Article(id=1244313008252502773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313004368572820, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1567526400000, receivedDateStr=2019-09-04, revisedDate=1577808000000, revisedDateStr=2020-01-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774596939384, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1606233600000, pubDateStr=2020-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774596939384, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774596939384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774596939384, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244313004368572820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774596938458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597068580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313550202712900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313004368572820, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313550202712901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244313004368572820, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=142, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244313008676127488, articleId=1244313008252502773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Evolution analysis of land use pattern in the Changjiang River Delta coastal zone in recent 39 years, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Changjiang River Delta coastal zone is a typical region where global change and human activities interact violently. Under the background of deepening coastal development and policy boosting, land use changes in this region has intensified, and it has become a conflict hotspot between economic development and ecological protection. The evolution analysis of land use pattern is of great significance to promote the coastal development zone of the Changjiang River Delta. The article is based on 5 issues of land use vector data during 1980 to 2018, by using Sankey diagram, annual change rate, dynamic degree and nuclear density analysis method to reveals the evolution characteristics of land use in the Changjiang River Delta coastal zone in the past 39 years in terms of quantitative structure, spatial agglomeration of key land types, and the rule of sea-land gradient variation. The results are as follows: (1) The basement landscape of the Changjiang River Delta coastal zone in 2018 is composed by cultivated land, forest land and construction land, which occupies 89.86% of the total study area. In spatial pattern, it presents cultivated land in the north and woodland in the south and construction land is scattered and embedded in it. (2) In the past 39 years, the land use system in the study area has varied in quantitative structure and spatial pattern. Among them, in the overall presentation of quantity structure, the cultivated land continued to decline steadily, construction land continues to increase rapidly, forest land fluctuates slightly, and grasslands and waters fluctuate slightly, and the total area which experienced reclamation development reached to 2161.01 square kilometer; In spatial pattern, it mainly shows that construction land patches blooming everywhere and accompanied by local explosive expansion, farmland patches shrink gradually and tend to fragment, and form a distinct wetland landscape in reclamation areas in Jiangsu and eastern Shanghai and Hangzhou Bay. (3) The article focus on the spatial agglomeration analysis on construction land and wetland. Among them, the expansion scale of construction land is small and scattered, and the expansion concentration degree continues to increase, which forms a spatial clustering pattern from "single center" to "multiple center"; The tidal flat resources are characterized by a small number, small patches and scattered distribution, and generally show a decreasing trend. The expand and reduce hotspots in different periods behaves differently in different regions. (4) Within a distance of 20 kilometers from the coastline, the land use dynamics in the study area showed obvious changes of construction land goes to sea and ocean land goes to land, in addition, the dynamics of sea-land gradients of different types in the coastal areas of Jiangsu, Shanghai and Zhejiang are different.

, correspAuthors=Hongyan Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Manman Wang, Hongyan Zhang, Youguang Zhang, Mingsen Lin, Peng Gong), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244313012006404938, articleId=1244313008252502773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=近39年长三角海岸带土地开发利用格局演变分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

长三角海岸带是全球变化与人类活动剧烈相互作用的典型区域,在沿海开发逐渐深化与政策助推背景下,该区域土地利用变化加剧,已成为经济发展与生态保护的矛盾热点区,分析海岸带土地开发利用格局演变过程对推动长三角沿海发展带具有重要意义。本文基于1980−2018年5期土地利用矢量数据,采用桑基图、年变化率、动态度及核密度分析方法,揭示了近39年来长三角海岸带土地开发利用在数量结构、空间形态、重点地类集聚及海陆梯度变化规律等方面的演变特征。结果表明:(1) 2018年长三角海岸带基底景观由耕地、林地和建设用地构成,占研究区总面积的89.86%,呈现出北耕南林、建设用地呈散团式镶嵌其中的空间格局。(2)近39年来研究区土地利用系统在数量结构和空间形态上变化各异,其中,在数量结构上整体呈现耕地持续平稳减少、建设用地持续快速增加、林地波动式微弱减少、草地和水域波动式微弱增加的发展趋势,且历经围填海开发面积累计达2 161.01 km2;在空间形态上主要呈现出建设用地斑块遍地开花并伴随局部爆炸式扩张、耕地斑块逐渐缩减且趋于破碎化、江苏和上海东部以及杭州湾沿岸围填海开发形成明显湿地景观的演变态势。(3)重点针对建设用地和湿地开展空间集聚演变特征分析,其中,建设用地扩张规模呈小而散且扩张集聚度呈持续增强趋势,形成由“单中心”趋向“多中心”空间集聚格局;滩涂资源呈现数量少、斑块小且分布散的特征,总体呈减少趋势,各时期扩展热点区及缩减热点区地处县市各异。(4)在距离海岸线20 km范围内,研究区土地利用动态度呈现明显的建设用地趋海及海洋用地趋陆的变化规律,且江苏、上海及浙江沿海地带的各地类动态度海陆梯度变化规律各异。

, correspAuthors=张宏艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张宏艳(1975-),女,内蒙古自治区赤峰市人,副教授,主要从事环境经济学研究。E-mail:
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王曼曼(1987-),女,河南省濮阳市人,主要从事海岸带土地利用模式优化研究。E-mail:

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近39年长三角海岸带土地开发利用格局演变分析
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王曼曼 1, 2 , 张宏艳 3, * , 张有广 1 , 林明森 1 , 宫鹏 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2020,42(11): 142-154
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海洋学报 | 论文 2020, 42(11): 142-154
近39年长三角海岸带土地开发利用格局演变分析
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王曼曼1, 2 , 张宏艳3, * , 张有广1, 林明森1, 宫鹏2
作者信息
  • 1 国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
  • 2 清华大学 地球系统科学系,北京 100084
  • 3 北京工商大学 经济学院,北京 100048
  • 王曼曼(1987-),女,河南省濮阳市人,主要从事海岸带土地利用模式优化研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张宏艳(1975-),女,内蒙古自治区赤峰市人,副教授,主要从事环境经济学研究。E-mail:
Evolution analysis of land use pattern in the Changjiang River Delta coastal zone in recent 39 years
Manman Wang1, 2 , Hongyan Zhang3, * , Youguang Zhang1, Mingsen Lin1, Peng Gong2
Affiliations
  • 1 National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2 Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3 School of Economics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
出版时间: 2020-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.014
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长三角海岸带是全球变化与人类活动剧烈相互作用的典型区域,在沿海开发逐渐深化与政策助推背景下,该区域土地利用变化加剧,已成为经济发展与生态保护的矛盾热点区,分析海岸带土地开发利用格局演变过程对推动长三角沿海发展带具有重要意义。本文基于1980−2018年5期土地利用矢量数据,采用桑基图、年变化率、动态度及核密度分析方法,揭示了近39年来长三角海岸带土地开发利用在数量结构、空间形态、重点地类集聚及海陆梯度变化规律等方面的演变特征。结果表明:(1) 2018年长三角海岸带基底景观由耕地、林地和建设用地构成,占研究区总面积的89.86%,呈现出北耕南林、建设用地呈散团式镶嵌其中的空间格局。(2)近39年来研究区土地利用系统在数量结构和空间形态上变化各异,其中,在数量结构上整体呈现耕地持续平稳减少、建设用地持续快速增加、林地波动式微弱减少、草地和水域波动式微弱增加的发展趋势,且历经围填海开发面积累计达2 161.01 km2;在空间形态上主要呈现出建设用地斑块遍地开花并伴随局部爆炸式扩张、耕地斑块逐渐缩减且趋于破碎化、江苏和上海东部以及杭州湾沿岸围填海开发形成明显湿地景观的演变态势。(3)重点针对建设用地和湿地开展空间集聚演变特征分析,其中,建设用地扩张规模呈小而散且扩张集聚度呈持续增强趋势,形成由“单中心”趋向“多中心”空间集聚格局;滩涂资源呈现数量少、斑块小且分布散的特征,总体呈减少趋势,各时期扩展热点区及缩减热点区地处县市各异。(4)在距离海岸线20 km范围内,研究区土地利用动态度呈现明显的建设用地趋海及海洋用地趋陆的变化规律,且江苏、上海及浙江沿海地带的各地类动态度海陆梯度变化规律各异。

长三角  /  海岸带  /  格局演变  /  转移网络  /  核密度  /  滩涂

The Changjiang River Delta coastal zone is a typical region where global change and human activities interact violently. Under the background of deepening coastal development and policy boosting, land use changes in this region has intensified, and it has become a conflict hotspot between economic development and ecological protection. The evolution analysis of land use pattern is of great significance to promote the coastal development zone of the Changjiang River Delta. The article is based on 5 issues of land use vector data during 1980 to 2018, by using Sankey diagram, annual change rate, dynamic degree and nuclear density analysis method to reveals the evolution characteristics of land use in the Changjiang River Delta coastal zone in the past 39 years in terms of quantitative structure, spatial agglomeration of key land types, and the rule of sea-land gradient variation. The results are as follows: (1) The basement landscape of the Changjiang River Delta coastal zone in 2018 is composed by cultivated land, forest land and construction land, which occupies 89.86% of the total study area. In spatial pattern, it presents cultivated land in the north and woodland in the south and construction land is scattered and embedded in it. (2) In the past 39 years, the land use system in the study area has varied in quantitative structure and spatial pattern. Among them, in the overall presentation of quantity structure, the cultivated land continued to decline steadily, construction land continues to increase rapidly, forest land fluctuates slightly, and grasslands and waters fluctuate slightly, and the total area which experienced reclamation development reached to 2161.01 square kilometer; In spatial pattern, it mainly shows that construction land patches blooming everywhere and accompanied by local explosive expansion, farmland patches shrink gradually and tend to fragment, and form a distinct wetland landscape in reclamation areas in Jiangsu and eastern Shanghai and Hangzhou Bay. (3) The article focus on the spatial agglomeration analysis on construction land and wetland. Among them, the expansion scale of construction land is small and scattered, and the expansion concentration degree continues to increase, which forms a spatial clustering pattern from "single center" to "multiple center"; The tidal flat resources are characterized by a small number, small patches and scattered distribution, and generally show a decreasing trend. The expand and reduce hotspots in different periods behaves differently in different regions. (4) Within a distance of 20 kilometers from the coastline, the land use dynamics in the study area showed obvious changes of construction land goes to sea and ocean land goes to land, in addition, the dynamics of sea-land gradients of different types in the coastal areas of Jiangsu, Shanghai and Zhejiang are different.

Changjiang River Delta  /  coastal zone  /  pattern evolution  /  transfer network  /  nuclear density  /  tidal flat
王曼曼, 张宏艳, 张有广, 林明森, 宫鹏. 近39年长三角海岸带土地开发利用格局演变分析. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (11) : 142 -154 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.014
Manman Wang, Hongyan Zhang, Youguang Zhang, Mingsen Lin, Peng Gong. Evolution analysis of land use pattern in the Changjiang River Delta coastal zone in recent 39 years[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (11) : 142 -154 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.014
长三角是带动中国经济发展的重要引擎与接驳世界经济体系的门户区,国务院2010年批准的《长江三角洲地区区域规划》确定长三角范围包含江苏省、浙江省和上海市。在全球变化、快速城镇化、工业化及沿海开发深化背景下,长三角地区面临海平面上升、极端气候事件、地面沉降、环境污染、海岸侵蚀等生态环境问题[1],同时伴随大量优质农田和生态用地被侵占,致使土地后备资源短缺难以支撑未来区域发展战略需求,区域生态安全格局面临严重威胁。尤其在长三角海岸带地区,海陆交互作用显著,因其特殊的地理位置及独特的元素构成[2],逐渐成为陆域土地系统外拓所觊觎的焦点,且在《长江三角洲城市群发展规划》(2016−2020)的空间格局中,长三角海岸带被定义为沿海发展带,致力于打造与生态建设和环境保护相协调的海洋经济发展带。该区域土地利用模式因区位和人类活动方式不同而各异,在工业化和城镇化地区,海岸带开发趋于临港产业、城市建设、滨海旅游等高经济效益利用方式,开发范围由陆缘向海洋拓展;在农业发展地区,海岸带开发主要通过滩涂围垦、湿地养殖、近岸捕捞等实现陆海空间利用[2]。在海岸带土地开发逐渐深化和政策助推下,海岸带土地利用变化加剧,已成为经济发展与生态保护的矛盾热点区。
目前,土地利用变化的动态监测与研究已成为人类活动对全球环境变化影响研究的重要内容之一[3],对维持生态系统结构和生产力具有重要意义[4],在复杂性科学视角下,土地利用变化系统表现出多方向性、非线性、时空尺度差异性和时空异质性等特征[5-6]。随着沿海开发力度的逐渐深化,该区域土地利用变化加剧,其经济的高速发展根植于对优质农田、草地、岸线资源的过度利用,导致滨海湿地面积锐减、生物栖息地被破坏及物种资源严重衰退等问题显现,同时随着国家海洋战略及“一带一路”建设的加快推进,海岸带土地开发建设与资源环境保护的压力倍增,如何协调与统筹生态与经济的联系成为海岸带土地利用可持续发展的核心议题。近些年,借助于“3S”技术、数理统计、空间计量等手段,国内外学者对海岸带区域开展了大量研究,主要集中在以下4个方面:一是基于遥感影像的海岸带信息提取与制图分析,如邸向红等[7]基于Landsat TM影像开展中国海岸带土地利用遥感分类系统研究,侯西勇等[8]对多时相中国海岸带土地利用遥感制图技术进行归纳并对2010年与2015年影像制图精度进行评估,吴文挺等[9]对中国海岸带围垦用地开展遥感分析;二是海岸带土地利用空间格局分析[10-15],如王海云[10]基于地理国情监测数据对珠海市海岸带时空演变格局开展分析,田鹏等[11]对东海区大陆海岸带景观格局变化及生态风险开展评价研究,侯西勇和徐新良[12]对21世纪初中国海岸带土地利用空间格局特征进行分析;三是海岸带土地利用适宜性评价与生态系统服务价值评估[16-20],如孙晓宇等[16]对广东东部海岸带土地利用适宜度进行评价,刘玉斌等[18]开展了基于生态系统服务价值的莱州湾—黄河三角洲海岸带区域生态连通性评价分析;四是开展海岸带土地利用模式研究,如彭建等[21]开展中国东部沿海滩涂资源在不同空间尺度下的生态开发模式,李伟芳等[2]以杭州湾南岸为例进行发展潜力视角下的海岸带土地利用模式研究。与此同时,针对长三角地区,在海岸线变迁[22]、土地利用变化及格局分析[23-24]、海岸带及滩涂资源开发模式[2, 25-26]、滩涂围垦演变分析[27-29]等方面取得了丰富成果,对海岸带土地开发与管理提供重要指导。但综合来看,现有土地生态系统研究多限于长三角的湾区、单个省、市或县尺度,且研究时序较短,对整个长三角沿海区域视角的土地系统转型特征刻画及长期历史演变规律的全面梳理研究较少。
故本文以长三角海岸带土地生态系统为研究对象,基于1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年及2018年5期土地利用矢量数据,采用土地转移网络、年变化率、动态度及核密度分析方法,量化和表征近39年来研究区土地开发利用格局演变过程,尝试从整体数量结构、空间形态、重点地类空间集聚、海陆梯度变化的视角揭示各阶段土地转型分异规律,以期为当地土地利用变化机理、土地可持续开发利用与优化调控提供借鉴。
长三角海岸带是全球变化与人类活动剧烈相互作用的典型区域[1],在海岸带范围划分上,借鉴一级海岸带(沿海地区)、二级海岸带(沿海城市)和三级海岸带(沿海地带)的三层划分法[30],其涵盖范围依次从沿海的省级、地市级(地级市、直辖市)向县区级(县、县级市及市辖区)缩减,且三级海岸带海洋属性最突出,海洋产业布局最密集,人口最集中,生态环境保护任务最重,是海陆统筹管理的核心区。结合我国以行政区为管理单位的特点,考虑本文的研究需要,将研究区范围定义为二级海岸带即长三角沿海城市的大陆海岸带部分,不包括海岛区域,如上海市的崇明区及浙江省的舟山市均不在本文研究范围内,其具体矢量边界向海一侧定义为1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年、2018年大陆海岸线叠加后的最外沿边界,向陆一侧定义为沿海地级市和直辖市的行政区划边界内侧,以此结合向陆、向海矢量边界形成的多边形闭合区域即为研究区范围(图1),主要包含连云港市、盐城市、南通市、上海市、嘉兴市、杭州市、绍兴市、宁波市、台州市、温州市共计10个分析单元,总面积达98 392.04 km2,其中江苏省、上海市和浙江省的海岸带面积分别为33 597.14 km2、5 543.92 km2、59 250.98 km2。本文在开展研究区土地开发格局演变过程分析的基础上,为重点探测滩涂地类的区域异质性规律,进一步将研究尺度拓展至县区级,共计包含44个县区级分析单元。
长三角海岸带境内地势低平,类型以平原、丘陵和山地为主,海岸大部分属于淤泥质平原海岸,拥有广阔的滩涂。在我国国土开发与区域发展战略格局中,长三角海岸带隶属国家层面的优化开发区、农产品主产区和省级层面的重点开发区、重点生态功能区[31],且在《全国海洋功能区划》(2011−2020)中,将其功能定位为农业围垦区、工业与城镇用海区。
本文采用的数据源包含:由中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)提供的基于1970年代末期(1970s,相当于1980年)、1980年代末期(1980s,相当于1990年)、2000年、2010年、2018年5个时期的Landsat遥感影像获取的1∶10万比例尺土地利用矢量数据集产品,空间分辨率为30 m×30 m,该数据集经野外调查资料与外业实地验证,土地利用的一级类型综合评价精度达到93%以上[3]。本研究涉及地类包含耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地(城乡、工矿、居民用地)、未利用地和海洋共7个一级类型21个二级类型,通过对5期土地利用矢量数据进行空间格局演变分析,揭示不同时段长三角海岸带土地转型分异规律。研究区行政区划数据(地市和县级)来源于国家基础地理信息中心2018版矢量地图数据(www.webmap.cn),考虑到1980−2018年期间研究区内的县区级行政区划有所调整,为保持数据的一致性和可比性,各时期均统一采用2018年的地市、县区行政边界作为行政分区。
土地利用变化过程既包含数量与空间形态的变化,又包含地类间转移方向的变化,且伴随研究区不同发展时段,各地类受自然本底演变、社会经济发展及规划政策驱动等影响,在数量增减大小、转入转出方向、转移速度快慢、空间形态聚缩上会存在差异。为全面刻画长三角海岸带在1980−2018年期间不同地类的开发利用特征,基于1980−1990年、1990−2000年、2000−2010年、2010−2018年、1980−2018年共5个研究时段的土地利用转移矩阵,将其视为一个复杂网络加以分析,以某时期的单个地类转移为例,由“该地类名称、转移量、转移至地类名称”构成转移网络的节点和连线,且转移量的多少作为连线的属性。桑基图(Sankey diagram)也称桑基能量分流/平衡图,适用于特定流量转换的可视化分析,由边、节点和能量组成,其中节点代表不同类型,边代表流动的数据,流量代表流动数据的具体数值,边的宽度和流量成比例显示,其始末端的分支宽度总和遵循能量守恒原则。将长三角海岸带的土地生态系统总面积作为分析对象,自1980年开始其历经39年的发展演变,不同地类分支始终发生着“转出减少”、“转入增加”或“维持不变”的变化,但土地生态系统总量维持平衡,采用桑基图能够直观、全面和具体的展现研究区近39年来土地利用转移网络的序列演变指标特征,包含各时期始末地类面积的相对比例、地类间转移的方向和大小、转换贡献率(“转出减少”或“转入增加”在净转换面积中所占百分比)、转移变化率等。各时段土地系统空间形态的演变特征可借助GIS分析方法予以空间展示。
本研究采用年变化率和动态度指标来综合度量某个时期地类A的变化速率和强度,其中,年变化率$K$有正负,反映了与$t$时段对应的研究区地类A的年扩张速率或年缩减速率;动态度$D$反映了与$t$时段对应的研究区地类A变化的剧烈程度[3, 32]。对于某土地类型A,计算公式如下:
$K = \frac{{{{{U}}_{\rm{b}}} - {{{U}}_{\rm{a}}}}}{{{{{U}}_{\rm{a}}}}} \times \frac{1}{t} \times 100{\text %} = \frac{{\Delta {U_{{\rm{in}}}} - \Delta {U_{{\rm{out}}}}}}{{{{{U}}_{\rm{a}}}}} \times \frac{1}{t} \times 100{\text %} ,$
$D = \frac{{\Delta {U_{{\rm{in}}}}{\rm{ + }}\Delta {U_{{\rm{out}}}}}}{{{{{U}}_{\rm{a}}}}} \times \frac{1}{t} \times 100{\text %} ,$
式中,$K$$D$分别表示地类A的年变化率、动态度;${{{U}}_{\rm{a}}}$${{{U}}_{\rm{b}}}$分别表示地类A在某时间段内的初期面积和末期面积(单位:km2);$\Delta {U_{{\rm{in}}}}$表示在研究时间段内从其他地类转化为地类A的总面积,即新增面积(单位:km2);$\Delta {U_{{\rm{out}}}}$表示地类A转化为其他地类的总面积,即流失面积(单位:km2);$t$为时间段。
核密度估计[33]是一种非参数的估计方法,在点位数据的空间集聚分析方面应用广泛,其原理是借助移动的单元格对点格局的密度进行估计,距离格网搜寻中心越近的点则被赋予的权重值越大,最终实现将离散性的点转变为连续的栅格密度表面,从而达到对点位分布数据的空间集聚特征可视化研究。本研究基于长三角海岸带重点变化地类中的建设用地,提取不同时期新增建设用地斑块的质心作为点要素[34],并以斑块面积作为权重指标进行核密度分析,以等值线表示建设用地扩展的空间变化趋势,核密度值越高意味着长三角海岸带地区建设用地扩展态势越聚集,反则越分散。采用四次多项式核函数估计,设$p$处密度为${\lambda _h}(p)$,其估计值为${\hat \lambda _h}(p)$,计算公式如下:
${\hat \lambda _h}(p) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {\frac{3}{{{\text π} {h^4}}}{{\left[ {1 - \frac{{{{\left( {p - {p_i}} \right)}^2}}}{{{h^2}}}} \right]}^2}}, $
式中,$p$为待估计点的位置;${p_i}$为落入以$p$为圆心、$h$为半径的圆形搜索范围内的第$i$个新增地类斑块质心的位置;$h$值的选择会影响到各时期新增建设用地质心点分布密度估计的平滑程度,本文为使研究结果具有年际可比性,各阶段分析均采用了相同的搜索半径和像元大小。
2018年,长三角海岸带耕地面积40 869.40 km2,占研究区总面积的41.54%,所占比例最大;林地、建设用地次之,面积分别为33 788.03 km2、13 758.67 km2,分别占研究区总面积的34.34%、13.98%,耕地、林地和建设用地构成研究区基底景观,水域面积7 482.86 km2、草地面积2 214.57 km2,分别占研究区总面积的7.61%、2.25%,未利用面积最少,占总面积比例不到0.1%。在1980−2018年期间,研究区主要土地利用变化呈现耕地持续平稳减少、建设用地持续快速增加、林地波动式微弱减少、草地和水域波动式微弱增加的发展趋势,且历经围填海开发面积累计达2 161.01 km2。其中,耕地面积减幅为14.54%,主要转向建设用地、水域和林地,转出面积分别为7 505.72 km2、906.10 km2、530.04 km2;建设用地面积增幅为169.75%,主要转入地类为耕地、水域、林地及围填海用地,面积分别为7 505.72 km2、896.31 km2、418.66 km2、305.13 km2,尤其是2000−2018年期间建设用地增量显著,占增加总量的81.75%,主要由于该时段研究区城镇化建设的加快及沿海工业的逐渐兴起,新增建设用地占用大量优质耕地,耕地流失严重;林地经历了“降→升→降”波动式减少趋势,减少面积为323.53 km2,整体减幅达0.95%,主要转变为建设用地和耕地;草地变化表现出与林地完全相反的特征,整体经历了“升→降→升”波动式增加趋势,增加面积为247.15 km2,增幅达12.56%,主要来自水域和耕地转入;水域变化趋势与林地相同,但整体属于增加状态,增幅为6.62%,主要来自耕地与草地转入。在土地利用动态度变化方面,各地类动态度由高到底依次为建设用地、海洋、水域、草地、耕地和林地;在省级差异上,江苏省、上海市和浙江省在1980−2018时段的各地类动态度均保持首位,其他时段呈现出不同的变化趋势。
图2结果主要展现各时期长三角海岸带、江苏省、上海市及浙江省海岸带在不同时期的土地利用转移关系,一方面通过堆叠柱状图直观呈现地类结构组成及面积比例,另一方面利用桑基图直观厘清各地类间的转入转出关系及转移幅度大小。长三角海岸带在转移网络中,主要表现出耕地面积不断流失,其主要转化为建设用地,同时水域向其他地类进行频繁且微弱的转化现象。各省市在地类结构组成及转移网络上差异显著,其中,在地类结构组成上,江苏省基底地类由耕地、水域和建设用地组成,5个时期结构形态基本维持稳定;上海市基底地类由耕地和建设用地组成,且耕地比例呈明显下滑趋势,建设用地比例大幅上升;由于江苏省与上海市海岸带地势均以平原为主,浙江省海岸带地势以丘陵和山地为主,故浙江省地类结构与前两者呈现明显差异,浙江省基底地类主要由林地、耕地和建设用地构成;在土地利用转移关系上,江苏省、上海市和浙江省均呈现明显的建设用地与耕地间的转入转出现象。在不同地级市尺度上,连云港市、盐城市、南通市及嘉兴市在地类结构组成及转移关系中呈现较为一致的变化趋势,耕地占比均最为显著,且连云港市和嘉兴市呈现出较为剧烈的耕地与建设用地间的转换现象;浙江省其他沿海城市地类结构组成相似度较高,均呈现林地占比最高、耕地次之,且5个时期呈现出耕地持续减少现象,其主要转向建设用地开发,主要是由于当地临港工业、滨海城镇发展对建设用地的需求日益增加,致使建设用地均呈现逐年扩张态势。
受城镇化、工业化及海洋战略推进的影响,长三角海岸带土地利用开发加剧,其空间形态从自组织的自然发展状态演化为人为调控(工业新区建设、港口产业带动、滨海新城建设等)下的再组织状态,整体空间格局呈现出北耕南林、建设用地呈散团式镶嵌其中,且水域连绵依附于江苏省东部及杭州湾沿岸的基底景观形态(图3)。自1980年以来,长三角海岸带空间景观变化显著,主要呈现出建设用地斑块遍地开花并伴随局部爆炸式扩张、耕地斑块逐渐缩减且趋于破碎化、江苏和上海东部以及杭州湾沿岸围填海开发形成明显湿地景观的演变态势。将研究区各期土地利用现状数据分别进行ArcGIS空间分析,获取各个时段土地利用转移空间分布图,结果表明,耕地转向建设用地是5个转化阶段中均居首位的地类间转化类别,该类别零散分布于全域范围,且随着时间的趋近,零散斑块逐渐显化,尤其自2000年至今,新增建设用地斑块逐渐形成微小的散团镶嵌于整个长三角海岸带空间,在上海市及杭州湾沿海区域表现尤其显著。除此之外,其他地类间的转化在各阶段呈现出的形态差异各异。
对时空格局集聚演化的考察有利于揭示地类发展的阶段性特征,本研究为深入分析长三角海岸带建设用地扩展的空间聚散态势,对5个阶段新增建设用地斑块进行核密度分析,将其结果划分为高密度区、较高密度区、中等密度区、较低密度区和低密度区(图4)。
长三角海岸带建设用地在数量上,呈持续增加趋势,近39年间增加面积累计达9 207.45 km2;在空间景观上,整体扩张规模呈小而散特征,其中,建设用地扩张的较高与高密度区重点集中在上海市沿岸,在连云港东北部、盐城市南部、南通市南部、杭州湾岸区、象山港岸区、椒江口岸区、瓯江口–沙埕港岸区主要表现为中等密度扩展区,其余地区均表现为较低与低密度扩展区。在不同时段建设用地扩展变化特征各异,以2000年为界,2000年以前除上海市呈现出“单中心”集聚高密度区之外,其余地区扩展密度整体偏低,仅连云港市南部、盐城市北部、杭州市东部及宁波市呈现中等密度扩展;自2000年以来,研究区呈现“多中心”集聚现象,整体建设用地开发程度增强,新增的扩展热点中心由上海市扩增至连云港市中东部、盐城市南部、南通市西南部、杭州湾岸区的嘉兴市、杭州市东部及宁波市、台州市东南部、温州市中东部。综合而言,长三角海岸带建设用地空间集聚范围呈持续扩大态势,且集聚程度随集聚范围的扩张亦同步在加强,2000年以前已初步崭露头角的中等密度扩展区随着沿海城市的快速发展及当地规划政策的驱动逐渐演变为热点中心。
滩涂资源发挥着作为海陆统筹发展过程中的土地后备资源的关键作用,考虑到其重要性,将其从一级水域地类中提取出来单独进行空间集聚特征分析,因滩涂基本分布在大陆海岸线附近,其实际的经营与管护直接归属于县、县级市或市辖区,故此处将研究尺度扩展至县区级行政单元。首先,开展研究区滩涂用地变化特征分析,因滩涂用地本身景观斑块小、数量少且布局分散,为精细化测度其斑块面积变化的分异规律,利用ArcGIS Fishnet渔网创建工具创建1 km×1 km空间格网,将所有滩涂斑块数据统一整合到该格网下进行单位格网变化面积(km2/ (1 km×1 km))指标的空间化表达,并按照变化程度划分为减少(−1.0~−0.5、−0.5~0)和增加(0~0.5、0.5~1.0)两大类(图5)。
长三角海岸带滩涂地类在数量变化上,总体呈减少态势,近39年间减少面积共计395.40 km2,除2000−2010年滩涂面积增加252.71 km2外,其余时期均呈现阶梯式减少趋势;在空间景观上各时期扩展及缩减的集聚区地处县市各异,其中,扩展集聚区主要集中在大丰区、东台市、如东县、浦东新区及慈溪市;缩减集聚区主要集中在响水县、射阳县、亭湖区、大丰区、东台市、海安县、如东县、通州区和海门市。在不同时段滩涂用地变化特征各异,1980−1990年主要体现在盐城市及南通市北部对滩涂地类的显著开发占用及外扩、浦东新区对滩涂地类的侵占式开发;1990−2000年主要集中在上海市东部沿海的扩展集聚及杭州湾区和三门湾区的缩减集聚;2000−2010年扩展集聚区集中在东台市、如东县和慈溪市,与此同时,在上述区域的内环伴随缩减现象;2010−2018年整体表现出严重缩减态势,缩减集聚区集中在大丰区、东台市、海安县、如东县、通州区、海门市、启东市以及慈溪市,且局部扩展集聚区主要体现在南通市中东部、上海市东部、三门湾岸区和椒江口岸区。
三级沿海地带海洋属性较沿海城市更为突出,海洋产业布局尤为密集,作为海陆统筹管理的核心区,本文分析1980−2018年距离研究区外侧大陆海岸线0~20 km范围内的地类变化情况,旨在测度沿海地带土地利用变化的海陆梯度变化规律。具体以研究区右侧大陆海岸线为基准,以5 km为分析步长,分别形成距海0~5 km、5~10 km、10~15 km、15~20 km的4个梯度带,距海最近的为第一梯度带,最远的为第四梯度带,由于海岸线呈弯曲状,经缓冲区分析,各梯度带面积从沿海至内陆逐渐减小,总体面积差别不大。进一步分别计算不同时段不同梯度带的动态度,结果如图6所示。
土地利用动态度随梯度带的增大表现出明显的规律性,在整个长三角沿海地带,1980−2018年间建设用地和未利用地动态度占优势地位,且向海特征最为显著,水域和草地变化微弱,并表现出一定的向海特征。不同地类在各时段内动态度变化各异,其中,1980−1990年间,变化度较高的地类主要为海洋、草地、水域和建设用地,且海洋、草地和水域呈现向陆变化剧烈的特征,建设用地整体动态度变化较小,向海特征不显著;1990−2000年间,未利用地和建设用地动态度较高,未利用地向海向陆均衡开发,建设用地呈现微弱的向海开发特征,水域和草地在各梯度动态度均较小且表现出一定程度的向陆开发特征;2000−2010年间,建设用地动态度占优势地位,且向海特征尤为显著;其他地类表现为海洋、水域、草地动态度较高,水域与草地向海向陆均衡变化,海洋地类向陆发展特征显著,即该阶段人类围填海开发活动剧烈;2010−2018年间,未利用地、海洋、草地与建设用地动态度较高,且向海向陆均衡发展。总体而言,建设用地向海特征显著,海洋用地向陆特征显著,其他地类动态度向海或向陆特征不稳定。
不同区域各地类动态度海陆梯度变化规律各异,其中,江苏省表现为建设用地和草地呈显著的向海特征,海洋和未利用地呈现一定程度的向陆特征,其余地类动态度波动较小且海陆梯度特征不明显;上海市沿海地带整体表现出草地、水域、建设用地和海洋动态度较高,且草地动态度占显著优势地位,并表现出一定程度的向陆特征,建设用地向海特征显著;浙江省较其他两个省市整体地类动态度较低,主要表现为建设用地、海洋、未利用地和水域动态度较低,除建设用地动态度呈现向海变化特征外,其余地类海陆梯度特征均较弱。
本文基于1980−2018年5期土地利用矢量数据,借助ArcGIS、桑基图分析等技术手段,量化了长三角海岸带近39年间的土地开发格局演变过程,从整体数量结构、空间形态、重点地类空间集聚、海陆梯度变化规律的角度揭示各时段土地转型分异特征,研究结果表明:
(1)2018年长三角海岸带现状基底景观由耕地、林地和建设用地构成,占研究区总面积的89.86%,呈现出北耕南林、建设用地呈散团式镶嵌其中的空间格局。
(2)近39年来,研究区土地利用系统在数量结构和空间形态上变化各异,其中,在数量结构上整体呈现耕地持续平稳减少、建设用地持续快速增加、林地波动式微弱减少、草地和水域波动式微弱增加的发展趋势,且历经围填海开发面积累计达2 161.01 km2;在空间形态上主要呈现出建设用地斑块遍地开花并伴随局部爆炸式扩张、耕地斑块逐渐缩减且趋于破碎化、江苏和上海东部以及杭州湾沿岸围填海开发形成明显湿地景观的演变态势。
(3)重点针对建设用地和湿地开展的空间集聚演变分析结果显示,建设用地扩张规模呈小而散且扩张集聚度呈持续增强趋势,形成由“单中心”趋向“多中心”空间集聚格局;滩涂资源呈现数量少、斑块小且分布散的特征,总体呈减少趋势,各时期扩展热点区及缩减热点区地处县市各异。
(4)在距离海岸线20 km范围内,研究区土地利用动态度呈现明显的建设用地趋海及海洋用地趋陆的变化规律,且江苏、上海及浙江沿海地带的各地类动态度海陆梯度变化规律各异。
人类在海岸带土地开发过程中扮演主导者的角色,其行为决策影响区域土地系统显性景观与隐形功能的演变方向,因此,优化配置海岸带土地利用结构须依托人为的监测、规划和管制,故全面系统开展长三角海岸带土地利用转型研究,可以为人类摸清国土开发中的问题并加深对特定时期土地系统复杂演变过程的认识提供科学参考。(1)本文从整个长三角沿海区域视角对土地生态系统变化过程、特征及演变规律开展全面研究,尤其对重点变化地类进行深入空间集聚分析,有助于加深对研究区土地生态发展过程的理解,促进海岸带资源与环境的可持续管理与开发。该区域已有基于省、市、县级尺度开展的土地利用变化相关研究,尤其是针对滩涂资源的演变与开发模式分析,但在目前长江三角洲城市群发展格局定位背景下,缺乏对长三角沿海发展带长期土地系统演变的全面系统了解,如何实现沿海发展带的经济开发与生态环境保护的协调发展,为其决策支持提供基础参考,本研究在已有成果积累基础上进行了有益的补充完善。(2)土地利用转型作为一个复杂的演变过程,本文仅从显性形态视角分析其转型时空特征,虽然通过桑基图、年变化率、动态度及核密度分析有效揭示了不同时段内长三角海岸带土地演变分异规律,但未能将相关隐形形态纳入到对土地利用功能演变的刻画中,如实现对“生产−生态−生活”三生功能空间的演变测度,分析土地利用演变过程中各项功能效应及其变化特征,而需要指出的是土地利用显性形态研究恰是隐性形态研究的重要前提,基于本文的研究成果,可进一步开展土地利用功能分类与评价研究,提炼功能演变特征与模式,更有利于厘清土地资源开发过程中的症结和问题,增强研究结果对现实问题的指导意义。(3)长三角海岸带土地利用转型是在特定社会经济发展阶段下土地利用形态的动态表征,其转型过程受自然资源禀赋、区域发展定位、农业基础设施配置、区位交通便捷程度等影响而产生不同,且各区域发展目标呈现多元化,因此需要开展土地演变与集聚的影响机制、探索符合各小区域特色的土地利用模式研究,并需要对区域本底、战略定位、经济发展、全球环境变化等进行全面深入的剖析,亦迫切需要集成多学科技术,进而对优化调控土地利用空间结构具有实践指导意义。
  • 国家重点研发计划 (2017YFB0502800;2017YFB0502805)。
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2020年第42卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.014
  • 接收时间:2019-09-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-09-04
  • 修回日期:2020-01-01
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国家重点研发计划 (2017YFB0502800;2017YFB0502805)。
作者信息
    1 国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
    2 清华大学 地球系统科学系,北京 100084
    3 北京工商大学 经济学院,北京 100048

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*张宏艳(1975-),女,内蒙古自治区赤峰市人,副教授,主要从事环境经济学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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