Article(id=1246416854667911588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1532534400000, receivedDateStr=2018-07-26, revisedDate=1540310400000, revisedDateStr=2018-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775098535457, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1563984000000, pubDateStr=2019-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775098535457, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775098535457, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775098535457, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246416853124407707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775098535083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200282549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246416856450490801, articleId=1246416854667911588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Research on the distribution of sound scattering layer in the middle and high latitudes ocean of the Northern Hemisphere in autumn, columnId=1243867131083862618, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Physical Oceanography, Marine Meteorology and Marine Physics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The shipboard ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers) backscatter intensity data in the Eighth Arctic Science Expedition are analyzed for the temporal and spatial characteristics of the sound scattering layer (SSL), by combining the solar altitude, the sea ice concentration and the in-situ data of the water environment parameters. The results show that the higher the latitude is, the shorter the time of the SSL is on the sea surface. Even during the period of polar day and all covered by sea ice, the migration amplitude and backscattering intensity of the SSL are weakened, but they are still affected by the change of the solar elevation, and there is a strong temporal correlation between them and solar altitude angle. In the middle section of the Arctic, the migration of the SSL is weak, and there is no obvious SSL observed, the reason may be that the concentration of zooplanktons and fishes are relatively lower and the migration is weak, which is beyond the accuracy range of ADCP used in this paper. ADCP data in the back and forth from the Okhotsk Sea to the southwest of the Bering Sea, show that there are two SSLs, the shallower depth and the greater backscatter intensity, but their vertical migration time is synchronized, and the spacing between them is gradually reduced and combined as the latitude increases, it may be caused by marine organisms with different life habit.

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利用第八次北极调查走航ADCP后向散射强度数据,结合太阳高度、海冰密集度和实测水体环境参数数据,统计分析了中高纬海洋声散射层的时空变化特征。结果表明,纬度越高,声散射层在海表滞留时间越短,即使在极昼期间及全海冰覆盖海域,虽然其迁移幅度和后向散射强度减弱,但仍受太阳高度变化影响,且二者具有较强的时序相关性;在北极中央海域,不仅声散射层迁移活动较弱,且出现无明显散射层的情况,可能是因为该海域浮游动物和鱼类聚集度相对较低且迁移活动微弱,超出了本文所用ADCP的探测精度范围;从鄂霍次克海至白令海西南海域,往返ADCP数据均显示有两个后向散射强度上高下低,但垂直迁移时间同步的声散射层,且二者间距随纬度增加而逐渐减小并合为一体,这可能是由不同生活习性的海洋生物造成的。

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黄二辉(1978—),男,河南省周口市人,副研究员,主要从事海洋声学与遥感方面研究。E-mail:

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黄二辉(1978—),男,河南省周口市人,副研究员,主要从事海洋声学与遥感方面研究。E-mail:

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黄二辉(1978—),男,河南省周口市人,副研究员,主要从事海洋声学与遥感方面研究。E-mail:

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Blue lines for ADCP track, green dots for CTD stations, red lines for SG, CA and CB sections of CTD in this paper

, figureFileSmall=L85Nti2hOTT7c0pRtxIoxg==, figureFileBig=GjWERmD8B8SunkGMQOPvoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506014557008328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416854667911588, language=CN, label=图1, caption=第八次北极科学考察走航ADCP航迹和CTD站位分布

蓝色线段为ADCP走航航迹,绿色圆点为CTD站位点,红色线段为本文所用SG、CA、CB CTD断面

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caption=断面CB处温度、盐度、氮饱和度、氧饱和度随时间分布, figureFileSmall=knkFXDg2HMzfc+aIN5EFlA==, figureFileBig=6UnzZBnUuUhoMo74IkZAWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1254506027030868492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416854667911588, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistics of the parameters of sound scattering layer for the entire voyage

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日期向下迁移早于日出时差/min向上迁移晚于日落时差/min平均深度/m平均厚度/m平均强度/dB备注
7月22日6065380100−92
7月23日8070385100−90
7月24日215110−81第一散射层
495170−83第二散射层
7月25日220120−80第一散射层
480130−82第二散射层
7月26日5060250120−72第一散射层
第二散射层
7月27日8173220100−68第一散射层
48080−88第二散射层
7月28日85102285130−68第一散射层
390120−80第二散射层
7月29日10211630590−75第一散射层
第二散射层
8月2日极昼,海冰覆盖,散射层迁移未明显到达表层425200−81
8月3日380150−87
8月4日360150−87
8月5日350110−93
8月6日350100−94
8月7日330110−94
8月8日265210−94
8月9日325130−93
8月10日380120−95
8月11日360100−97
8月12日37090−101
8月13日40590−101
), ArticleFig(id=1254506027437715983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416854667911588, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全航程声散射层参数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期向下迁移早于日出时差/min向上迁移晚于日落时差/min平均深度/m平均厚度/m平均强度/dB备注
7月22日6065380100−92
7月23日8070385100−90
7月24日215110−81第一散射层
495170−83第二散射层
7月25日220120−80第一散射层
480130−82第二散射层
7月26日5060250120−72第一散射层
第二散射层
7月27日8173220100−68第一散射层
48080−88第二散射层
7月28日85102285130−68第一散射层
390120−80第二散射层
7月29日10211630590−75第一散射层
第二散射层
8月2日极昼,海冰覆盖,散射层迁移未明显到达表层425200−81
8月3日380150−87
8月4日360150−87
8月5日350110−93
8月6日350100−94
8月7日330110−94
8月8日265210−94
8月9日325130−93
8月10日380120−95
8月11日360100−97
8月12日37090−101
8月13日40590−101
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北半球夏季中高纬海洋声散射层分布研究
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黄二辉 1 , 杨燕明 1 , 文洪涛 1 , 周鸿涛 1
海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019,41(7): 52-64
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海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2019, 41(7): 52-64
北半球夏季中高纬海洋声散射层分布研究
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黄二辉1 , 杨燕明1, 文洪涛1, 周鸿涛1
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋声学与遥感实验室,福建 厦门 361005
  • 黄二辉(1978—),男,河南省周口市人,副研究员,主要从事海洋声学与遥感方面研究。E-mail:

Research on the distribution of sound scattering layer in the middle and high latitudes ocean of the Northern Hemisphere in autumn
Erhui Huang1 , Yanming Yang1, Hongtao Wen1, Hongtao Zhou1
Affiliations
  • 1 Ocean Acoustic and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
出版时间: 2019-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.005
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利用第八次北极调查走航ADCP后向散射强度数据,结合太阳高度、海冰密集度和实测水体环境参数数据,统计分析了中高纬海洋声散射层的时空变化特征。结果表明,纬度越高,声散射层在海表滞留时间越短,即使在极昼期间及全海冰覆盖海域,虽然其迁移幅度和后向散射强度减弱,但仍受太阳高度变化影响,且二者具有较强的时序相关性;在北极中央海域,不仅声散射层迁移活动较弱,且出现无明显散射层的情况,可能是因为该海域浮游动物和鱼类聚集度相对较低且迁移活动微弱,超出了本文所用ADCP的探测精度范围;从鄂霍次克海至白令海西南海域,往返ADCP数据均显示有两个后向散射强度上高下低,但垂直迁移时间同步的声散射层,且二者间距随纬度增加而逐渐减小并合为一体,这可能是由不同生活习性的海洋生物造成的。

中高纬  /  声散射层  /  太阳高度角  /  后向散射强度  /  垂直迁移

The shipboard ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers) backscatter intensity data in the Eighth Arctic Science Expedition are analyzed for the temporal and spatial characteristics of the sound scattering layer (SSL), by combining the solar altitude, the sea ice concentration and the in-situ data of the water environment parameters. The results show that the higher the latitude is, the shorter the time of the SSL is on the sea surface. Even during the period of polar day and all covered by sea ice, the migration amplitude and backscattering intensity of the SSL are weakened, but they are still affected by the change of the solar elevation, and there is a strong temporal correlation between them and solar altitude angle. In the middle section of the Arctic, the migration of the SSL is weak, and there is no obvious SSL observed, the reason may be that the concentration of zooplanktons and fishes are relatively lower and the migration is weak, which is beyond the accuracy range of ADCP used in this paper. ADCP data in the back and forth from the Okhotsk Sea to the southwest of the Bering Sea, show that there are two SSLs, the shallower depth and the greater backscatter intensity, but their vertical migration time is synchronized, and the spacing between them is gradually reduced and combined as the latitude increases, it may be caused by marine organisms with different life habit.

middle and high latitudes  /  sound scattering layer  /  solar altitude angle  /  backscatter intensity  /  vertical migration
黄二辉, 杨燕明, 文洪涛, 周鸿涛. 北半球夏季中高纬海洋声散射层分布研究. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (7) : 52 -64 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.005
Erhui Huang, Yanming Yang, Hongtao Wen, Hongtao Zhou. Research on the distribution of sound scattering layer in the middle and high latitudes ocean of the Northern Hemisphere in autumn[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (7) : 52 -64 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.005
在渔业和生态研究方面,声散射层常用于观测分析浮游动物、鱼类的丰度和垂直分布,甚至可区分生物个体和类型,研究和监测海洋环境及浮游动物和鱼类的运动规律[1-3];在水声学研究方面,它与目标探测及混响背景直接相关[4-6];组成声散射层的浮游动物和鱼类不仅是海洋生物的重要食物来源,而且其日常垂直迁移对全球海洋碳的循环和流通有重要意义[1-3, 7-8]。常用于声散射层的探测和测量设备主要有(下放式声学多普勒[9]/船载声学多普勒[10]/声相关[11])流速剖面仪、(单波束/多波束)回声测深仪[12]和渔探仪[13]等。
前人的诸多研究表明:无论淡水河流湖泊,还是近远海甚至极地海域[14],都存在一个或多个由浮游动物和鱼类集结的生物声散射层(简称为“声散射层”)[1, 3],对于声散射层中生物体的垂直迁移特性,其公认的主要诱因是其趋光性[1, 15-19],但也会受到其他水体环境参数[20-22](如温度、溶解氧、透明度、叶绿素浓度等),生物体内生物钟以及捕食压力的影响[18, 22]。其中,Daniele和Mislan[23]利用全球ADCP数据集统计分析了声散射层昼夜垂直迁移的全球大尺度模式,发现声散射层后向散射强度变化与日出和日落几乎同步;Aksnes等[19]利用鱼探仪研究了大西洋、印度洋和太平洋的站位数据,发现深水散射层(Deep Scattering Layer, DSL)的深度分布普遍与海洋光学深度相一致,且溶解氧和透光层之间的相关性为缺氧水域浅层DSL分布提供了一个简单关系;张超[12]同时利用ADCP和多波束测深仪发现西太平洋北纬海域,散射层的强度与纬度的高低呈正相关,并认为其形成原因主要是溶解氧含量随纬度的变化,与北太平洋中层水存在关系;Berge等[24]分析了西太平洋地区14个深水区域的声体积散射强度数据,结果显示,散射强度水平显示出与纬度的依赖性,并且与生物的有机生产力存在较强的相关性;刘洪宁[9]在第六次北极科学考察中利用LADCP发现无冰海面的海洋深层水的声后向散射强度明显大于海冰密集区。尽管针对海洋声散射层的研究已有半世纪之久,但具有环绕北极、连续经过不同海冰覆盖海域、航程跨越北半球中高纬,且往返路线基本一致特点的调查研究,则未见报道。
本文以我国第八次北极科学调查走航ADCP数据为基础,综合利用太阳高度、海冰密集度和实测水体环境参数数据,对不同时间、纬度的声散射层时空分布进行研究,且本文研究结果也可为我国多次开展的、时空分布基本一致的极地科学调查中的声散射数据分析提供技术支撑。
本文所用数据来自我国第八次北极考察航次调查船“雪龙”号的船载ADCP走航观测数据和CTD(Conductivity-Temperature-Depth)站位实测数据,数据起始时间为2017年7月21日至10月5日,航线和CTD站位见图1。ADCP型号为OS 38K,参数设置为:水体分层100层,水层厚度24 m,数据采样时间间隔为8 s,第一层到ADCP设备的距离为40 m,设备放置在水下7.8 m,ADCP实际观测最浅深度约50 m,不利于分析海表声散射,因此本文对于表层声散射现象不予统计分析;所用CTD型号为SeaBird SBE911,可测量温度、电导率、压力和声速等参数,数据采样率为24 Hz。
ADCP原始数据中存储有声体积后向散射信号的强度EI,可用WinADCP软件导出,然后利用式(1)将其转换为后向散射强度Sv[9-10, 12]
$\begin{aligned}{S_v} =& {{C}} + 10{\log _{10}}\left[ {\left( {{T_x} + 273.16} \right){{R}}_N^2} \right] - 10{\log _{10}}{{{L}}_{DBM}}- \\& 10{\log _{10}}{{{P}}_{DBM}} + 2\alpha {R_N} + {K_{\rm{C}}}\left( {EI - {E_r}} \right),\end{aligned}$
式中,C是与ADCP自身有关的常数(dB),由于无法查到与所用ADCP匹配的参数值,本文取C = 0,因此本文所用Sv为相对值;Tx为换能器测量的水体温度(℃);LDBM为声脉冲发射长度(m);PDBM为声脉冲发射功率(W);α为水体声吸收系数(dB/m),该值随航迹和深度而变化,但由于CTD站位分布有限(图1),本文采用如下办法:CTD站位附近的航迹,利用最邻近的CTD数据计算α,CTD站位外则利用世界大洋数据集WOA(World Ocean Atlas 2013 V2)气候态月均温盐深数据计算αKC为声信号强度转换系数(dB/count);Er为换能器接收声脉冲信号强度本底值(dB)。RN为沿波束方向从第N水层返回至换能器的声脉冲回波路径长度(m),计算公式如下[9-10, 12]
${{{R}}_N} = \frac{{B + \displaystyle\frac{{L + D}}{2} + \left( {N - 1} \right) \times D + \frac{D}{4}}}{{\cos\theta }} \times \frac{{c'}}{{{c_1}}},$
式中,B为换能器盲区长度(m);θ为换能器波束与换能器中心轴线的夹角(°);c1为换能器默认所用水体声速(1 541 m/s),换能器设置的水体分层位置N=1, 2, 3, ···, 100,第N层水体到换能器的默认垂直距离DN=N·24 m;c′为从换能器至第N水层的平均声速,并利用${{D}} = {{{D}}_N} \times \displaystyle\frac{{c'}}{{{c_1}}}$修正第N层水体到换能器的垂直距离。经过上述处理步骤所获得的声体积后向散射强度值存在很多无效值,通过将ADCP 4个波束的声体积后向散射强度进行平均,然后再按20 min时长进行时序平均[9, 12],就可以获得时序–深度上比较连续的后向散射强度均值。
为分析声散射层昼夜迁移随太阳高度角(一定程度上表示海面光照强度)的变化,本文利用美国NOAA地球系统研究实验室(Earth System Research Lab)提供的太阳位置计算器,根据调查船航迹对应的UTC时间和经纬度位置获取当地太阳高度角和昼夜时长(图2)。
根据走航ADCP所经海域和后向散射强度分布特征,本文分别从全航程、日本海航段、鄂霍次克海–白令海航段、门捷列夫岭航段、北极中央航段、格陵兰航段、加拿大海盆航段等,分别对声散射层时空分布特征进行分析。
图3显示了走航ADCP全航程水体后向散射强度的时间–深度分布,空白区域表示无有效/测量数据(其中在加拿大专属经济区海域时,ADCP为长时间关机状态)。由于超过800 m深度后,ADCP获得的有效数据更为稀少,难以有效统计后向散射强度的时序变化特征,故本文仅分析800 m深度以浅的数据。后向散射强度达到−30 dB左右的区域是由海底反射造成,可通过调查船上测深仪获得的海底深度进行佐证。总体来看,200~400 m的海洋中层深度分布有明显的声散射层,该散射层在调查船去程进入北极圈过程中,其分布深度范围逐渐减小,且强度逐渐减弱至背景强度大小;而在返程时,随着纬度减小,其分布幅度范围逐渐变大,强度逐渐增强,结合图2可以发现,该变化趋势与太阳高度角的变化具有较强的时序同步性,去程始于7月21日,正午太阳高度角随纬度增加而逐渐减小,同时白昼时长也在减少,8月1日进入北极圈后则为极昼,太阳高度角变化越来越小。与返程(9月18日后)相比,同一经纬度的太阳高度角也减少了20°左右。图3中的后向散射强度也表现为时序相一致的特征。因此,本文在下面更详细的航线分析中,结合太阳高度角时序曲线,统计声散射层的时空分布特征。由于调查船行经较浅海域(200 m以浅)时,例如黄海、东海、白令海与楚科奇海相邻海域等,从水体后向散射强度图中难以分辨生物声散射层的昼夜迁徙行为,本文不予讨论较浅海域的后向散射强度变化。
为方便量化对比,本文依据后向散射强度时序–深度分布,人工提取了各散射层参数(表1),符号“—”表示无法识别和提取该参数值,其中日出、日落判断是以太阳高度角0°为依据,向下、向上迁移起始时间是以水深40 m处较大后向散射强度值对应时刻为准,平均深度、平均厚度和平均强度是在后向散射强度的等值线图和梯度图上,人工提取散射层边界然后计算平均获得的。
表1可以看出,散射层向下迁移起始时间早于日出,向上迁移起始时间晚于日落,其时差通常都大于1 h,前者之间时差一般大于后者之间的时差,且纬度越高,时差越大,在北欧附近海域,时差甚至超过3 h,而时差越大,说明散射层在表层滞留时间越短。
图4a显示调查船行经日本海时获得的后向散射强度,此时正午太阳高度角最高70°左右,深水散射层深度范围300~400 m。向下迁徙停止于日升高度角30°左右,而又在日落高度角30°时开始向上迁移,日落之后到达表层100 m以浅。图4a中左侧200 m以浅的浅水层与右侧相比,在白天也有较强的散射强度,后续散射强度通常代表水体中有更密集的散射体,此时调查船行经海域地处大和海盆,水深较浅,对马暖流行经此处,世界有名的渔场分布于此处[1],可能是白昼期间该海域上层也存在较密集浮游生物和鱼类资源的原因。调查船返程经过日本海时的后向散射强度(图4b)也能看到同样现象(日本海南侧相比东北侧,表层生物量比较大)。虽然此时正午太阳高度角最高仅45°左右(比去程时低了15°左右),散射层的分布深度相比去程多30 m左右,且后向散射强度均值相差10~12 dB(表1),说明返程时的水下生物丰度更密集。
进入鄂霍次克海域后(图5),在中层水域开始出现两个散射层,第一散射层位于200~300 m,第二散射层位于400~600 m,且第二散射层亦同样具有同步的昼夜迁移特征,但散射强度小于第一散射层,迁移幅度仅约100 m,从深度分布和形态细节方面来看,可排除第二散射层是由第一散射层的后向散射被船底反射后,水体的二次散射形成,而可能是由不同生物类型或不同生活习性的海洋生物造成的。调查船7月25日12时进入西太平洋,第一散射层的散射强度增强,同时第二散射层散射强度变弱,且深度变浅、厚度变薄,至7月27日0时进入白令海后,两个散射层之间边界越来越近,而7月29日到达白令海中部陆坡时两个散射层已分不清边界,且第一散射层深度明显比前几天的更深,但强度较弱。结合表1,返程时的散射层分布趋势大致与去程相同,但正午太阳高度角比去程时低了将近20°,返程时的第一散射层的平均深度更深(多40 m左右)一些,后向散射强度相差不多。结合3.1节返程时散射层也有变深情况,推测正午太阳高度角与散射层分布深度可能有相关性。
利用美国国家冰雪资料中心(National Snow & Ice Data Center)的海冰密集度数据绘制图6所示时序曲线,作为辅助数据以了解北冰洋航线的海冰覆盖情况。调查船8月1日在加拿大海盆边缘开始进入零星浮冰区,此时已为极昼(正午太阳高度角最低为2.5°,最高为33°),图7显示声散射层的强度和迁移幅度也在逐渐减弱,并且不再迁移至海表(最浅滞留深度约150 m),且滞留时间亦很短(约2 h),8月2–3日,调查船从海冰密集度0%逐渐进入95%海域,此时仍然可以观测到散射层与太阳高度角变化相一致的迁移过程,即太阳升起时散射层向下迁移,反之则向上迁移,且散射层上下迁移的幅度越来越小。总体来看,整个迁移过程与太阳高度角随时间变化趋势相一致,再次说明,即使被海冰覆盖,太阳高度角的变化(即光照强度)仍然对散射层的垂直迁移过程影响较大。
日本海航段、鄂霍次克海–白令海航段、门捷列夫岭航段途径海域的声散射层随时间变化各有特点,散射层的垂直迁移过程与太阳高度角的变化息息相关,但由于没有实测水体环境参数剖面数据,无法深入分析其中的相关关系和影响机制。
从8月4日之后,散射层迁移(分布范围在300~400 m之间)随太阳高度角变化已不明显,散射层强度逐渐减弱,但仍可以观察到平均散射强度随太阳升起、降落(图8),呈现相应同步的微小减弱、增强变化特征。但在8月12–17日期间,散射层强度与背景强度区分已不明显,且150~400 m深度之间几乎观测不到水体的后向散射,说明该区域水体非常纯净。散射层平均深度先从8月6日的350 m左右逐渐变化到8月9日250 m左右,而后又逐渐变深至450 m左右,这应该与水体环境的变化有关。从图9所示同步实测的CTD、氧饱和度和氮饱和度数据进行分析,8月5–16日,散射层深度范围内水体温度、盐度均逐渐增加(水温从0.5℃变化到1.5℃,盐度从31.5变化到35),但氧饱和度、氮饱和度却是逐渐降低(氧饱和度从8.2 mL/L变化到7.7 mL/L,氮饱和度从14.5 mL/L变化到13.6 mL/L),可能正是这些水体环境参数的变化限制了水体浮游生物/鱼类的深度和密集度分布。
图6图10可以看出,8月17日12时开始,船只从海冰密集度70%区域逐渐进入无冰区,且开始出现夜晚,散射层的迁移幅度和厚度变大,黑夜时长较长时,散射层才逐渐到达海表层,且在表层滞留时间随着黑夜时长增加而增加,后向散射强度也在逐渐增强,但8月23日的散射层深度却变浅。从同步测量的水体环境参数来看,从8月19日至22日,温、盐、氧氮饱和度等值线逐渐变深,但8月23日开始,等值线深度逐渐变浅,与散射层变化趋势相一致。与中央航线段相比,本航段的水体后向散射强度变化与水体环境参数之间的关系却相反(图11):随温盐的升高、氧氮饱和度的降低,中央中央航线段的后向散射强度逐渐减小,甚至出现无后向散射区,但在格陵兰岛周边海域的后向散射强度却呈现相反的变化趋势,虽然可以用水体中不同生活习性的生物来解释,但对两个海域来说,其与太阳高度角的变化似乎更具有一致性,即太阳高度角变化范围大时,散射层深度变化范围和后向散射强度也较大。
图6显示9月8日航行至加拿大海盆,海面无明显海冰,图12显示此时散射层后向散射强度较弱,迁移最浅深度约260 m,最深约500 m,9月9日接近海盆边缘,后向散射强度变大,100 m以浅深度也开始出现较强散射,散射层迁移最深深度变浅(约450 m),9月10日声散射层强度相对更大,且迁移深度已至100 m以浅,该变化或许可以用该时段水体环境参数(图13)等值线稍有上移来解释。9月12–19日,由于基本在同一位置,散射层迁移的变化不明显,但相对前两日,散射层已明显迁移至海表层。
本文利用第八次北极调查走航观测的ADCP单位体积声后向散射强度数据,统计分析了声散射层各参数(迁移时间、深度、厚度和后向散射强度)在北半球夏季中高纬的时空分布特征,获得如下结论:
(1)200~400 m深度的海洋中层分布有明显的声散射层,其垂直迁移幅度和后向散射强度通常随纬度增加而减小,且与太阳高度角变化具有较强的时序相关性,即太阳高度角变化范围大时,散射层迁移幅度和后向散射强度也较大。
(2)散射层向下迁移起始时间早于日出,向上迁移起始时间晚于日落,其时差通常都大于1 h,前者时差一般大于后者时差,且纬度越高,时差越大,在北欧附近海域,时差甚至超过3 h。
(3)随着黑夜时长的减小,散射层在海表滞留时间变短,在极昼、海冰覆盖期间,散射层不再迁移至海表层。
(4)在北极中央航段海域,散射层的垂直迁移幅度不明显,且存在无明显散射层的现象,可能是该海域浮游动物和鱼类聚集度小且其迁徙活动微弱,超出了本文所用ADCP的探测精度范围所致。
(5)从鄂霍次克海至白令海西南海域,往返ADCP数据均显示海洋中层有两个声散射层,具有同步的垂直迁移特征,第一声散射层后向散射强度高于第二声散射层,且二者之间的间距随纬度增加而减小,并逐渐合二为一,可能是由不同生物类型或不同生活习性的海洋生物造成的。
  • 国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(海三科2017022);国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1405900)。
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2019年第41卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.005
  • 接收时间:2018-07-26
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2019-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2018-07-26
  • 修回日期:2018-10-24
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国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(海三科2017022);国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1405900)。
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    1 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋声学与遥感实验室,福建 厦门 361005
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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