Article(id=1244313106017534318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313103459008874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1569340800000, receivedDateStr=2019-09-25, revisedDate=1580918400000, revisedDateStr=2020-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774596962694, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1608825600000, pubDateStr=2020-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774596962694, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774596962694, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774596962694, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244313103459008874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774596962084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597044552, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313449409393475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313103459008874, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313449409393476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313103459008874, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=119, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244313106336301427, articleId=1244313106017534318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Influences of nitrate concentration and light intensity on the production of volatile halocarbons by Prorocentrum donghaiense and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Volatile halocarbons (VHCs) produced in the oceans are important carriers for chlorine, bromine, and iodine to enter into the atmosphere. Marine algae can produce VHCs that have an ozone-depleting potential. Marine microalgae in particular have been shown to be major contributors of VHCs in the atmosphere. However, little is known about the influences of environmental factors on the production of VHCs by marine microalgae. In this study we examined the influence of different light intensities (20 μmol/(m2·s), 70 μmol/(m2·s) and 140 μmol/(m2·s)) and nitrate concentrations (1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 50 mg/L) on the growth of Prorocentrum donghaiense and Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the releases of four VHCs (CH3I, CH2Br2, CHBr2Cl and C2HCl3) by these two microalgae. Unialgal cultures of these two kinds of microalgae were conducted in axenic and sealed glass vessels. The VHCs were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to purge-and-trap preconcentration system. The releases of VHCs by these two microalgae were affected by light intensity and nitrate concentration, while their influences on different VHCs were various. The release of CH3I was significantly affected by light intensity and nitrate concentrations. Within a certain range, the amount of CH3I released from the two microalgae raised with the increase of light intensity. Moreover, our results showed that increasing the nitrate level above 5 mg/L could promote the production of CH3I by these two microalgae.

, correspAuthors=Zhen He, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie Ni, Shanshan Liu, Yan Chen, Guipeng Yang, Zhen He), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244313107917554095, articleId=1244313106017534318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=光照和硝酸盐浓度对东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻释放挥发性卤代烃的影响, columnId=1194652708993995497, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=研究报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海洋中产生的挥发性卤代烃(Volatile Halocarbons,VHCs)是氯、溴和碘进入大气的重要载体。海洋藻类能够产生损耗大气中臭氧的VHCs,尤其是海洋微藻已被证明是大气中一些VHCs的主要贡献者。环境因素对海洋微藻产生VHCs的影响研究较少,本文主要研究了光照和硝酸盐浓度对微藻释放VHCs的影响。将海洋微藻东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)置于密封的玻璃容器中,并在不同光照条件(20 μmol/(m2·s)、70 μmol/(m2·s)和140 μmol/(m2·s))及不同硝酸盐浓度(1 mg/L、5 mg/L、10 mg/L和50 mg/L)下进行无菌单种培养,分析碘甲烷(CH3I)、二溴甲烷(CH2Br2)、一氯二溴甲烷(CHBr2Cl)和三氯乙烯(C2HCl3)4种VHCs的生产。采用吹扫−捕集气相色谱技术对其中的VHCs进行提取和分析。结果表明,光照强度和硝酸盐浓度会影响两种微藻对VHCs的释放,但是对不同VHCs的影响效果不同,其中CH3I的释放受光照强度和硝酸盐浓度变化的影响比较显著。一定范围内,光照强度越大,两种微藻对CH3I的释放量越大。适当的硝酸盐浓度(> 5 mg/L)在一定程度上促进了两种微藻对CH3I的释放。

, correspAuthors=何真, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*何真,副教授,主要研究挥发性卤代烃的生物地球化学循环。E-mail::
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倪洁(1995-),女,山东省莒县人,主要从事海洋界面化学方面的研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106017534318, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Correlation analysis between the Chl a concentrations and the amounts of VHCs released by Prorocentrum donghaiense

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量Chl aCH3ICH2Br2CHBr2Cl
  注:** 表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关, n=36。
CH3I0.824**
CH2Br20.3230.422
CHBr2Cl–0.528–0.289–0.464
C2HCl3–0.426–0.3610.1590.344
), ArticleFig(id=1246521521779396979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106017534318, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

东海原甲藻的VHCs释放量和Chl a浓度的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量Chl aCH3ICH2Br2CHBr2Cl
  注:** 表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关, n=36。
CH3I0.824**
CH2Br20.3230.422
CHBr2Cl–0.528–0.289–0.464
C2HCl3–0.426–0.3610.1590.344
), ArticleFig(id=1246521521905226105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106017534318, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation analysis between the Chl a concentrations and the amounts of VHCs released by Phaeodactylum tricornutum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量Chl aCH3ICH2Br2CHBr2Cl
  注:** 表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关, n=36。
CH3I0.712**
CH2Br2–0.216–0.036
CHBr2Cl–0.1110.078–0.096
C2HCl3–0.215–0.2450.0290.279
), ArticleFig(id=1246521522047832446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313106017534318, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三角褐指藻的VHCs释放量和Chl a浓度的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量Chl aCH3ICH2Br2CHBr2Cl
  注:** 表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关, n=36。
CH3I0.712**
CH2Br2–0.216–0.036
CHBr2Cl–0.1110.078–0.096
C2HCl3–0.215–0.2450.0290.279
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光照和硝酸盐浓度对东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻释放挥发性卤代烃的影响
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倪洁 1, 2 , 刘珊珊 1, 2 , 陈妍 1, 2 , 杨桂朋 1, 2, 3 , 何真 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2020,42(12): 119-128
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2020, 42(12): 119-128
光照和硝酸盐浓度对东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻释放挥发性卤代烃的影响
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倪洁1, 2 , 刘珊珊1, 2, 陈妍1, 2, 杨桂朋1, 2, 3, 何真1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 倪洁(1995-),女,山东省莒县人,主要从事海洋界面化学方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*何真,副教授,主要研究挥发性卤代烃的生物地球化学循环。E-mail::
Influences of nitrate concentration and light intensity on the production of volatile halocarbons by Prorocentrum donghaiense and Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Jie Ni1, 2 , Shanshan Liu1, 2, Yan Chen1, 2, Guipeng Yang1, 2, 3, Zhen He1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3 Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
出版时间: 2020-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.013
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海洋中产生的挥发性卤代烃(Volatile Halocarbons,VHCs)是氯、溴和碘进入大气的重要载体。海洋藻类能够产生损耗大气中臭氧的VHCs,尤其是海洋微藻已被证明是大气中一些VHCs的主要贡献者。环境因素对海洋微藻产生VHCs的影响研究较少,本文主要研究了光照和硝酸盐浓度对微藻释放VHCs的影响。将海洋微藻东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)置于密封的玻璃容器中,并在不同光照条件(20 μmol/(m2·s)、70 μmol/(m2·s)和140 μmol/(m2·s))及不同硝酸盐浓度(1 mg/L、5 mg/L、10 mg/L和50 mg/L)下进行无菌单种培养,分析碘甲烷(CH3I)、二溴甲烷(CH2Br2)、一氯二溴甲烷(CHBr2Cl)和三氯乙烯(C2HCl3)4种VHCs的生产。采用吹扫−捕集气相色谱技术对其中的VHCs进行提取和分析。结果表明,光照强度和硝酸盐浓度会影响两种微藻对VHCs的释放,但是对不同VHCs的影响效果不同,其中CH3I的释放受光照强度和硝酸盐浓度变化的影响比较显著。一定范围内,光照强度越大,两种微藻对CH3I的释放量越大。适当的硝酸盐浓度(> 5 mg/L)在一定程度上促进了两种微藻对CH3I的释放。

挥发性卤代烃  /  东海原甲藻  /  三角褐指藻  /  光照  /  硝酸盐

Volatile halocarbons (VHCs) produced in the oceans are important carriers for chlorine, bromine, and iodine to enter into the atmosphere. Marine algae can produce VHCs that have an ozone-depleting potential. Marine microalgae in particular have been shown to be major contributors of VHCs in the atmosphere. However, little is known about the influences of environmental factors on the production of VHCs by marine microalgae. In this study we examined the influence of different light intensities (20 μmol/(m2·s), 70 μmol/(m2·s) and 140 μmol/(m2·s)) and nitrate concentrations (1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 50 mg/L) on the growth of Prorocentrum donghaiense and Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the releases of four VHCs (CH3I, CH2Br2, CHBr2Cl and C2HCl3) by these two microalgae. Unialgal cultures of these two kinds of microalgae were conducted in axenic and sealed glass vessels. The VHCs were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to purge-and-trap preconcentration system. The releases of VHCs by these two microalgae were affected by light intensity and nitrate concentration, while their influences on different VHCs were various. The release of CH3I was significantly affected by light intensity and nitrate concentrations. Within a certain range, the amount of CH3I released from the two microalgae raised with the increase of light intensity. Moreover, our results showed that increasing the nitrate level above 5 mg/L could promote the production of CH3I by these two microalgae.

volatile halocarbons  /  Prorocentrum donghaiense  /  Phaeodactylum tricornutum  /  light intensity  /  nitrate
倪洁, 刘珊珊, 陈妍, 杨桂朋, 何真. 光照和硝酸盐浓度对东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻释放挥发性卤代烃的影响. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (12) : 119 -128 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.013
Jie Ni, Shanshan Liu, Yan Chen, Guipeng Yang, Zhen He. Influences of nitrate concentration and light intensity on the production of volatile halocarbons by Prorocentrum donghaiense and Phaeodactylum tricornutum[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (12) : 119 -128 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.013
挥发性卤代烃(Volatile Halocarbons, VHCs)是大气中一类重要的痕量温室气体,主要包括卤代甲烷、卤代乙烷及卤代乙烯等,在全球气候变化中扮演着重要的角色。一方面,大气中的VHCs在紫外光的作用下会发生光化学分解产生卤素自由基,进而与大气中的臭氧反应,破坏臭氧层[1]。研究表明,尽管平流层中溴的浓度低于氯,但是溴对臭氧的破坏能力大于氯。就单个原子而言,溴原子对臭氧的破坏效率是氯原子的10~100倍[2]。同时,VHCs产生的卤素自由基还可以通过反应影响大气中其他温室气体(如CH4和N2O)的浓度,从而直接或间接的影响全球气候变化。另一方面VHCs与其他温室气体一样,可以吸收从地表产生的红外光辐射使大气升温,从而产生温室效应[3]。据文献报道,挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于CO2的温室气体,这3种温室气体产生的温室效应约占总温室效应的40%[4]
海洋中的VHCs通过海−气交换作用进入大气。研究表明,海洋中释放的短寿命VHCs,如溴仿(CHBr3)、二溴甲烷(CH2Br2)和一氯二溴甲烷(CHBr2Cl)等每年能够向平流层输送5~5.2 pptv的Br,其中仅CHBr3每年就能向平流层贡献0.5~1.8 pptv的Br[5]。碘甲烷(CH3I)是海洋向大气中输送的含量最高的含碘化合物[6]。研究发现,海洋中的短寿命VHCs主要由海洋生物产生释放。Nightingale等[7]通过对苏格兰地区常见的11种大型海藻进行实验室培养发现,这些藻类可以产生释放氯仿(CHCl3)、CHBr2Cl和一溴二氯甲烷(CHBrCl2)。除了大型海藻外,海洋中广泛分布的微藻、浮游动物、细菌和真菌,尤其是微藻(浮游植物)也能产生释放VHCs,如CH3I、CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和三氯乙烷(C2HCl3)等[8-9]。由于浮游植物数量多且分布广泛,其对生源VHCs的贡献甚至要大于大型海藻。以溴甲烷(CH3Br)为例,微藻每年产生的CH3Br要比大型海藻高约两个数量级[10]。有学者通过测定大型海藻的CH3I等甲基卤化物的释放速率,估算得到大型海藻对全球甲基卤化物的贡献不足1%;同时通过实验室培养实验,发现海洋微藻能够产生释放较多的甲基卤化物[11]
海洋微藻生长及其释放VHCs受到各种环境因素的影响,如光照、温度及营养盐浓度等[12-15]。Hughes和Sun[16]的研究结果表明,海洋微藻在较高的光照强度下VHCs的释放速率较高。而Scarratt和Moore[17]通过培养实验发现海洋微藻在较低和较高的光照强度下VHCs的释放量并无显著的差异。另外,营养盐的浓度会影响海洋微藻的生长及其释放VHCs。Smythe-Wright等[18]发现,在磷酸盐浓度一定的情况下,将氮磷比从16∶1提高到48∶1,海洋微藻的CH3I释放量提高了60%。Roy[19]通过对阿拉伯海中部和东部沿海水域的现场调查,指出甲藻不是高浓度CHCl3、CH2Br2和CHBr3的主要贡献者。国际上许多学者开展了关于三角褐指藻释放VHCs的研究,发现三角褐指藻能够产生CH3I、CH3Br和CH3Cl等多种VHCs[8],然而有关环境因素(特别是光照强度和硝酸盐浓度)影响其VHCs释放过程的研究还很缺乏。近年来,人类活动增加了海洋中营养盐的含量,我国近岸海域赤潮的发生频率、波及范围以及危害程度也呈上升趋势。东海原甲藻作为我国最为高发的赤潮藻种,已经成为该领域研究的热点。另外,研究表明海洋硅藻贡献全球初级生产力的20%左右[20],而三角褐指藻作为一种重要的海洋硅藻,具有适应性强、易于培养等特点,并且由于其全基因组已完成测序[21],已被广泛应用于藻类生理、生态研究领域。因而开展有关光照和硝酸盐浓度影响东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻的VHCs释放过程的研究具有重要意义。本文选取东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻进行室内受控无菌培养实验,探究在不同光照强度及不同硝酸盐浓度下两种微藻的生长状况,并分析了在不同条件下两种微藻对CH3I、CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3的释放量,初步了解了海洋微藻种群密度对VHCs生产的影响规律,为阐明VHCs浓度变化与浮游植物种群的关系提供了理论依据。
本次选取了两种常见海洋微藻—东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻进行无菌单藻种培养。培养所用微藻取自中国海洋大学海洋污染生态化学实验室。取孔径为0.22 μm的醋酸纤维滤膜过滤后的东海海水作为培养基,按照f/2配方配制培养液后置于如图1所示的5 L培养瓶中,其中探究硝酸盐浓度条件的培养瓶需按照实验设计添加不同浓度的硝酸盐,其余元素与f/2培养液相同。随后将培养瓶置于120℃的高温下灭菌20 min后,通入高纯空气(含0.1% CO2)鼓泡36 h除去海水中原有的VHCs。接下来接种10 mL藻类于培养液中,容器密封后继续进行鼓泡吹扫。本实验设置3个光照强度条件(20 μmol/(m2·s)、70 μmol/(m2·s)、140 μmol/(m2·s))及4种硝酸盐浓度条件(1 mg/L、5 mg/L、10 mg/L、50 mg/L),为减小实验误差,每组实验设置2组平行样。培养过程中设置光暗周期为12 h∶12 h,培养温度(20 ± 0.5)°C,光源为白色冷荧光灯管。为防止藻类沉淀,需每天对培养瓶进行2~3次的充分摇荡。本实验所用的培养仪器在使用前均需要用10%的盐酸浸泡至少24 h,然后用高纯水洗净,高压灭菌。将一个不接种的培养液作为空白实验对比。
培养实验中VHCs样品取样时间为隔天1次,上午9点进行取样。用气密性注射器取60 mL培养液,用孔径0.7 μm的GF/F玻璃纤维滤膜进行过滤,将滤液注入吹扫气提室后采用吹扫−捕集气相色谱法进行VHCs的含量测定[22]。上述过滤所得滤膜用90%的丙酮萃取后,采用荧光法测定其叶绿素含量,具体方法参照文献[23]。为避免周围环境大气中VHCs对培养过程产生任何可能的污染,取样过程中持续供应低气流高纯空气(含0.1% CO2),且在超净工作台进行。为减小培养过程中藻类生长环境变化对VHCs释放的影响,实验结束后所剩培养液应不少于2.5 L。
叶绿素 a(Chl a)浓度、VHCs释放量(平行实验数据的平均值)与培养时间的非线性拟合使用Origin 8.0软件。另外,本研究用皮尔逊相关系数分析了东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻的VHCs释放量与Chl a浓度之间的相关关系。数据的相关性分析使用SPSS 22.0软件。
东海原甲藻前期生长缓慢,其缓慢生长期持续时间长达半个月之久,缓慢生长期内3种光照强度下东海原甲藻生物量相差不大(图2a)。进入指数生长期后,70 μmol/(m2·s)以及140 μmol/(m2·s)两种高光照强度下东海原甲藻生物量较高,且光子通量为70 μmol/(m2·s)的光照条件下的东海原甲藻首先达到生物量最大值并进入稳定期(图2a)。对比来看,三角褐指藻则总体上能较快地进入指数生长期,并且在第6~8 d前后进入稳定期。光子通量为70 μmol/(m2·s)时其生物量首先达到最大值,且此时生物量最大,而光子通量为140 μmol/(m2·s)时三角褐指藻的生物量最小(图2b)。
上述实验结果表明,光照强度的变化对东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻的生长有一定的影响。对于东海原甲藻来说,光照强度会影响其生长周期,中等强度的光照能使其更快的达到生物量最大值并进入稳定期,这与其他研究者关于光照强度对东海原甲藻生长的影响得到的结论相似[24]。光照强度的变化对三角褐指藻的生长周期没有影响,较低光照条件更有利于其生长,而光照强度为140 μmol/(m2·s)时会在一定程度抑制其生长,这与臧正蓉等[25]的研究结果相近。
东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻在3种光照条件下CH3I释放量随培养时间变化如图3所示,3种光照条件下两种微藻对CH3I有着相当高的释放量,且释放量表现为三角褐指藻大于东海原甲藻,但是不同光照条件下的释放量不同。另外由图3a可知,东海原甲藻的CH3I释放量随时间推移呈锯齿状变化:在东海原甲藻的培养前期(15 d前后),微藻生长缓慢,但CH3I的释放量呈上升趋势,并且随着光照强度的增加其上升趋势也更加显著。东海原甲藻进入指数生长期后,生物量大幅增加,此时CH3I的释放量继续呈现上升趋势,光照强度为70 μmol/(m2·s)时其生物量最大,CH3I释放量的上升趋势也最为显著。在三角褐指藻培养前期,CH3I的释放量与Chl a浓度变化趋势相近,但稳定生长期后,CH3I的释放量开始逐渐下降。值得注意的是,140 μmol/(m2·s)的光照强度会在一定程度上抑制三角褐指藻的生长,但是在此条件下CH3I的释放量高于其他光照强度下的释放量(图3b)。
上述实验结果表明,东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻释放CH3I且释放量均受到光照的影响,在一定范围内,光照强度越大,两种微藻的CH3I释放量也越大。这与文献报道的较高光照强度会促进微藻释放VHCs的结论一致[26]。如上所述,强光(140 μmol/(m2·s))抑制两种微藻的生物量,但是却促进CH3I的释放。Moore和Zafiriou[27]研究表明,海水中存在一定量的腐殖质等有机物,它们在光合作用下会产生甲基自由基,当海水中有足够的碘时表层海水中CH3I可以通过光化学途径生成。因此高光照强度下CH3I浓度的增加可能部分来源于光化学生成;三角褐指藻生长后期CH3I的释放量减少可能是由培养环境中合成CH3I的自由基减少造成的。同时,这种光合成机制也可以用来解释在东海原甲藻的培养前期,其CH3I释放量随光照强度的增加呈上升趋势。另外海洋微藻的VHCs释放速率与细胞生长阶段有关,其在指数生长阶段的VHCs释放速率较高[9],此时CH3I释放量呈上升趋势。结合上述分析可知,由于海洋微藻产生释放VHCs的过程十分复杂,且受多种因素制约,因而实验结果呈现出复杂的变化趋势。关于微藻释放VHCs的过程有待于进一步研究。
东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻在3种光照条件下CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3的释放量随培养时间变化如图4所示,由图可以看出,在实验中产生的CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3浓度相比于CH3I浓度要低得多。培养周期内东海原甲藻的CH2Br2释放量整体呈上升趋势,并且随着东海原甲藻进入指数生长期,CH2Br2释放量也有显著的增加(图4a)。70 μmol/(m2·s)的光照条件下,东海原甲藻生长情况最好,此条件下CH2Br2的释放量也最多。三角褐指藻的CH2Br2释放量在培养初期随着生物量逐渐增加,且光照强度越强三角褐指藻CH2Br2的释放量越高(图4d),但是总体而言,东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻对CH2Br2释放量很少,且受光照强度影响并不显著。两种微藻在不同光照强度下的CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3释放量随时间变化趋势相近,且其释放量也无明显差异。
上述实验结果表明,东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻的CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3释放量与光照条件的关联不大,这与Scarratt和Moore[17]等通过培养实验得到的结论相似。而Hughes和Sun[16]的研究结果表明,较高的光照强度会提高海洋微藻的VHCs释放速率。分析造成实验结果不同的原因,我们可以推断光照强度对微藻释放VHCs的影响与藻的种类及其释放的VHCs种类有关。研究表明即使是同种藻类对不同种类的VHCs的生产释放也会存在一定的差异[9, 16]。这是由于同种VHCs在海水中有多种合成机制,以CHBr2Cl为例,研究表明多种热带海洋微藻能够产生释放CHBr2Cl[8],而其他研究者还发现,CHBr2Cl还可以由海洋中的CHBr3通过取代反应生成[28]。另外,根据两种微藻的CH3I、CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3释放量之间的差异以及VHCs释放量与Chl a之间的相关关系(表1表2),我们可以推断东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻主要生产释放CH3I,而CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3并不是东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻的主要产物。而Lim等[9]通过培养实验发现,硅藻(Amphora sp.)、蓝藻(Synechococcus sp.)和绿藻(Parachlorella sp.)都能够产生CH2Br2和CHBr2Cl等短寿命VHCs,这表明海洋微藻释放VHCs具有物种依赖性。
不同硝酸盐浓度对东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻生长的影响如图5所示。东海原甲藻在低浓度硝酸盐环境(1 mg/L、5 mg/L)下相对较早地进入稳定生长期(15 d前后),而在高浓度硝酸盐环境(10 mg/L、50 mg/L)中其指数生长期较长,因而进入稳定生长期的时间也较晚,且此时的生物量要高于低浓度硝酸盐环境中的生物量(图5a)。同样地,三角褐指藻在较低浓度硝酸盐环境下(1 mg/L、5 mg/L)也会更早进入稳定生长期(5 d前后),之后出现不同程度的衰减,低浓度(1 mg/L、5 mg/L)下衰减状况较为明显。而50 mg/L硝酸盐浓度环境下相对稍晚达到稳定生长期(10 d前后),之后保持稳定生长状态,衰减不明显(图5b)。
上述实验结果表明,在一定范围内,硝酸盐浓度越高,越有利于东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻的生长。大量研究表明,海洋微藻能够利用不同形式的氮源来促进自身的生长,硝态氮就是其中的一种形式。硝酸盐浓度不仅会影响海洋微藻的生物量,还会在一定程度上影响微藻的生长周期,这与其他研究者开展的关于硝酸盐浓度影响海洋微藻生长的研究所得到的结论基本一致[29]。王金花等[30]的研究发现,硝酸盐对东海原甲藻的生长有一定的促进作用。Chen等[31]的研究表明,在一定的浓度范围内,三角褐指藻细胞的生长随氮含量的增加而增加。
东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻在4种硝酸盐条件下CH3I释放量随培养时间变化如图6所示,硝酸盐浓度的变化对东海原甲藻释放CH3I有一定影响,1 mg/L的硝酸盐环境下其释放量首先达到峰值,而硝酸盐浓度为10 mg/L时其释放量最晚达到峰值。三角褐指藻对CH3I的释放同样受硝酸盐浓度的影响,三角褐指藻在50 mg/L硝酸盐环境下最晚达到稳定值,且此条件下生物量最大,但是其CH3I释放量在10 mg/L的硝酸盐环境下最晚达到峰值,且释放量大于其他3种条件下的释放量。
上述实验结果表明,硝酸盐浓度会影响东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻释放CH3I。一方面,随着硝酸盐浓度增加,两种微藻的生物量不断增加,其CH3I释放量也逐渐呈上升趋势,表明硝酸盐可以促进海洋微藻的生长[3031],进而影响其CH3I释放量。这与Hughes和Sun[16]关于硝酸盐对海洋微藻释放VHCs的影响得到的结论相一致。另一方面,生物量最大的硝酸盐环境下,东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻并未达到其CH3I释放量的最大值,因此有理由推测,硝酸盐浓度的变化会直接影响两种微藻对CH3I的释放,过高或过低的硝酸盐浓度都会在一定程度上影响其CH3I释放过程,但是其具体的作用机制还有待进一步研究。另外,结合图3不同光照条件下两种海洋微藻对CH3I的释放情况分析,很明显可以看出,在不同的光照或硝酸盐条件下,三角褐指藻(硅藻)的CH3I释放量始终大于东海原甲藻(甲藻)的CH3I释放量。已有的研究表明硅藻在卤甲烷的生产中发挥着十分重要的作用[3233]。有学者通过培养实验发现,硅藻的CH3I释放速率大于蓝藻和绿藻的释放速率[9]。因此我们有理由推测相较于甲藻而言,海洋中的硅藻贡献了更多的CH3I,但是由于海洋微藻对VHCs的释放有一定的物种依赖性,需要进一步的培养实验证实这一推测。
东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻在4种硝酸盐条件下的CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3释放量随培养时间变化如图7所示,从图中可以看出两种微藻在不同硝酸盐浓度下的CH2Br2释放量都很少且基本处于稳定状态,这再一次证明了本文关于CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3并不是东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻的主要释放产物的推断。三角褐指藻对CH2Br2的释放随着硝酸盐浓度的变化表现出一定的差异,高硝酸盐浓度下其释放量受到明显的抑制。另外东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻在不同硝酸盐浓度下的CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3释放量随时间变化趋势相近,都是升高到峰值后呈下降趋势。对于东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻而言,CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3并不是其释放的主要产物,这部分产物可能来源于非生物作用。研究表明海水中的VHCs可以通过多种非生物作用产生,包括光化学合成、亲电子置换反应和取代反应等[3436]。海水中的腐殖质(HA)、溶解有机质(DOM)、有色溶解有机物(CDOM)以及有机硫化物等都可以为VHCs的非生物生成提供原料,促进VHCs的合成释放[27, 37]。在培养后期,随着非生物合成所需原料的不断消耗,VHCs的释放量也逐渐较少。同时,随着培养时间的推移,会有一部分东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻发生衰亡,衰亡的藻细胞内的有机质可以重新为VHCs的合成提供原料。由于目前有关海洋中VHCs的非生物合成的研究比较匮乏,因而很难确定影响VHCs浓度的主导因素,硝酸盐浓度对其非生物合成的具体影响还有待进一步研究。
(1)光照强度对藻类释放VHCs的影响与藻的种类及其释放的VHCs种类有关。光照强度会影响东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻生产释放CH3I。在一定范围内,光照强度越大,两种微藻对CH3I的释放量也越大。但是光照强度对两种微藻释放CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3的影响并不显著。
(2)硝酸盐浓度会影响东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻释放VHCs。过高或过低的硝酸盐浓度都会在一定程度上抑制两种微藻对CH3I的释放。硝酸盐浓度对两种微藻释放CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3的影响并不十分显著。
(3)东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻以生产释放CH3I为主,且CH3I的释放量表现为硅藻(三角褐指藻)大于甲藻(东海原甲藻)。CH2Br2、CHBr2Cl和C2HCl3并不是东海原甲藻和三角褐指藻的主要产物,它们在海洋中可能有其他非生物的来源和生成机制,光照强度和硝酸盐浓度对这些非生物的来源和生成机制的影响还有待进一步研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFA0601304);国家自然科学基金(41830534,41506088);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(201762030)。
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2020年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.12.013
  • 接收时间:2019-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-09-25
  • 修回日期:2020-02-06
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFA0601304);国家自然科学基金(41830534,41506088);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(201762030)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237

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*何真,副教授,主要研究挥发性卤代烃的生物地球化学循环。E-mail::
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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