Article(id=1246416854072320413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1527609600000, receivedDateStr=2018-05-30, revisedDate=1541088000000, revisedDateStr=2018-11-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775098535315, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1563984000000, pubDateStr=2019-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775098535315, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775098535315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775098535315, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246416853124407707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2019', volume='41', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775098535083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775200282549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246843612969984922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1246416853124407707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=143, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246416854454002082, articleId=1246416854072320413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Analysis and correction of GIM error about Jason-2 altimeter, columnId=1243867133881466948, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Information Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the ionospheric correction data of Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) and dual-frequency, extracting the Pacific Ocean dataset from the Jason-2 Altimeter’s Geophysical Data Set (GDR) including 38-period in 2015. The dataset is divided into small twelve cell according to the features of ionosphere over seasons and in latitude. The result shows that there is a significant difference between the GIM and the dual-frequency correction value, and the GIM correction value is generally higher than the dual-frequency correction value, indicating that GIM overestimates the ionosphere path delay, also, the difference between the GIM and the dual-frequency is related to the season and latitude. Applying the modified equation to the 2016 Jason-2 annual data, the corrected GIM value is very close to the dual-frequency correction value, and the applicability of the modified equation remains the same over time. In the case where the single-frequency altimeter cannot use the ionospheric dual-frequency correction algorithm, the GIM value of the altimeter of the same height can be corrected by using the correction equations of different quarters and different latitude regions to achieve the accuracy level of the dual-frequency correction value.

, correspAuthors=Hongli Miao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiafeng Huang, Hongli Miao, Xiangying Miao, Wenwen Xue), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246416858035937749, articleId=1246416854072320413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=Jason-2高度计电离层GIM误差分析及修正研究, columnId=1243867134770659409, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋信息科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于Jason-2高度计2015年地球物理数据集(GDR)38个周期太平洋海域的全球电离层图(GIM)电离层校正值和双频校正值的数据,分不同季度和不同纬度区域比较二者的差异,结果表明:GIM值与双频校正值之间存在明显的差异,GIM校正值普遍高于双频校正值,说明GIM高估了电离层路径延迟,GIM校正值与双频校正值的差异与季节和纬度区间有关。用梯度下降法得到GIM值的修正方程,将修正方程应用于2016年Jason-2的全年数据,修正后的GIM值与双频校正值十分接近,在各年份中均具有良好的适用性。在单频高度计不能使用电离层双频校正算法的情况下,可以利用不同季度和不同纬度区域的修正方程对同等高度的高度计GIM值进行修正以达到双频校正值的精度水平。

, correspAuthors=苗洪利, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*苗洪利(1964—),男,山东省青岛市人,教授,主要从事海洋遥感方面研究。E-mail:
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黄霞凤(1993—),女,安徽省黄山市人,主要从事海洋遥感方面研究。E-mail:

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黄霞凤(1993—),女,安徽省黄山市人,主要从事海洋遥感方面研究。E-mail:

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The overall of the Pacific Ocean and annual statistical result of DF and GIM

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MDF/cmSDF/cmMGIM/cmSGIM/cmM(DF-GIM)/cmS(DF-GIM)/cm
4.733.455.463.79–0.731.04
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太平洋全域、全年DF值与GIM值的统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MDF/cmSDF/cmMGIM/cmSGIM/cmM(DF-GIM)/cmS(DF-GIM)/cm
4.733.455.463.79–0.731.04
), ArticleFig(id=1254506017065197996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416854072320413, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The satistics of DF and GIM in different quarters and different regions

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区域季度MDF/cmSDF/cmMGIM/cmSGIM/cmM(DF-GIM)/cmS(DF-GIM)/cm
北中纬13.612.874.453.19−0.840.88
25.192.646.182.91−0.990.92
33.431.704.011.87−0.580.77
42.521.742.971.93−0.450.72
低纬度18.735.419.815.74−1.081.48
27.704.359.014.64−1.311.37
35.272.886.263.22−0.991.08
46.203.806.914.05−0.711.21
南中纬15.622.326.352.56−0.730.99
23.151.663.651.95−0.510.82
32.291.152.551.37−0.260.67
44.141.634.601.84−0.460.80
), ArticleFig(id=1254506017375576496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416854072320413, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同季度及不同区域DF值与GIM值统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域季度MDF/cmSDF/cmMGIM/cmSGIM/cmM(DF-GIM)/cmS(DF-GIM)/cm
北中纬13.612.874.453.19−0.840.88
25.192.646.182.91−0.990.92
33.431.704.011.87−0.580.77
42.521.742.971.93−0.450.72
低纬度18.735.419.815.74−1.081.48
27.704.359.014.64−1.311.37
35.272.886.263.22−0.991.08
46.203.806.914.05−0.711.21
南中纬15.622.326.352.56−0.730.99
23.151.663.651.95−0.510.82
32.291.152.551.37−0.260.67
44.141.634.601.84−0.460.80
), ArticleFig(id=1254506017694343604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416854072320413, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The coefficient and r value of the correction equation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域季度αβr
北中纬10.830.010.92
20.84−0.010.93
30.85−0.020.93
40.85−0.020.94
低纬度10.890.010.95
20.860.010.92
30.84−0.010.94
40.90−0.010.96
南中纬10.88−0.020.96
20.84−0.030.98
30.86−0.040.99
40.88−0.030.99
), ArticleFig(id=1254506017904058806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416854072320413, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

修正方程系数及r

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域季度αβr
北中纬10.830.010.92
20.84−0.010.93
30.85−0.020.93
40.85−0.020.94
低纬度10.890.010.95
20.860.010.92
30.84−0.010.94
40.90−0.010.96
南中纬10.88−0.020.96
20.84−0.030.98
30.86−0.040.99
40.88−0.030.99
), ArticleFig(id=1254506018159911353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416854072320413, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evaluation of before and after GIM corrections

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域季度修正前修正后
M(DF-GIM)/cmS(DF-GIM)/cmM(DF-GIM)/cmS(DF-GIM)/cm
北中纬1−1.160.88−0.470.80
2−1.360.93−0.480.85
3−0.770.84−0.040.76
4−0.590.84−0.040.70
低纬度1−1.371.24−0.531.19
2−1.431.36−0.331.23
3−1.071.23−0.111.14
4−0.891.31−0.061.20
南中纬1−0.901.00−0.300.92
2−0.810.99−0.290.80
3−0.330.78−0.120.68
4−0.561.02−0.120.91
), ArticleFig(id=1254506018331877821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1246416854072320413, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

GIM修正前后指标评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域季度修正前修正后
M(DF-GIM)/cmS(DF-GIM)/cmM(DF-GIM)/cmS(DF-GIM)/cm
北中纬1−1.160.88−0.470.80
2−1.360.93−0.480.85
3−0.770.84−0.040.76
4−0.590.84−0.040.70
低纬度1−1.371.24−0.531.19
2−1.431.36−0.331.23
3−1.071.23−0.111.14
4−0.891.31−0.061.20
南中纬1−0.901.00−0.300.92
2−0.810.99−0.290.80
3−0.330.78−0.120.68
4−0.561.02−0.120.91
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Jason-2高度计电离层GIM误差分析及修正研究
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黄霞凤 1 , 苗洪利 1, * , 苗翔鹰 1 , 薛文文 1
海洋学报 | 海洋信息科学 2019,41(7): 143-148
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海洋学报 | 海洋信息科学 2019, 41(7): 143-148
Jason-2高度计电离层GIM误差分析及修正研究
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黄霞凤1 , 苗洪利1, * , 苗翔鹰1, 薛文文1
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 信息科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 黄霞凤(1993—),女,安徽省黄山市人,主要从事海洋遥感方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*苗洪利(1964—),男,山东省青岛市人,教授,主要从事海洋遥感方面研究。E-mail:
Analysis and correction of GIM error about Jason-2 altimeter
Xiafeng Huang1 , Hongli Miao1, * , Xiangying Miao1, Wenwen Xue1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2019-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.013
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基于Jason-2高度计2015年地球物理数据集(GDR)38个周期太平洋海域的全球电离层图(GIM)电离层校正值和双频校正值的数据,分不同季度和不同纬度区域比较二者的差异,结果表明:GIM值与双频校正值之间存在明显的差异,GIM校正值普遍高于双频校正值,说明GIM高估了电离层路径延迟,GIM校正值与双频校正值的差异与季节和纬度区间有关。用梯度下降法得到GIM值的修正方程,将修正方程应用于2016年Jason-2的全年数据,修正后的GIM值与双频校正值十分接近,在各年份中均具有良好的适用性。在单频高度计不能使用电离层双频校正算法的情况下,可以利用不同季度和不同纬度区域的修正方程对同等高度的高度计GIM值进行修正以达到双频校正值的精度水平。

雷达高度计  /  电离层路径延迟  /  双频校正算法  /  全球电离层图

Based on the ionospheric correction data of Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) and dual-frequency, extracting the Pacific Ocean dataset from the Jason-2 Altimeter’s Geophysical Data Set (GDR) including 38-period in 2015. The dataset is divided into small twelve cell according to the features of ionosphere over seasons and in latitude. The result shows that there is a significant difference between the GIM and the dual-frequency correction value, and the GIM correction value is generally higher than the dual-frequency correction value, indicating that GIM overestimates the ionosphere path delay, also, the difference between the GIM and the dual-frequency is related to the season and latitude. Applying the modified equation to the 2016 Jason-2 annual data, the corrected GIM value is very close to the dual-frequency correction value, and the applicability of the modified equation remains the same over time. In the case where the single-frequency altimeter cannot use the ionospheric dual-frequency correction algorithm, the GIM value of the altimeter of the same height can be corrected by using the correction equations of different quarters and different latitude regions to achieve the accuracy level of the dual-frequency correction value.

radar altimeter  /  ionospheric path delay  /  dual-frequency correction algorithm  /  global ionospheric map
黄霞凤, 苗洪利, 苗翔鹰, 薛文文. Jason-2高度计电离层GIM误差分析及修正研究. 海洋学报, 2019 , 41 (7) : 143 -148 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.013
Xiafeng Huang, Hongli Miao, Xiangying Miao, Wenwen Xue. Analysis and correction of GIM error about Jason-2 altimeter[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019 , 41 (7) : 143 -148 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.013
电离层中大量的自由电子和离子会对微波的传输产生折射并导致延迟,对于Jason-2高度计,折射引起的测高误差通常为0.2~40 cm[1],在太阳风暴活动高潮期,电子含量的剧烈变化所引起的误差将更大,相对于厘米级的雷达高度计测高精度不可接受[2]
实时跟踪监测的电离层双频校正算法是目前最有效方法,对于双频高度计可以直接采用该方法校正电离层延迟引起的测高误差[3]。正因如此,IGS(International GPS Service)于1998年开始,采用双频算法连续发布GIM(Globel Ionosphere Map)数据[4-9],该数据为不同位置、不同时间GPS卫星到地面路径上的电子总含量值,其空间分辨率(经纬度)为5°×2.5°、时间分辨率为2 h[10]。1998年,Mannucci等[7]通过GIM数据获得了GPS微波信号的电离层延迟值,然而,GIM数据是基于20 000 km的GPS双频信号获得。尽管在2010年Jee等[11]将GIM模型应用于Jason系列高度计,但由于Jason高度计的轨道高度仅有1 336 km,将GIM校正值直接用于高度计难免会存在过量使用电离层延迟带来的误差[12]
目前的双频雷达高度计发布的电离层延迟值均有双频(Dual-frequency,DF)校正值和未经高度修正的GIM校正值。雷达高度计双频校正法利用其自身发射两个不同频率信号,通过两个频率上的实际观测距离,完成电离层误差校正,具有实时性好、精度高的特点[13]。而对于我国即将发射的单频三维成像高度计(Ku波段),不能使用电离层双频算法,采用GIM模型算法是选择之一。因此,有必要研究GIM校正值误差进而对其进行修正,为单频高度计的电离层延迟校正建立准确的GIM校正算法。
本论文采用Jason-2 GDR(Geophysical Data Records)2015年全年数据集,由于太平洋海域辽阔,受陆地影响较少,故本文针对太平洋海域电离层DF校正值和GIM校正值开展对比研究,并使用梯度下降法建立不同季度、不同纬度的GIM修正方程。将修正方程应用于Jason-2 GDR 2016年全年的GIM值修正,并对结果进行分析。
本论文选取2015年Jason-2高度计全年共38个周期的数据作为差异分析及建立修正方程;选取2016年Jason-2高度计全年共37个周期的数据作为修正方程的应用及检验。提取各个周期波段的时间、经度、纬度、GIM值和DF值,剔除GIM值和DF值−40~0 cm范围之外的异常数据,筛选出太平洋区域(纬度60°S~60°N;经度150°W~180°,120°E~180°)的数据。
对筛选出的2015年太平洋全域数据进行DF值与GIM值统计分析,为便于分析说明,本文将电离层校正值取绝对值。DF值与GIM值的散点分布如图1所示,DF与GIM差值分布如图2所示,统计结果见表1,其中M表示平均值,S表示标准差。
图1图2表1可以看出:DF值与GIM值整体呈现正线性相关,二者的平均值和标准差基本接近,但GIM值要大于DF值,平均高出0.73 cm。
由于电离层与纬度区域和时间均有关,将2015年太平洋全域数据分北中纬(20°~60°N)、低纬度(20°S~20°N)和南中纬(20°~60°S)3个区域,同时全年分为4个季度,即1–3月为第1季度、4–6月为第2季度、7–9月为第3季度、10–12月为第4季度。将全域、全年数据划分为12个数据集。统计不同纬度区域及不同季度DF值和GIM值及差值的平均值(M)和标准差(S)。结果如表2所示,DF与GIM差值分布如图3所示。
根据表2图3的分析,每个季节和每个纬度区域均表现出GIM值大于DF值,但差值的分布与季度和纬度有关。从季度角度的变化可以看出,无论是哪一个纬度区域,第2季DF值与GIM值的差异最大,其次是第1季,第4季的差异最小。从纬度角度的变化可以看出,无论是哪一个季节,赤道附近的低纬度区域表现出的DF值与GIM值差异最大,其次是北中纬区域,南中纬区域的差异最小。由于太阳的活动规律使得电离层呈现出固有的随时间和空间的变化特性,从而导致DF与GIM差异的时空特性。而DF是双频法获得的实时测量值,准确可靠。因此,有必要根据不同的季度和不同的纬度区域建立不同的GIM修正方程。
从不同季度和不同纬度的DF与GIM的分布看,呈现的均是相关系数r较高的线性关系,可知DF与GIM之间的关系可以表示为:
${\rm{DF}} = {\rm{\alpha}} \times {\rm{GI}}{{\rm{M}}_{\rm uncorr}} + {\rm{\beta}} ,$
式中,GIMuncorr为未修正的GIM值;αβ为方程的系数。本文分别利用梯度下降法和最小二乘法拟合方程系数,通过对比各自的拟合优度,最终选择梯度下降法来确定方程系数。根据式(1),我们建立GIM的修正方程:
${\rm{GI}}{{\rm{M}}_{\rm corr}} = {\rm{\alpha}} \times {\rm{GI}}{{\rm{M}}_{\rm uncorr}} + {\rm{\beta}}.$
利用公式(2)计算不同季度和不同纬度各自的相关系数r,计算结果如表3所示。
将建立的12组GIM修正方程应用于Jason-2的2016年全年数据,并计算各自修正前后的DF与GIM差值的平均值(M)和标准差(S),结果如表4所示,对应不同季度差值修正前后概率分布,如图4图7所示。
表4可以看到,经过修正方程修正后的GIM与DF差值的平均绝对值和标准差与修正前相比,均有不同程度的减小。从图4图7的差值分布也能直观地看出,修正后的GIM值更接近双频校正值,差值的分布更接近0值附近,由于标准差的减小使得差值的分布更集中。
电离层具有年周期变化特点,针对同一高度计,在不同年份中DF值和GIM值具有相对稳定性。为了检验修正方程的适用性,对2009–2014年Jason-2的GIM数据分别进行修正,结果表明,修正方程在各年份中均具有良好的适用性。
通过对比Jason-2高度计2015年全年38个周期数据的电离层双频校正值和GIM校正值,表明GIM平均绝对值普遍高于双频校正值,说明来自GPS卫星高度(20 200 km)的GIM值由于比Jason-2的轨道高度(1 336 km)高的多,导致过高估计了电离层路径延迟。由于电离层变化与季节和区域有关,使得DF和GIM值均有季节和区域性变化特点,而DF测量值是实时观测,其测量误差不受季节和区域变化影响,但二者的差值表现出季节和区域性变化,说明需要对GIM分季度分纬度进行修正。根据不同季度、不同纬度区域的不同差异特征,分别建立了不同的GIM修正方程。将所建方程应用于Jason-2高度计2016年数据,通过对GIM修正前后的对比分析,表明修正方程有效,且在各年份中均具有良好的适用性,修正结果更接近电离层双频校正值。在与Jason-2同等高度的单频高度计不能使用电离层双频校正算法的情况下,可以利用不同季度和不同纬度区域的修正方程对GIM值进行修正以达到双频校正值的精度水平。
  • 海洋环境安全保障重点专项“三维成像雷达高度计海洋信息提取技术及应用”(2016YFC1401004)。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.013
  • 接收时间:2018-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2019-07-25
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2018-05-30
  • 修回日期:2018-11-02
基金
海洋环境安全保障重点专项“三维成像雷达高度计海洋信息提取技术及应用”(2016YFC1401004)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 信息科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266100

通讯作者:

*苗洪利(1964—),男,山东省青岛市人,教授,主要从事海洋遥感方面研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.07.013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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