Article(id=1244313107753971990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313103459008874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1578499200000, receivedDateStr=2020-01-09, revisedDate=1588348800000, revisedDateStr=2020-05-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774596963107, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1608825600000, pubDateStr=2020-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774596963107, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774596963107, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774596963107, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244313103459008874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774596962084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597044552, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313449409393475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313103459008874, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313449409393476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313103459008874, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244313108106293528, articleId=1244313107753971990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Distribution characteristics and fluxes of nutrients in the rivers of the Beibu Gulf, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Observations were carried out at Nanliu River, Dafeng River, Qinjiang River, Maoling River and Fangcheng River in the Beibu Gulf to analyze the distribution characteristics and fluxes of nutrient in February (dry season) and August (flood season) 2018. The results showed that significantly variations of nutrient concentration were observed, and the nutrient concentrations in the Fangcheng River, Maoling River and Qinjiang River in the dry season were higher than that in the flood season, while the nutrient concentrations in the Dafeng River and Nanliu River in the flood season were higher than that in the dry season. Nitrate (${\rm {NO}}_3^- $) was the predominant species of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) during the flood season, while the ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ content in the Fangcheng River and Dafeng River increased during the dry season. Based on the runoff data and nutrient concentration, the fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus into the Beibu Gulf were calculated to be 1014607 tons and 47929 tons respectively in 2018, of which DIN accounted for 77% of total nitrogen and ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $ accounted for 40% of total phosphorus. During the flood river, higher nutrient fluxes were found in the Nanliu River, followed by Dafeng River, Fangcheng River, Maoling River and Qinjiang River. While in the dry season, the flux of nutrients from rivers to the coastal gulf changed significantly due to the influence of regional pollution. Compared with the historical data, the fluxes of nutrient into the coastal gulf increased significantly, which may be responsible for the increase of water eutrophication in the coastal Beibu Gulf. High and different terrestrial inputs transported by the rivers in northern Beibu Gulf may lead to an extensive impact on the ecological system of the Beibu Gulf.

, correspAuthors=Youli Shen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qibin Lao, Guoqiang Liu, Youli Shen, Qizhong Su, Jingsong Gao, Fajin Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244313111025529140, articleId=1244313107753971990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=北部湾入海河流营养盐的分布特征及入海通量研究, columnId=1194652708993995497, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=研究报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

于2018年2月(枯水期)和8月(丰水期)对南流江、大风江、钦江、茅岭江和防城江等北部湾主要的入海河流开展调查,分析这些河流各形态营养盐的浓度特征及入海通量。结果表明,不同时期营养盐浓度差异较为明显,主要表现为枯水期防城江、茅岭江和钦江的营养盐浓度较丰水期高,而丰水期大风江和南流江的营养盐浓度高于枯水期,表明丰水期大风江和南流江污染较为严重。丰水期,${\rm {NO}}_3^- $是溶解态无机氮的主要成分,但枯水期防城江和大风江${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $比例升高。根据径流量资料和河流营养盐浓度,估算出2018年北部湾入海河流的氮和磷的入海通量分别为1014607 t和47929 t,其中溶解态无机氮占总氮的77%,${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $占总磷的40%。丰水期,南流江营养盐入海通量总体较高,其次是大风江,防城江、茅岭江和钦江的营养盐入海通量相对较小。枯水期,受区域污染影响,不同河流营养盐的入海通量变化较大。与历史对比,北部湾河流的营养盐入海通量显著升高,表明河流营养盐输入的升高可能是北部湾近海水体富营养化加重的重要因素。北部湾河流不同时期氮和磷输入量的差异,可能会对北部湾近岸及邻近海域生态系统产生较大影响。

, correspAuthors=申友利, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*申友利,高级工程师,主要从事海洋防灾减灾及生态修复研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=isGQsqhFD4y3r1i4D1ebDA==, magXml=FpXujlNEuw8PvNVVI8/Nyw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=OeMI162006Q+josEC7iB1w==, pdfFileSize=1570039, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=GFmt26uoZt6PU0nsYif9Jw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=orxrH8UFbTtL4doA9Y4D/A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

劳齐斌(1992-),男,广西壮族自治区来宾市人,从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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2 南宁师范大学 北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室,广西 南宁 530001, bio={"content":"

劳齐斌(1992-),男,广西壮族自治区来宾市人,从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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劳齐斌(1992-),男,广西壮族自治区来宾市人,从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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Nutrient flux into Beibu Gulf through five rivers during the flood season and dry season

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
径流量/108 m3DIN/t$ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+}$/t$ {{\rm {NO}}_2^- }$/t$ {{\rm {NO}}_3^- }$/t$ {{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $/tTN/tTP/t
枯水期防城江70.451178365273144942616186692018
茅岭江147.54129002031270105983531210004372
钦江71.771906546604931391133326364660
南流江282.3414277841488549795865409941
大风江44.1853611869623286911811340289
合计616.28633852350125843729946561427818281
丰水期防城江471.83913610733613277891132433352949
茅岭江738.44498201902731512764232251111606720
钦江527.56578739760136293448524271162395451
南流江1802.02387807916033075293129337041146114350
大风江515.77181914301211188150605429818963110178
合计4055.59716550161244216565336501445187182639648
总计4671.877799341847452424157094919108101460747929
), ArticleFig(id=1246521522639229340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313107753971990, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

北部湾5条河流不同时期营养盐的入海通量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
径流量/108 m3DIN/t$ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+}$/t$ {{\rm {NO}}_2^- }$/t$ {{\rm {NO}}_3^- }$/t$ {{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $/tTN/tTP/t
枯水期防城江70.451178365273144942616186692018
茅岭江147.54129002031270105983531210004372
钦江71.771906546604931391133326364660
南流江282.3414277841488549795865409941
大风江44.1853611869623286911811340289
合计616.28633852350125843729946561427818281
丰水期防城江471.83913610733613277891132433352949
茅岭江738.44498201902731512764232251111606720
钦江527.56578739760136293448524271162395451
南流江1802.02387807916033075293129337041146114350
大风江515.77181914301211188150605429818963110178
合计4055.59716550161244216565336501445187182639648
总计4671.877799341847452424157094919108101460747929
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北部湾入海河流营养盐的分布特征及入海通量研究
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劳齐斌 1, 2 , 刘国强 1 , 申友利 1, * , 粟启仲 1 , 高劲松 2 , 陈法锦 3
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2020,42(12): 93-100
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2020, 42(12): 93-100
北部湾入海河流营养盐的分布特征及入海通量研究
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劳齐斌1, 2 , 刘国强1, 申友利1, * , 粟启仲1, 高劲松2, 陈法锦3
作者信息
  • 1 国家海洋局北海海洋环境监测中心站,广西 北海 536000
  • 2 南宁师范大学 北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室,广西 南宁 530001
  • 3 广东海洋大学 广东省近海海洋变化与灾害预警重点实验室,广东 湛江 524088
  • 劳齐斌(1992-),男,广西壮族自治区来宾市人,从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*申友利,高级工程师,主要从事海洋防灾减灾及生态修复研究。E-mail:
Distribution characteristics and fluxes of nutrients in the rivers of the Beibu Gulf
Qibin Lao1, 2 , Guoqiang Liu1, Youli Shen1, * , Qizhong Su1, Jingsong Gao2, Fajin Chen3
Affiliations
  • 1 Marine Environmental Monitoring Centre of Beihai, State Oceanic Administration, Beihai 536000, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Resource Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
  • 3 Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
出版时间: 2020-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.010
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于2018年2月(枯水期)和8月(丰水期)对南流江、大风江、钦江、茅岭江和防城江等北部湾主要的入海河流开展调查,分析这些河流各形态营养盐的浓度特征及入海通量。结果表明,不同时期营养盐浓度差异较为明显,主要表现为枯水期防城江、茅岭江和钦江的营养盐浓度较丰水期高,而丰水期大风江和南流江的营养盐浓度高于枯水期,表明丰水期大风江和南流江污染较为严重。丰水期,${\rm {NO}}_3^- $是溶解态无机氮的主要成分,但枯水期防城江和大风江${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $比例升高。根据径流量资料和河流营养盐浓度,估算出2018年北部湾入海河流的氮和磷的入海通量分别为1014607 t和47929 t,其中溶解态无机氮占总氮的77%,${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $占总磷的40%。丰水期,南流江营养盐入海通量总体较高,其次是大风江,防城江、茅岭江和钦江的营养盐入海通量相对较小。枯水期,受区域污染影响,不同河流营养盐的入海通量变化较大。与历史对比,北部湾河流的营养盐入海通量显著升高,表明河流营养盐输入的升高可能是北部湾近海水体富营养化加重的重要因素。北部湾河流不同时期氮和磷输入量的差异,可能会对北部湾近岸及邻近海域生态系统产生较大影响。

营养盐  /  入海通量  /  河流  /  北部湾

Observations were carried out at Nanliu River, Dafeng River, Qinjiang River, Maoling River and Fangcheng River in the Beibu Gulf to analyze the distribution characteristics and fluxes of nutrient in February (dry season) and August (flood season) 2018. The results showed that significantly variations of nutrient concentration were observed, and the nutrient concentrations in the Fangcheng River, Maoling River and Qinjiang River in the dry season were higher than that in the flood season, while the nutrient concentrations in the Dafeng River and Nanliu River in the flood season were higher than that in the dry season. Nitrate (${\rm {NO}}_3^- $) was the predominant species of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) during the flood season, while the ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ content in the Fangcheng River and Dafeng River increased during the dry season. Based on the runoff data and nutrient concentration, the fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus into the Beibu Gulf were calculated to be 1014607 tons and 47929 tons respectively in 2018, of which DIN accounted for 77% of total nitrogen and ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $ accounted for 40% of total phosphorus. During the flood river, higher nutrient fluxes were found in the Nanliu River, followed by Dafeng River, Fangcheng River, Maoling River and Qinjiang River. While in the dry season, the flux of nutrients from rivers to the coastal gulf changed significantly due to the influence of regional pollution. Compared with the historical data, the fluxes of nutrient into the coastal gulf increased significantly, which may be responsible for the increase of water eutrophication in the coastal Beibu Gulf. High and different terrestrial inputs transported by the rivers in northern Beibu Gulf may lead to an extensive impact on the ecological system of the Beibu Gulf.

nutrients  /  nutrient fluxes  /  river  /  Beibu Gulf
劳齐斌, 刘国强, 申友利, 粟启仲, 高劲松, 陈法锦. 北部湾入海河流营养盐的分布特征及入海通量研究. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (12) : 93 -100 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.010
Qibin Lao, Guoqiang Liu, Youli Shen, Qizhong Su, Jingsong Gao, Fajin Chen. Distribution characteristics and fluxes of nutrients in the rivers of the Beibu Gulf[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (12) : 93 -100 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.010
氮、磷是海洋生物生长所必须的营养要素,同时也是引起水体富营养化、“缺氧”和赤潮等环境问题的主要元素[1-3]。河流在陆源营养盐向海洋输送的过程中发挥着重要作用[4-5]。随着流域人口增长、工农业活动频繁,河流向近海环境输入营养盐的量显著增多[5-8],使得近海生态环境面临巨大冲击[9-11]。此外,气候变化与流域土地大量开发利用的协同效应可能导致河流营养盐脉冲式输出强度的增加[7, 12]。因此,对入海河流生源要素变化规律、来源、入海通量及其演变趋势的研究,对了解海洋营养盐动力学及控制水体富营养化具有重要的意义[2, 4, 7]
北部湾是南海西北部一个天然的半封闭海湾,水动力条件较差,污染物和营养物质不易扩散,海湾生态系统稳定性易受人类活动影响[13]。近年来,随着北部湾经济的快速发展,在高强度人类活动和气候变化的多重压力下,近海生境退化问题日益严重,该区域生态安全问题引起了广泛关注[11, 14-19]。北部湾北部有多条河流输入,包括南流江、大风江、钦江、茅岭江、防城江等,年径流量达3.0×1011 m3,其中雨季(4−10月)占80%以上[14],该区域部分高污染负荷区主要来源于河流输入[14-16, 18]。随着河流污染物输入增加,广西北部湾部分区域水体富营养化严重[14, 18]。然而,20世纪末以来关于北部湾入海河流营养盐动力学的研究仍较少,更多聚焦于北部湾近海水体的研究[11, 14-15, 18],而入海河流相关数据较少。因此,为了解这一新兴经济发展区水环境变化状况,亟待开展系统的北部湾入海河流营养盐动力学研究。
本研究于2018年对南流江、大风江、钦江、茅岭江和防城江等北部湾主要的入海河流开展季节性调查,探讨北部湾入海河流营养盐的分布特征及输运通量。这些资料对科学维护北部湾生态环境提供科学依据,对北部湾生态系统的可持续发展具有重大意义。
北部湾地处亚热带季风区,受东亚季风影响,年降雨量为1775 mm,其中雨季的降雨量(4−10月,1579 mm)远高于旱季(11月至翌年3月,196 mm)(http://data.cma.cn/site/index.html,北海市气象台,1981−2010年)。根据北部湾的气候特征,分别于2018年2月(旱季,枯水期)和8月(雨季,丰水期)在南流江、大风江、钦江、茅岭江和防城江5条广西北部湾入海河流进行2个调查航次。根据每条河流的特征,共设置16个调查站位,详见图1。由于北部湾河流河口是典型的亚热带潮汐河口,潮流属于往复流,考虑到潮流的影响,采样均于落潮时期。水样用容量10 L的Niskin采样器采集,营养盐样品用孔径为0.45 μm的醋酸纤维膜过滤,过滤后水样分装于100 mL聚乙烯瓶中(预先用30%的盐酸溶液浸泡24 h,再用超纯水清洗至中性),−20°C冷冻保存,待测。总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)样品直接分装于250 mL聚乙烯瓶中,−20°C冷冻保存,待测。
营养盐浓度使用荷兰Skalar 营养盐自动分析仪(San++, 荷兰)进行测定,其中${\rm {NO}}_3^- $+ ${\rm {NO}}_2^- $${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $分别采用镉铜柱还原−重氮偶氮法、磷钼蓝法和次氯酸钠氧化法测定,检测限分别为0.6 μg/L、0.6 μg/L和0.4 μg/L。TN和TP采用过硫酸钾氧化法测定,检测限分别为20.0 μg/L 和5.0 μg/L。
2018年北部湾入海河流的月平均径流量变化如图2所示,防城江、茅岭江、钦江、南流江和大风江的径流量均于7−8月达到峰值,而1−2月较低。其中,南流江的月径流量明显高于其他河流。根据径流量的月变化特征,将11月至翌年3月划分为枯水期,4−10月为丰水期。
图3是调查期间防城江、茅岭江、钦江、大风江和南流江的盐度特征。其中,丰水期除大风江口处的D04和D05站位(盐度分别为11.8和15.5)外,其他区域河流的盐度均接近于0;枯水期除钦江的盐度接近于0外,其他区域盐度均大于0,总体表现为枯水期盐度大于丰水期。河口处主要受近海海水影响,盐度较高,其中大风江口枯水期盐度接近30。受降雨影响,丰水期较大的降雨量使得北部湾河流径流量远大于枯水期[14],导致该时期盐度较低;而枯水期降雨量和径流量均较小,可能出现部分海水入侵而导致盐度较高。
营养盐分布特征如图4图5所示。枯水期和丰水期溶解性无机氮(Dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)(${\rm {NO}}_3^- $+ ${\rm {NO}}_2^- $+${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $)浓度范围分别为64.4~2775.0 μg/L和528.0~3749.1 μg/L,平均为1203.8 μg/L和1585.1 μg/L(图4a)。丰水期,南流江DIN浓度最高(平均为3527.0 μg/L),其次是大风江(平均为1561.1 μg/L)和钦江(平均为1097.0 μg/L),而防城江(平均为829.5 μg/L)和茅岭江(平均为674.7 μg/L)浓度较低(图4a)。然而,枯水期南流江(平均为1213.3 μg/L)和大风江(平均为336.8 μg/L)的DIN含量较丰水期则明显降低,但钦江(平均为2656.3 μg/L)、茅岭江(平均为874.3 μg/L)和防城江(平均为1672.5 μg/L)较丰水期升高(图4a)。丰水期,${\rm {NO}}_3^- $是DIN主要成分,防城江、茅岭江、钦江、大风江和南流江${\rm {NO}}_3^- $浓度分别占DIN的71%、55%、60%、76%和83%;其次是${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $,而${\rm {NO}}_2^- $较低(除了钦江${\rm {NO}}_2^- $浓度较高外)(图4b)。枯水期,不同河流DIN成分略有差别,${\rm {NO}}_3^- $是茅岭江、钦江和南流江DIN主要成分,分别占82%、73%和54%,而${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $是防城江和大风江的主要成分,均占55%,${\rm {NO}}_2^- $成分较低(图4c)。
枯水期和丰水期${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度范围分别为0.7~420.0 μg/L和1.9~94 μg/L,平均为70.2 μg/L和39.2 μg/L。不同河流${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度分布差异明显,枯水期防城江(平均为87.5 μg/L)和茅岭江(平均为239.3 μg/L)的${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度明显高于丰水期(分别为24.0 μg/L和43.7 μg/L),但南流江丰水期${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度(83.3 μg/L)则高于枯水期(26.7 μg/L),而钦江和大风江的${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度在这两个时期变化不明显。枯水期,茅岭江${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度最高(239.3 μg/L),其次是防城江(87.5 μg/L)、钦江(46.3 μg/L)、南流江(26.7 μg/L),而大风江${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度最低(2.4 μg/L);丰水期,南流江${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度最高(83.3 μg/L),其次是钦江(46.0 μg/L)和茅岭江(43.7 μg/L),而防城江和大风江${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度(分别为24.0 μg/L和12.1 μg/L)较低(图4d)。
枯水期和丰水期TN浓度分别为0.19~3.78 mg/L和0.79~3.87 mg/L,平均为2.23 mg/L和2.04 mg/L。枯水期,与DIN相似,TN浓度最高的是钦江(3.67 mg/L),其次是防城江(2.65 mg/L)和南流江(2.57 mg/L),而茅岭江浓度(1.42 mg/L)和大风江浓度(1.48 mg/L)较低。丰水期,TN浓度最高为南流江(3.68 mg/L),其次是钦江(2.20 mg/L),大风江(1.73 mg/L)、茅岭江(1.51 mg/L)和防城江(0.92 mg/L)较低(图5a)。枯水期和丰水期TP浓度分别为0.02~0.51 mg/L和0.06~0.21 mg/L,平均为0.13 mg/L和0.10 mg/L。与${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度分布相似,枯水期防城江(0.29 mg/L)和茅岭江(0.30 mg/L)TP浓度明显高于钦江(0.09 mg/L)、南流江(0.07 mg/L)和大风江(0.03 mg/L);而丰水期除了南流江TP浓度较高外(0.20 mg/L),其他河流浓度变化不大(图5b)。
总体上,枯水期防城江、茅岭江和钦江的营养盐(DIN、${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $、TN和TP)浓度较丰水期高,而丰水期大风江和南流江的营养盐高于枯水期。一般来说,丰水期由于径流量大,水体的稀释作用使得该时期营养盐浓度较低,而枯水期由于径流量和降雨量小,水体营养盐浓度较高[5, 7-8]。然而,尽管丰水期径流量和降雨量均较大,南流江和大风江营养盐含量却明显增多,表明该时期由于雨水量大,很可能将陆地上的高浓度污染物冲刷进入河流流域。南流江和大风江流域面积较大,能汇集邻近区域大量的工业、农业和城市生活污水。据报道,仅南流江的工业废水、生活污水和水产养殖用水的排放量远高于钦江和茅岭江[20]。当然,受流域土地利用类型的影响,营养盐来源可能会有差异,例如${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $主要来源于工业废水和生活污水,而${\rm {NO}}_3^- $主要来源于城市地表径流和农田径流等面源污染[21-23]。丰水期,${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的含量占比较低,推测该时期营养盐可能来源于农田径流,而枯水期其含量比例有所升高,可能与生活污水来源有关。丰水期正是农业活动的频繁期,该时期大量地使用农药和化肥是导致营养盐浓度升高的重要因素[4-5, 24]。此外,丰水期由于水温和降雨量较高,有利于${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $的稀释和转化,且该时期高浓度的悬浮物对${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $的吸附作用较强,而对${\rm {NO}}_3^- $${\rm {NO}}_2^- $的吸附较小,导致${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $占DIN的比例较低[4]。相反,枯水期径流量较小、悬浮物浓度较低和水温较低引起微生物活性降低,该时期${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $占DIN比例有所升高[4, 13]。枯水期,防城江和茅岭江出现${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度的高值,可能与该区域的工业活动有关。防城港的东北部,即防城江和茅岭江流域之间存在磷肥厂,该区域的工业活动可能是导致流域${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度较高的主要因素[14]。丰水期,钦江水体出现${\rm {NO}}_2^- $浓度高值,可能与该区域较强的工业活动有关。近年来,大量的新兴工业入驻钦州,工业活动的加剧已经导致茅尾海和钦州湾海域的DIN处于较高负荷[14]。此外,${\rm {NO}}_2^- $浓度的高值,也可能与生物过程有关,因为水体在缺氧环境下发生的反硝化过程会导致${\rm {NO}}_2^- $浓度升高[25-26],但仍需进一步研究。
河流营养盐入海通量的计算方式如下:
${F_i} = {C_i} \times {Q_i},$
式中,Fi为营养盐入海通量;Ci为营养盐浓度;Qi为河流径流量。由于大风江D04站位和D05站位位于河口盐度较高区域,该河流营养盐入海通量为D01−D03站位的平均值,其他河流为全部站位的平均值。广西北部湾河流不同时期径流量和营养盐入海通量见表1。2018年,防城江、茅岭江、钦江、大风江和南流江向北部湾近岸海域输入的总氮和总磷通量分别为1014607 t和47929 t,其中DIN占总氮的77%,${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $占总磷的40%。丰水期河流输入的营养盐明显多于枯水期(表1),丰水期输入的总氮、总磷、DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $分别占全年的86%、83%、92%和76%。丰水期,南流江营养盐入海通量最高,总氮、总磷、DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $分别占该时期总河流输入量的47%、36%、54%和23%。枯水期,尽管南流江的径流量最大,但部分河流由于营养盐浓度较高,入海通量也较大。例如,枯水期茅岭江的总磷和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $的入海通量最高,其次是防城江,钦江、南流江和大风江的入海通量较低;DIN入海通量最高是钦江,其次是南流江、茅岭江和防城江,而大风江DIN的入海通量较低。这主要与枯水期北部湾部分河流的营养盐负荷较高有关。与2014年相比(总氮、总磷、DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $的入海通量分别为66322.97 t、3528.26 t、32380.56 t和1639.22 t)[20],2018年北部湾河流的营养盐入海通量显著升高,总氮、总磷、DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $的入海通量比2014年均高出一个数量级。随着北部湾经济的快速发展,河流输入大量的营养盐已经导致北部湾部分海域水体富营养化严重,如钦州湾内、廉州湾和大风江口等区域,氮和磷的浓度长期劣于4类海水标准限制[14, 18]。因此,北部湾入海河流营养盐浓度及入海通量不断升高可能是北部湾近海水体富营养化加重的重要因素。
北部湾北部近海海域的盐度、叶绿素、营养盐的变化与该区域入海河流径流的季节变化相关性较好[14-15, 18, 27],表明北部湾河流输入的确影响邻近海域的生态环境。N和P是评价海域水质环境的重要指标,近年来高浓度的污染物持续向近海环境输入,DIN含量显著增多,导致北部湾近岸海水的氮磷比持续升高,海域浮游植物生长受到磷的限制[14, 18]。入海河流径流量的季节性变化导致营养盐输送量和结构的差异,是近岸海域水体发生赤潮的重要调控因素[4, 28]。本研究中,氮磷比例(N/P)采用DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $计算,如图6所示,除了枯水期茅岭江的N/P值(8.1)较低外,其他河流的N/P值都明显高于Redfield值(16)。并且,不同时期N/P值差异明显,枯水期钦江、大风江和南流江的N/P值高于丰水期,而防城江和茅岭江的N/P在丰水期处于较高值。枯水期防城江和茅岭江的N/P值较低可能与磷肥厂工业活动有关,由于该时期径流量和降雨量均较小,工业活动对水体磷酸盐浓度影响更大。水体中高浓度的磷通过径流输入北部湾近岸海域,使得原本处于磷限制的水体得到了更多磷营养盐的补充,在适当的条件下可能会刺激浮游植物的生长,这可能会对北部湾近岸及邻近海域的初级生产力、浮游生物生物量和群落结构变化等存在较大的影响。近年来,近岸海水中氮营养盐浓度在人类活动与全球变化双重压力的影响下不断升高[2-3, 6],氮磷比也随着升高,导致大部分区域水体处于磷限制状态[4, 18]。这也导致磷酸盐是影响广西北部湾浮游植物分布格局最重要的因素[29]。但仍有部分海域存在较高磷浓度的输入[3, 11, 30]。营养盐输送状况的变化将会对近岸海域浮游植物群落结构产生较大的影响[4]。例如,在钦州湾和防城港近岸海域,由于丰水期水温和光照等环境条件适宜,随着DIP输入量的增加,浮游植物快速增长,该时期浮游植物的丰度达枯水期的3倍以上[31-32]。此外,枯水期,北部湾西部浮游植物丰度远高于东部区域[32],可能与该时期西部(防城江、茅岭江和钦江)${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $输入较高有关(表1)。总体而言,受流域人类活动的影响,北部湾入海河流向其近岸海域输送大量的氮营养盐,可能是近年来北部湾水体氮磷比持续升高的重要因素,使得北部湾生态系统对磷浓度变化较为敏感。但部分河流磷浓度较高,大量的磷输入,导致部分区域营养盐结构发生变化,可能会对北部湾生态系统产生较大影响。
北部湾入海河流的径流量均于7−8月达到峰值,而1−2月径流量处于较低值。不同时期,不同河流营养盐浓度差异较为明显。总体表现为,枯水期防城江、茅岭江和钦江的营养盐浓度较丰水期高,而丰水期大风江和南流江的营养盐浓度高于枯水期。根据河流营养盐浓度和径流量估算,2018年河流向北部湾近岸海域总共输入1014607 t的氮和47929 t的磷,其中DIN占总氮的77%,${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $占总磷的40%。丰水期河流输入的营养盐明显高于枯水期。丰水期,南流江营养盐入海通量总体较高,总氮、总磷、DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $分别占该时期总河流输入量的47%、36%、54%和23%,其次是大风江,防城江、茅岭江和钦江的营养盐入海通量相对较小。枯水期,受区域污染影响,不同河流营养盐的入海通量变化较大。与历史数据对比,北部湾河流的营养盐入海通量显著升高,表明河流营养盐输入的升高可能是北部湾近海水体富营养化加重的重要因素。北部湾河流不同时期氮和磷输入量的差异,可能会对北部湾近岸及邻近海域生态系统产生较大影响。
  • 北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室(南宁师范大学)和广西地表过程与智能模拟重点实验室(南宁师范大学)开放基金(NNNu-KLoP-K1920);北海市科学研究与技术开发计划项目(北科合 201995036)。
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2020年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.010
  • 接收时间:2020-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-01-09
  • 修回日期:2020-05-02
基金
北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室(南宁师范大学)和广西地表过程与智能模拟重点实验室(南宁师范大学)开放基金(NNNu-KLoP-K1920);北海市科学研究与技术开发计划项目(北科合 201995036)。
作者信息
    1 国家海洋局北海海洋环境监测中心站,广西 北海 536000
    2 南宁师范大学 北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室,广西 南宁 530001
    3 广东海洋大学 广东省近海海洋变化与灾害预警重点实验室,广东 湛江 524088

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*申友利,高级工程师,主要从事海洋防灾减灾及生态修复研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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