Article(id=1244308292911088342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1579190400000, receivedDateStr=2020-01-17, revisedDate=1593619200000, revisedDateStr=2020-07-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774595815159, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1603555200000, pubDateStr=2020-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774595815159, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774595815159, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774595815159, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244308288934883825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774595814212, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597088429, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313633455452997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313633455452998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=132, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244308293372461790, articleId=1244308292911088342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The distribution and controlling factors of the concentration and structure of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the Shenhu Area, northern South China Sea, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biogenic elements are the basis of primary production in marine systems. Their cycles in marine environments are affected by various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Understanding the concentration distribution, structural characteristics, and influencing factors of biogenic elements are essential to understand the dynamics of marine ecosystems. In February 2019, a field investigation was conducted in the Shenhu Area of the northern South China Sea and seawater samples were collected to analyze dissolved inorganic nutrients. Combined with the hydrological environment parameters, such as temperature, salinity, chlrophyll a (Chl a), pH and dissolved oxygen (DO), the distribution and controlling factor of nutrient concentration and structure in the Shenhu Area were discussed. Concentrations of each nutrient in the seawaters from 0 m to 30 m were very low, and the nutrient concentrations gradually increased with the increase of depth. At the depth of about 3 000 m, the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphate and silicate reached 38.02 μmol/L, 2.71 μmol/L and 149.07 μmol/L, respectively. Temperature, pH and DO were significantly correlated with nutrients, indicating that environmental factors greatly affected the biogeochemical processes of nutrients. In addition, the concentration of nutrients in the northeast direction of the study area at a depth of 75 m was relatively low and showed a gradual increasing trend in the southwest direction, which may be related to the intrusion of Kuroshio water with high temperature, high salinity and low nutrients. Meanwhile, the difference between the conservative mixing concentrations calculated based on an end-member mixing model and the measured values of nutrients showed that, at 75 m depth, silicate and phosphate were consumed by biological activities, while nitrates were controlled by biological addition. With the increase of phosphate, the DIN at each site increased linearly, but the silicate increased with a power function, indicating that the regeneration rate and recycling efficiency were different for different nutrients. The ratios of N/P in the Shenhu Area showed opposite trends compared with the ratios of Si/N and Si/P. At 0−30 m, the N/P ratios were low and the Si/N and Si/P ratios were high. At 75 m, the N/P ratios increased along with the decrease of Si/N and Si/P ratios possibly because of different biological effects. Below 75 m, the N/P ratios gradually decreased to 14.44, while the Si/N and Si/P ratios gradually increased. All nutrient ratios remained stable below 1 000 m. The calculation results of the N−anomaly showed that nitrogen fixation in seawater above 300 m was stronger than denitrification, and denitrification below 300 m was enhanced. The distribution characteristics of the concentration and structure of nutrients in the Shenhu Area indicated that the Kuroshio intrusion and biological activities significantly affected the biogeochemical process of nutrients in this area.

, correspAuthors=Peng Yao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jianbin Yang, Peng Yao, Xiaohua Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244308297046672193, articleId=1244308292911088342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南海北部神狐海域营养盐浓度与结构的分布特征及影响因素, columnId=1194652708993995497, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=研究报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

生源要素是海洋初级生产的基础,其在海洋环境中的循环受到多种物理、化学和生物过程的影响,对其浓度分布、结构特点及影响因素的认识是理解海洋生态系统动力学的基础。于2019年2月在南海北部神狐海域进行了现场考察和海水样品采集,对海水中的溶解态无机营养盐浓度进行了分析,并结合温度、盐度、叶绿素a(Chl a)、pH和溶解氧(DO)等水文环境参数,研究了神狐海域海水中营养盐浓度与结构的分布特征及影响因素等。在0~30 m的海水中各营养盐浓度均很低,随着深度的增加,营养盐浓度逐渐增大。在水深3 000 m左右处,无机氮、磷酸盐和硅酸盐浓度分别达到了38.02 μmol/L、2.71 μmol/L和149.07 μmol/L。温度、pH和DO与各营养盐浓度均具有显著的相关性,表明环境因素影响着营养盐的生物地球化学过程。此外,在75 m深度,研究区域东北方向的站位营养盐浓度相对较低,并呈现向西南方向逐渐增大的变化趋势,可能与高温、高盐和低营养盐的黑潮水入侵有关。根据端元混合模型计算所得保守混合浓度与实测值的差值显示,在75 m深度硅酸盐和磷酸盐以生物消耗为主,而硝酸盐存在添加。随磷酸盐浓度增加,各站位无机氮浓度呈线性升高,但硅酸盐浓度则以幂函数式升高,表明不同营养盐之间再生速率和再利用效率有所不同。神狐海域的N/P比与Si/N比和Si/P比呈现出截然相反的变化趋势。在0~30 m,N/P比较小而Si/N比和Si/P比较大;在75 m,受不同生物作用影响,N/P比变大,Si/N比和Si/P比变小;在75 m以下N/P比逐渐降低至14.44,而Si/N比和Si/P比则逐渐升高;在1 000 m以下,各营养盐比例均保持稳定。氮异常指数的计算结果显示,神狐海域300 m以上的海水中固氮作用强于反硝化作用,而300 m以下反硝化作用增强。神狐海域营养盐浓度与结构的分布特征表明黑潮入侵和生物活动显著影响了此区域营养盐的生物地球化学过程。

, correspAuthors=姚鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*姚鹏(1977-),男,山东省菏泽市人,教授,主要从事海洋有机生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=UIycvzoy9XHbAsnZ6uJSZQ==, magXml=AXUyX5hsDakdlgHRzCdnWg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VyvUOpqHRS8CKX3tpFxZvw==, pdfFileSize=5272850, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Hlgh6jRSnJ5BMjuqwnr/Mw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=lkce4paHrbcffrkR+fURqg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨建斌(1994-),男,山东省青岛市人,研究方向为海洋有机生物地球化学。E-mail:

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杨建斌(1994-),男,山东省青岛市人,研究方向为海洋有机生物地球化学。E-mail:

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杨建斌(1994-),男,山东省青岛市人,研究方向为海洋有机生物地球化学。E-mail:

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Journal of Xiamen University: Natural Science, 2018, 57(6): 760−767., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1246523616414818697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20160221)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246523610354049164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246523610362437773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, companyId=1246523610354049164, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246523610370826383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246523612883214619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Sampling sites in the Shenhu Area in February, 2019 (ocean currents are modified from references [12-14], the shadow area represents the approximate range of the Shenhu Area [5]), figureFileSmall=g1ZeH9a4NHg1ImTuTNAcKg==, figureFileBig=/N/CjBZ3p8AVms9pDHlWKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523612971295010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=CN, label=图1, caption=神狐海域2019年2月采样站位(洋流参考文献[1214],阴影部分代表神狐海域大致范围[5], figureFileSmall=g1ZeH9a4NHg1ImTuTNAcKg==, figureFileBig=/N/CjBZ3p8AVms9pDHlWKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523613080346921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Vertical distributions of hydrological parameters and nutrients in the Shenhu Area, figureFileSmall=Lp6ek/ffQew9W/yjBEecqA==, figureFileBig=RqLSJwgqhf/+eBMpEMoYVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523613160038701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=CN, label=图2, caption=神狐海域水文环境参数和营养盐的垂直分布, figureFileSmall=Lp6ek/ffQew9W/yjBEecqA==, figureFileBig=RqLSJwgqhf/+eBMpEMoYVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523613294256438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Horizontal distributions of hydrological parameters and nutrients at 75 m depth in the Shenhu Area, figureFileSmall=ovwew31bZIZ4E0l/06ENng==, figureFileBig=t5i0N6fCUH/z9PTg1MOY5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523614846148926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=CN, label=图3, caption=神狐海域75 m深度水文环境参数和营养盐的水平分布, figureFileSmall=ovwew31bZIZ4E0l/06ENng==, figureFileBig=t5i0N6fCUH/z9PTg1MOY5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523614934229315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Δnutrient at 75 m depth (a) and vertical distribution of N* (b) in the Shenhu Area, figureFileSmall=A4XTiNc4hWSycy3NsskO0Q==, figureFileBig=Hpxl1KfpaXSEEVgBLqqrzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615026504010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=CN, label=图4, caption=神狐海域75 m深度的Δ营养盐(a)和N*(b)的垂直分布, figureFileSmall=A4XTiNc4hWSycy3NsskO0Q==, figureFileBig=Hpxl1KfpaXSEEVgBLqqrzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615114584397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Vertical distribution of nutrient ratios (a. N/P, b. Si/N, c. Si/P, black dotted line represents the Redfield ratio[1]) and horizontal distributions of nutrient ratios at 75 m depth (d. N/P, e. Si/N, f. Si/P) in the Shenhu Area, figureFileSmall=ZsBWwr19qb+GLsYZ1qNf7w==, figureFileBig=4f/HmcSXGx+7Tkc43py93w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615215247701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=CN, label=图5, caption=神狐海域营养盐比例的垂直分布(a. N/P,b. Si/N,c. Si/P,黑色虚线代表Redfield比值[1])和75 m深度的水平分布(d. N/P,e. Si/N,f. Si/P), figureFileSmall=ZsBWwr19qb+GLsYZ1qNf7w==, figureFileBig=4f/HmcSXGx+7Tkc43py93w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615286550878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Temperature-Salinity diagrams of the Shenhu Area

The contour line is the seawater density σ0 in kg/m3, calculated by ODV software. The red square represents the South China Sea water (14°12′44″N, 114°0′47″E), and the black triangle represents the Kurishio water (18°2′34″N, 123°57′32″E), data from China Argo Real-time Data Center (www.argo.org.cn);SWM represents surface water mass, UWM represents subsurface water mass, UIMWM represents subsurface-intermediate mixed water mass, IWM represents intermediate water mass, DWM represents deep water mass, BBWM represents bottom basin water mass

, figureFileSmall=MAnU/f2FXKxYNA3x5/dYew==, figureFileBig=MTmNnrQqeRLbr5D2RLq6dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615395602784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=CN, label=图6, caption=神狐海域位温−盐度点聚图

等值线为海水密度σ0(单位:kg/m3),由ODV软件计算得到。红色正方形代表南海水(14°12′44″N,114°0′47″E),黑色三角形代表黑潮水(18°2′34″N,123°57′32″E),数据源自中国Argo实时资料中心(www.argo.org.cn);SWM代表南海表层水团;UWM代表南海次表层水团,UIMWM代表南海次–中层混合水团,IWM代表南海中层水团,DWM代表南海深层水团,BBWM代表南海底盆水团

, figureFileSmall=MAnU/f2FXKxYNA3x5/dYew==, figureFileBig=MTmNnrQqeRLbr5D2RLq6dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615483683175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Correlation between nutrient and hydrological parameters in the Shenhu Area (**: represents p<0.01), figureFileSmall=sfwdfBXL8qs9DLFTZhBspg==, figureFileBig=afgJRU9B8o6mtNmASQq1FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615592735084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=CN, label=图7, caption=神狐海域营养盐与基础水文参数的相关性(**代表p<0.01), figureFileSmall=sfwdfBXL8qs9DLFTZhBspg==, figureFileBig=afgJRU9B8o6mtNmASQq1FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615697592686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Correlation between nutrients and Kuroshio water fraction at 75 m depth of the Shenhu Area (** represents p<0.01), figureFileSmall=/bhjVpyzXp8GS0t204j7nQ==, figureFileBig=mjC7Lj2FpERrtG/2ixzdRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615806644592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=CN, label=图8, caption=神狐海域75 m深度黑潮水比例与营养盐的相关性(**代表p<0.01), figureFileSmall=/bhjVpyzXp8GS0t204j7nQ==, figureFileBig=mjC7Lj2FpERrtG/2ixzdRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615903113586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Relationships between nutrients in the Shenhu Area (** represents p<0.01), figureFileSmall=JMHPHrSPUyL8418GW0fThg==, figureFileBig=Pw3fs5KqdWSUXTyH74s/+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523616012165494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=CN, label=图9, caption=神狐海域营养盐之间的关系(**代表p<0.01), figureFileSmall=JMHPHrSPUyL8418GW0fThg==, figureFileBig=Pw3fs5KqdWSUXTyH74s/+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523616091857274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Kuroshio water fraction in the Shenhu Area (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样深度SCS002SCS003SCS005SCS006SCS007SCS008SCS009SCS010SCS011平均值
  注:−表示无数据。
5 m23.6014.8012.2313.9411.966.917.949.4115.8412.96
30 m27.4025.153.445.9418.303.621.358.0111.65
75 m27.1854.059.0017.339.7126.191.9619.913.8318.80
200 m
300 m1.831.061.44
1 000 m17.8211.9813.618.277.6916.4618.364.9215.0512.68
底层
), ArticleFig(id=1246523616179937662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308292911088342, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

神狐海域中黑潮水比例(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样深度SCS002SCS003SCS005SCS006SCS007SCS008SCS009SCS010SCS011平均值
  注:−表示无数据。
5 m23.6014.8012.2313.9411.966.917.949.4115.8412.96
30 m27.4025.153.445.9418.303.621.358.0111.65
75 m27.1854.059.0017.339.7126.191.9619.913.8318.80
200 m
300 m1.831.061.44
1 000 m17.8211.9813.618.277.6916.4618.364.9215.0512.68
底层
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南海北部神狐海域营养盐浓度与结构的分布特征及影响因素
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杨建斌 1 , 姚鹏 1, 2, * , 张晓华 2, 3
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2020,42(10): 132-143
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2020, 42(10): 132-143
南海北部神狐海域营养盐浓度与结构的分布特征及影响因素
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杨建斌1 , 姚鹏1, 2, * , 张晓华2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3 中国海洋大学 海洋生命学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 杨建斌(1994-),男,山东省青岛市人,研究方向为海洋有机生物地球化学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*姚鹏(1977-),男,山东省菏泽市人,教授,主要从事海洋有机生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
The distribution and controlling factors of the concentration and structure of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the Shenhu Area, northern South China Sea
Jianbin Yang1 , Peng Yao1, 2, * , Xiaohua Zhang2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2 Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3 College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
出版时间: 2020-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.013
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生源要素是海洋初级生产的基础,其在海洋环境中的循环受到多种物理、化学和生物过程的影响,对其浓度分布、结构特点及影响因素的认识是理解海洋生态系统动力学的基础。于2019年2月在南海北部神狐海域进行了现场考察和海水样品采集,对海水中的溶解态无机营养盐浓度进行了分析,并结合温度、盐度、叶绿素a(Chl a)、pH和溶解氧(DO)等水文环境参数,研究了神狐海域海水中营养盐浓度与结构的分布特征及影响因素等。在0~30 m的海水中各营养盐浓度均很低,随着深度的增加,营养盐浓度逐渐增大。在水深3 000 m左右处,无机氮、磷酸盐和硅酸盐浓度分别达到了38.02 μmol/L、2.71 μmol/L和149.07 μmol/L。温度、pH和DO与各营养盐浓度均具有显著的相关性,表明环境因素影响着营养盐的生物地球化学过程。此外,在75 m深度,研究区域东北方向的站位营养盐浓度相对较低,并呈现向西南方向逐渐增大的变化趋势,可能与高温、高盐和低营养盐的黑潮水入侵有关。根据端元混合模型计算所得保守混合浓度与实测值的差值显示,在75 m深度硅酸盐和磷酸盐以生物消耗为主,而硝酸盐存在添加。随磷酸盐浓度增加,各站位无机氮浓度呈线性升高,但硅酸盐浓度则以幂函数式升高,表明不同营养盐之间再生速率和再利用效率有所不同。神狐海域的N/P比与Si/N比和Si/P比呈现出截然相反的变化趋势。在0~30 m,N/P比较小而Si/N比和Si/P比较大;在75 m,受不同生物作用影响,N/P比变大,Si/N比和Si/P比变小;在75 m以下N/P比逐渐降低至14.44,而Si/N比和Si/P比则逐渐升高;在1 000 m以下,各营养盐比例均保持稳定。氮异常指数的计算结果显示,神狐海域300 m以上的海水中固氮作用强于反硝化作用,而300 m以下反硝化作用增强。神狐海域营养盐浓度与结构的分布特征表明黑潮入侵和生物活动显著影响了此区域营养盐的生物地球化学过程。

神狐海域  /  营养盐  /  浓度  /  结构  /  影响因素

Biogenic elements are the basis of primary production in marine systems. Their cycles in marine environments are affected by various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Understanding the concentration distribution, structural characteristics, and influencing factors of biogenic elements are essential to understand the dynamics of marine ecosystems. In February 2019, a field investigation was conducted in the Shenhu Area of the northern South China Sea and seawater samples were collected to analyze dissolved inorganic nutrients. Combined with the hydrological environment parameters, such as temperature, salinity, chlrophyll a (Chl a), pH and dissolved oxygen (DO), the distribution and controlling factor of nutrient concentration and structure in the Shenhu Area were discussed. Concentrations of each nutrient in the seawaters from 0 m to 30 m were very low, and the nutrient concentrations gradually increased with the increase of depth. At the depth of about 3 000 m, the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphate and silicate reached 38.02 μmol/L, 2.71 μmol/L and 149.07 μmol/L, respectively. Temperature, pH and DO were significantly correlated with nutrients, indicating that environmental factors greatly affected the biogeochemical processes of nutrients. In addition, the concentration of nutrients in the northeast direction of the study area at a depth of 75 m was relatively low and showed a gradual increasing trend in the southwest direction, which may be related to the intrusion of Kuroshio water with high temperature, high salinity and low nutrients. Meanwhile, the difference between the conservative mixing concentrations calculated based on an end-member mixing model and the measured values of nutrients showed that, at 75 m depth, silicate and phosphate were consumed by biological activities, while nitrates were controlled by biological addition. With the increase of phosphate, the DIN at each site increased linearly, but the silicate increased with a power function, indicating that the regeneration rate and recycling efficiency were different for different nutrients. The ratios of N/P in the Shenhu Area showed opposite trends compared with the ratios of Si/N and Si/P. At 0−30 m, the N/P ratios were low and the Si/N and Si/P ratios were high. At 75 m, the N/P ratios increased along with the decrease of Si/N and Si/P ratios possibly because of different biological effects. Below 75 m, the N/P ratios gradually decreased to 14.44, while the Si/N and Si/P ratios gradually increased. All nutrient ratios remained stable below 1 000 m. The calculation results of the N−anomaly showed that nitrogen fixation in seawater above 300 m was stronger than denitrification, and denitrification below 300 m was enhanced. The distribution characteristics of the concentration and structure of nutrients in the Shenhu Area indicated that the Kuroshio intrusion and biological activities significantly affected the biogeochemical process of nutrients in this area.

Shenhu Area  /  nutrients  /  concentration  /  structure  /  controlling factors
杨建斌, 姚鹏, 张晓华. 南海北部神狐海域营养盐浓度与结构的分布特征及影响因素. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (10) : 132 -143 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.013
Jianbin Yang, Peng Yao, Xiaohua Zhang. The distribution and controlling factors of the concentration and structure of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the Shenhu Area, northern South China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (10) : 132 -143 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.013
营养盐是海洋生源要素,也是海洋初级生产力和海洋食物网的基础,氮(N)、磷(P)和硅(Si)等常量营养盐的含量和结构影响着海洋生物的生长繁衍和群落组成[1]。物理、化学和生物等多种过程对营养盐的循环产生独立或耦合的影响,控制其在海洋环境中的来源、分布和迁移转化[2-3]。开展海洋环境中生源要素的生物地球化学过程研究对海洋生态环境保护和可持续发展有重要意义。
南海是西太平洋中面积最大的边缘海,平均水深1 212 m,最深约5 559 m,在地形地貌上,南海具有陆坡、陆架、海盆和海沟等复杂的海底形态,兼备边缘海和开阔大洋的特征[4]。神狐海域位于南海西沙海槽和东沙海槽之间,与南海北部陆坡中段的神狐暗沙东南海域邻近,处于陆坡和深海盆地的过渡带[5]。由于地形复杂,存在许多大中型沉积盆地,具有良好的天然气水合物成藏地质条件,现已发现和试采了天然气水合物资源的样品[6-7]。考虑到天然气水合物采集对环境的潜在影响,对该区域海洋生态环境展开基础调查是很有必要的。然而,虽然目前对珠江口[8-9]、南海北部陆架[10]、南海海盆[11]等南海海域的生态环境,包括生源要素的分布特征、生物地球化学过程和影响因素等已经开展了大量研究,但具体到神狐海域,相关研究却鲜有报道。
本研究在神狐海域不同水深区域采集了海水样品,分析了其中的溶解态无机营养盐(包括硝酸盐(${\rm {NO}}_3^-$)、亚硝酸盐(${\rm {NO}}_2^- $)、磷酸盐(${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $)和硅酸盐(${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $))的浓度,并结合温度、盐度、叶绿素a(Chl a)、pH和溶解氧(DO)等水文环境参数,对营养盐的浓度分布、结构特点和影响因素等进行了研究,以期丰富对南海北部海水中N、P和Si等生源要素的生物地球化学过程的认识,也为神狐海域生态环境背景提供一定的基础数据。
于2019年2月21日至3月13日,利用“海洋四”号考察船在南海北部的神狐海域进行科学调查并采集了9个不同水深站位(水深1 340~3 639 m,平均深度2 491 m)的海水样品(图1)。站位覆盖陆坡到深海盆地,属于天然气水合物试采区域。这些站位主要受到陆坡流、南海暖流和黑潮分支的影响[12-14]。每个站位利用CTD携带的Niskin采水器采集5 m、30 m、75 m、200 m、300 m、1 000 m和底层(SCS002: 1 980 m、SCS003: 1 250 m、SCS005: 1 500 m、SCS006: 3 100 m、SCS007: 2 200 m、SCS008: 2 200 m、SCS009: 2 300 m、SCS010: 3 500 m、SCS011: 3 530 m)共7个层次的海水样品,用于Chl a、pH、DO和无机营养盐等的分析测定。采水器回收后,立即将采样管连接到采水器上并迅速排空管内空气,首先采集DO样品,润洗DO瓶和瓶塞,待海水溢出量约为瓶体积的2倍后缓慢取出采样管,立即加入1 mL MnCl2和1 mL KI−KOH,盖上瓶盖,充分震荡使溶解氧完全固定。DO样品采集完成之后,采集pH样品,采集过程与DO的采集过程相同。最后,从采水器中采集海水,使用预先用稀盐酸浸泡并清洗过的醋酸纤维滤膜(孔径0.45 μm,直径47 mm)过滤,将滤液放置于−20℃条件下冷冻保存,带回实验室后用于溶解态无机营养盐的测定。一部分海水样品使用预先在马弗炉中灼烧过的(550℃灼烧4 h)GF/F玻璃纤维膜过滤(孔径为0.7 μm,直径25 mm),滤膜用铝箔包裹放置于−20℃条件下冷冻保存,带回实验室后用于Chl a的测定。
采样站位的温度、盐度和深度数据通过现场投放的SBE 17 plus型CTD直接获得(Sea-Bird Electronics ,美国)。DO使用碘量法在船上实验室进行测定,测定误差为1%[15]。每层海水平行滴定两次,取两次计算结果的平均值作为最终的DO结果。pH使用DELTA 320台式pH计(METTLER TOLEDO,美国)在船上实验室进行测定,相对精度±0.01。每层海水平行测定两次,取两次测定的平均值作为最终的pH结果。Chl a使用F-4500荧光分光光度计(Hitachi,日本)进行测定,含有Chl a的滤膜在10 mL体积分数为90%的丙酮水溶液中萃取并置于冰箱冷藏条件下24 h,结束后离心10 min,取其上清液进行测定,使用Chl a标准试剂(Sigma C6144)配置工作曲线进行外标法定量分析。
营养盐样品化冻后在AutoAnalyzer 3连续流动分析仪(SEAL Analytical,德国)上使用标准比色法进行测定。其中,$ {\rm {NO}}_3^-$的测定采用镉铜还原法,检测限为0.02 μmol/L[16]${\rm {NO}}_2^- $的测定采用重氮−偶氮法,检测限为0.01 μmol/L[17]${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的测定采用靛酚蓝法,检测限为0.04 μmol/L[18]${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $的测定采用磷钼蓝法,检测限为0.02 μmol/L[19]${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $的测定采用硅钼蓝法,检测限为0.01 μmol/L [20]。多次重复测定的分析不确定度均小于5%~10%。其中,溶解无机氮(DIN)为${\rm {NO}}_3^- $${\rm {NO}}_2^- $浓度之和。需要说明的是,由于神狐海域海水样品中${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的浓度很低,低于所用仪器和方法的检测线,所以本研究没有获得${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的数据。
对于神狐海域营养盐采样层次的黑潮水比例,使用等密度混合模型进行计算[3]:
${R_{\rm{K}}}{\rm{ = }}\frac{{S{\rm{ - }}{S_{\rm{S}}}}}{{{S_{{\rm{K}}}}{\rm{ - }}{S_{\rm{S}}}}},$
式中,RK代表黑潮水比例,S代表采样站位的盐度,SKSS代表黑潮水端元和南海水端元的盐度(数据源自Argo浮标,www.argo.org.cn)。
同时,利用黑潮水比例以及选取的黑潮水端元和南海水端元营养盐浓度计算神狐海域海水采样层次的营养盐保守混合浓度[3]
${N_{\rm{m}}}{\rm{ = }}{R_{\rm{K}}}{\rm{ \times }}{N_{\rm{K}}}{\rm{ + }}\left( {{\rm{1 - }}{R_{\rm{K}}}} \right){\rm{ \times }}{N_{\rm{S}}},$
式中,Nm代表营养盐的保守混合浓度,RK代表黑潮水比例,NKNS代表黑潮水端元和南海水端元的营养盐浓度(数据源自NOAA的世界海洋数据集,www.nodc.noaa.gov)。Nm与实测营养盐浓度进行差减(Δ营养盐)可以说明生物作用对营养盐浓度的影响(正值代表生物的消耗,负值代表生物的添加)[3]
氮异常指数(N-anomaly,N*)可以用来指示海水中固氮作用和反硝化作用的强度[21]
${N^{\rm{*}}}{\rm{ = }}N{\rm{ - 16}}P{\rm{ + 2}}{\rm{.9,}}$
式中,N代表DIN浓度,P代表${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度。需要注意的是,为保持计算结果的准确性,DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $的浓度要分别大于1 μmol/L和0.1 μmol/L[22],神狐海域75 m之下DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $的浓度大于1 μmol/L和0.1 μmol/L(图2),因此N*的计算从75 m开始。
绘图使用Surfer 13、Ocean Data View 4和Origin 2018软件。使用IBM SPSS 25软件进行参数间的相关性分析(双尾检验)。
各个站位之间的温度和盐度的变化趋势相似。温度变化在2.33~26.55℃之间,平均水温为7.09℃,整体上随着水深增加温度呈现出先迅速降低后趋于平稳的变化特征(图2a)。在1 500 m以上的海水中存在温度跃层,水温从26. 55℃降低到2.83℃,1 500 m之下趋于平稳,稳定在2.3℃左右。盐度变化在33.41~34.82之间,平均盐度为34.50(图2b)。所有站位的盐度都呈现出一个近似于“了”字形的变化特征,存在两个盐度跃层。盐度从表层逐渐增大,在67~101 m的深度范围内具有盐度最大值,在34.68~34.82之间。到达最大值之后盐度随着水深增加逐渐减小,在371~579 m的深度范围内减小到34.40左右。之后,随着深度增加,盐度稳定在34.60左右。
Chl a浓度范围在0.09~0.49 μg/L之间,平均值为0.24 μg/L,随着水深增加Chl a先增大后减小,最大值出现在30~75 m之间(图2c),75 m以下Chl a浓度为0。pH值在7.48~8.16之间,平均值为7.84,随着水深增加pH先增大后减小,最大值出现在30 m的深度(图2d)。DO的浓度范围在3.26~8.13 mg/L之间,平均为5.06 mg/L,整体上DO呈现出先增大后减小再增大的特征(图2e)。从5 m到30 m DO逐渐增大,在30 m达到最大值。之后随着深度增加逐渐减小,在1 000 m出现DO的最小值,之后随深度增加DO略有升高。从水平分布来看(以水深75 m为例),除了温度变化较小之外,盐度、DO和pH存在从东北向西南方向减小的趋势(图3),而Chl a则相反(图3c)。
神狐海域${\rm {NO}}_3^- $的浓度较高,浓度范围在0~38.02 μmol/L之间,平均为17.94 μmol/L。在0~30 m ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $的浓度较低,低于仪器的检测线,75 m之下随着水深的增加${\rm {NO}}_3^- $浓度逐渐增大,在1 000 m之下趋于稳定(图2f)。${\rm {NO}}_2^- $整体上浓度较低,浓度范围在0~0.51 μmol/L之间,平均浓度只有0.03 μmol/L。在0~30 m ${\rm {NO}}_2^- $的浓度分布与${\rm {NO}}_3^- $的相似,浓度较低,接近甚至低于仪器的检测线,在75 m深度存在一个峰值,75 m之下随着水深的增加${\rm {NO}}_2^- $浓度逐步减小(图2g)。由于${\rm {NO}}_3^- $浓度远高于${\rm {NO}}_2^- $,DIN浓度的分布特点与${\rm {NO}}_3^- $一致(图2h)。${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度范围在0~2.71 μmol/L之间,平均浓度为1.21 μmol/L。在0~30 m ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $的浓度分布与${\rm {NO}}_3^- $${\rm {NO}}_2^- $相似,浓度较低,接近甚至低于仪器的检测线。整体上,随着水深的增加,${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $逐渐增大,在1 000 m之下趋于稳定,与${\rm {NO}}_3^- $浓度的分布趋势相似(图2i)。${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $的浓度在所有营养盐中是最高的,平均达48.75 μmol/L(1.59~149.07 μmol/L)。在0~30 m ${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $的浓度变化不大,维持在2 μmol/L左右,随着水深的增加,${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $浓度逐渐增大(图2j)。与其他营养盐不同的是,1 000 m以下${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $并未保持稳定,仍有增大趋势。从水平分布来看,在75 m的深度,营养盐整体上在采样区域东北方向具有低值,西南方向站位的值较高,与盐度、DO和pH的趋势相反(图3)。
在神狐海域的5 m、30 m、75 m和1 000 m处存在黑潮水入侵,黑潮水的比例在1.06%~54.05%之间,相比较而言在75 m深度受到黑潮水的影响最大(表1)。对75 m深度的Δ营养盐计算显示,Δ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $、Δ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $和Δ${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $分别在−1.61~1.48 μmol/L、−0.06~0.54 μmol/L和3.22~10.00 μmol/L之间,平均分别为−0.25 μmol/L、0.08 μmol/L和5.86 μmol/L(图4a)。神狐海域的N*在−2.72~4 μmol/L之间,大部分站位的N*在75 m深度具有最大值,随深度的增加逐渐减小;在SCS002、SCS003和SCS008站位,N*在200 m处最大,200 m以下N*随深度的增加逐渐减小(图4b)。
神狐海域N/P比与Si/N比和Si/P比呈现出相反的变化特征,前者呈现的是近似一个数字“7”的变化趋势,而后两者则是近似一个反的数字“7”的变化趋势(图5)。在0~30 m各站位的N/P比最低,在0.25~7.33之间;随后在75~200 m的深度达到最大,在14.84~18.08之间;之后存在轻微的减小,在1 000 m之下稳定在14左右,低于Redfield比值16[1]。各站位的Si/N比在0~30 m存在最大值,最大达到219;之后在75 m的深度迅速降低到1左右,接近Redfield比值[1];200 m开始逐渐升高,1 000 m之后趋于稳定,在3.55~3.93之间。Si/P比和Si/N比具有相似的变化特征,在0~30 m的深度Si/P比具有最大值,最大达到203;30 m之下迅速降低到15.38~16.53之间,与Si/P比的Redfield比值16接近[1],随着深度的增加Si/P比逐渐增大,1 000 m之下变化较小,在50.13~55.83之间。水平分布上,N/P比在75 m深度从东北到西南方向逐渐增大,而Si/N比和Si/P比从东北到西南方向逐渐减小(图5)。
整个采样区域离岸较远(最近的SCS003站位离岸约336 km),基本不会受到陆架上的河流及人类活动的直接影响,水文环境相对比较稳定。
温盐关系显示神狐海域次表层、深层和底层水团受到黑潮水入侵的影响。根据前人的研究[23],可以将神狐海域的水体分为6个水团(图6),分别是南海表层水团、南海次表层水团、南海次−中层混合水团、南海中层水团、南海深层水团和南海底盆水团。神狐海域次表层水团、深层水团和底盆水团的温盐特征与黑潮水的相近甚至相同(图6),表明这些水团可能受到黑潮水入侵的影响[3]。黑潮是太平洋北赤道流北向分支的延伸,在菲律宾的东部海域形成,吕宋海峡是南海与北太平洋水交换的唯一通道,黑潮在流经吕宋海峡时会以流套、跨域和分支等形式入侵南海[14]。特别是冬季,在东北季风盛行的情况下,黑潮会以南海分支的方式入侵南海,并且入侵的强度相比夏季要强烈[24],进而对南海北部海域的水体温盐环境等造成影响,所以在神狐海域冬季100 m上下的盐度峰值可能是由于高盐的黑潮水入侵导致(图2b)。
海洋环境中营养盐的浓度和分布受到多种过程的影响,如大气的沉降、洋流的水平输运、水体的垂直混合以及生物地球化学过程等[25]。神狐海域表层(0~30 m)各营养盐浓度均较低,呈现极度匮乏的贫营养状态(图2),这与前人在南海[11]、北太平洋[26-27]、北大西洋[28]和南印度洋[29]等开阔大洋所观测到的一致,可能与强烈的浮游植物生产、水体层化现象及弱的营养盐输入有关。浮游植物往往生活在光照强度较强、水温适宜的真光层以上的海水中,并通过光合作用利用营养盐为自身生长繁殖提供能量[2]。神狐海域的Chl a浓度在表层较高,75 m以下浓度为0,次表层最大主要在30~75 m的范围内,与南海北部的Chl a分布相似[30]。南海北部表层海水中存在较多的硅藻、甲藻和蓝藻等浮游植物[31],它们通过光合作用利用海水中大量的营养盐和CO2,产生有机物和氧气,同时增加了海水中的氧气含量。另外,不同水团之间海水密度的不同,使得海水存在层化现象,尤其是在表层水团和次表层水团之间,海水密度相差较大(图6),表层海水与次表层海水之间的水体交换很难发生,使得表层以下的高浓度营养盐难以进入,导致营养盐在被利用的同时无法进行补充。再者,神狐海域位于陆坡和海盆的过渡带,远离岸边,整个海域盐度在33以上(图2b),珠江冲淡水等营养盐浓度较高的陆地径流对神狐海域的影响较小。所以,在0~30 m体现为低浓度的营养盐、高的pH和DO,这可以从它们之间的相关性上看出来(图7)。
如前所述,神狐海域还可能受到了黑潮入侵的影响。在75 m的深度,研究区域东北方向的站位(如SCS003和SCS008站位等),其水文特点和西南方向存在差异(图3图6),营养盐的浓度也要低于西南方向的站位(图3),与黑潮水高盐、高DO和pH、低营养盐的特点相符[3, 32-33],表明可能受到了黑潮入侵的影响。实际上,营养盐与盐度之间的关系很好地体现了黑潮水的入侵。如图7所示,随盐度的升高,营养盐浓度变化很小,但当盐度升高到一定程度后,先降低后再有所升高,在此过程中营养盐浓度持续升高增加,盐度由高到低的转折点所对应的深度(100 m上下)正是受次表层黑潮水入侵影响最大之处[24, 33]。同时,计算显示75 m深度的黑潮水比例与各营养盐之间具有负相关关系(p<0.01),说明黑潮水的入侵可能降低了神狐海域75 m深度的营养盐浓度(图8)。Du 等[3]发现,在南海北部上层100 m的海水中受到寡营养的黑潮水入侵影响,营养盐储量会显著降低,其中冬季海水中的DIN储量相比夏季会降低30%左右[3]。进一步地,在75 m的深度Δ${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $、Δ${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $和部分Δ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $为正值说明具有生物作用的消耗(图4a)。75 m是叶绿素最大层,浮游植物较多,通过浮游植物光合作用利用的营养盐较多,所以可能导致实测的营养盐浓度要小于计算得到的营养盐保守混合浓度。而在一些站位75 m深度的Δ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $为负值,说明具有生物作用的添加(图4a)。神狐海域N*的计算结果显示,随海水深度的增加N*逐渐减小(图4b),与南海海盆和东太平洋的N*大致相近[21-22]。在神狐海域300 m以上的海水中,N*大于0,固氮作用要强于反硝化作用;而300 m以下,N*小于0,反硝化作用逐步强于固氮作用(图4b[21]
75 m之下,营养盐的浓度逐渐增大(图2)。一方面由于光照强度的减弱和水温的降低,不利于浮游植物的生长,浮游植物丰度降低,光合作用减弱,进而对营养盐的利用减少,DO浓度降低(图7);另一方面,含营养盐的颗粒物和生物残骸等在重力作用下下沉,在微生物的厌氧呼吸作用下被矿化降解,消耗氧气,释放出无机的营养盐(营养盐再生),同时产生CO2,促使pH降低[34]。随着水深的增加,营养盐再生占据主要优势,但是缺乏循环利用这些营养盐的浮游植物(Chl a浓度为0),所以营养盐逐渐积累浓度增大,伴随pH的进一步降低(图7)。在1 000 m以下,${\rm {NO}}_3^- $${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $浓度基本保持不变(图2f图2i),与温度、盐度、DO和pH等较小的变化相对应,可能与环境较稳定和有机物浓度低有关。而${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $在1 000 m之下仍呈增加趋势(图2j),可能主要是因为${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $的再生速率较慢导致的。与${\rm {NO}}_3^- $${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $的再生不同,${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $的再生依赖于生物体的硅质外壳在海水中的溶解,而其溶解速度要比浮游植物细胞裂解释放出胞内物质要慢很多[35]
神狐海域营养盐之间的关系进一步表明了它们再生速率的不同(图9)。${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $和DIN呈现显著的正相关的线性关系(图9aR2=0.98,p<0.01),而${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $与DIN、${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $则是一种显著的非线性关系(图9bR2=0.90,p<0.01;图9cR2=0.89,p<0.01)。营养盐之间不同的关系在太平洋、大西洋、印度洋、南极普里兹湾和西伯利亚海等海域也已发现[11, 26-29, 36-38]${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $与DIN、${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $之间的幂函数式增长说明除了具有与DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $相同的生物地球化学过程之外,${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $还具有其他的产生释放过程。研究表明,${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $在天然海水中是处于不饱和状态的(生物的硅质外壳在3℃和25℃时的溶解度分别为900 μmol/L和1 600 μmol/L)[39],所以与DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $相比,海水对生物体的硅质外壳的溶解作用也会影响${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $的浓度。而海水对硅质外壳的溶解速度较慢,使得${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $的增加缓慢。同时,海洋中的DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $在再矿化过程中会先于${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $被释放出来[26]。所以,DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $在达到最大值后,${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $的浓度仍在不断地增加(图2j),从而使得${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $与DIN、${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $呈现出幂函数式的关系。
对于${\rm {NO}}_2^- $来说,浓度的变化与${\rm {NO}}_3^- $${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $不同,除了由于浮游植物的利用导致浓度较低之外,还受到N循化过程的影响。在75 m存在的最大值,被称为亚硝酸盐初高峰(Primary Nitrite Maximum,PNM)(图2g)。PNM被认为是有氧的贫营养水体的普遍现象,主要是因为硝化作用而产生[40]。在氧气充足时,${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $在亚硝酸盐菌(或氨氧化细菌)的作用下发生亚硝化作用(或氨氧化作用)氧化为${\rm {NO}}_2^- $${\rm {NO}}_2^- $逐渐积累。但${\rm {NO}}_2^- $不会一直积累,在氧化条件下会迅速发生硝化作用,硝酸盐菌将${\rm {NO}}_2^- $氧化为${\rm {NO}}_3^- $${\rm {NO}}_2^- $的浓度降低,由此产生了PNM。在南海西部、阿拉伯海和太平洋等均发现PNM的存在[40-42]。与此同时,在海洋中的氧最小区域还存在亚硝酸盐的次高峰(Secondary Nitrite Maximum,SNM),如阿拉伯海和东部热带北太平洋[43-44],但在神狐海域并没有观测到SNM的存在。
浮游植物对营养盐利用或营养盐再生速率的差异等生物地球化学过程,都会对海洋中的不同营养盐的浓度产生差异化影响,进而影响着海水中的营养盐结构和生物群落结构[45]。神狐海域的N/P比、Si/N比和Si/P比随着深度的增加而表现出不同的变化特征(图5),其分布与南海海盆、太平洋和南印度洋的分布相似[11, 27, 29, 46]。在神狐海域0~30 m的表层海水中,N/P比小于1,Si/N比大于10,表明神狐海域表层海水受到N限制的影响[47]。随着水深的增加,N/P比增大,N限制逐渐减弱。75 m之下,N/P比出现轻微的减低,最终稳定在14左右,与海洋中平均的N/P比相近(N/P=14.3)[2]N*的计算结果说明(图4b),神狐海域300 m以上的海水中存在较强的固氮作用,这可能会在一定程度上缓解了上层海水中的N限制。前人的研究也发现,在南海北部存在多种类型的固氮生物(束毛藻、单细胞固氮生物等),其固氮量可达3.6×107 mol/a[48]
营养盐不同的浓度变化也影响了Si/N比和Si/P比,使得Si/N比和Si/P比呈现出与N/P比相反的变化特点(图5)。表层Si/N比和Si/P比远大于Si限制的阈值,说明神狐海域不存在Si限制[47]。在75 m受到生物作用的影响,Si/N比和Si/P比减小,并接近Redfield比值[1]。75 m之后${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $的再生增强,Si/N比和Si/P比增大,最终与南海盆地、太平洋和印度洋等大洋深层的Si/N比和Si/P比相近[11, 27, 29]。在受黑潮水入侵相对显著的75 m深度,从水平分布来看,N/P比在东北方向的站位具有较低值而Si/N比和Si/P比则存在较高值(图5),推测可能是因为低营养盐的黑潮水入侵对于N、P营养盐的影响较大,导致出现上述的营养盐比值分布。
神狐海域具有开阔大洋的环境特征,水文环境较为稳定,营养盐浓度与开阔大洋的营养盐浓度相当。营养盐浓度和比例的变化主要受到生物利用和营养盐再生以及黑潮水入侵的影响。表层海水中生物的利用强烈,而次表层水,尤其是75 m深度受黑潮入侵的影响较显著,营养盐浓度低;深层海水则以营养盐再生为主,营养盐浓度升高。不同的营养盐再生速率和再利用效率的不同,导致深层海水中硅酸盐的积累多于磷酸盐和无机氮。营养盐浓度随深度的相对变化影响了其结构分布,表层海水中N/P比低而Si/N比和Si/P比较高,显示一定程度的N限制。在75 m深度,受浮游植物的生物利用和固氮作用的影响,N/P比变大,Si/N比和Si/P比变小;水平方向上,受到黑潮水入侵的影响N/P比表现出与Si/N比和Si/P比不同的变化趋势。而在75 m以下受到营养盐再生的影响,N/P比逐渐降低,Si/N比和Si/P比逐渐增高,在1 000 m以下营养盐比值趋于稳定。
  • 中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20160221)。
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2020年第42卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.013
  • 接收时间:2020-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-01-17
  • 修回日期:2020-07-02
基金
中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20160221)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3 中国海洋大学 海洋生命学院,山东 青岛 266003

通讯作者:

*姚鹏(1977-),男,山东省菏泽市人,教授,主要从事海洋有机生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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