Article(id=1244313010311901667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313004368572820, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1567612800000, receivedDateStr=2019-09-05, revisedDate=1573056000000, revisedDateStr=2019-11-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774596939876, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1606233600000, pubDateStr=2020-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774596939876, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774596939876, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774596939876, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244313004368572820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774596938458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597068580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313550202712900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313004368572820, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313550202712901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313004368572820, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=111, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244313011452752372, articleId=1244313010311901667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Response of the Qing’an Bay beach in Xuwen to Typhoon Bebinca based on high frequency observation data, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tropical cyclone is one of the most active dynamic factors for beach evolution. However, there are few field observations of beach during storms due to terrible working conditions. In this paper, 6 and a half days of high-frequency observation during the Typhoon Bebinca was conducted at the Qing’an Bay beach. The observation data included full-time hydrodynamics and 164 groups hourly variation of beach surface elevation. Three main analysis results were identified: (1) Controlled by the spatial distribution of Hainan Island-Leizhou Peninsula and the changeable track of the Typhoon Bebinca, the storm surge was maintained between 0.38−0.5 m, the wave height first decreased from 0.78 m to 0.43 m and then increased to 0.56 m. (2) The beach berm was eroded and a sand bar was formed under the water. There were three response stages of the beach berm during the Typhoon Bebinca, eroded downward fast, eroded slowly to the maximum, and recovered by oscillating deposition. The recovery amplitude could reach one quarter of the maximum erosion depth during the Typhoon Bebinca. (3) The response process of the Qing'an Bay beach to Typhoon Bebinca was mainly composed of four modes. The first mode reflected the erosion process of the spring tidal beach berm and the formation of the sand bar. The second mode indicated the erosion of the storm beach berm, the compensatory recovery of the spring tidal beach berm and the growth of the sand bar. The third mode revealed the bilateral transport process of sediment caused by the uprush and undertow at the secondary breaking position of waves. The fourth mode showed that the strong waves suspended the sediment in the surf zone, and some of the suspended sediment which was transported to the deep-water area by littoral current and offshore current may lost permanently.

, correspAuthors=Zhiqiang Li, Huiling Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chunhua Zeng, Shibing Zhu, Zhiqiang Li, Huiling Zhang, Gaocong Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244313013663150689, articleId=1244313010311901667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于高频观测数据的徐闻青安湾海滩对台风“贝碧嘉”的响应研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

风暴是造成海滩剧烈变化的重要因子。由于观测环境的恶劣,目前极少有风暴过程中海滩响应的现场高频观测工作。本研究在2018年台风“贝碧嘉”期间对徐闻青安湾海滩开展了历时6天半的高频观测,获得了全时水动力要素和164组逐时海滩滩面高程变化数据。通过分析表明:(1)青安湾海域风暴增水及波浪受控于海南岛−雷州半岛特有的地形地貌和台风“贝碧嘉”的多变路径,增水稳定在0.38~0.5 m之间,而波高先由0.78 m衰减至0.43 m,再增加至0.56 m;(2)海滩剖面地形变化总体表现为滩肩侵蚀,形成水下沙坝,滩肩响应过程分为快速向下侵蚀、缓慢侵蚀至最大值、振荡回淤恢复3个阶段,台风期间滩肩振荡恢复幅度可达最大侵蚀深度的1/4;(3)海滩的风暴响应过程主要由4个模态耦合而成:第一模态体现大潮滩肩侵蚀生成水下沙坝过程;第二模态体现风暴滩肩侵蚀,补偿大潮滩肩侵蚀位置和进一步促进沙坝形成过程;第三模态揭示了波浪二次破碎位置的上冲流和离岸底流使泥沙发生双向输移过程;第四模态表明台风大浪使得碎波带内泥沙大量悬浮,在沿岸流和离岸流作用下部分悬沙进入深水区,可能造成海滩泥沙的永久亏损。

, correspAuthors=李志强, 张会领, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李志强,教授,主要从事海滩过程、海岸工程环境研究。E-mail:
张会领,讲师,主要从事全新世气候变化研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=IoFqIthdEeaNfJAkT8RbuQ==, magXml=8tQeqX1QaFmtPIYYgI0TLg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AmSbhJpr6VCvcMaW9JiaHA==, pdfFileSize=29328783, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Ol9PhL2BdGrTziz7hUD3yQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dmPMCJiGsoJDFgCQkCB+qw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

曾春华(1985-),男,广东省茂名市人,高级工程师,主要从事海滩过程及港口工程研究。E-mail:

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曾春华(1985-),男,广东省茂名市人,高级工程师,主要从事海滩过程及港口工程研究。E-mail:

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曾春华(1985-),男,广东省茂名市人,高级工程师,主要从事海滩过程及港口工程研究。E-mail:

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Monthly Weather Review, 1982, 110(7): 699−706., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1248261505246974906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41676079);广东海洋大学创新强校项目(Q18307,230419102)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1248261496543793743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1248261496560570960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, companyId=1248261496543793743, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Ocean Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1248261496585736787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, 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label=Fig. 1, caption=Map of study area and Typhoon Bebinca track, figureFileSmall=3EJHyF7LtXu6ULDt5GOwaQ==, figureFileBig=W41KIAAkb4hASoryZwB+qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261501182694213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区域与台风“贝碧嘉”路径图, figureFileSmall=3EJHyF7LtXu6ULDt5GOwaQ==, figureFileBig=W41KIAAkb4hASoryZwB+qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261501325300560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Stake location for field observation, figureFileSmall=nXbgNd5IAr/2ouT1jUapig==, figureFileBig=8DP9AkpxargIXo4BbvV1QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261501396603733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=CN, label=图2, caption=现场观测桩位布置, figureFileSmall=nXbgNd5IAr/2ouT1jUapig==, figureFileBig=8DP9AkpxargIXo4BbvV1QQ==, 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articleId=1244313010311901667, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Water source area of storm surge in the Qing’an Bay

R1 is the radius of water source circle at 8:00 on 9th August, 2018. R2 is the radius of water source circle at the landing moment 9:00 on 10th August, 2018. R3 is the radius of the water source when Typhoon Bebinca is closest to the Qing’an Bay at 11:00 on 10th August, 2018

, figureFileSmall=ciRigEH9VBmaiZanj+8f6w==, figureFileBig=EERzoB5Iq3i9hjczQgXNUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261503678305143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=CN, label=图6, caption=青安湾风暴增水水源区面积变化

R1、R2和R3分别是台风生成时、第一次登陆时和离青安湾最近时风暴增水的水源区半径

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The track information of Typhoon Bebinca

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间位置台风强度7级风圈半径台风中心与青安湾距离
2018年8月9日08时南海西北部海面7级,15 m/s400 km
2018年8月10日09时海南省琼海市沿海登陆7级,15 m/s112 km
2018年8月10日11时海南省海口市遵谭镇7级,15 m/s47 km(最近点)
2018年8月10日14时海南省文昌市翁田镇7级,15 m/s75 km
2018年8月10日15时至11日10时再次进入南海向东北移动7级,15 m/s80~226 km
2018年8月11日10时35分阳江海陵岛再次登陆7级,15 m/s226 km
2018年8月12日14时茂名电白附近海域8级,18 m/s100~150 km210 km
2018年8月13日08时阳江南面海域,命名“贝碧嘉”8级,18 m/s100~150 km276 km
2018年8月13日20时阳江南面海域9级,23 m/s100~180 km315 km
2018年8月14日17时阳江南面海域10级,25 m/s100~190 km355 km
2018年8月15日21时阳江南面海域,向西移10级,25 m/s100~150 km68~355 km
2018年8月15日21时40分湛江雷州东里镇沿海登陆9级,23 m/s100~150 km54 km
2018年8月16日02时移入北部湾8级,20 m/s50~110 km72 km
2018年8月16日5时至17日05时北部湾,一直向西10级,25 m/s60~160 km108~456 km
2018年8月17日07时越南北部登陆
), ArticleFig(id=1248261504282284944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

台风“贝碧嘉”路径信息表

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时间位置台风强度7级风圈半径台风中心与青安湾距离
2018年8月9日08时南海西北部海面7级,15 m/s400 km
2018年8月10日09时海南省琼海市沿海登陆7级,15 m/s112 km
2018年8月10日11时海南省海口市遵谭镇7级,15 m/s47 km(最近点)
2018年8月10日14时海南省文昌市翁田镇7级,15 m/s75 km
2018年8月10日15时至11日10时再次进入南海向东北移动7级,15 m/s80~226 km
2018年8月11日10时35分阳江海陵岛再次登陆7级,15 m/s226 km
2018年8月12日14时茂名电白附近海域8级,18 m/s100~150 km210 km
2018年8月13日08时阳江南面海域,命名“贝碧嘉”8级,18 m/s100~150 km276 km
2018年8月13日20时阳江南面海域9级,23 m/s100~180 km315 km
2018年8月14日17时阳江南面海域10级,25 m/s100~190 km355 km
2018年8月15日21时阳江南面海域,向西移10级,25 m/s100~150 km68~355 km
2018年8月15日21时40分湛江雷州东里镇沿海登陆9级,23 m/s100~150 km54 km
2018年8月16日02时移入北部湾8级,20 m/s50~110 km72 km
2018年8月16日5时至17日05时北部湾,一直向西10级,25 m/s60~160 km108~456 km
2018年8月17日07时越南北部登陆
), ArticleFig(id=1248261504366171029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Wave heights in the vicinity sea during the Typhoon Bebinca

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间北部湾波高/m琼州海峡波高/m雷州半岛以东波高/m
  注:数据来源于海南省海洋与渔业厅。
2018年8月9日1.3~1.81.3~1.81.8~2.3
2018年8月10日1.8~2.31.8~2.33.0~4.0
2018年8月11日1.8~2.31.8~2.32.5~3.5
2018年8月12日1.8~2.31.8~2.32.5~3.2
2018年8月13日2.0~2.52.0~2.53.0~3.8
2018年8月14日1.8~2.31.8~2.34.0~4.8
2018年8月15日1.8~2.31.8~2.33.0~3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1248261504450057113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

台风“贝碧嘉”过境期间研究区域附近海域波高情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间北部湾波高/m琼州海峡波高/m雷州半岛以东波高/m
  注:数据来源于海南省海洋与渔业厅。
2018年8月9日1.3~1.81.3~1.81.8~2.3
2018年8月10日1.8~2.31.8~2.33.0~4.0
2018年8月11日1.8~2.31.8~2.32.5~3.5
2018年8月12日1.8~2.31.8~2.32.5~3.2
2018年8月13日2.0~2.52.0~2.53.0~3.8
2018年8月14日1.8~2.31.8~2.34.0~4.8
2018年8月15日1.8~2.31.8~2.33.0~3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1248261504538137499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Typhoon hydrodynamic statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期最大增水/
m
破碎波高/
m
有效波高/
m
波周期
/s
天文潮
  注:−表示缺失。由于实测截止时间为8月15日12时,故无法确定15日全天的最大实测增水值。
2018年8月9日0.380.780.557.00中潮
2018年8月10日0.420.670.436.39中潮
2018年8月11日0.400.560.385.55大潮
2018年8月12日0.500.430.275.29大潮
2018年8月13日0.500.510.347.00大潮
2018年8月14日0.400.490.296.25中潮
2018年8月15日0.560.386.25中潮
), ArticleFig(id=1248261504714298276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

台风水动力统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期最大增水/
m
破碎波高/
m
有效波高/
m
波周期
/s
天文潮
  注:−表示缺失。由于实测截止时间为8月15日12时,故无法确定15日全天的最大实测增水值。
2018年8月9日0.380.780.557.00中潮
2018年8月10日0.420.670.436.39中潮
2018年8月11日0.400.560.385.55大潮
2018年8月12日0.500.430.275.29大潮
2018年8月13日0.500.510.347.00大潮
2018年8月14日0.400.490.296.25中潮
2018年8月15日0.560.386.25中潮
), ArticleFig(id=1248261504802378664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sorting table of eigenvalues

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征值λ1λ2λ3λ4λ5λ6λ7
数值0.016 00.003 90.001 10.000 50.000 20.000 10.000 1
贡献量73.18%17.95%5.12%2.22%0.75%0.50%0.28%
), ArticleFig(id=1248261504890459052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

特征值排序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征值λ1λ2λ3λ4λ5λ6λ7
数值0.016 00.003 90.001 10.000 50.000 20.000 10.000 1
贡献量73.18%17.95%5.12%2.22%0.75%0.50%0.28%
), ArticleFig(id=1248261504974345134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Sampling error analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征值λ2λ3λ4λ5
$ {\lambda }_{k} $0.003 90.001 10.000 50.000 2
$ {\Delta \lambda }_{k} $0.002 0850.000 5880.000 2670.000 107
$ {\lambda }_{k}-{\lambda }_{k+1} $0.002 80.000 60.000 30.000 1
$ \dfrac{{\Delta \lambda}_{k}}{\left|{\lambda }_{{k}'}-{\lambda }_{k}\right|} $0.7450.9800.8911.069
), ArticleFig(id=1248261505054036914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244313010311901667, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

特征值取样误差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征值λ2λ3λ4λ5
$ {\lambda }_{k} $0.003 90.001 10.000 50.000 2
$ {\Delta \lambda }_{k} $0.002 0850.000 5880.000 2670.000 107
$ {\lambda }_{k}-{\lambda }_{k+1} $0.002 80.000 60.000 30.000 1
$ \dfrac{{\Delta \lambda}_{k}}{\left|{\lambda }_{{k}'}-{\lambda }_{k}\right|} $0.7450.9800.8911.069
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基于高频观测数据的徐闻青安湾海滩对台风“贝碧嘉”的响应研究
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曾春华 1, 2 , 朱士兵 3 , 李志强 3, * , 张会领 1, * , 李高聪 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2020,42(11): 100-111
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海洋学报 | 论文 2020, 42(11): 100-111
基于高频观测数据的徐闻青安湾海滩对台风“贝碧嘉”的响应研究
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曾春华1, 2 , 朱士兵3, 李志强3, * , 张会领1, * , 李高聪3
作者信息
  • 1 广东海洋大学 海洋工程学院,广东 湛江 524088
  • 2 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 3 广东海洋大学 电子与信息工程学院,广东 湛江 524088
  • 曾春华(1985-),男,广东省茂名市人,高级工程师,主要从事海滩过程及港口工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李志强,教授,主要从事海滩过程、海岸工程环境研究。E-mail:
张会领,讲师,主要从事全新世气候变化研究。E-mail:
Response of the Qing’an Bay beach in Xuwen to Typhoon Bebinca based on high frequency observation data
Chunhua Zeng1, 2 , Shibing Zhu3, Zhiqiang Li3, * , Huiling Zhang1, * , Gaocong Li3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Ocean Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2 College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 3 College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
出版时间: 2020-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.010
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风暴是造成海滩剧烈变化的重要因子。由于观测环境的恶劣,目前极少有风暴过程中海滩响应的现场高频观测工作。本研究在2018年台风“贝碧嘉”期间对徐闻青安湾海滩开展了历时6天半的高频观测,获得了全时水动力要素和164组逐时海滩滩面高程变化数据。通过分析表明:(1)青安湾海域风暴增水及波浪受控于海南岛−雷州半岛特有的地形地貌和台风“贝碧嘉”的多变路径,增水稳定在0.38~0.5 m之间,而波高先由0.78 m衰减至0.43 m,再增加至0.56 m;(2)海滩剖面地形变化总体表现为滩肩侵蚀,形成水下沙坝,滩肩响应过程分为快速向下侵蚀、缓慢侵蚀至最大值、振荡回淤恢复3个阶段,台风期间滩肩振荡恢复幅度可达最大侵蚀深度的1/4;(3)海滩的风暴响应过程主要由4个模态耦合而成:第一模态体现大潮滩肩侵蚀生成水下沙坝过程;第二模态体现风暴滩肩侵蚀,补偿大潮滩肩侵蚀位置和进一步促进沙坝形成过程;第三模态揭示了波浪二次破碎位置的上冲流和离岸底流使泥沙发生双向输移过程;第四模态表明台风大浪使得碎波带内泥沙大量悬浮,在沿岸流和离岸流作用下部分悬沙进入深水区,可能造成海滩泥沙的永久亏损。

高频观测  /  青安湾  /  贝碧嘉  /  海滩响应  /  模态

Tropical cyclone is one of the most active dynamic factors for beach evolution. However, there are few field observations of beach during storms due to terrible working conditions. In this paper, 6 and a half days of high-frequency observation during the Typhoon Bebinca was conducted at the Qing’an Bay beach. The observation data included full-time hydrodynamics and 164 groups hourly variation of beach surface elevation. Three main analysis results were identified: (1) Controlled by the spatial distribution of Hainan Island-Leizhou Peninsula and the changeable track of the Typhoon Bebinca, the storm surge was maintained between 0.38−0.5 m, the wave height first decreased from 0.78 m to 0.43 m and then increased to 0.56 m. (2) The beach berm was eroded and a sand bar was formed under the water. There were three response stages of the beach berm during the Typhoon Bebinca, eroded downward fast, eroded slowly to the maximum, and recovered by oscillating deposition. The recovery amplitude could reach one quarter of the maximum erosion depth during the Typhoon Bebinca. (3) The response process of the Qing'an Bay beach to Typhoon Bebinca was mainly composed of four modes. The first mode reflected the erosion process of the spring tidal beach berm and the formation of the sand bar. The second mode indicated the erosion of the storm beach berm, the compensatory recovery of the spring tidal beach berm and the growth of the sand bar. The third mode revealed the bilateral transport process of sediment caused by the uprush and undertow at the secondary breaking position of waves. The fourth mode showed that the strong waves suspended the sediment in the surf zone, and some of the suspended sediment which was transported to the deep-water area by littoral current and offshore current may lost permanently.

high frequency observation  /  Qing’an Bay  /  Typhoon Bebinca  /  beach response  /  mode
曾春华, 朱士兵, 李志强, 张会领, 李高聪. 基于高频观测数据的徐闻青安湾海滩对台风“贝碧嘉”的响应研究. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (11) : 100 -111 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.010
Chunhua Zeng, Shibing Zhu, Zhiqiang Li, Huiling Zhang, Gaocong Li. Response of the Qing’an Bay beach in Xuwen to Typhoon Bebinca based on high frequency observation data[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (11) : 100 -111 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.010
全球变暖导致海平面上升,未来强风暴灾害的频度有增加趋势,使得海岸侵蚀问题愈发突出。美国近岸过程研究小组(The Nearshore Processes Community)在总结过去40年海滩近岸过程研究进展的基础上,将海滩风暴的侵蚀和恢复过程作为下一个10年的重要研究命题之一[1-2]
风暴作用下剧烈且多变的海滩过程,是海滩风暴效应研究的核心问题,需要从水动力过程、地貌变化过程、泥沙运移输移过程等多角度进行观测研究。现有研究一般通过采集台风前后现场地形数据进行对比分析[3-23],缺乏台风期间的地形数据及相应的水动力同步数据;无法呈现海滩地形的台风响应过程,也因采样时间跨度大而导致分析结果偏差大。有研究者尝试在台风作用范围之外进行观测,如陈子燊等[24]和于吉涛等[25]在粤东后江湾观测了台风“圣帕”、台风“派比安”和强热带低压“宝霞”对海滩地形影响及其动力过程,但由于观测点距离台风路径太远或台风强度太小,海滩没有充分响应。很难进一步深入观测的主要原因在于,即使仅及时获取风暴前后的数据集就需要快速而繁重的工作部署,要在台风期间现场观测更是存在极大的危险性、不可预测性和作业强度巨大等因素,导致关于海滩对台风的响应过程高频观测与研究极少。为填补此观测研究薄弱之处,本文对2018年16号台风“贝碧嘉”长时间作用下徐闻青安湾海滩地形变化和水动力过程进行了高频率的现场观测,包括全时水动力要素、逐时海滩滩面高程变化过程,并对现场观测数据进行分析研究,为探讨海滩对台风的详细响应过程特征提供了一个很好的案例。
青安湾位于琼州海峡北岸中间位置(图1),距离琼州海峡南岸的海南岛约20 km。该海湾是雷州半岛南端的一个弧形海湾,作为一个半封闭系统,外源供沙条件有限。湾口弦长为1.75 km,曲率半径为0.85 km。海湾两侧为玄武岩岬角,岬角岸坡较陡,其下形成砾石滩。海湾后缘为北海组地层组成三级海积阶地,阶地前缘有风成沙丘分布。沙滩长度约1 800 m,宽度为60~80 m,中间岸段较为平直,表层泥沙粒径为2.5Φ~3.0Φ。海区潮汐为不正规日潮,平均潮差为0.82 m,最大潮差为2.16 m,属弱潮海岸。湾附近涨潮流先向东后向西,而落潮流向东,流速约为l m/s。受地形条件影响,波浪主要为E−SW方向,以风浪为主,涌浪为辅,平均波高小于0.35 m,平均周期为4.0 s[26]
琼州海峡所处的南海北部素有“台风走廊”之名,此次观测的2018年16号台风“贝碧嘉”具有路径复杂(图1)、移动速度慢、生命期长(超过南海台风平均3~4 d的生命期)、多次登陆、降水猛烈的特点。台风“贝碧嘉”中心移动路径与青安湾最小距离约为47 km。台风期间的气象信息和海区波浪状况见表1表2
海滩剖面地形变化观测采取打桩、量桩高程的办法[27-29]。观测期间,在后滨、风暴滩肩、大潮滩肩、前滩中部、前滩下沿的低潮线各1排桩、水下平缓区2排桩,共7排桩,每排有7根桩,形成7×7观测网格,列间距为5 m(图2)。为避免波浪在桩周围形成冲刷坑而影响测量精度,桩的材料采用直径为10 mm细钢筋;每列为1个剖面,由东北至西南分别命名为P1−P7。在后滨设置固定水准点,每天用全站仪对每根桩的位置和高程进行测量,以检测观测精度。从2018年8月8日17时开始,每小时1次用钢直尺量桩顶到滩面高度变化,直到2018年8月15日12时结束。室内对测得数据进行处理,还原各桩位置海滩高程逐时变化过程。由于滩面变化具有一致性,因此本文选取P5剖面的数据作为代表来进行分析和讨论。
台风期间,在碎波带投放压力式波浪仪记录水面波动过程。波浪仪位于平均水位以下水深约1.0 m处。波浪仪采样频率为2 Hz,连续观测得到2018年8月8日17时至15日12时波浪数据。室内把原始数据每20 min分为一组,采用上跨零点法计算出波高、波周期等波浪要素。另外采用线性最小二乘滤波法滤出实时潮位过程。
台风“贝碧嘉”期间,风暴增水伴随天文潮位周期性涨落(图3),高潮位时波浪上冲边界和风暴滩肩基本平齐。台风在登陆前,随着台风由南向北逼近观测点,增水略有增加,而波高轻微减小。11日台风路径转向东,逐渐离开观测点,增水减小,波高进一步变小。12日至13日台风强度变大,最大风速由15 m/s增大至18 m/s,增水稍有增大,波高衰减至最小后再小幅度增大。14日台风路径继续向东,同时天文潮由大潮转为中潮,增水减小,波高略微变小,15日台风迅速向西靠近观测点,波高略有变大(表3)。
从各桩的实测高程过程线看,各桩所在位置地形响应变化趋势各不相同,每个潮周期内,均有侵蚀和淤积现象(图4)。剖面变化幅度最大位置在风暴滩肩(2#桩)、大潮滩肩(3#桩)和沙坝附近(6#桩)(图4)。滩肩线横向后退约6 m,从大潮滩肩侵蚀退至风暴滩肩后1 m处,水下形成沙坝(图5)。
1#桩处于后滨位置,台风“贝碧嘉”期间,增水高程没有高于后滨,主要受雨水冲刷作用。高潮位时,在2#桩开始侵蚀之后,有上冲流末端带来的极少量泥沙堆积到1#桩,最大堆积幅度为4 cm,全程变化幅度很小。
2#桩所在位置为风暴滩肩,8月9日台风生成当天,大潮滩肩未完全冲蚀,风暴增水及波浪未直接影响风暴滩肩时,风暴滩肩因暴雨而呈现出轻微冲刷。8月10日大潮滩肩侵蚀后,波浪未开始直接侵蚀风暴滩肩之前,波浪上冲流夹带泥沙漫到风暴滩肩,产生2.2 cm轻微的堆积现象。8月11日波浪开始直接侵蚀风暴滩肩,侵蚀幅度达6.7 cm。8月12−15日,侵蚀幅度分别为3.5 cm、5.0 cm、5.4 cm和4.0 cm。台风“贝碧嘉”期间,每个潮周期内冲刷起主导作用,高潮位时波浪直接冲刷侵蚀,低潮位时上冲流携沙轻微恢复性淤积。
3#桩在大潮滩肩位置,是台风期间响应最剧烈的地方。响应过程可分为3个阶段:一是快速侵蚀阶段,时间从8月9日09时至14时,台风生成并向北移靠近青安湾,大潮滩肩前缘快速蚀低35.7 cm,接近台风剖面侵蚀最大值,坡度变陡,侵蚀起绝对主导地位;二是缓慢侵蚀至最大值阶段,时间从8月9日15时至10日14时,台风继续正面逼近青安湾,登陆并达到最近距离,滩面缓慢侵蚀至最大值(40.5 cm),期间剖面因低潮时上冲流携沙淤积有微小恢复,冲刷仍占优势;三是振荡恢复阶段,8月11日往后,台风路径转向东,逐渐远离青安湾,浪向转为离岸向,侵蚀作用减弱,1个潮周期内出现侵蚀和回淤反复振荡状态,淤积开始占优势。12−14日以恢复性淤积为主,每天淤积值分别为6.9 cm、2.8 cm和−0.2 cm,淤积累积最大值为9.7 cm,接近侵蚀最大值(40.5 cm)的1/4。
4#桩位于前滩中部,增水直接影响之前,台风波浪带来泥沙淤积,淤积最大幅度为8.5 cm。8月9−12日,随潮位振荡侵蚀至最低,最大累积侵蚀幅度为16 cm。8月13日开始转为振荡淤积。侵蚀趋势与3#桩相似,但淤积稍有滞后且幅度更小。
5#桩位于前滩下沿低潮线处,在3#桩位置发生快速侵蚀时5#桩发生淤积,淤积幅度为8.2 cm。在2#桩位置开始发生侵蚀时5#桩发生另一次淤积高峰,淤积幅度为8.4 cm。其余时段都是微幅度的振荡,5#桩位置高程变化幅度小。
6#桩在沙坝中心的内侧(图5),8月9日在台风初始阶段快速淤积13.4 cm,与大潮滩肩快速侵蚀响应同步。8月11日出现另一次淤积峰值,淤积幅度为7.4 cm,与风暴滩肩侵蚀同步。8月12日6#桩位仍少量淤积2.4 cm,8月13日淤积1.3 cm,累积淤积最大值为18.9 cm;8月14日沙坝开始转向侵蚀平整。整个台风期间,滩肩侵蚀的泥沙继续向海输移到沙坝,沙坝持续成长扩大,形成宽而平缓的形态。
7#桩在沙坝向海侧,破波带外,在8月13日之前,高程值在2 cm上下微小范围内振荡。8月14日后,有轻微淤积,淤积最大值为6 cm,应是沙坝在台风后期趋向蚀低平整所致。
海滩风暴响应的本质就是异常水动力对正常水动力塑造的海滩的突发改造[30]。风暴期间,向岸大风把海水往沿岸输送,造成海水辐聚,使高水位进一步加高形成风暴增水,使得波浪作用范围扩大。海滩地形地貌、台风位置、台风强度、台风移速、台风路径等因素都对增水有重要影响[31]
万弘超等[32]研究表明,南海热带气旋进入以16°N线为南边界,以116°E线为东边界的区域时,琼州海峡就会产生显著风暴增水。台风“贝碧嘉”产生于16.9°N,111.7°E ,故而在台风产生之初海峡内即可产生较为显著的增水。台风强度大和移动速度快,则有利于风暴增水[32],而台风“贝碧嘉”强度较小且相对稳定,移动速度慢,使得风暴增水值并非很大。若台风路径与纬线夹角为0°~10°,在琼州海峡引起的增水最大[33-35]。路径与纬线夹角越大,增水越小,因为北半球气旋逆时针转,形成类圆形风圈,大风把风圈内东侧海域水源区的水向琼州海峡输送,水源区面积越大,引发增水越大[32];而台风“贝碧嘉”路径与纬线夹角约为75°,“贝碧嘉”生成并向北逼近青安湾过程中,受海南岛与雷州半岛特有地形掩护,琼州海峡风暴增水的水源区面积是不断变小的(图6)。而且,由于琼州海峡是东西连通南海与北部湾的狭长海域,雷州半岛为突出地形,由大陆伸出大海约130 km,海水易从海峡快速流走,不利于海水持续堆积壅高。
琼州海峡狭窄的特有地形地貌,使得台风“贝碧嘉”在风力较弱且距离较远的初始阶段青安湾海域即产生0.38 m的增水;另一方面,雷州半岛为突出地形,不利于海水持续堆积壅高而是快速流走,导致增水对复杂的台风路径、强度变化响应不敏感,整个台风期间,增水变化幅度较小,处于0.38~0.50 m范围。
台风“贝碧嘉”在逼近青安湾过程中,风浪形成的风时、风距、风速的三要素中,波浪相应风距逐渐缩小,最后缩小到只有琼州海峡的宽度(图6)。台风“贝碧嘉”最大风速因靠近而增大同时又与地面摩擦消能而减小,且越靠近青安湾风圈内陆地占比越大,与地面摩擦消能亦越大。8月9日至10日实测波高从0.78 m减小为0.67 m。8月10日11时之后,台风处于青安湾东侧,风向转为离岸风,这个阶段风距都只有琼州海峡狭小的宽度,实测波高亦近一步减小至8月12日的0.43 m。8月13−15日加强为热带风暴级,最大风速从15 m/s增强至25 m/s,台风路径逐渐从东往西逼近青安湾,波浪微微增加到0.56 m,波浪变化趋势与台风路径初始阶段从南到北行进过程是相反的,原因是这个阶段风距不变,海陆分布不变,风速不断增加,所以波浪有所增强,但又由于是离岸风,使得波高增幅很小。
北半球台风逆时针旋转,东北—西南走向的青安湾沙滩正对风浪来向,同时8月9日是天文中潮,使台风波浪可直接作用到大潮滩肩位置,是大潮滩肩快速响应发生冲刷原因。
台风逐渐由南向北逼至青安湾最近距离过程中,滩肩并没有明显地继续向下侵蚀,而是转向平行岸线的蚀退。原因是在此过程中,受琼州海峡特有海陆分布影响风暴增水没有明显增加,波高变小,8月10日9时台风“贝碧嘉”在海南登陆后,风与陆地摩擦消耗,青安湾海面的风力削弱,使得作用在滩面上的波浪有所减小。随着台风路径转向东离开青安湾,风向转为离岸风,波浪进一步减弱,剖面在向下最大侵蚀后开始转向恢复性淤积,主要泥沙来自上方风暴滩肩侵蚀落淤和泥沙向岸输移,坡度变缓。
已有研究通过对比台风前后剖面形态,研究认为台风造成的海滩侵蚀,因不同的海滩差别很大[3-23]。其中之一就是高潮带侵蚀,泥沙向海输移形成水下沙坝,与台风“贝碧嘉”对青安湾海滩剖面主要影响一致。但台风“贝碧嘉”影响期间,海滩剖面各部位响应过程截然不同,波浪不直接作用的后滨位置受暴雨作用有微小冲刷。冲流带范围发生最剧烈冲刷,大潮滩肩分快速向下侵蚀、缓慢侵蚀至最大值、振荡回淤恢复3个阶段,台风期间振荡恢复幅度可达最大侵蚀深度的1/4。风暴滩肩在大潮滩肩侵蚀后逐步侵蚀下切、横向后退,激浪带海床高程整体变化小。破波带形成水下沙坝,逐步淤积成长,位置相对稳定。破波带外海侧,台风期间地形没有明显变化。这些不同部位迥异的风暴响应过程特征无法仅从台风前后地形变化对比分析得出。
台风作用下,海滩剖面变形是由多种非线性因子共同作用下的结果,为进一步探讨海滩变化的过程与规律,采用经验正交函数(EOF)分离出相互独立(即正交)的海滩响应过程成分。
EOF功能是从海滩实测时空数据构成的变量场中识别出主要的相互正交的空间分布型,从而降低数据的维度,更好地描述海滩剖面时空变化过程的主要特征。海滩高程变化的随机向量场正交分解如公式(1)所示[36]
${{\boldsymbol{H_t}}} = \sum_{k = 1}^k {{{\boldsymbol{T_k}}}} \left( {\boldsymbol{t}} \right){\boldsymbol{V_k}} + {\boldsymbol{\varepsilon _k}}(t = {\rm{1}},{\rm{2}}, \cdots ,\; n),$
式中,Htm个空间点n次观测值构成的随机向量场;Vkm维空间基向量;Tk(t)是空间向量Vk在表示向量场Ht中的权重系数,是时间系数序列,各自的方差等于对应的特征值,从大到小排列。$ {\boldsymbol{\varepsilon }}_{\boldsymbol{k}} $是剩余误差向量。EOF的原理就是从正交基向量集内逐个选取Vk,使得$ {\boldsymbol{\varepsilon }}_{\boldsymbol{k}} $最小,所得Vk就是随机向量场Ht的典型,也称为模态。
本次观测7个桩位及164组逐时高程得到的数据集构成7维空间和164个向量序列的向量场,正交分解得到特征值由大到小排序见表4
当特征值的取样误差大于等于该特征值与相邻特征值之差时,特征向量的分量的取样误差就达到或超过相邻特征向量的分量[37],即满足公式(2)时
$\frac{{\Delta \lambda }_{k}}{\left|{\lambda }_{{k}'}-{\lambda }_{k}\right|}\geqslant 1,{\Delta \lambda }_{k}\approx \sqrt{\frac{2}{n}}{\lambda }_{k};$
其中,${\lambda }_{k}-{\lambda }_{k+1} < {\lambda }_{k-1}-{\lambda }_{k}{\text{时,}}{k}'=k+1; {\lambda }_{k}-{\lambda }_{k+1} > {\lambda }_{k-1}-{\lambda }_{k}{\text{时,}} {k}'=k-1$
该特征向量的估计就无意义了,并据此计算本次特征值取样误差,结果如表5
表5可知,λ1λ4对应的特征向量是有意义的,λ1λ4累积方差占总方差的98.47%,第一至第四模态可以显著且较全面地表征海滩台风期间的响应模态。
对时间Tk进行标准化处理,令${T}_{k}'={T}_{k}/{\sqrt{{\lambda }_{k}},V}_{k}'=\sqrt{{\lambda }_{k}}{{V}}_{k}$,使得空间向量$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}' $的量值就是这个模态对应分析对象的一般大小[36]。标准化后的第一至第四模态及时间序列展开如图7所示。
空间特征函数体现了地形学意义上海滩剖面空间变化特征,距平值为正值表示淤积,负值表示侵蚀;时间特征函数体现了台风期间水动力的作用过程,振幅表示水动力作用下地形响应的强度。
第一模态方差贡献率为73.18%,是形成风暴剖面的最主要过程因素。第一模态空间特征函数($ {{V}}_{1}' $)主要体现了3#桩大潮滩肩位置侵蚀,每小时最大侵蚀幅度超过10 cm。6#桩沙坝位置淤积,每小时最大淤积幅度约为5 cm。1#桩所在后滨、5#桩沙坝内侧位置及7#桩破波带外高程无明显变化,2#桩风暴滩肩和4#桩前滩位置有轻微侵蚀。时间特征函数($ {{T}}_{1}' $)表明在台风初期8月9日台风“贝碧嘉”生成之前到初期潮位尚未涨至大潮滩肩之前,由波浪上冲流带向岸泥沙可堆积到3#桩大潮滩肩处,所以时间特征函数的振幅为负值。从8月9日9时至14时,高潮位叠加风暴增水使得波浪可直接作用在大潮滩肩,大潮滩肩发生急速而剧烈的侵蚀。特征函数振幅直接从−2.8~0.2的急剧大幅度反转,之后却一直处于0~0.7之间较为稳定的状态,每天随潮位涨落做周期性(高潮位侵蚀,低潮位淤积)小幅度振荡。表明大潮滩肩对台风水动力响应极为灵敏,在台风“贝碧嘉”生成后的第一个高潮位期间即可完成侵蚀状态,大潮滩肩迅速适应了台风波浪强度,而且8月9日之后波浪有所衰减,从而导致第一模态地形变化对台风“贝碧嘉”第一个高潮位后台风路径复杂变化的响应并不是很明显。
第二模态空间特征函数($ {{V}}_{2}' $)主要体现了2#桩风暴滩肩位置侵蚀,每小时最大侵蚀幅度约为5.5 cm。3#桩大潮滩肩位置淤积,每小时最大淤积幅度约为2 cm;6#桩沙坝位置轻微淤积,每小时最大淤积幅度约为1 cm;其余桩位高程无明显变化。时间特征函数($ {{T}}_{2}' $)体现了第二模态地形变化在台风初始阶段急速转向负相关,原因是3#桩大潮滩肩位置侵蚀时上冲流携带泥沙至2#桩;8月10日向正相关转化并不断加强,同时伴随潮位做周期性小幅度振荡,风暴滩肩是在台风“贝碧嘉”生成后第一个潮周期内是有轻微淤积,第二个潮周期才开始发生侵蚀。由于风暴滩肩比大潮滩肩更靠岸侧且更高,而台风“贝碧嘉”的风暴增水较稳定和波浪是轻微减弱趋势,作用在风暴滩肩的波浪则比大潮滩肩小且作用时间也更短,风暴滩肩侵蚀比大潮滩肩小。因此,第一模态起主导作用且时间上响应在前,第二模态响应在后;空间上第二模态叠加在第一模态之上,风暴滩肩泥沙被侵蚀并向海侧输移,对严重侵蚀的3#桩大潮滩肩位置形成泥沙补偿效应,在台风期间发生恢复性淤积现象。第二模态方差贡献率为17.95%,第一、二模态的权重比值(λ2/λ1=24.5%)与最大侵蚀位置(3#桩)实测恢复性淤积幅度基本一致。
第三模态方差贡献率为5.12%。第三模态空间特征函数($ {{V}}_{3}' $)最主要的特征是4#桩位置侵蚀,每小时最大侵蚀幅度约为2 cm;3#桩位置轻微淤积,每小时最大淤积幅度约为1 cm;6#桩位置也淤积,每小时最大淤积幅度约为2 cm;激浪带侵蚀,冲流带和破波带淤积,主要原因可能是破波传播至海滩坡度变化的4#桩附近处发生二次较小的破碎,使得泥沙悬浮,部分随上冲流向岸、部分随底流向海双向输移。时间特征函数($ {{T}}_{3}' $)体现了第三模态在只有滩肩侵蚀时,落淤值大于侵蚀值,其余时间只要潮位达到,都以侵蚀占优势,并随滩肩侵蚀变化而变化,直至4#桩位置剖面形态与水动力条件相适应。
第四模态空间特征函数($ {{V}}_{4}' $)体现了1#–6#桩破波带以内全部受到侵蚀,碎波带内波浪破碎导致泥沙悬浮,其中以5#和6#桩位置最为明显,因为5#和6#桩位置为破波点岸侧,受波浪下卷破碎作用,更多泥沙悬浮,5#桩位置每小时最大侵蚀幅度约为1.5 cm。台风期间,碎波带的悬沙在沿岸流作用下,被两端入海河涌带入较深海域(图8)。第四模态方差贡献率虽然只有2.22%,侵蚀幅度小,但范围广,可能导致海滩泥沙永久性损失。时间特征函数(${{T}}_{4}'$)表征了第四模态贯穿于整个台风期间,高潮位时体现明显。
总的来看,台风“贝碧嘉”路径虽然复杂多变,但青安湾海滩响应形态主要受以上4个模态控制。4个模态对应的动力因素不同,相互交叉、叠加及耦合,对海滩变形贡献率不同,影响时间不同。贡献率大的可能影响范围小,如第一至第三模态,是风暴剖面的控制模态,影响海滩破波带以内范围。贡献率最小的第四模态影响范围最广,而且对海滩的长期演变可能有深远影响。一般来说,第一模态和第二模态中,滩肩侵蚀泥沙向海输移形成水下沙坝的特征可以通过台风前后剖面形态变化分析得出,但很难发现第三模态、第四模态及第二模态中风暴滩肩泥沙对大潮滩肩的补偿性作用。
通过对徐闻青安湾海滩在台风“贝碧嘉”期间连续6天半的高频观测,并对所获取的全时水动力要素和164组逐时海滩滩面高程变化数据进行分析,得出结论如下:
(1)青安湾海域风暴增水及波浪受控于海南岛−雷州半岛特有的地形地貌和台风“贝碧嘉”的复杂路径。增水总体稳定在0.38~0.5 m之间,而波高先由0.78 m衰减至0.43 m,再增加至0.56 m。
(2)海滩剖面地形变化总体表现为滩肩侵蚀,形成水下沙坝。海滩不同位置的响应演变趋势完全不同,波浪影响范围内,每个潮周期内,均有侵蚀和淤积现象。滩肩变化过程分为快速向下侵蚀、缓慢侵蚀至最大值、振荡回淤恢复3个阶段。破波带形成水下沙坝,逐步淤积成长,位置相对稳定。沙坝外侧,台风期间地形没有明显变化。
(3)海滩响应风暴的复杂变化过程主要由4个模态耦合而成。第一模态体现大潮滩肩侵蚀生成水下沙坝过程;第二模态体现风暴滩肩侵蚀,补偿大潮滩肩侵蚀位置和进一步壮大沙坝过程;第三模态揭示了波浪二次破碎位置的上冲流和离岸底流使泥沙发生双向输移过程;第四模态表明台风大浪使得碎波带内泥沙大量悬浮,在沿岸流和离岸流作用下部分悬沙进入深水区,可能造成海滩泥沙的永久亏损。
(4)台风“贝碧嘉”对徐闻青安湾海滩既有侵蚀作用又有恢复作用,使得侵蚀最大值发生在台风过程中。这一现象仅通过台风前后的地形变化是无法观测到的,在海滩风暴响应机理研究中应该予以特别注意。
致谢:李泽华、董一鸣参加了现场观测工作和青安村部分村民提供的后勤保障,特此致谢!
  • 国家自然科学基金(41676079);广东海洋大学创新强校项目(Q18307,230419102)。
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2020年第42卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.010
  • 接收时间:2019-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-09-05
  • 修回日期:2019-11-07
基金
国家自然科学基金(41676079);广东海洋大学创新强校项目(Q18307,230419102)。
作者信息
    1 广东海洋大学 海洋工程学院,广东 湛江 524088
    2 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
    3 广东海洋大学 电子与信息工程学院,广东 湛江 524088

通讯作者:

*李志强,教授,主要从事海滩过程、海岸工程环境研究。E-mail:
张会领,讲师,主要从事全新世气候变化研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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