Article(id=1244313106789286273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313103459008874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1561046400000, receivedDateStr=2019-06-21, revisedDate=1574092800000, revisedDateStr=2019-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774596962877, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1608825600000, pubDateStr=2020-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774596962877, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774596962877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774596962877, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244313103459008874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774596962084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597044552, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313449409393475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313103459008874, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313449409393476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313103459008874, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244313107129024909, articleId=1244313106789286273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatial and temporal characteristics and trend of pH in the Bohai Sea, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the data of pH and environmental parameters from 2011 to 2017, using the method of grid statistics and time-space matrix, contrastive analysis of pH in each environmental unit and the correlation of pH and environmental factors were studied. Furthermore, the differences of relevant factors affecting different seasons, regions and water levels were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) during from 2011 to 2017, the spatial distribution of pH was relatively stable in the Bohai Sea, the average value of surface pH in environmental units was from 7.95 to 8.38, the bottom was from 7.89 to 8.35, the absolute variation of average value was 1−1.5 standard deviations; (2) the time series of pH in each environmental unit tend to change synchronously, but there were differences among the units due to the different spatial distribution, the distribution characteristic of surface pH in winter was consistent with the saline; (3) there was a significant positive correlation between pH and chlorophyll a content in the Bohai Sea, and the surface pH varied seasonally, which was obviously consistent with distribution and variation characteristics of chlorophyll a, therefore, biological factor played an important role in regulating the pH of surface water; (4) the low value region of pH in Bohai Sea bottom in August was consistent with the formation of hypoxic zones by regional water stratification, and it was found that the bottom pH was positively correlated with dissolved oxygen; (5) the characteristic information of acidification indicators was further displayed by gridding processing technology and time-space matrix analysis method, which provided a good technical support for long-time scale analysis and research under climate change.

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基于2011−2017年海水pH和环境参数数据,应用格网统计和时空矩阵方法,研究各环境单元内pH和环境因子同比变化及相关性,并对影响不同季节、区域和水体层次的相关因子作差异性分析,结果显示:(1) 2011−2017年间,渤海区域pH的空间分布整体相对稳定,各环境单元表层pH平均值为7.95~8.38,底层pH平均值为7.89~8.35,平均值绝对变化为1~1.5个标准差;(2)各环境单元pH时间序列趋于同步变化,由于空间分布不同,局部单元间存在差异,研究认为冬季表层pH低值和盐度高值空间分布特征一致;(3)渤海区域pH与叶绿素a浓度呈现显著正相关,表层pH季节性特征明显,且与叶绿素a时空分布特征一致,生物因素对近岸表层水体pH的调节起重要作用;(4) 8月间渤海底层出现pH局部低值的区域,分析发现这与水体层化形成低氧区域相一致,同时发现底层pH与溶解氧呈显著正相关;(5)利用格网化数据处理技术和时空矩阵分析方法,进一步显化了pH和环境因子特征信息,对气候变化下长时间尺度的分析研究提供了很好的技术支撑。

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王秋璐(1982-),女,天津市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境数据分析与方法研究。E-mail:

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王秋璐(1982-),女,天津市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境数据分析与方法研究。E-mail:

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王秋璐(1982-),女,天津市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境数据分析与方法研究。E-mail:

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Numerical simulation of the dual-core structure of the Bohai Sea cold bottom water in summer[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009, 54(11): 4520−4528., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246521531845726861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Huade, Kao S J, Zhai Weidong, et al. Effects of stratification, organic matter remineralization and bathymetry on summertime oxygen distribution in the Bohai Sea, China[J]. 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Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 30(9): 42−44., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1246521525780763109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2017YFA0603200)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246521518046466295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246521518054854904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, companyId=1246521518046466295, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 National Marine Data and Information Service, Tianjin 300171, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246521518063243513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, companyId=1246521518046466295, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国家海洋信息中心,天津 300171)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246521522588897689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Grid environment unit distribution and data statistics

The grids with black italics in the figure were the research grid units, which represents unit one to unit five. Black data marked with an asterisk represents the water quality station numbers, and the unmarked black data represent the number of CO2 pressure (uint: μatm) records

, figureFileSmall=2IL2ZA3vaBWi37HCm1t62g==, figureFileBig=YAjRj/7fqaQ9mk/LUjKmMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246521522656006557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=CN, label=图1, caption=格网环境单元分布及数据统计信息

图中黑色斜体数字标记的网格为研究格网单元,分别代表环境单元1~5;带有星号标记的黑色数据代表该格网内水质数据站位数,未带有标记的黑色数据代表格网内海水表层CO2分压(单位:μatm)记录数

, figureFileSmall=2IL2ZA3vaBWi37HCm1t62g==, figureFileBig=YAjRj/7fqaQ9mk/LUjKmMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246521522769252773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Temporal and spatial matrix distribution of pH

A grey cell indicates missing data; a white cell indicates anormal value (within 0.5 standard deviation of the long-term mean value); a red cell indicates above-normal conditions, and a blue cell indicates below-normal; more intense colours indicate larger anomalies

, figureFileSmall=bccSA0CAeFuttXmscmnRJw==, figureFileBig=/JvGMr42ZCQm37OVDLD6Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246521522874110378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=CN, label=图2, caption=pH时空矩阵分布

灰色单元表示数据缺失;白色单元表示指标值在正常含量范围(与长期历史值间存在0.5个标准差)之内;红色单元表示指标值高于正常含量;蓝色单元表示指标值低于正常含量;矩阵单元显示颜色越明显,表示异常幅度越大

, figureFileSmall=bccSA0CAeFuttXmscmnRJw==, figureFileBig=/JvGMr42ZCQm37OVDLD6Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246521522970579372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Temporal and spatial matrix distribution of chlorophyll a content

A grey cell indicates missing data; a white cell indicates anormal value (within 0.5 standard deviation of the long-term mean value); a red cell indicates above-normal conditions, and a blue cell indicates below-normal; more intense colours indicate larger anomalies

, figureFileSmall=nsgYWyIshFiRvHbURMuJuw==, figureFileBig=vgvU51F7SWGFp8wk47bddg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246521523054465456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=CN, label=图3, caption=叶绿素a含量时空矩阵分布

灰色单元表示数据缺失;白色单元表示指标值在正常含量范围(与长期历史值间存在0.5个标准差)之内;红色单元表示指标值高于正常含量;蓝色单元表示指标值低于正常含量;矩阵单元显示颜色越明显,表示异常幅度越大

, figureFileSmall=nsgYWyIshFiRvHbURMuJuw==, figureFileBig=vgvU51F7SWGFp8wk47bddg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246521523121574324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Temporal and spatial matrix distribution of dissolved oxygen content

A grey cell indicates missing data; a white cell indicates anormal value (within 0.5 standard deviation of the long-term mean value); a red cell indicates above-normal conditions, and a blue cell indicates below-normal; more intense colours indicate larger anomalies

, figureFileSmall=jvtAAGubqxMPoi4Agjvcew==, figureFileBig=3JAzIeA0HpOSaKDS4u1xCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246521523192877496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=CN, label=图4, caption=溶解氧含量时空矩阵分布

灰色单元表示数据缺失;白色单元表示指标值在正常含量范围(与长期历史值间存在0.5个标准差)之内;红色单元表示指标值高于正常含量;蓝色单元表示指标值低于正常含量;矩阵单元显示颜色越明显,表示异常幅度越大

, figureFileSmall=jvtAAGubqxMPoi4Agjvcew==, figureFileBig=3JAzIeA0HpOSaKDS4u1xCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246521523289346493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Temporal and spatial matrix distribution of salinity

A grey cell indicates missing data; a white cell indicates anormal value (within 0.5 standard deviation of the long-term mean value); a red cell indicates above-normal conditions, and a blue cell indicates below-normal; more intense colours indicate larger anomalies

, figureFileSmall=OrRTJSzInRmnGqKOfhwJoA==, figureFileBig=udvdEZYyHTTcG0wuxFHwGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246521523394204095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=CN, label=图5, caption=盐度时空矩阵分布

灰色单元表示数据缺失;白色单元表示指标值在正常含量范围(与长期历史值间存在0.5个标准差)之内;红色单元表示指标值高于正常含量;蓝色单元表示指标值低于正常含量;矩阵单元显示颜色越明显,表示异常幅度越大

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Mean value of pH content and changing characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境单元层次pH平均值月份周期特征
阈值标准差26810
  注:表格中实心黑圆表示最大值出现的月份,实心灰圆表示最小值出现的月份。
1表层7.98~8.380.095显著
底层8.04~8.340.071局部显著
2表层8.03~8.360.098 显著
底层7.93~8.280.094显著
3表层7.96~8.350.094显著
底层7.94~8.350.094局部显著
4表层8.06~8.350.095显著
底层7.89~8.330.101局部显著
5表层7.95~8.280.071显著
底层7.95~8.270.077不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1246521523964629464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

pH平均值和变化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境单元层次pH平均值月份周期特征
阈值标准差26810
  注:表格中实心黑圆表示最大值出现的月份,实心灰圆表示最小值出现的月份。
1表层7.98~8.380.095显著
底层8.04~8.340.071局部显著
2表层8.03~8.360.098 显著
底层7.93~8.280.094显著
3表层7.96~8.350.094显著
底层7.94~8.350.094局部显著
4表层8.06~8.350.095显著
底层7.89~8.330.101局部显著
5表层7.95~8.280.071显著
底层7.95~8.270.077不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1246521525482967516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The correlation analysis between pH and environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因子相关系数(r显著性水平(p
表层底层表层底层
  注:*p<0.01,**p<0.05。
叶绿素a0.4170.325<0.01*0.001*
溶解氧−0.1980.2850.033**0.002*
盐度−0.2260.0160.014**0.862
表层海水温度0.460<0.01*
表层海水CO2分压−0.436<0.01*
), ArticleFig(id=1246521525587825122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106789286273, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

pH与环境因子相关性分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因子相关系数(r显著性水平(p
表层底层表层底层
  注:*p<0.01,**p<0.05。
叶绿素a0.4170.325<0.01*0.001*
溶解氧−0.1980.2850.033**0.002*
盐度−0.2260.0160.014**0.862
表层海水温度0.460<0.01*
表层海水CO2分压−0.436<0.01*
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渤海海水pH时空分布特征与趋势分析
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王秋璐 1 , 许艳 1 , 曾容 1 , 张健 1 , 黄海燕 1
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2020,42(12): 101-109
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2020, 42(12): 101-109
渤海海水pH时空分布特征与趋势分析
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王秋璐1 , 许艳1, 曾容1, 张健1, 黄海燕1
作者信息
  • 1 国家海洋信息中心,天津 300171
  • 王秋璐(1982-),女,天津市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境数据分析与方法研究。E-mail:

Spatial and temporal characteristics and trend of pH in the Bohai Sea
Qiulu Wang1 , Yan Xu1, Rong Zeng1, Jian Zhang1, Haiyan Huang1
Affiliations
  • 1 National Marine Data and Information Service, Tianjin 300171, China
出版时间: 2020-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.011
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基于2011−2017年海水pH和环境参数数据,应用格网统计和时空矩阵方法,研究各环境单元内pH和环境因子同比变化及相关性,并对影响不同季节、区域和水体层次的相关因子作差异性分析,结果显示:(1) 2011−2017年间,渤海区域pH的空间分布整体相对稳定,各环境单元表层pH平均值为7.95~8.38,底层pH平均值为7.89~8.35,平均值绝对变化为1~1.5个标准差;(2)各环境单元pH时间序列趋于同步变化,由于空间分布不同,局部单元间存在差异,研究认为冬季表层pH低值和盐度高值空间分布特征一致;(3)渤海区域pH与叶绿素a浓度呈现显著正相关,表层pH季节性特征明显,且与叶绿素a时空分布特征一致,生物因素对近岸表层水体pH的调节起重要作用;(4) 8月间渤海底层出现pH局部低值的区域,分析发现这与水体层化形成低氧区域相一致,同时发现底层pH与溶解氧呈显著正相关;(5)利用格网化数据处理技术和时空矩阵分析方法,进一步显化了pH和环境因子特征信息,对气候变化下长时间尺度的分析研究提供了很好的技术支撑。

海水pH  /  渤海  /  分布特征  /  环境因子  /  时空矩阵  /  格网统计

Based on the data of pH and environmental parameters from 2011 to 2017, using the method of grid statistics and time-space matrix, contrastive analysis of pH in each environmental unit and the correlation of pH and environmental factors were studied. Furthermore, the differences of relevant factors affecting different seasons, regions and water levels were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) during from 2011 to 2017, the spatial distribution of pH was relatively stable in the Bohai Sea, the average value of surface pH in environmental units was from 7.95 to 8.38, the bottom was from 7.89 to 8.35, the absolute variation of average value was 1−1.5 standard deviations; (2) the time series of pH in each environmental unit tend to change synchronously, but there were differences among the units due to the different spatial distribution, the distribution characteristic of surface pH in winter was consistent with the saline; (3) there was a significant positive correlation between pH and chlorophyll a content in the Bohai Sea, and the surface pH varied seasonally, which was obviously consistent with distribution and variation characteristics of chlorophyll a, therefore, biological factor played an important role in regulating the pH of surface water; (4) the low value region of pH in Bohai Sea bottom in August was consistent with the formation of hypoxic zones by regional water stratification, and it was found that the bottom pH was positively correlated with dissolved oxygen; (5) the characteristic information of acidification indicators was further displayed by gridding processing technology and time-space matrix analysis method, which provided a good technical support for long-time scale analysis and research under climate change.

pH  /  Bohai Sea  /  distribution characteristic  /  environmental factor  /  time-space matrix  /  grid statistic
王秋璐, 许艳, 曾容, 张健, 黄海燕. 渤海海水pH时空分布特征与趋势分析. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (12) : 101 -109 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.011
Qiulu Wang, Yan Xu, Rong Zeng, Jian Zhang, Haiyan Huang. Spatial and temporal characteristics and trend of pH in the Bohai Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (12) : 101 -109 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.011
2003年,Caldeira和Wickett[1]在《Nature》杂志中首次提出海洋酸化(Ocean Acidification, OA),海洋酸化是指由于吸收大气中过量二氧化碳(CO2)而导致的海水pH降低的现象。此后,海洋酸化成为备受关注的全球性问题,研究内容主要分为两个方面:一方面是海洋酸化对生态系统和生物功能的影响,另一方面是对海洋酸化现象的认识,其中对酸化的直观表现参数pH分布特征和趋势分析也成为研究的主要内容[2-4]
研究人员先后在西北太平洋和南大洋利用长时间序列数据研究发现,近200年表层海水pH已经下降了0.1,并伴有明显季节性和局部性特征[1, 5-6]。Dore等[7]根据1988−2007年太平洋时间序列站观测结果发现,表层海水pH以0.001 9/a的速度下降,并提出这种现象将在未来10年内蔓延至南大洋和北冰洋沿岸海域。对极区的研究发现,极地寒冷气候具有较高的吸收CO2能力以及气候变化引起的夏季海冰融化等现象进一步加剧了极区的海水pH的下降[8-9]。随着研究的深入与细致,从大洋开阔区域向近岸的探索增多,我国的学者在中国近海区域开展了相关的研究。翟惟东等[10]研究发现在渤海夏季西北部和北部底层低氧区域耦合着明显的pH低值区,累积溶解氧下降5.6 mg/L, pH降幅高达0.29,同时石强等[11]研究发现渤海断面冬季表层和夏季底层pH的年际变化存在显著性降低趋势。通过对东海沿岸表层海水10年间pH变化趋势研究发现,pH变化存在明显季节和区域差异,分析与环境因子间的相关性发现,叶绿素a、温度和盐度因季节和区域的不同,相关性差异明显[12-13]。杨顶田等[14]对南海三亚湾10年的pH周期变化研究发现,2001年以后三亚湾水体pH呈现明显下降趋势,且pH分布具有不同的垂向性和季节性特征。张龙军等[15-16]对北黄海表层海水CO2分压研究中发现,秋、冬季海水pH与叶绿素有显著正相关性。因此,海水pH的下降不仅是由海水CO2分压上升而引起,季节性的新陈代谢作用也是海水pH变化的关键因素。这样,海水中pH成为了牵动海洋中碳循环、营养盐状况、低氧环境和水体动力过程相互关联的参数,辨识pH的分布特征和趋势变化成为认识海洋现象的重要内容。
渤海是一个深入中国大陆近封闭型的浅海,包括辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾和渤海中部区域,由东面的渤海海峡与北黄海相通,注入渤海的河流主要有黄河、海河、滦河和辽河。统计《中国海洋环境状况公报》(2012−2018)[17]海−气CO2分压结果发现,2011−2017年间,冬季渤海表现为大气CO2的“汇”,夏季表现为大气CO2的“源”。
近年来,基于长时间序列的海洋环境状况与趋势分析已然成为热点,但对渤海pH的长时间趋势分析报道较少,仅有石强等[11]利用渤海断面站点数据开展了长时间序列pH年际趋势性变化和相关性分析,而在时间序列下的区域间同比分析,以及影响不同季节、区域和水体层次的驱动因子辨识研究都尚未开展。本文基于2011−2017年间,渤海区域的pH、表层海水CO2分压、温度、盐度、溶解氧和叶绿素a数据,首次应用格网计算处理和时空矩阵分析方法,研究各环境单元内pH和环境因子的同比变化及相关性,并对影响不同季节、区域和层次的相关因子作出差异性判断,研究旨在较系统地认识和揭示pH和各环境因子的时空分布特征、规律和变化趋势,以期加深对的渤海海水pH变化过程的认识。
本文采用2011−2017年间,渤海断面及其邻近海域海洋环境监测水质数据,调查站位193个,参数包括pH、盐度、叶绿素a和溶解氧; 采用2011−2016年渤海海水CO2走航调查数据,走航数据共12 386个,参数包括表层CO2分压和海水表层温度。海域范围北起辽东湾中部(40.5°N,121.5°E),南至渤海湾以东(38.0°N,119.0°E),调查与分析均按《国家海洋监测规范(GB 17378.4−2007)》和《基于走航监测的海−气二氧化碳交换通量评估技术规程(海环字[2015]33号)》执行,其中pH采用pH计测定,温度和盐度采用CTD仪直接测定,溶解氧和叶绿素a浓度采用碘量法和分光光度法测定,海水表层CO2分压采用红外吸收法测定。
通常在研究全球或区域大尺度时间变化序列时,往往先将序列网格化处理,从而有效减小或避免数据空间误差。本文利用ArcGIS 10.2的创建渔网模块,生成0.5°×0.5°规则格网,再利用统计分析模块,将渤海区域内2011−2017年间海水水质参数数据转化为规则格网数据,然后计算各网格内数据平均值和标准差。本文选择了5个格网单元开展分析研究(图1),区域位于渤海中部,纬度跨域2.5°,从北到南分别标记为环境单元1~5。环境单元选择时考虑了区域空间连续性,并可较好地表征渤海区域内时空变化特征,同时可获取的数据具有较高的一致性。
本文对pH、叶绿素a、溶解氧和盐度数据开展时空分析处理,采用时空矩阵方法。时空矩阵是由将各环境单元中指标含量以时间序列组合形式表示。本文中时间序列表现为各环境单元指标含量相对于长期历史值(2011−2017年指标含量平均值)的异常(差),计算公式为
$E = S - S',$
式中,E为时间序列单元的异常(差);S为时间序列单元内指标含量平均值;S′为2011−2017年指标含量平均值。由于各时间序列指标项的差异,所有序列通过标准化后组合成时空矩阵,本文采用VBA(Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications)语言编辑时空矩阵图[18]
分别对海水表层和底层pH和其他环境因子进行相关性分析,采用SPSS 19.0软件中Pearson相关性分析和双侧显著性检验。
2011−2017年间,各环境单元pH平均值显示(表1),表层pH平均值为7.95~8.38,底层pH平均值为7.89~8.35,标准差在0.071~0.101之间。时间矩阵分布显示(图2),各环境单元时间序列趋于同步变化,平均值绝对变化为1~1.5个标准差。表层pH具有较为显著的时间周期变化特征,2011−2015年间,除局部单元外,6月和8月的pH平均值显著高于同年2月和10月,绝对变化平均值为0.5~1.5个标准差,而2016年以后,周期特征与2016年之前相反。底层pH平均值时间周期变化不一致,仅有环境单元2中历年8月pH平均值显著低于同年其他时期,约1~1.5个标准差;其他环境单元在2016年以后,8月平均值降低明显,显著低于同年其他时期。
海水碳酸盐体系平衡和变化直接影响海水pH变化,而各环境因子又直接和间接驱动了这一平衡体系。浮游植物进行光合作用吸收CO2,释放出O2,同时微生物对有机质的矿化分解又是一个持续的耗氧过程,伴随着CO2气体的产生;叶绿素a是浮游植物现存量的重要指标,有研究表明,夏季水体叶绿素a含量是光合作用下初级生产强弱变化的最适宜指标[19];温度和盐度是碳酸盐化学平衡中的重要因子[20]。本文对各环境因子进行特征分析,判断其与pH之间相关性,并研究其时空分布规律。
2011−2017年渤海海水pH与叶绿素a含量、溶解氧含量、盐度、表层海水温度和表层海水CO2分压的相关性分析结果(表2)表明,pH与叶绿素a浓度呈显著正相关,其中表层相关系数为0.417(p<0.01),底层相关系数为0.325(p<0.01);pH与溶解氧含量的相关性分析发现,表层pH与溶解氧含量呈现负相关(r=−0.198,p<0.05),而底层二者呈现正相关(r=0.285,p<0.01);表层pH与盐度呈现负相关(r=−0.226,p<0.05);表层pH与表层海水温度呈现显著正相关(r=0.460,p<0.01);表层pH与表层海水CO2分压呈现显著负相关(r=−0.436,p<0.01)。
1)时空矩阵分布
叶绿素a含量溶解氧含量和盐度采用与pH相同周期的时空矩阵方法,分析各环境因子分布特征。叶绿素a含量时空矩阵分布显示(图3):各环境单元中表层叶绿素a平均含量范围为0.07~8.83 μg/L,叶绿素a含量绝对变化平均值大约为1~1.5个标准差。2016年之前,6月和8月平均含量明显高于同年2月和10月,其中6月平均含量为(2.73±1.4) μg/L,8月平均含量为(4.15±1.5) μg/L;2016−2017年间,6月平均含量高于同年其他时期,8月份平均含量大范围出现异常低值,2016年和2017年8月各环境单元均出现低于同年10月份现象。分析各环境单元中底层叶绿素a平均含量发现,平均含量范围为0.09~6.36 μg/L,叶绿素a含量绝对变化平均值为0.5~1个标准差。6月平均含量明显高于同年其他时期,平均含量为(2.82±1.3) μg/L 。
溶解氧含量时空矩阵分布显示(图4):各环境单元中表层和底层溶解氧平均含量趋于同步变化,表层溶解氧平均含量范围为6.68~12.17 μg/L,底层溶解氧平均含量范围为2.62~12.27 μg/L。溶解氧平均含量变化具有明显的时间周期,平均含量2月>6月>10月>8月,其中2016年和2017年10月份,表层溶解氧含量明显降低,基本与8月持平。
盐度时空矩阵分布显示(图5):各环境单元中表层和底层盐度平均值基本趋于同步变化,且表层与底层盐度平均值分别为30.5和30.8,没有明显波动。2015年10月以后,各环境单元盐度出现一致性升高,绝对变化平均值为0.5~1个标准差。
2)时空变化趋势
由于表层海水CO2分压和表层海水温度数据获取分布不连续,从已获取的数据时空变化趋势分析(图6)可知:2011−2016年间,各环境单元中表层海水CO2分压呈现上升趋势,且10月份分压平均值较高于同年其他时期。各环境单元相比较后发现,环境单元5的分压平均值较其他环境单元偏高。
表层海水温度变化趋势显示(图7):2011−2016年间,各环境单元中表层海水温度呈现明显周期变化,2月平均海水温度最低,在0~2℃之间;8月平均温度最高,在24~28℃之间。由于走航调查时间差异,2015年10月各环境单元间平均温度存在差异,其他时间周期内环境单元间无显著差异。
海水pH是指海水中氢离子活度的一种标度,受到压力和温度的影响,是一种理化参数[21]。海水中pH的正常变化差异范围在0.01~0.1之间,本文中pH数据序列标准差在0.071~0.101之间,数据波动区间较窄,这样在区域研究中单点数据的异常经常会被忽视,且在长时间尺度研究中序列绝对变化特征又不显著。基于以上特点,引入了在研究全球和区域大尺度气候变化序列时的计算方法,首先将序列格网化,以确保各个环境单元序列基本代表相同的局域面积上的参数变化,这样计算的区域平均序列更加有代表性[22];然后对各矩阵单元标准化处理,利用标准差序列表征参数的变化差异和趋势,从而减小了空间抽样误差,建立一致性和相关性高的环境单元时间序列。
本文研究结果显示,各环境单元时间序列整体趋于同步变化,渤海区域pH空间分布相对稳定,在局部空间内pH出现异常现象。图6结果显示,2011−2016年间,环境单元5表层海水CO2分压数据较其他单元偏高,同时相关性分析结果表明表层海水CO2分压与pH具有显著的负相关,但pH时间序列结果显示(图2),环境单元5相较其他单元pH并未出现明显降低。环境单元5 位于本文研究区域的最南部,纬度的差异使得环境单元参数空间分布的特征出现差异。一般认为,温度可以表征空间分布中纬度差异,海水温度的变化可以影响海水吸收CO2的能力从而影响pH变化,当水温升高时,海水吸收CO2能力下降,水中CO2含量减少,pH升高[12],而本文研究区域2011−2016年表层海水温度分布趋势结果显示(图7),各环境单元间温度没有显著差异。同时进一步分析表层海水温度与表层海水CO2分压相关性发现,二者间也并未显现相关关系(r=0.189,p=0.145)。由此,渤海区域表层海水中,通过相关性分析虽然已经发现pH与温度和CO2分压的显著相关性,但是在空间分布的格局下,这种相关关系并不明显,那么温度和CO2分压可能会在时间周期过程中更加显著地影响pH的变化。
渤海是一个半封闭的内海,仅通过渤海海峡与北黄海进行物质和能量交换[23]。有研究报道,冬季北黄海高盐舌具有明显伸入渤海的特征,使得近几十年来,渤海盐度整体上升,且冬季年平均盐度大于夏季,其中盐度上升最快的区域位于渤海湾[23-24]。本文研究发现,2011−2017年间,2月平均盐度明显高于同年其他时期(图5),且环境单元间也表现出由北向南盐度值增大的趋势。北黄海高盐水入侵对渤海盐度的年际变化起到了重要作用,由于冬季混合充分,盐度的垂向分布也较为均匀。本文相关性研究结果分析发现,盐度与pH呈负相关性。通过对已获取的数据中历年2月各环境单元pH平均值分析发现,环境单元1~5 的pH平均值(8.18、8.15、8.13、8.14、8.09)有降低趋势,这种表层pH下降与盐度升高的分布特征基本一致。石强等[11]对36年间渤海断面酸化分析,同样发现冬季pH在1982−1983年和1986−1988年期间,渤海断面南端黄河口附近海域出现低值,该研究认为低值年份正是黄河口年径流量较小的时期。自20世纪90年代以后,黄河出现断流现象且逐渐增多,年径流量逐渐递减[24];据《中国统计年鉴》(2012−2017)[25]统计分析发现,2016年比2011年黄河年径流量减小69亿m3。由此,黄河径流量的减小和黄海水团入侵共同影响了渤海冬季盐度空间分布特征,进而成为局部空间中pH异常的影响因素之一。
通过pH时空矩阵(图2)进一步分析发现,8月环境单元2和4的底层pH平均值为7.97和8.05,明显低于其他分析结果。自2011年起,在历年8月期间,环境单元2底层pH平均值异常偏低,与8月同期其他环境单元相比绝对变化在1~2个标准差,尤其在2016年以前,差异更为显著,2016−2017年的8月间,整个区域pH均显著降低。环境单元4在历年8月期间底层pH平均值较其他单元变化不明显,但在2016−2017年的8月期间,pH降低显著高于其他单元,出现了时空矩阵分布中的pH最低值为7.89的情况。通过相关性分析发现(表2),底层溶解氧含量与pH呈正相关,同时溶解氧含量时空矩阵分布显示(图4),2011−2017年的8月期间各环境单元底层溶解氧含量均明显偏低。张华等[26]根据2014年夏季调查资料发现渤海底部出现具有南、北“双核”结构低氧区,北部位于秦皇岛以东辽东湾中部,南部位于渤海湾中部,这与本文结果相一致。可以认为,由于夏季微生物对有机质的矿化分解持续耗氧,矿化过程伴随了CO2气体产生,导致了该区域海水酸化。翟惟东等[10]根据2011年8月下旬数据同样发现,渤海北部底层耗氧与酸化现象的区域和时间是耦合在一起的,并且CTD仪观测数据显示,该区域水体层化现象突出。水体层化阻碍了底层水溶解氧的补充和游离的CO2逸失,对其低氧和酸化环境起到了至关重要的维持作用[26]。渤海低氧区为显著季节性层化区域,而渤海南部莱州湾附近水动力条件较好层化较弱,该分布格局也进一步解释了本研究区域内历年低氧现象持续出现的原因[26-28]
本文研究区域内表层pH季节性特征明显,时空矩阵结果显示(图2),2011−2015年期间,6月和8月各环境单元pH平均值显著高于同年2月和10月,其中,中北部环境单元特征性更加显著,这与叶绿素a时空分布中季节特征相一致。pH与环境因子相关性分析结果显示,表层pH与叶绿素a含量和表层海水温度具有显著正相关。温度此时表征了区域内明显的季节周期特征,进一步也证明了,在时间周期下温度对pH的调节作用;叶绿素a的分布和季节变化在一定程度上反映了浮游植物的生长,浮游植物利用光合作用吸收海水中汇入的CO2,调节碳酸盐体系的平衡,从而影响pH[29-30]。在渤海中北部区域,6−8月份是一年中浮游植物生长最繁茂的时期,生物因素对近岸水体中pH的变化同样起到至关重要作用。
通过底层pH分析发现,整个区域的周期规律不明显,但在局部单元(环境单元2)中历年8月平均值低于同年其他时期;且在2013年、2016年和2017年,各环境单元8月pH平均值明显降低。通过pH与环境因子相关性分析结果发现,底层pH与叶绿素a具有显著正相关,同时叶绿素a含量时空分布也显示出2013年以后,8月叶绿素a含量明显偏低。但在局部单元(环境单元2)特征分析时,叶绿素a与pH并没有显示出一致的规律。相关性结果同时显示,底层pH与两类环境因子(叶绿素a和溶解氧含量)都表现出显著的正相关关系,通过本文4.1节研究发现,8月份环境单元2底层低氧与pH下降现象一致。由此,水体环境和生物因素是共同作用底层pH变化的驱动因素。
本文基于渤海2011−2017年间pH和环境参数数据,应用格网统计和时空矩阵方法,研究各环境单元内pH和环境因子同比变化及相关性,并对影响不同季节、区域和层次的相关因子作出差异性分析,主要结论如下:
(1)渤海区域pH空间整体分布相对稳定,时间序列趋于同步变化。区域内由于空间分布的差异,2月期间pH平均值从渤海北部向南部出现下降趋势,这与盐度异常分布特征相一致;8月底层局部区域pH低值与区域水体层化形成低氧环境相一致。
(2)渤海表层pH季节性特征明显,且与叶绿素a含量时空分布特征一致,生物因素对近岸水体中pH的调节起重要作用;底层pH整体区域周期规律不显著,水体环境和生物因素是共同作用底层pH变化的驱动因素。
(3)渤海区域pH与叶绿素a含量呈现显著正相关;表层pH与溶解氧、盐度和海水CO2分压均呈负相关,与表层海水温度呈显著正相关;底层pH与溶解氧呈显著正相关。
(4)利用区域格网化处理及时空矩阵分析,不仅有效减小或避免了数据空间误差,更进一步显化了酸化指标的特征信息。
致谢:感谢自然资源部北海分局提供海洋环境监测数据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2017YFA0603200)。
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2020年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.011
  • 接收时间:2019-06-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-12-25
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2019-06-21
  • 修回日期:2019-11-19
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国家重点研发计划(2017YFA0603200)。
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    1 国家海洋信息中心,天津 300171
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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