Article(id=1244308295406695043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1539964800000, receivedDateStr=2018-10-20, revisedDate=1546358400000, revisedDateStr=2019-01-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774595815755, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1603555200000, pubDateStr=2020-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774595815755, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774595815755, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774595815755, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244308288934883825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774595814212, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597088429, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313633455452997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313633455452998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244308297063445141, articleId=1244308295406695043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effects of climate change on catch composition, diversity of catch and mean trophic level in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Global climate change has a profound impact on the world fisheries. Recently, the composition of catch in Northeast Atlantic Ocean has changed significantly. Based on the catch data in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean from 1982 to 2016 provided by the United Nations Food and Agricuture Organization, the diversity of catch, mean trophic level and the variation of principal component were analyzed in time series. Finally, combined with climate and environmental factors (sea surface temperature, SST; sea surface salinity, SSS; sea surface height, SSH; Sea Ice Concentration, SIC; North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO; Arctic Oscillation, AO; Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, AMO) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, the relationship between catches composition and climate change was explored by generalized additive model (GAM). The results showed that the diversity generally presented a declining trend, it was at a relatively low level during 2002 to 2010. The mean trophic level decreased slowly before 2002, then began to rise sharply. The correlation analysis showed that the changes of these two indicators were related to the environmental factors. The principal component analysis of catch composition showed that the variance of the first principal component was 35.3%, and it also has a close relationship with climatic and environmental factors, which could characterize the change of catch structure under the influence of climate. The results of GAM analysis showed that the orders of the contribution to structure change of catches were in sequence of SST, SSH, SSS, SIC and NAO.

, correspAuthors=Xinjun Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuang Chen, Xinjun Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244308298464342751, articleId=1244308295406695043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=气候变化对东北大西洋渔获物组成、多样性和营养级的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

东北大西洋是世界上重要的捕捞海域,气候变化对该海域捕捞产生了重要的影响。本文基于联合国粮农组织所提供的1982−2016年东北大西洋渔获产量数据,对该海域渔获物组成、多样性、平均营养级及主成分变化特征进行时间序列上的分析,并结合东北大西洋海域气候、环境因子,应用广义可加模型探究渔获物组成与气候变化之间的关系。结果显示:渔获物多样性的变化总体上呈下降趋势,2002−2010年间处于较低水平;平均营养级在2002年之前呈平缓下降的趋势,2002年之后开始波动上升,相关性分析表明这两个指标与海域环境因子的变化较为相关。对渔获物组成进行主成分分析显示,第一主成份变化的方差解释率达到35.3%,且与海域气候、环境因素有较高的相关性,第一主成分变化能够较好地表征气候影响下渔获物组成变化的情况。广义可加模型分析结果显示,渔获物组成变化的影响因素按解释率由高到低分别为:海表温度、海平面高度、盐度、海冰和北大西洋涛动指数。该研究有助于认识气候变化对海洋渔业资源及其结构组成的影响。

, correspAuthors=陈新军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈新军(1967-),教授,研究方向为渔业资源。 E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3TV56Lrc5YHmY1z9pLk6lQ==, magXml=ykFbgaDyKtUVxcQybhI4/g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=H7JutObGnvrriQY1R/YelA==, pdfFileSize=2014611, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=F3CBkvJobrTkYL8TWW0wfg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=sk4STxUp+FklL3DmG2kMIw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈爽(1993-),男,江苏省南通市人,主要从事渔业资源研究。 E-mail:

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陈爽(1993-),男,江苏省南通市人,主要从事渔业资源研究。 E-mail:

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Loadings on the first and second principal components from the analysis of catch composition

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种类拉丁学名主成分载荷值
PC1PC2
大西洋鲱Clupea harengus−0.733−0.223
大西洋鳕Gadus morhua0.2360.811
毛鳞鱼Mallotus villosus0.671−0.123
蓝鳕Micromesistius poutassou−0.537−0.422
大西洋鲭Scomber scombrus−0.5080.757
玉筋鱼属Ammodytes spp0.713−0.192
绿青鳕Pollachius virens0.0850.121
黍鲱Sprattus sprattus−0.816−0.370
黑线鳕Melanogrammus aeglefinus−0.3660.484
挪威长臀鳕Trisopterus esmarkii0.9030.144
竹䇲鱼Trachurus trachurus0.315−0.110
平鲉属Sebastes spp0.932−0.034
沙丁鱼Sardina pilchardus0.812−0.138
欧洲鲽Pleuronectes platessa0.7640.521
牙鳕Merlangius merlangus0.9130.181
欧洲无须鳕Merluccius merluccius−0.1730.943
竹䇲鱼属Trachurus spp0.173−0.164
魣鳕Molva molva0.6340.583
格陵兰大比目鱼Reinhardtius hippoglossoides0.3160.624
欧洲鳀Engraulis encrasicolus−0.2250.242
长鳍金枪鱼Thunnus alalunga0.6070.188
单鳍鳕Brosme brosme0.7590.333
Solea solea0.4250.020
鳐科Rajidae0.703−0.593
北极鳕Boreogadus saida0.086−0.433
白斑角鲨Squalus acanthias0.9760.066
鮟鱇属Lophius spp0.0840.627
尖吻平鲉Sebastes mentella−0.842−0.066
金平鲉Sebastes marinus−0.8810.099
鮟鱇Lophius piscatorius−0.6980.063
大西洋狼鱼Anarhichas lupus0.054−0.133
水珍鱼属Argentina spp−0.7490.102
圆鲭Scomber colias−0.6570.666
条长臀鳕Trisopterus luscus0.6900.093
), ArticleFig(id=1246523613361360983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308295406695043, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

渔获物组成第1和第2主成分载荷值

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种类拉丁学名主成分载荷值
PC1PC2
大西洋鲱Clupea harengus−0.733−0.223
大西洋鳕Gadus morhua0.2360.811
毛鳞鱼Mallotus villosus0.671−0.123
蓝鳕Micromesistius poutassou−0.537−0.422
大西洋鲭Scomber scombrus−0.5080.757
玉筋鱼属Ammodytes spp0.713−0.192
绿青鳕Pollachius virens0.0850.121
黍鲱Sprattus sprattus−0.816−0.370
黑线鳕Melanogrammus aeglefinus−0.3660.484
挪威长臀鳕Trisopterus esmarkii0.9030.144
竹䇲鱼Trachurus trachurus0.315−0.110
平鲉属Sebastes spp0.932−0.034
沙丁鱼Sardina pilchardus0.812−0.138
欧洲鲽Pleuronectes platessa0.7640.521
牙鳕Merlangius merlangus0.9130.181
欧洲无须鳕Merluccius merluccius−0.1730.943
竹䇲鱼属Trachurus spp0.173−0.164
魣鳕Molva molva0.6340.583
格陵兰大比目鱼Reinhardtius hippoglossoides0.3160.624
欧洲鳀Engraulis encrasicolus−0.2250.242
长鳍金枪鱼Thunnus alalunga0.6070.188
单鳍鳕Brosme brosme0.7590.333
Solea solea0.4250.020
鳐科Rajidae0.703−0.593
北极鳕Boreogadus saida0.086−0.433
白斑角鲨Squalus acanthias0.9760.066
鮟鱇属Lophius spp0.0840.627
尖吻平鲉Sebastes mentella−0.842−0.066
金平鲉Sebastes marinus−0.8810.099
鮟鱇Lophius piscatorius−0.6980.063
大西洋狼鱼Anarhichas lupus0.054−0.133
水珍鱼属Argentina spp−0.7490.102
圆鲭Scomber colias−0.6570.666
条长臀鳕Trisopterus luscus0.6900.093
), ArticleFig(id=1246523614917447773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308295406695043, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Loadings on the first and second principal components from the analysis of the climatic and environmental factors

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因素主成分载荷值
PC ⅠPC Ⅱ
温度0.9350.284
盐度0.6100.632
海面高度0.820−0.086
海冰−0.660−0.437
北大西洋涛动指数−0.5800.744
大西洋年代际涛动指数0.863−0.183
北极涛动指数−0.3350.833
), ArticleFig(id=1246523615018111074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308295406695043, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

气候、环境因素第1和第2主成分载荷值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素主成分载荷值
PC ⅠPC Ⅱ
温度0.9350.284
盐度0.6100.632
海面高度0.820−0.086
海冰−0.660−0.437
北大西洋涛动指数−0.5800.744
大西洋年代际涛动指数0.863−0.183
北极涛动指数−0.3350.833
), ArticleFig(id=1246523615106191468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308295406695043, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The correlation coefficients of climatic and environmental factors principal component scores and different kinds of catch composition indexes

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多样性指数平均营养级PC1PC2
  注:*表示p<0.05下相关性显著,**表示p<0.01下相关性极显著。
PCI−0.609**0.623**−0.783**0.396
PCII0.370−0.2250.382*0.148
), ArticleFig(id=1246523615202660462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308295406695043, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

气候、环境因素主成分变化与各类渔获物组成指数相关性系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多样性指数平均营养级PC1PC2
  注:*表示p<0.05下相关性显著,**表示p<0.01下相关性极显著。
PCI−0.609**0.623**−0.783**0.396
PCII0.370−0.2250.382*0.148
), ArticleFig(id=1246523615286546547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308295406695043, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

GAM models fitted to the first principal component scores of catch composition (PC1) and climatic and environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型因子P值F值累计解释偏差/%可解释偏差/%AIC值
+水温2.12×10−26.0574.874.859.53
+盐度1.46×10−49.2781.26.459.48
+海面高度7.10×10−522.0889.28.042.65
+海冰1.73×10−419.1592.33.124.20
+北大西洋涛动3.82×10−11.1494.32.016.84
+大西洋年代际涛动6.83×10−10.1794.40.118.82
+北极涛动4.44×10−10.6094.60.219.31
), ArticleFig(id=1246523615399792759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308295406695043, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

渔获物组成PC1与各气候、环境因素的GAM模型拟合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型因子P值F值累计解释偏差/%可解释偏差/%AIC值
+水温2.12×10−26.0574.874.859.53
+盐度1.46×10−49.2781.26.459.48
+海面高度7.10×10−522.0889.28.042.65
+海冰1.73×10−419.1592.33.124.20
+北大西洋涛动3.82×10−11.1494.32.016.84
+大西洋年代际涛动6.83×10−10.1794.40.118.82
+北极涛动4.44×10−10.6094.60.219.31
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气候变化对东北大西洋渔获物组成、多样性和营养级的影响
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陈爽 1 , 陈新军 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2020,42(10): 100-109
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海洋学报 | 论文 2020, 42(10): 100-109
气候变化对东北大西洋渔获物组成、多样性和营养级的影响
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陈爽1, 陈新军1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3 农业农村部 大洋渔业开发重点实验室,上海 201306
  • 4 国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心,上海 201306
  • 5 大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室,上海 201306
  • 陈爽(1993-),男,江苏省南通市人,主要从事渔业资源研究。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈新军(1967-),教授,研究方向为渔业资源。 E-mail:
Effects of climate change on catch composition, diversity of catch and mean trophic level in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Shuang Chen1, Xinjun Chen1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Oceanic Fisheries Exploration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 4 National Engineering Research Center for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 5 Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2020-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.010
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东北大西洋是世界上重要的捕捞海域,气候变化对该海域捕捞产生了重要的影响。本文基于联合国粮农组织所提供的1982−2016年东北大西洋渔获产量数据,对该海域渔获物组成、多样性、平均营养级及主成分变化特征进行时间序列上的分析,并结合东北大西洋海域气候、环境因子,应用广义可加模型探究渔获物组成与气候变化之间的关系。结果显示:渔获物多样性的变化总体上呈下降趋势,2002−2010年间处于较低水平;平均营养级在2002年之前呈平缓下降的趋势,2002年之后开始波动上升,相关性分析表明这两个指标与海域环境因子的变化较为相关。对渔获物组成进行主成分分析显示,第一主成份变化的方差解释率达到35.3%,且与海域气候、环境因素有较高的相关性,第一主成分变化能够较好地表征气候影响下渔获物组成变化的情况。广义可加模型分析结果显示,渔获物组成变化的影响因素按解释率由高到低分别为:海表温度、海平面高度、盐度、海冰和北大西洋涛动指数。该研究有助于认识气候变化对海洋渔业资源及其结构组成的影响。

东北大西洋  /  气候变化  /  渔获物组成  /  渔获多样性  /  营养级

Global climate change has a profound impact on the world fisheries. Recently, the composition of catch in Northeast Atlantic Ocean has changed significantly. Based on the catch data in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean from 1982 to 2016 provided by the United Nations Food and Agricuture Organization, the diversity of catch, mean trophic level and the variation of principal component were analyzed in time series. Finally, combined with climate and environmental factors (sea surface temperature, SST; sea surface salinity, SSS; sea surface height, SSH; Sea Ice Concentration, SIC; North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO; Arctic Oscillation, AO; Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, AMO) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, the relationship between catches composition and climate change was explored by generalized additive model (GAM). The results showed that the diversity generally presented a declining trend, it was at a relatively low level during 2002 to 2010. The mean trophic level decreased slowly before 2002, then began to rise sharply. The correlation analysis showed that the changes of these two indicators were related to the environmental factors. The principal component analysis of catch composition showed that the variance of the first principal component was 35.3%, and it also has a close relationship with climatic and environmental factors, which could characterize the change of catch structure under the influence of climate. The results of GAM analysis showed that the orders of the contribution to structure change of catches were in sequence of SST, SSH, SSS, SIC and NAO.

Northeast Atlantic Ocean  /  climate change  /  catch composition  /  diversity of catch  /  mean trophic level
陈爽, 陈新军. 气候变化对东北大西洋渔获物组成、多样性和营养级的影响. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (10) : 100 -109 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.010
Shuang Chen, Xinjun Chen. Effects of climate change on catch composition, diversity of catch and mean trophic level in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (10) : 100 -109 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.010
气候变化对海洋渔业的影响是一个复杂的生态过程,鱼类对海洋环境的改变有最直接的响应,其中包括鱼类个体的生长、死亡、繁殖、洄游分布等[1-3]。不仅如此,海洋鱼类作为海洋生态系统中最重要的组成部分,其种群资源的波动和分布范围的变化也会间接影响生态系统的食物链构成、物种的多样性和生物营养级水平[4-5]。在近年来的研究中,更多时空尺度上的气候变化现象,例如太平洋十年涛动(Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO)、厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)等,也给海洋渔业资源的可持续开发与科学管理带来了新的挑战[6-7]
东北大西洋海域连接北冰洋和赤道地区,跨越了亚热带、温带和寒带,包括大范围的深海区,大陆架浅海和大量河口、海湾,地理位置优越,适合各种类型的鱼类生长,形成了许多重要的渔场,也是世界上渔业资源最丰富的地区。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)报告,在全球变暖的背景下,处于高纬度地区的东北大西洋气候变化速率将远远高于全球平均水平,其渔业生产力将面临更大的挑战[8]。对东北大西洋渔业资源,大部分学者集中于气候变化对鱼类资源量、洄游分布和群落结构等方面的研究,例如Sirabella[9]运用主成分分析和典范对应分析发现在北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO)发生时,海水温度与当年大西洋鳕(Gadus morhua)的补充群体的生物量关系最为密切;Drinkwater[10]通过预测模型发现水温与北海、爱尔兰海、凯尔特海的大西洋鳕鱼群体补充量呈负相关,与巴伦支海、冰岛的大西洋鳕鱼群体补充量呈正相关;在洄游分布方面,Perry等[11]发现北海渔场多个鱼类种群都发生显著的向北移动,Rose[12]发现了水温与毛鳞鱼(Osmerus mordax)移动的距离存在一个用对数函数描述的非线性关系,水温每上升1℃,毛鳞鱼分布范围在纬度方向上向北移动275 km;在群落变化上,Fossheim[13]发现近年来随着气候变暖,巴伦支海原有的鱼类群落发生了显著变化,出现了许多来自低纬度海域的鱼类,海域的生产力也显著提高;Stenevik和Sundby[14]发现北海的鱼类群落中小型中上层鱼类正在慢慢占据优势地位,主要包括大西洋鲱(Clupea harengus)和大西洋鲭(Scomber scombrus)等。近年来东北大西洋渔业资源变化受气候变化的影响较明显,故本研究基于联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)提供的渔获物统计数据,从渔获物组成水平(多样性和营养级)探讨东北大西洋海域渔业生产的结构演变,寻求它们与气候、海洋环境因素之间的相互联系,为进一步研究东北大西洋渔业资源与气候变化的关系提供科学依据。
东北大西洋渔业数据选取FAO每年统计的渔获生产数据,获取网址为http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/query/en,生产捕捞区域为FAO划分的27渔区(36°N~90°N,42°W~69°E),包括了东北大西洋海域和北冰洋部分海域,时间跨度为1982−2016年,渔获产量单位为t。
本研究中环境数据选取海表面温度(SST)、海表面盐度(SSS)、海表面高度(SSH)、海冰密集度(Sea Ice Concentration, SIC),这些数据来源于亚太数据研究中心网站(http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/index.php),时间分辨率为月,空间分辨率为1°×1°,时间跨度为1982−2016年。
东北大西洋地理环境特殊,存在有多重时间尺度的海洋气候变化。本研究选取了该海域最典型的气候变化特征NAO、大西洋年代际涛动(Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, AMO)和北极涛动(Actical Oscillation, AO)作为气候变化指标。气候变化指数来源于美国国家海洋和大气管理局网站(https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/climateindices/list/),时间分辨率为月,选取时间跨度为1982−2016年。
根据1982−2016年渔获产量统计数据共得到399种物种,其中有海洋鱼类308种,甲壳类生物39种,软体类生物52种。相关渔获物营养级参考世界Fishbase数据库(http://www.fishbase.org/search.php)和Sealifebase数据库(http://www.sealifebase.org/search.php)中所提供的营养级信息。
将得到的环境数据和气候指数按年进行平均,得到东北大西洋各年的环境数据和气候指数平均值。
生物多样性指数能够反映组成结构的均匀度和丰富度,本研究选用Simpson多样性指数(D)做为指标[15],其计算公式为
$ D=1-\sum\limits_{i}^{n}\frac{{Y}_{i}({Y}_{i}-1)}{Y(Y-1)},$
式中,Yi为每年第i个物种的渔获产量,Y为当年的总产量,D的值介于0~1之间。
渔获物的平均营养级水平(MTL)可以作为渔业生态系统结构和功能变化的重要指标[16]。本研究中渔获物平均营养级依据Pauly等[17]的方法进行计算,其公式为
$ {\rm{MTL}}=\sum\limits_{i}^{n}\frac{{TL}_{i}{Y}_{i}}{Y} ,$
式中,TLi为第i个物种的营养级。
本研究中1982−2016年共出现有记录的商业性捕捞鱼种308种,对年平均产量10 000 t以上的鱼种进行筛选,共有包括甲壳类和软体类在内的渔获物种类46种(表1)。由于考虑到渔获物产量的变化会受到人为捕捞的影响,与之相比,渔获物产量所占比例在捕捞干扰下相对稳定,因此选用主要的渔获物产量所占比例来进行渔获物组成变化分析。
主成分分析的方法能够对多维的变量进行降维处理,提取能够反映变量间相互关系的共同特征,在渔业生态领域有较广泛的应用[18]。对渔获量占比、环境和气候因子分别进行主成分分析,提取渔获物组成和东北大西洋气候环境变化的主成分变化特征值(Principal Component Score,PCs),并检验它们是否存在相关性,具有较高相关性的主成分特征值视为环境和气候变化下渔获物组成变化特征。
将2.2.4中与环境、气候因子主成分特征值具有较高相关性的渔获物组成变化主成分特征值作为指标,各环境因子和气候指数作为解释变量,并建立广义可加模型(Generalized Additive Models,GAM),分析渔获物组成变化与各环境因子和气候因子间的关系。GAM模型的表达式为
$ {g}\left(y\right)={\rm{\alpha}} +{s}({X}_{1})+{s}\left({X}_{2}\right)+\cdots + {s}\left({X}_{i}\right)+\varepsilon ,$
式中,g为连接函数,α为模型的截距,s为非线性的平滑函数,X1X2、···、Xi为解释变量,ε为误差项。
采用基于赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)的逐步回归方法检验模型的拟合程度,一般AIC值越小,拟合程度越好。AIC值计算公式为
$ {\rm{AIC}}=2k-2\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(L), $
式中,$ k $表示模型独立参数个数;$ L $表示模型的极大似然函数。
图1可知,东北大西洋渔获物多样性指数(Diversity Index, DI)在1990年之前呈持续上升的趋势,在1990年达到最大值0.92,1990−2002年间开始缓慢下降,2002年之后急剧下降,并且在2002−2010年间都处于较低水平,2010年之后趋于平稳(图1)。平均营养级水平(Mean Trophic Level, MTL)则在2002年之前未出现较大波动,一直处于较低水平,平均值为3.59,2002年后开始急剧上升,2002−2010年间出现了与同时期DI相反的变化,2010年后平均营养级持续升高(图1)。
对46种渔获物的产量占比进行主成分分析,得到前两位的主成分方差累积解释率达到52.4%。其中第一位、第二位主成分的解释率分别为35.3%、17.1%(图2)。通过主成分分析载荷值可知(表1),以黍鲱、大西洋鲱为主的小型中上层鱼类和以挪威长臀鳕、牙鳕、青鳕为主的中下层鱼类是第一主成分变化的主要贡献者。而大西洋鳕、大西洋鲭等鱼类是第二主成分变化的主要贡献者。
对东北大西洋SST、SSS、SSH、SIC、NAO、AMO和AO等气候、环境因子进行主成分分析,其前两位的累计解释率为78.7%,其中第一主成分PCI解释率为50.7%,SST、SSH等环境因子的载荷值较高,显示了区域环境因素的变化特征;第二主成分PCII的解释率为28.0%,以AO、NAO为主的长时间尺度气候变化具有较高的载荷值,与气候变化较为相关(图3表2)。将渔获物组成变化特征DI、MTL、PC1、PC2与该海域的气候环境主成分变化特征PCI、PCII进行相关性检验后发现,渔获物组成变化PC1与气候环境变化PCI、PCII均呈显著相关(p<0.05),DI和MTL都与PCI具有显著相关性,而PC2与气候环境变化PCI、PCII相关性并不显著(表3)。因此DI和MTL与海洋环境因素有较高的相关性,与NAO、AO等气候因素并不相关。渔获物组成PC1则可以较好的解释气候、环境变化对其的影响。
通过GAM模型对渔获物组成变化PC1与海域气候、环境因子进行拟合,结果如表4所示,选择AIC值最小的模型为最优模型,因此最终模型可表示为:
$PC1 \sim s\left( {{\rm{SST}}} \right) + s\left( {{\rm{SSS}}} \right) + s\left( {{\rm{SSH}}} \right) + s\left( {{\rm{SIC}}} \right) + s\left( {{\rm{NAO}}} \right) $
该模型对渔获物组成PC1的累计解释率达到94.3%,其中贡献率最大的因子是SST,解释率为74.8%,其他有影响的环境因子包括SSH、SSS、SIC,气候因素中NAO也对PC1有影响。
由气候、环境因子与渔获物组成变化特征PC1之间的关系(图4)可知,SST与PC1呈现负相关,海表水温在5.8~6.2℃之间时,渔获物组成变化幅度较明显;SSS与PC1几乎呈线性负相关,SSS为33.55°时置信区间最小;SSH在−0.73~−0.71 m时对渔获物组成影响并不显著,当SSH达到−0.71 m甚至更高时渔获物结构会受到较大影响;SIC和NAO对PC1的影响趋势相似,几乎都呈线性正相关。
不同渔获物组成指标的变化能够反映东北大西洋1982−2016年间渔获物组成大致经历了3个时期的变化。第1时期为1982−2002年,DI和MTL都在波动中呈现轻微的下降趋势;第2时期为2002−2010年, DI和MTL在该时期分别发生了急剧的下降和上升,并在2006年后开始恢复;第3个时期为2010年之后DI趋于平稳,MTL在该时期不断升高。
MTL的变化往往被认为是人为捕捞和环境变化共同影响之下的结果[19],Pauly等[20]发现全球渔获物平均营养级从20世纪70年代以来呈现稳步的下降趋势,这种变化遵循“捕捞对象沿着海洋食物网向下级移动(Fishing Down Marine Food Webs)”的模式。东北大西洋渔获物MTL在1982−2002年间持续下降的现象则与这种模式相符,根据FAO的统计报告,东北大西洋是渔业资源过度开发最严重的海区,自20世纪50年代以来,大西洋鳕、黑线鳕、大西洋鲱等鱼种经历了高强度的捕捞,导致资源衰退甚至多个种群面临崩溃,同时玉筋鱼、毛鳞鱼等低营养级的渔业资源开始开发,渔获量不断增加[21]。研究发现,2006年之后的MTL出现了显著的增长,这一变化过程和该海域渔业资源恢复与新物种的开发有着必然的联系,严格的捕捞控制和气候变暖使东北大西洋鳕科鱼类逐渐出现资源恢复的迹象[22-23],随着捕捞活动增加,传统的高营养级鱼类产量占比也开始回升。2003−2007年间对蓝鳕的高强度捕捞也是MTL不断上升的主要因素之一[24]
东北大西洋渔获物组成多样性整体上呈不断下降的趋势,这一变化受多种因素影响。高强度的人为捕捞导致渔获物的产量和种类不断减少,往往会造成组成结构的多样性降低[25-26]。尤其是上世纪对该海域主要经济鱼种鳕鱼、鲱鱼等资源的过度开发,导致这些鱼类难以再形成渔汛,这些主要捕捞对象在总渔获物中的占比不断下降,而失去天敌的中小型上层鱼类迅速成为优势鱼种并愈发突出,渔获物占比失衡严重,造成多样性不断降低的局面。除此以外气候变化也会在一定程度上影响群落的稳定性。
主成分分析能够从多个变量中提取共同的变化特征,将变量间复杂多变的结构转化为几组特征值来表征,在群落变化的研究中有较广泛的应用[18, 27]。在本研究中,渔获物结构PC1主要表征大西洋鲱、黍鲱等小型中上层鱼类和挪威长臀鳕、牙鳕、青鳕、平鲉等中下层高营养级鱼类的变化情况,PC2则主要表征了大西洋鳕、大西洋鲭、欧洲无须鳕这三种经济鱼类的变化。东北大西洋海域气候、环境因子的主成分分析结果显示,PCI主要表示环境因子的变化特征,PCII主要表示NAO、AO为主的年际气候变化现象。结合各主成分分析结果的特征值发现,PC1在1995年发生了由正值到负值的转变,而海域环境因子变化PCI和气候变化PCII也基本在同一时期内发生了由负转正和由正转负的特征变化,相关性检验表明,PC1与二者均具有相关性,这一结果在某种程度上表明渔获物结构的主成分变化与气候变化有必然联系。而PC2的变化与气候环境之间并无直接联系,猜测PC2在1994年前后由正值转向负值的变化,主要是长期的过度捕捞导致的大西洋鳕鱼资源量下降造成,而2008−2009年前后由负转正的变化与北欧国家开始大力开发鲭鱼资源有关[28]
为探究不同气候、环境因子对渔获物组成结构产生的影响,选取GAM模型分析不同的因子的影响程度和影响机制,发现SST是渔获物组成结构变化最主要的影响因子,而SSH、SSS、SIC、NAO也在一定程度上影响结构变化。组成结构变化与SST最为密切,SST与PC1有显著的负效应,即当水温升高时大西洋鲱、黍鲱等小型中上层鱼类在渔获物组成中的占比上升,鳕鱼、鲆鲽类中下层鱼类在渔获物组成中的占比会显著下降,反之亦然。由于大多数的海洋鱼类是变温动物,它们对外界环境温度的变化有最直接的反应,适宜的升温可以提高鱼类的生长速度和食物转化率,当水温超过其适宜范围时,鱼类自身的生理机能将限制其耐热性,从而导致鱼类为寻求适宜的栖息地而改变原有的分布范围或者无法承受超过自身耐热的温度而死亡,甚至灭绝[29-30]。温度的升高对北大西洋绝大多数冷水性鱼类的生活史[31]、繁殖[32]、补充[10]都有着负面的影响,还会引起暖水性、温水性鱼类向北迁移,冷水性鱼类的栖息地面积缩减[11],最终导致该海域渔获物组成结构发生变化。研究表明,SSH与海洋表层水团运输有关,SSH变动影响浮游生物和仔稚鱼运输[33-34],而海冰是比目鱼、鳕鱼产卵和觅食的主要场所,海冰的消融会影响这些冷水性物种的产量[35]。除了海洋环境因素对渔获产量有着直接影响,气候变化也是北大西洋生态系统中最关键的一环。气候的跃变往往伴随着生态系统的格局发生转换,这种变换的机制是通过食物链自上而下的传递造成的[36-37]。在北大西洋,NAO引发寒、暖流强弱交替决定了该海域的浮游生物组成与丰度,对鱼类补充量和资源变动影响深刻[38-39]。因此,NAO也可以作为东北大西洋渔获物组成结构变化的重要指标。
由于数据来源的局限性,本研究中选取东北大西洋渔获产量数据作为渔获物组成的指标,虽具有一定的参考价值但也有一些不足,原因如下:不同的鱼类对气候变化有着不同的响应模式,即使是在同一气候背景或捕捞强度下,暖水性物种势必在气候变暖的大趋势下遭受的捕捞强度要大于冷水性物种;其次,东北大西洋海域的渔业管理策略对许多经济型鱼种的开发起着决定性作用,其渔获产量往往与该海域历来实施的总允许可捕量有一定的关系。虽然在后期构建模型时,选择使用渔获产量占比变化来表征结构组成上的差异,能减少其因捕捞强度等其他因素的干扰,但无法完全消除。在本研究中,选取的研究区域是FAO划定的27渔区,这个区域既包含了北大西洋又包含了北冰洋的部分海域,由于跨越的纬度较大,因此不同区域的鱼类受到的环境因素的影响程度也有区别,同样是海冰,对于较寒冷海域的鳕和鲆鲽类产生的影响更为明显,而对鲱、毛鳞鱼等中上层鱼类影响较显著的主要是海表温度,这也有可能影响研究结果。除此以外,选取的遥感数据对海洋表层与底层鱼类的影响程度存在差异,在本研究中默认具有相同程度的影响,在今后的研究中可以选择不同温跃层深度或海流的环境因子来更深入的进行研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(NSFC41876141);海洋二号卫星地面应用系统项目(HY2A-HT-YWY-006)。
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2020年第42卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.010
  • 接收时间:2018-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-10-25
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2018-10-20
  • 修回日期:2019-01-02
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(NSFC41876141);海洋二号卫星地面应用系统项目(HY2A-HT-YWY-006)。
作者信息
    1 上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3 农业农村部 大洋渔业开发重点实验室,上海 201306
    4 国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心,上海 201306
    5 大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室,上海 201306

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*陈新军(1967-),教授,研究方向为渔业资源。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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