.Location of the Malay Peninsula; b.location of the Pahang River and Kelantan River; c. sampling stations of the Kelantan River; d.sampling stations of the Pahang River

, figureFileSmall=IrODk1tD2MTsNu2FZm52Mg==, figureFileBig=SqtpS55A5T7ZiUFnG95stw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506027471266275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=CN, label=图1, caption=彭亨河和吉兰丹河位置及取样站位

a.马来半岛位置图;b.彭亨河和吉兰丹河位置;c.吉兰丹河取样站位图;d.彭亨河取样站位图

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figureFileSmall=GgLb3EYTh5W6mwHGtRJE5Q==, figureFileBig=vnkYxbbAJnT3kcYTZbYcOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506031082562042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=CN, label=图6, caption=彭亨河沉积物上游、中游和下游标准化图, figureFileSmall=GgLb3EYTh5W6mwHGtRJE5Q==, figureFileBig=vnkYxbbAJnT3kcYTZbYcOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506031166448124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Standardization diagrams of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Kelantan River sediments, figureFileSmall=C5EAMi6noDXuKoS7rX5FUg==, figureFileBig=HD6X6lT1DCOMJ99ECbVvdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506031275500030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=CN, label=图7, caption=吉兰丹河沉积物上游、中游和下游标准化图, figureFileSmall=C5EAMi6noDXuKoS7rX5FUg==, figureFileBig=HD6X6lT1DCOMJ99ECbVvdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506031460049408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Correlation plots between grain size and REE content of the Pahang River (a) and Kelantan River (b) sediments, figureFileSmall=A4Qfps2qL0MKt6+UB9dr0w==, figureFileBig=anSrvOXjhr1tdLOvxHQITw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506031644598786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=CN, label=图8, caption=彭亨河(a)和吉兰丹河(b)沉积物粒度与REE含量相关图, figureFileSmall=A4Qfps2qL0MKt6+UB9dr0w==, figureFileBig=anSrvOXjhr1tdLOvxHQITw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506031887868420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Correlation between discriminant parameters, δEuUCC and (Gd/Yb) UCC with grain size, 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ArticleFig(id=1254506032831586827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of the Pahang River and Kelantan River[30-34]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
长度
/km
降水
/mm
流域面积
/km2
径流量
/m3·s–1
载荷量
/t·a–1
彭亨河 459 2 000~3 000 29 137 596 20.4 × 106
吉兰丹河 248 0~1 750 13 100 500 13.9 × 106
), ArticleFig(id=1254506033171325452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

彭亨河和吉兰丹河基本信息[30-34]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
长度
/km
降水
/mm
流域面积
/km2
径流量
/m3·s–1
载荷量
/t·a–1
彭亨河 459 2 000~3 000 29 137 596 20.4 × 106
吉兰丹河 248 0~1 750 13 100 500 13.9 × 106
), ArticleFig(id=1254506034324759054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of REE content and related parameters between the Pahang River and Kelantan River with other rivers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
河流 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ∑REE ∑L ∑H L/H δCe δEu (La/Yb)UCC (La/Sm)UCC (Gd/Yb)UCC MZ(Φ)
彭亨河 Max 57.48 146.65 13.68 49.4 9.28 1.1 8.1 1.27 8.24 1.72 5.2 0.94 5.82 0.93 304.29 277.52 29.25 11.25 1.26 1.01 1.33 1.08 1.55 7.14
Min 4.86 11.03 1.09 3.97 0.86 0.21 0.76 0.11 0.83 0.13 0.43 0.06 0.47 0.06 24.88 22.03 2.85 3.36 1.02 0.32 0.27 0.76 0.40 0.22
Av 32.63 73.2 7.53 27.11 5.3 0.76 4.85 0.81 5.1 0.99 2.92 0.48 3.05 0.5 165.22 146.53 18.7 7.93 1.11 0.51 0.83 0.90 0.98 4.53
Sd 16.85 39.68 3.85 13.6 2.56 0.3 2.29 0.39 2.41 0.49 1.43 0.25 1.51 0.25 84.17 76.59 8.72 1.73 0.06 0.15 0.24 0.08 0.25 2
吉兰丹河 Max 61.22 131.6 12.73 44.6 7.78 1.25 7.09 1.09 6.6 1.27 3.79 0.61 3.8 0.61 281.4 259.11 24.85 11.63 1.25 0.68 1.38 1.18 1.26 8.15
Min 25.18 55.81 5.67 20.72 3.8 0.76 3.68 0.59 3.7 0.69 2.03 0.31 2 0.31 126.02 112.03 13.89 7.99 1.07 0.49 0.81 0.94 0.95 5.18
Av 37.55 82.26 8.14 29.26 5.37 0.99 5.04 0.78 4.71 0.9 2.65 0.42 2.64 0.43 181.15 163.57 17.58 9.29 1.13 0.59 1.04 1.05 1.10 6.42
Sd 8.77 18.38 1.88 6.62 1.14 0.14 1.04 0.15 0.88 0.17 0.5 0.08 0.5 0.09 39.66 36.63 3.37 0.9 0.05 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.86
长江[15] 36.09 65.08 8.33 32.6 6.09 1.3 5.58 0.85 4.71 0.98 2.56 0.37 2.23 0.33 167.1 149.49 17.61 8.49 0.90 0.68 1.19 0.89 1.45
黄河[15] 28.97 53.92 7.07 26.67 4.99 1.04 4.65 0.75 3.92 0.84 2.23 0.35 2.05 0.31 137.76 122.66 15.1 8.12 0.91 0.66 1.04 0.87 1.31
珠江[40] 52.66 114.16 12.14 46.21 8.69 1.77 8.82 1.14 6.39 1.26 3.66 0.5 3.45 0.5 261.35 235.63 25.72 9.16 1.09 0.62 1.12 0.91 1.48
湄公河[40] 38.26 86.12 8.76 33.6 6.3 1.37 6.54 0.85 4.81 0.94 2.76 0.39 2.61 0.37 193.68 174.41 19.27 9.05 1.13 0.65 1.07 0.91 1.45
红河[40] 52.03 111.7 11.46 43.29 7.73 1.67 7.99 1.03 5.67 1.09 3.15 0.43 2.85 0.4 250.49 227.88 22.61 10.08 1.10 0.65 1.34 1.01 1.62
湄干河[42] 20.23 32.24 3.19 13.63 2.82 0.53 2.26 0.38 2.09 0.41 1.08 0.17 0.99 0.15 80.16 72.64 7.53 9.65 0.97 0.64 1.50 1.08 1.32
湄南河[41] 36.40 74.40 8.62 32.20 6.36 1.31 5.66 0.95 5.66 1.08 3.12 0.49 3.10 0.49 179.84 159.29 20.55 7.75 1.01 0.67 0.86 0.86 1.06
泰国湾[39] 22 45 4.7 18 3.5 0.5 2.6 0.4 2.2 0.4 1.1 0.2 1.2 0.2 102 93.7 8.3 11.29 1.07 0.51 1.34 0.94 1.25
登嘉楼河[16] 29.6 66.99 4.58 14.51 2.27 0.43 3.37 0.48 1.84 0.38 1.26 0.17 1.07 0.21 127.15 118.38 8.78 13.48 1.39 0.47 2.02 1.96 1.81
), ArticleFig(id=1254506034928738833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

彭亨河和吉兰丹河与其他河流稀土元素含量(单位:μg/g)及相关参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
河流 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ∑REE ∑L ∑H L/H δCe δEu (La/Yb)UCC (La/Sm)UCC (Gd/Yb)UCC MZ(Φ)
彭亨河 Max 57.48 146.65 13.68 49.4 9.28 1.1 8.1 1.27 8.24 1.72 5.2 0.94 5.82 0.93 304.29 277.52 29.25 11.25 1.26 1.01 1.33 1.08 1.55 7.14
Min 4.86 11.03 1.09 3.97 0.86 0.21 0.76 0.11 0.83 0.13 0.43 0.06 0.47 0.06 24.88 22.03 2.85 3.36 1.02 0.32 0.27 0.76 0.40 0.22
Av 32.63 73.2 7.53 27.11 5.3 0.76 4.85 0.81 5.1 0.99 2.92 0.48 3.05 0.5 165.22 146.53 18.7 7.93 1.11 0.51 0.83 0.90 0.98 4.53
Sd 16.85 39.68 3.85 13.6 2.56 0.3 2.29 0.39 2.41 0.49 1.43 0.25 1.51 0.25 84.17 76.59 8.72 1.73 0.06 0.15 0.24 0.08 0.25 2
吉兰丹河 Max 61.22 131.6 12.73 44.6 7.78 1.25 7.09 1.09 6.6 1.27 3.79 0.61 3.8 0.61 281.4 259.11 24.85 11.63 1.25 0.68 1.38 1.18 1.26 8.15
Min 25.18 55.81 5.67 20.72 3.8 0.76 3.68 0.59 3.7 0.69 2.03 0.31 2 0.31 126.02 112.03 13.89 7.99 1.07 0.49 0.81 0.94 0.95 5.18
Av 37.55 82.26 8.14 29.26 5.37 0.99 5.04 0.78 4.71 0.9 2.65 0.42 2.64 0.43 181.15 163.57 17.58 9.29 1.13 0.59 1.04 1.05 1.10 6.42
Sd 8.77 18.38 1.88 6.62 1.14 0.14 1.04 0.15 0.88 0.17 0.5 0.08 0.5 0.09 39.66 36.63 3.37 0.9 0.05 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.86
长江[15] 36.09 65.08 8.33 32.6 6.09 1.3 5.58 0.85 4.71 0.98 2.56 0.37 2.23 0.33 167.1 149.49 17.61 8.49 0.90 0.68 1.19 0.89 1.45
黄河[15] 28.97 53.92 7.07 26.67 4.99 1.04 4.65 0.75 3.92 0.84 2.23 0.35 2.05 0.31 137.76 122.66 15.1 8.12 0.91 0.66 1.04 0.87 1.31
珠江[40] 52.66 114.16 12.14 46.21 8.69 1.77 8.82 1.14 6.39 1.26 3.66 0.5 3.45 0.5 261.35 235.63 25.72 9.16 1.09 0.62 1.12 0.91 1.48
湄公河[40] 38.26 86.12 8.76 33.6 6.3 1.37 6.54 0.85 4.81 0.94 2.76 0.39 2.61 0.37 193.68 174.41 19.27 9.05 1.13 0.65 1.07 0.91 1.45
红河[40] 52.03 111.7 11.46 43.29 7.73 1.67 7.99 1.03 5.67 1.09 3.15 0.43 2.85 0.4 250.49 227.88 22.61 10.08 1.10 0.65 1.34 1.01 1.62
湄干河[42] 20.23 32.24 3.19 13.63 2.82 0.53 2.26 0.38 2.09 0.41 1.08 0.17 0.99 0.15 80.16 72.64 7.53 9.65 0.97 0.64 1.50 1.08 1.32
湄南河[41] 36.40 74.40 8.62 32.20 6.36 1.31 5.66 0.95 5.66 1.08 3.12 0.49 3.10 0.49 179.84 159.29 20.55 7.75 1.01 0.67 0.86 0.86 1.06
泰国湾[39] 22 45 4.7 18 3.5 0.5 2.6 0.4 2.2 0.4 1.1 0.2 1.2 0.2 102 93.7 8.3 11.29 1.07 0.51 1.34 0.94 1.25
登嘉楼河[16] 29.6 66.99 4.58 14.51 2.27 0.43 3.37 0.48 1.84 0.38 1.26 0.17 1.07 0.21 127.15 118.38 8.78 13.48 1.39 0.47 2.02 1.96 1.81
), ArticleFig(id=1254506035478192658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mineral composition of the Pahang River and Kelantan River

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轻矿物 重矿物[46] 黏土矿物[27]
彭亨河 主要为石英、斜长石和白云母 主要为锆石、角闪石、电气石、红柱石,含少量独居石、绿帘石等 主要为高岭石,其次为伊利石,含少量绿泥石和蒙脱石
吉兰丹河 主要为石英、斜长石、白云母和钾长石 主要为角闪石、锆石、红柱石、榍石、金红石、磷灰石,含少量水铝石、电气石、绿帘石、独居石等 主要为高岭石,其次为伊利石,含少量绿泥石和蒙脱石
), ArticleFig(id=1254506035922788885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416855120896424, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

彭亨河和吉兰丹河矿物组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轻矿物 重矿物[46] 黏土矿物[27]
彭亨河 主要为石英、斜长石和白云母 主要为锆石、角闪石、电气石、红柱石,含少量独居石、绿帘石等 主要为高岭石,其次为伊利石,含少量绿泥石和蒙脱石
吉兰丹河 主要为石英、斜长石、白云母和钾长石 主要为角闪石、锆石、红柱石、榍石、金红石、磷灰石,含少量水铝石、电气石、绿帘石、独居石等 主要为高岭石,其次为伊利石,含少量绿泥石和蒙脱石
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马来半岛彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物稀土元素特征及其物源示踪
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吴凯凯 1, 2 , 刘升发 2, 3 , 金爱民 1 , 楼章华 1 , 吴斌 2, 3 , 李景瑞 2, 3 , 张辉 2 , 方习生 2, 3 , Abd.Rahim Bin Mohamed Che 4 , 石学法 2, 3, *
海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2019,41(7): 77-91
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海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2019, 41(7): 77-91
马来半岛彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物稀土元素特征及其物源示踪
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吴凯凯1, 2 , 刘升发2, 3, 金爱民1, 楼章华1, 吴斌2, 3, 李景瑞2, 3, 张辉2, 方习生2, 3, Abd.Rahim Bin Mohamed Che4, 石学法2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江大学 海洋学院 海洋地质与资源研究所,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 4 马来西亚国民大学 环境科学与自然资源学院,雪兰莪 万宜新 43600
  • 吴凯凯(1992—),男,河南省沁阳市人,主要从事海洋沉积学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*石学法(1965—),男,研究员,主要从事海洋沉积学和海底成矿作用研究。E-mail:
Rare earth element characteristics of Pahang River and Kelantan River sediments and their tracing implication
Kaikai Wu1, 2 , Shengfa Liu2, 3, Aimin Jin1, Zhanghua Lou1, Bin Wu2, 3, Jingrui Li2, 3, Hui Zhang2, Xisheng Fang2, 3, Abd.Rahim Bin Mohamed Che4, Xuefa Shi2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Marine Geology and Resources, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
  • 2 First Institution of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 3 Laboratory for Marine Geology and Environment, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China
  • 4 College of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia
出版时间: 2019-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.007
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通过对马来半岛东部彭亨河28个站位和吉兰丹河22个站位表层沉积物进行稀土元素(REE)测试,对比分析了稀土元素的组成特征和分布规律,探讨了稀土元素组成的控制因素和物源示踪意义。结果表明,彭亨河沉积物稀土元素含量介于24.88~304.29 μg/g之间,平均含量为165.22 μg/g,吉兰丹河沉积物中稀土元素含量介于126.02~281.40 μg/g之间,平均值为181.15 μg/g。彭亨河大部分沉积物上陆壳(UCC)标准化模式为重稀土相对轻稀土富集,吉兰丹河沉积物轻重稀土无明显分异。沉积物源岩和矿物组成对两条河流的REE组成起到了重要的控制作用,化学风化对彭亨河REE组成的影响大于吉兰丹河,而彭亨河沉积物粒度组成显著差异也导致了其REE含量变化范围更大。δEuUCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC关系图中彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物分区明显,表明其可作为定性判别两条河流来源的有效指标,并可用于海区沉积物来源的示踪和定量识别。

沉积物  /  稀土元素  /  控制因素  /  物源示踪  /  彭亨河  /  吉兰丹河  /  马来半岛

Rare earth element (REE) in the surface sediments from Pahang River (28 samples) and Kelantan River (22 samples) in the eastern portion of Malay Peninsula are analyzed to decipher the characteristics of REE composition and distribution, to discern the controlling factors of REE composition, and to illustrate the significances of provenance tracing of REE. The results show that the total REE ranges from 24.88 μg/g to 304.29 μg/g, with an average of 165.22 μg/g, for the Pahang River; and 126.02 μg/g to 281.40 μg/g, with an average of 181.15 μg/g, for the Kelantan River, respectively. The UCC standardization of REE indicates that Pahang River sediments enrich with heavy rare earth elements, in relative to light rare earth elements. However, there is no significant difference between light and heavy rare earth elements in the Kelantan River. The composition of source rocks and minerals plays a controlling role in the REE composition of the two rivers. The influence of chemical weathering in the Pahang River is greater than Kelantan River, and the difference of grain size among the Pahang River sediments leads to larger REE variations. δEuUCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC discrimination diagram demonstrates that it can be used as an effective index to qualitatively seperate the sediment source of two rivers. It can further be used to trace and identify the source of sediments quantitatively on the continental shelf of Malay Peninsula.

sediment  /  rare earth element  /  controlling factors  /  provenance tracing  /  Pahang River  /  Kelantan River  /  Malay Peninsula
吴凯凯, 刘升发, 金爱民, 楼章华, 吴斌, 李景瑞, 张辉, 方习生, Abd.Rahim Bin Mohamed Che, 石学法. 马来半岛彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物稀土元素特征及其物源示踪. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (7) : 77 -91 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.007
Kaikai Wu, Shengfa Liu, Aimin Jin, Zhanghua Lou, Bin Wu, Jingrui Li, Hui Zhang, Xisheng Fang, Abd.Rahim Bin Mohamed Che, Xuefa Shi. Rare earth element characteristics of Pahang River and Kelantan River sediments and their tracing implication[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (7) : 77 -91 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.007
“从源到汇”的系统研究是现代海洋沉积学的重要命题[1],典型大陆边缘地区沉积物的产生、输运和沉积过程,陆架系统的形成及主要控制因素,陆海相互作用过程对气候和环境的响应机制是其关注的核心科学问题[2-3]。“源–汇”系统中,河流在沉积物输运过程、陆海物质和能量平衡、生物地球化学循环等方面扮演着重要的角色[4-7],了解主要河流入海物质的组成特征及其在陆架区的堆积过程不仅对于判别沉积物来源、划分沉积环境和沉积相、认识陆海相互作用以及物质收支平衡具有重要的科学意义,而且也可为古环境、古海洋演化历史重建提供依据。东南亚大陆和岛屿是全球剥蚀速率最大的地区[8-9],其中马来半岛每年有约35 Mt的沉积物进入南海[10],彭亨河(Pahang River)和吉兰丹河(Kelantan River)作为马来半岛东部两条最大的入海河流,是南海南部陆源入海物质的主要贡献者,每年的输沙量可达34 Mt[11],强烈的季风降雨、陆源风化、搬运沉积过程使其成为研究热带海域陆海相互作用的理想区域。有效替代性指标的选取是开展沉积物“源–汇”过程研究的重要环节。稀土元素在表生环境中非常稳定,在河流中主要以碎屑态搬运,沉积物中稀土元素组成及分布模式主要受控于源岩特征,而受风化剥蚀、搬运、沉积、成岩及变质作用影响较小[12-14],被广泛应用于古环境重建、沉积物来源判别、流域化学风化演化和构造环境变化等方面的研究[15-16]。但也有一些研究指出,沉积物中REE组成不仅受沉积物的源岩控制,也受到粒度、矿物组成、化学风化和成土作用强弱以及人类活动等控制[15-17]。因此,研究马来半岛东部河流沉积物稀土元素组成及控制因素,建立有效的物源判别端元值,对于深入探讨南海南部海域沉积物“源–汇”过程及其输运模式具有重要的科学意义。
目前有关马来半岛东部区域稀土元素的研究开展的较少,仅限于局部海域沉积物及部分小河流沉积物。Khadijeh等[18]研究了马来半岛东海岸柱状样沉积物稀土元素,分析发现沉积物中轻稀土含量高,每个站位稀土含量有所差异,但是总体分布特征相似,表明其可能有相似的来源;Sultan和Shazili[16]通过分析马来半岛东部的登嘉楼河(Terengganu River)流域水、土壤和沉积物稀土元素特征,发现河流沉积物中稀土元素特征为轻稀土(LREE:La-Nd)>>中稀土(MREE:Sm-Ho)>重稀土(HREE:Er-Lu),且Ce弱(无)正异常。不同河流在地质背景、气候带、生物面貌、人类活动等方面的差异,可导致其输运入海的陆源物质稀土元素组成不同,这就使得从复杂的多物源沉积物中判别不同源区物质成为可能[19-21]。本文旨在通过对比分析彭亨河和吉兰丹河河流沉积物的稀土元素组成和分布特征,探讨其主要控制因素,揭示两条河流沉积物稀土元素特征对南海南部沉积物来源的示踪作用。
马来半岛位于南海和印度洋交汇处,东侧毗邻南海南部,西侧及南侧为马六甲海峡,北部与泰国南部相邻(图1)。马来半岛从构造上可分为3个南北向延伸的地质带:东带、中带和西带,东带和中带被认为是一个单独的构造板块(东马板块),西带是滇缅泰马板块的一部分,两个板块在晚三叠纪沿文冬–劳勿缝合带发生碰撞[22],自中生代以来构造一直比较稳定[23]。基岩主要由古生代–中生代的花岗岩和花岗闪长岩、古生代沉积岩组成,并以三叠纪花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,以及中晚三叠世或晚古生代沉积岩占主体岩性[24],晚古生代沉积岩以泥岩、砂岩和灰岩为主,并夹有安山–流纹质火山岩[23, 25]。马来半岛的北部及其他局部地区还发育少量中生代(以侏罗–白垩纪为主)沉积岩和极少量基性火山岩,在马来半岛周围近岸平原地区发育以砂质为主的第四纪松散沉积[24]。研究区气候类型主要以季风控制下的热带湿热环境为特征[26],全年气温无四季之分,仅有湿季和干季的明显区别[27]。东北季风期间(11月至翌年3月)为湿季,降水丰富,河流搬运大量沉积物入海的同时也常引发洪水等自然灾害[28-29];西南季风期间(5–9月)为干季,降水减少。
彭亨河和吉兰丹河位于马来半岛东部,是马来西亚境内汇入南海的两条主要河流(图1表1)。彭亨河位于马来半岛东部的彭亨州,是马来半岛最长的河流[35-36],河流发源于蒂蒂旺莎(Titiwangsa)主山脉,上游两条支流哲莱(Jelai)河和贝林(Tembeling)河在淡比灵(Kuala Tembeling)处汇合后[36](距离河口300 km),向南流经淡马鲁,与中央山脉平行抵达孟卡拉克后东折,在北干注入南海。上游地势陡峻,中下游河水含沙量大。吉兰丹河位于马来半岛东北部的吉兰丹州,是马来半岛第二大河[30],两条主要支流勒比(Lebir)河和加腊士(Galas)河在上游的瓜拉吉来(Kuala krai)汇合[31-32](距离河口约100 km),流经吉兰丹州首府哥打巴鲁(Kota Bharu),向北注入南海,吉兰丹河流域内最高海拔2 135 m,约95%的流域是陡峭的山脉,只有5%是低洼的平原[30]
2016年10月,自然资源部第一海洋研究所与马来西亚国民大学合作在彭亨河和吉兰丹河开展了河流沉积物样品取样,完成彭亨河取样28站,吉兰丹河取样22站。同时还选取了双方于2017年9–10月中马合作航次采集的马来半岛东部河口及陆架7个站位的表层沉积物开展研究。样品预处理和测试分析均在自然资源部第一海洋研究所测试中心完成。
粒度分析:称取少量未处理沉积物样品于试管中,加入约15 mL 30%H2O2去除有机质,放置24 h待完全反应后,加入约5 mL 3 mol/L的稀盐酸去除碳酸盐,充分反应后,离心洗盐至中性,经超声振荡使颗粒充分分散上机测试,上机测试前样品过2 mm的筛子。测试仪器为英国产马尔文Mastersizer 2000型激光粒度仪,分析范围为0.02~2 000 μm,样品重复测量相对误差小于3%,粒度参数使用McManus矩法公式计算[37]
元素分析:沉积物样品经冷冻干燥后,研磨至200目,用烘箱烘干,称取0.05 g样品置于聚四氟乙烯溶样罐中,加几滴高纯水润湿样品,同时作流程空白,每个溶样罐中加入1.50 mL高纯HNO3、1.50 mL高纯HF,放入烘箱中在195℃保持48 h以上,冷却后置于电热板上蒸至湿盐状,再加入1 mL HNO3蒸干以除去残余的HF,后加入3 mL 50%的HNO3,0.5 mL内标溶液,置于烘箱150℃下继续溶样8 h以上,以保证对样品的完全提取。移液后定容待测。使用电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)测定稀土元素含量,用等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定常量元素含量。为了监控测试精度和准确度,分别进行了若干样品的重复分析与标样分析,结果表明稀土元素和常量元素的相对误差均小于5%。
全样矿物分析:将全岩沉积物样品低温烘干后研磨成小于200目的粉末,用压片法制成非定向片,备测。测试分析仪器为日本理学Dma × 2 500衍射仪,仪器的工作条件为:CuKa辐射,工作电压为40 kV,工作电流为100 mA,防发散狭缝(Ds)和防散射狭缝(SS)均为1°,接受狭缝(Rs)为0.3 mm,步长0.02°(2θ),扫描范围为3°~65°,扫描速率为2°/min,获得衍射图谱。
彭亨河沉积物以粉砂质砂和砂质粉砂为主,平均粒径变化范围0.22Φ~7.14Φ,波动较大,平均值为4.53Φ。其中P06和P22站位沉积物为粗砂,平均粒径分别为0.22Φ和0.68Φ,P06站位沉积物分选较好,P22站位沉积物分选较差,偏态均为正偏;P24、P27和P28站位沉积物为中砂,平均粒径分别为1.20Φ、1.35Φ和1.48Φ,分选均较差,偏态均为正偏;其余为0.25 mm以下的细粒级沉积物,分选较差。吉兰丹河沉积物相对偏细,以黏土质粉砂细粒级沉积物为主,平均粒径变化范围5.18Φ~8.15Φ,平均值6.42Φ,分选较差,偏态大部分为负偏。从上游到下游,彭亨河沉积物的粒度变化显著;吉兰丹河沉积物粒度则明显变细(图2)。
彭亨河沉积物∑REE含量介于24.88~304.29 μg/g之间,平均值为165.22 μg/g;吉兰丹河沉积物∑REE含量变化范围为126.02~281.4 μg/g,平均值为181.15 μg/g,相对而言,吉兰丹河沉积物稀土元素含量整体高于彭亨河,但彭亨河沉积物稀土元素含量变化范围大,空间分布不均匀,各站位之间的标准偏差可达84.17(表2)。彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物稀土元素含量总体特征表现为轻稀土(LREE:La-Eu)大于重稀土(HREE:Gd-Lu),∑LREE/∑HREE的平均值为7.93和9.29,轻、重稀土分异明显,轻稀土较重稀土富集,且彭亨河稀土元素分馏更加显著。空间分布上,彭亨河从上游到下游沉积物∑REE含量波动较大,规律性不明显,而吉兰丹河沉积物∑REE、∑LREE、∑HREE含量从上游到下游均呈变少的趋势,通过对比两条河流从上游到下游的变化发现,两条河流沉积物∑REE、∑LREE、∑HREE的变化趋势相似,表明三者受共同因素的影响。
彭亨河沉积物中有2个粗砂样品,3个中砂样品(图3),这些样品的稀土元素地球化学组成与其他细粒沉积物有不同的特征。2个粗砂样品和3个中砂样品的∑REE含量均非常低,平均含量为26.33 μg/g和54.25 μg/g,明显低于其他细粒级沉积物;∑LREE、∑HREE含量也表现出相似的特征,平均含量偏低,粗砂<中砂<细粒沉积物,且轻稀土含量大于重稀土;粗砂和中砂的∑LREE/∑HREE平均值为7.33和9.18,轻稀土相对重稀土均表现出富集,轻重稀土分异明显。
彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物的∑REE含量明显高于总陆壳和上陆壳(UCC)值[38],也高于同样位于马来半岛东部的登嘉楼河[16]以及邻近区域泰国湾近岸[39],但低于南海北部的珠江[40]、湄公河[40]和红河[40]。就南海南部而言,泰国湾最大的河流——湄南河[41]介于两条河流之间,但更接近吉兰丹河(表2)。
用上陆壳作为标准对两条河流各站位沉积物稀土元素进行标准化发现:彭亨河各站位的稀土元素分布模式可分为2类,大部分标准化形式表现为重稀土相对富集,Eu表现出明显的负异常,且相对UCC富集,少数标准化曲线呈近平坦的直线型,轻、重稀土并未表现出明显分异,相对UCC亏损;吉兰丹河沉积物相对UCC标准化模式均表现为近平坦的直线型(图4)。对两条河流各站位沉积物稀土元素UCC标准化相关参数求平均值,如表2所示:彭亨河的(La/Yb)UCC值为0.27~1.33,平均值为0.83;吉兰丹河(La/Yb)UCC值为0.81~1.38,平均值为1.04,其平均值大于彭亨河,标准偏差小于彭亨河,表明吉兰丹河(La/Yb)UCC值变化范围小,彭亨河(La/Yb)UCC值相对低于吉兰丹河且小于1,对应了重稀土相对轻稀土富集的特征,吉兰丹河(La/Yb)UCC值接近于1也对应了其平坦近直线型分布的UCC分布模式,两条河流(La/Sm)UCC和(Gd/Yb)UCC值也均表现出和(La/Yb)UCC相似的特征。δCe和δEu是反映风化和源岩的两个重要参数,彭亨河δCe和δEu平均值为1.11和0.51,吉兰丹河δCe和δEu平均值稍大于彭亨河,两条河流均表现出δCe弱正异常以及δEu中等负异常。
通过与南海周边河流以及长江、黄河沉积物稀土元素UCC标准化对比发现(图5):珠江、红河、湄公河、长江和黄河均表现出中稀土(MREE:Sm-Ho)富集,轻稀土和重稀土相对亏损的特征;吉兰丹河、湄干河和泰国湾表现为近似平坦的直线型分布;彭亨河和湄南河表现出重稀土相对轻稀土富集,其中湄南河重稀土相对平坦;登嘉楼河轻稀土相对重稀土富集,中稀土也相对重稀土表现出富集的特征。
河流沉积物中稀土元素组成可受到源区基岩组成、化学风化强度、粒度、矿物成分等因素的重要影响[15, 44]
已有研究认为控制沉积物中稀土元素组成最主要的因素是源岩[45]。吉兰丹河和彭亨河均位于热带地区,降雨丰富,地形变化大,具有侵蚀速率高,搬运快速,颗粒停留时间短等特征[46],因此携带的陆源物质量大,是海洋沉积物的主要来源。快速搬运沉积导致沉积物可以很好地保留原岩的特征,且受后期改造影响较小。彭亨河流域岩性复杂,主要包括二叠–三叠纪海相沉积岩、花岗岩、第四纪沉积物、侏罗–白垩陆相红层沉积等;吉兰丹河流域岩性相对简单,主要包括三叠纪海相沉积岩、第四纪沉积物等[24]。因此,分别取马来半岛东部花岗岩[47]和沉积岩[48]的球粒陨石标准化曲线与两条河流从上游到下游站位沉积物的球粒陨石标准化曲线进行对比分析(图6图7)。
前人研究表明,在解释沉积物REE标准化配分模式时要注重曲线的几何形态,而不仅仅是其绝对丰度[49]。彭亨河上游沉积物标准化曲线分布特征各异(图6),且与沉积岩和花岗岩的曲线特征不相一致,彭亨河上游岩性复杂,包括沉积岩、花岗岩、缝合带岩石、火山岩等[24],流域的小支流纵横也增加了源岩的复杂性,导致曲线分布特征不一致;中游沉积物曲线形态分布与沉积岩较为一致,相对上游来说分布集中,仅个别站位有差异,说明物质来源较为稳定,中游的岩性主要为三叠纪沉积岩和侏罗–白垩纪沉积岩;下游沉积物曲线分布特征各异,部分与沉积岩的特征较为一致,说明沉积岩可能是部分沉积物的来源之一,下游主要岩性为第四纪沉积物、变质沉积岩、沉积岩,曲线特征的差异性表明可能是岩性混合引起的。总体来看,彭亨河流域岩性复杂,有多种源岩,这也导致了彭亨河沉积物稀土元素特征变化较大。
吉兰丹河上游沉积物标准化曲线形态与沉积岩极为相似(图7),而吉兰丹河上游岩性主要为三叠纪的沉积岩(页岩、砂岩和灰岩),因此上游主要物源为沉积岩;中游主要的岩性为沉积岩、变质沉积岩及少量花岗岩,从曲线特征来看,沉积物的曲线特征与沉积岩更为一致,说明中游的主要物源与上游一致;下游沉积物曲线形态与沉积岩极为一致,下游主要为第四纪沉积物,因此,下游沉积物的来源主要也应为中上游沉积物。从稀土参数特征来看,沉积岩的δEu值为0.52,和吉兰丹河沉积物大体一致,(La/Yb)N为10.61(N为相对球粒陨石标准化),与沉积物也相差不大。因此吉兰丹河沉积物的物源主要来自于上游的沉积岩。整体来看,吉兰丹河稀土元素分布较为集中,曲线特征一致,物质来源稳定。
马来半岛位于热带地区,属于热带雨林气候,热带温暖的气温和东亚季风降雨是控制该地区形成强烈化学风化作用的主要因素,构造活动和母岩性质是影响化学风化作用的次级因素[27]
一般研究中常用CIA(化学蚀变指数)来表示化学风化强度,计算方法为:Al2O3/(Al2O3 + Na2O +K2O+CaO*)× 100,式中,氧化物为摩尔质量百分比,而CaO*指的是硅酸盐矿物中的Ca含量,不包括碳酸盐和磷酸盐等矿物中结合的Ca。CIA实际反映了含铝硅酸盐矿物尤其是长石风化成黏土矿物的程度。CIA值越高指示硅酸盐矿物中Na、K和Ca矿物从母岩中淋失越多,化学风化越强[50]
王浩等[27]分析了马来半岛东部河流表层沉积物的黏土矿物和元素地球化学特征,认为黏土矿物伊利石化学指数(一般大于40)和全岩(<63 μm)CIA值(大于80)均显示马来半岛地区经历了强烈的化学风化作用,并且该区域的化学风化作用明显大于南海周边其他地区[26-27]。通过计算彭亨河和吉兰丹河全岩(<63 μm)沉积物的CIA值,发现两条河流化学风化水平差别不大(彭亨河CIA = 89.22,吉兰丹河CIA = 89.73,计算数据引自文献[26]),说明两条河流在流域尺度上化学风化水平相当。
考虑到马来半岛位于热带地区,化学风化强烈,可通过计算稀土元素的富集因子(EF)来明确河流全样沉积物地球化学组成能多大程度上代表陆源碎屑组分。由于Al在沉积过程中相对稳定,元素与Al的比值可以消除粒度变化对元素含量造成的影响[51]。富集因子的计算方法为:EF=(E/Al)沉积物/(E/Al)地壳。对于EF,若接近1,表示为地壳源,若大于10,表示为非地壳来源。通过计算两条河流稀土元素相对于上地壳丰度的EF发现,吉兰丹河稀土元素富集因子介于1.30~1.84之间,彭亨河稀土元素富集因子介于1.49~2.99之间,两条河流的富集因子都很小且接近于1,表明其接近上地壳陆源物质的特征。
研究表明,马来半岛沉积物样品的Na和Ca已基本淋失殆尽,并且黏土粒级颗粒比全岩(<63 μm)的淋失程度要高[27],说明研究区经历了非常强烈的化学风化作用。彭亨河和吉兰丹河相对UCC标准化模式表现出不一致的特征(图4),吉兰丹河UCC标准化模式为近平坦的直线型,均相对于UCC富集或接近UCC,轻重稀土并未表现出分异,彭亨河UCC标准化模式大部分相对UCC富集,但有少部分相对UCC亏损明显,沉积物在进入河流之前经历了强烈的化学风化作用可导致其相对UCC的明显亏损,说明化学风化对彭亨河沉积物产生了一定的影响,而对吉兰丹河的影响相对微弱。
南海北部的珠江和红河CIA值分别为77~88和65~79,对应的化学风化作用程度分别为强和中等,南海中部的湄公河CIA值为78~87,其化学风化作用强度为中等到强烈[40],温带中纬度的长江和黄河CIA值分别为50~82[52]和60~69[53],对应的化学风化强度为弱到中等和中等。在风化过程中重稀土元素更容易因在溶液中形成重碳酸盐和有机络合物而优先被迁移,轻稀土则优先被细颗粒(主要是黏土)表面吸附,轻、重稀土发生分异,使得轻稀土相对富集,重稀土亏损,因此随着风化程度的加强,∑LREE/∑HREE比值将增加[51]。彭亨河和吉兰丹河的化学风化强度高于上述河流,但其∑LREE/∑HREE值却并未表现出高值的特征(表2),尤其是彭亨河。与台湾河流类似,彭亨河和吉兰丹河属于山地型河流。由于地形变化大,受季风降雨影响显著,导致快速的物理侵蚀和大量沉积物搬运入海,使得一些山地型河流成为不可忽视的海洋沉积物来源;与台湾河流不同的是彭亨河和吉兰丹河流域化学风化作用强,上游主要为热带雨林,沉积物的快速搬运使得母岩的风化产物没有经历完全的化学风化即被搬运入海,因此彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物∑LREE/∑HREE比值相对不同纬度的大河而言并不能完全反映化学风化作用的结果,且该比值还受黏土矿物、重矿物等因素的影响。
陆源沉积物∑REE组成特征与粒度密切相关,受粒度控制[45]。稀土元素通常在黏土和粉砂中富集,在砂组分中含量少,主要是由于石英和碳酸盐矿物的稀释作用[15]。彭亨河沉积物平均粒径与∑REE有较强的相关性(R2 = 0.73);吉兰丹河平均粒径和∑REE相关性较差(R2 = 0.05)(图8),说明彭亨河REE含量受粒度影响较大。吉兰丹河粒度分布范围相对较集中,在一定程度上减小了粒度特征对REE产生的影响。彭亨河∑REE的平均含量为165.22 μg/g,5个粗粒样品中粒度最粗的样品对应了∑REE的最低值,除去这5个粗粒样品剩余样品的∑REE平均含量为191.78 μg/g,表明了粒度对彭亨河REE含量的控制作用。
吉兰丹河从上游到下游,粒度变细,但REE含量呈减少趋势。通常河流从上游到下游随着粒度变细,黏土含量增加,黏土对REE有吸附作用,会引起沉积物中REE含量增加,但吉兰丹河河流中却呈现相反的趋势,说明粒度对REE含量的控制机制十分复杂,可能受其他因素干扰,如粗颗粒沉积物可富集重矿物,一些重矿物特别富集REE,随着粒度变细,重矿物减少,可能会显著影响REE含量[15];碳酸盐的稀土元素含量非常低,其含量的增加可能会引起吉兰丹河沉积物从上游到下游稀土元素含量伴随着粒度的减小而减小,但从上游到下游吉兰丹河CaO的含量不断减少,且CaO的含量远小于上地壳,说明碳酸盐对其稀土元素含量影响很小。彭亨河从上游到下游粒度波动变化,REE含量也波动变化,两者之间变化较为一致,即粒度变小,REE含量增加,粒度变大,REE含量减少,受粒度控制表现比较明显(图2图3)。彭亨河从上游到下游粒度的波动变化可能是水动力不均一导致的粒度和矿物差异引起的,彭亨河流域地形变化相对复杂,经历了从热带雨林的山地到平原区,河流流向转折大,水动力变化大,引起不同区域水动力差异,加之区域岩性差异变化,引起粒度波动变化。
X射线衍射分析表明两条河流沉积物中的轻矿物主要为石英和长石,已有研究表明石英、长石等矿物中稀土元素含量很低,对总的稀土元素贡献小,甚至起到稀释作用[15],可引起研究区两条河流沉积物的稀土元素含量较低,尤其是粒度较粗的沉积物中,由于石英的抗风化能力非常强,因而其含量更高,石英中稀土元素极低的含量会导致这些粗粒沉积物中稀土元素的低含量。
沉积物中一些重矿物对整个沉积物的REE含量及配分形式有显著影响,它们在沉积物中含量即使是微小的变化也会对整个沉积物的REE组成及模式产生较大影响[45]。如表3所示,彭亨河重矿物主要为锆石、角闪石、电气石、红柱石;吉兰丹河重矿物主要为角闪石、锆石、红柱石、榍石、金红石、磷灰石。锆石、石榴石、电气石等富HREE,榍石、褐帘石、角闪石、磷灰石、独居石等富MREE和LREE[45]。彭亨河(∑HREE = 18.70 μg/g)的HREE含量高于吉兰丹河(∑HREE = 17.58 μg/g),而彭亨河(∑LREE = 146.53 μg/g)的LREE含量低于吉兰丹河(∑LREE = 163.57 μg/g);彭亨河中锆石、电气石为主的重矿物可引起彭亨河的∑HREE相对吉兰丹河高,且彭亨河中重矿物的含量高于吉兰丹河;而吉兰丹河中角闪石、榍石、磷灰石为主的重矿物促进了吉兰丹河的∑LREE相对彭亨河高,但黏土矿物对LREE的吸附作用也不容忽视。说明重矿物对两条河流REE尤其是HREE的差异特征起到了重要的控制作用。
两条河流黏土矿物的组成如表3所示。黏土矿物对REE有吸附作用,尤其是对LREE,黏土矿物是控制沉积物中LREE分异最主要的因素之一[45],前人研究也揭示黏土粒级最容易富集LREE,大多数的REE存在黏土矿物的晶格中,少部分以吸附态赋存于黏土矿物表面[15]。吉兰丹河沉积物粒度细,黏土矿物含量高,沉积物中LREE含量高于彭亨河,因此黏土矿物对LREE的吸附作用促进了吉兰丹河中LREE的高含量。
Fe–Mn氧化物基本控制了酸可溶态的REE组成[15]。Fe–Mn合成氧化物吸附稀土的实验证实,Fe–Mn氧化物表面羟基的质子易解离,与稀土离子生成表面桥氧配合物,从而发生专属性吸附[54]。Yang等[15]研究表明,长江流域强烈的化学风化导致稀土元素从源岩中部分淋滤出来,河水中溶解或胶状的REE可被活跃的铁锰氧化物所吸附,导致长江沉积物中淋滤态REE大量存在于Fe–Mn氧化物中。彭亨河和吉兰丹河所在的马来半岛化学风化强烈,但两条河流沉积物Fe–Mn氧化物含量分别为3.06%和4.61%,相对上地壳Fe–Mn氧化物含量(5.14%)没有富集,与∑REE之间也并未表现出显著的相关性。与长江流域不同的是,该区域降雨丰富,高侵蚀速率导致沉积物可能没有充分的时间从源岩中淋滤REE,同时前人研究表明,沉积物中酸溶态REE占沉积物总REE的含量并不是主要的,大部分还是以酸不溶相的形式存在[17]。因此Fe–Mn氧化物对REE的影响较小。
由上述分析可知,彭亨河和吉兰丹河流域沉积物稀土元素组成存在一定的差异性,且其控制因素也不尽相同,这就使其有可能成为判别这两条河流沉积物来源的有效指标。通常情况下,河流下游及河口地区沉积物代表了河流流域沉积物的平均组成,可以作为河流沉积物入海的代表,为此,我们在吉兰丹河和彭亨河下游分别选取8个站位的沉积物稀土元素进行对比分析,旨在建立两条河流沉积物的物源端元值。已有研究表明,稀土元素参数判别图δEuUCC–(Gd/Yb)UCC,(La/Sm)UCC–(Gd/Yb)UCC,(La/Yb)UCC–(Gd/Yb)UCC等可作为区分不同河流沉积物的有效指标,并成功应用于亚洲大陆边缘海域[44, 55-56]。为避免沉积物粒度对端元指标建立的影响,我们首先分析了稀土元素指标与沉积物平均粒径的关系(图9),发现δEuUCC和(Gd/Yb)UCC与沉积物平均粒径的相关性差,表明其基本不受粒度的影响,可反映河流沉积物源区信息。
为此,我们绘制了彭亨河和吉兰丹河下游沉积物δEuUCC和(Gd/Yb)UCC关系图(图10),可以看出两条河流沉积物投点分布在不同的位置,且区分明显,其中彭亨河相对分散,8个站位点分布于左下角,δEuUCC和(Gd/Yb)UCC值都较低,吉兰丹河分布集中,位于图的中间,δEuUCC和(Gd/Yb)UCC值都相对彭亨河较高。因此δEuUCC–(Gd/Yb)UCC分异参数判别图可以作为区分彭亨河、吉兰丹河在海洋沉积物中良好的判别指标。另外,陆架河口区沉积物是河流入海物质的主要堆积地,为此我们将彭亨河河口及邻近陆架的4个站位和吉兰丹河河口及邻近陆架的3个站位表层沉积物δEuUCC–(Gd/Yb)UCC值也投点到图10中,结果表明彭亨河附近的4个站位均落在了判别图中彭亨河的范围内,吉兰丹河附近的3个站位也位于吉兰丹河河流沉积物的范围内,充分印证了δEuUCC–(Gd/Yb)UCC分异参数判别图在区分两条河流沉积物中应用的可靠性,为研究这两条河流沉积物在南海南部的分布和输运提供重要参考。
为了进一步明确彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物稀土元素物源判别的有效性,我们将南海主要入海河流珠江、红河、湄公河和湄南河的δEuUCC–(Gd/Yb)UCC也投点到图10,结果表明,珠江、红河、湄公河和湄南河沉积物投点范围与彭亨河和吉兰丹河区别明显,珠江和湄公河δEuUCC和(Gd/Yb)UCC值大于彭亨河和吉兰丹河,两者重叠的范围较大;红河大部分位于彭亨河和吉兰丹河的右侧和珠江、湄公河的下面,与其他河流区分较为明显,δEuUCC分布较为集中,(Gd/Yb)UCC分布范围较大;位于泰国湾的湄南河位于吉兰丹河的右下方,分布范围集中。为此,本文研究结果表明δEuUCC–(Gd/Yb)UCC值可作为彭亨河、吉兰丹河和湄公河等南海南部河流沉积物的判别指标,该指标体系可有效应用于陆架海域的“源–汇”过程和陆海相互作用研究。
(1)彭亨河稀土元素含量小于吉兰丹河,但变化范围比吉兰丹河大。彭亨河大部分沉积物轻重稀土分异明显,吉兰丹河轻重稀土分异不明显,两条河流均为Ce弱正异常,Eu中等负异常。马来半岛河流REE含量比南海北部的红河、珠江明显低。
(2)源岩差异是引起两条河流稀土元素组成差异的主要因素,吉兰丹河流域沉积物的源岩主要为沉积岩,彭亨河物质来源复杂,上、中、下游复杂的岩性变化导致其稀土元素变化较大;化学风化对彭亨河稀土元素特征有一定影响;粒度对彭亨河的REE含量起到了重要的控制作用,吉兰丹河由于粒度分布集中,粒度的影响较小;两条河流流域重矿物组成的差异引起HREE含量的差异,黏土矿物的吸附作用促进了吉兰丹河LREE的富集。
(3)δEuUCC–(Gd/Yb)UCC判别图对两条河流沉积物的区分效果明显,并成功应用于河口及邻近陆架,该指标体系可有效应用于南海陆架海域的“源–汇”过程研究,进行沉积物物质来源判别。
  • 全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-GEOGE-03,GASI-02-SCS-CJB01);山东省–国家自然科学基金委联合资助项目(U1606401);鳌山创新计划项目(2015ASKJ03)。
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2019年第41卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.007
  • 接收时间:2018-05-22
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2019-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-05-22
  • 修回日期:2018-07-19
基金
全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-GEOGE-03,GASI-02-SCS-CJB01);山东省–国家自然科学基金委联合资助项目(U1606401);鳌山创新计划项目(2015ASKJ03)。
作者信息
    1 浙江大学 海洋学院 海洋地质与资源研究所,浙江 舟山 316021
    2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
    3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    4 马来西亚国民大学 环境科学与自然资源学院,雪兰莪 万宜新 43600

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*石学法(1965—),男,研究员,主要从事海洋沉积学和海底成矿作用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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