Article(id=1244308291535356626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1573315200000, receivedDateStr=2019-11-10, revisedDate=1593360000000, revisedDateStr=2020-06-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774595814832, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1603555200000, pubDateStr=2020-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774595814832, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774595814832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774595814832, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244308288934883825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774595814212, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597088429, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313633455452997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313633455452998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244308292978197207, articleId=1244308291535356626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Indication of lipid biomarkers in sediment records for the Qiongdong Upwelling intensity and preliminary study of it's controlling factors, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The n-alkanes and fatty acids were analyzed in two sediment cores at the upwelling edge region (Station S5) and center area (Station S10) of eastern Hainan Island, the source and degradation characteristics of organic matter were comprehensively analyzed by combining organic carbon content, particle size, carbon stable isotope (δ13C) and other parameters. The interannual variation of upwelling intensity in the study area was reconstructed using the diatom abundance parameter ∑16∶∑18 of fatty acids. The grain size results show that Station S10 is located near the center of upwelling, with coarse grain size and mainly sand; Station S5 is located at the edge of upwelling, with fine grain size and mainly silt. The δ13C and fatty acids parameter (∑C20-:0/∑C20+:0) of the two stations show that both stations are dominated by marine source input. The degradation degree of organic matter in Station S10 is greater than that in Station S5 . The diatom abundance parameters of fatty acids and the percentage of phytoplankton fatty acid indicate the primary productivity of Station S10 is higher than Station S5, and ∑C16∶∑C18 is used to indicate the interannual variation of the intensities of the upwelling in the study area; the upwelling intensity shows weak, strong, and weak signals between 1925−1950, 1950−1980, and 1980−2008. It is consistent with the interdecadal trend of Pacific Decadal Oscillation. El Niño-Southern Oscillation may regulate the upwelling intensity in a short time scale, while in a long time scale, it may be mainly regulated by Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

, correspAuthors=Ying Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin Wang, Ying Wu, Mengli Cao, Lijun Qi, Jing Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244308294974685969, articleId=1244308291535356626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=沉积记录中脂类生物标志物对琼东上升流强度的指示及其影响因素初探, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文对海南岛东部上升流边缘区域(S5站位)和上升流中心区域(S10站位)两根沉积柱进行了正构烷烃和脂肪酸的分析,结合有机碳含量、粒径、碳稳定同位素(δ13C)等参数综合分析其有机质来源与降解特征,并利用脂肪酸硅藻丰度参数∑C16∶∑C18重建了研究区域上升流强度年际变化。研究结果表明:S10站位处于上升流中心附近,粒径较粗,以砂为主;S5站位处于上升流边缘区域,粒径较细,以粉砂为主;两站位柱样δ13C值和长短链脂肪酸比值(∑C20−:0/∑C20+:0)显示有机质均以海源输入为主,S10站位有机质降解程度大于S5站位。脂肪酸中硅藻丰度参数和浮游植物脂肪酸占比指示了S10站位初级生产力高于S5,并利用∑C16∶∑C18指征了研究区域上升流强度及年际变化趋势。上升流强度在1925−1950年,1950−1980年和1980−2008年间表现为弱、强、弱的趋势,与太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal oscillator,PDO)年际变化趋势一致;推测厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)在短时间尺度上可能对上升流强度有一定调节作用,但长时间尺度上可能主要受PDO调节作用。

, correspAuthors=吴莹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴莹,女,研究员,主要从事生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=INfZG0WqgPN5gvvQojbwsw==, magXml=ABFHFefn1Me7H+4wYQXv/g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=prEJq/lpdqipp35ip13JVQ==, pdfFileSize=3701473, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=H4gxJ93NQBKZwVXPRLz0cw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=l6tBUq2MsHm0Ehd0jeTa3Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王鑫(1994-),男,四川省巴中市人,研究方向为生物地球化学。E-mail:

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王鑫(1994-),男,四川省巴中市人,研究方向为生物地球化学。E-mail:

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Progress in Oceanography, 2013, 110: 49−58., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1246523615395598454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(41876074);国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)项目(2014CB441502)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246523608277865323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246523608282059627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, companyId=1246523608277865323, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246523608290448237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, companyId=1246523608277865323, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室, 上海 200241)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246523612333756445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The sampling stations, figureFileSmall=1rI9m+Rb/0Wro8LEc5+68w==, figureFileBig=G/ByPFqplsPaPsWsHuryAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523612430225443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=CN, label=图1, caption=采样站位, figureFileSmall=1rI9m+Rb/0Wro8LEc5+68w==, figureFileBig=G/ByPFqplsPaPsWsHuryAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523612543471657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The grain size,organic carbon content (COC),total n-alkanes (T-ALK) and total fatty acids (TFA) profiles with depth in Station S5 and Station S10, figureFileSmall=cJQIomyhtgybm1qLFH4+eA==, figureFileBig=U/LM9llMI7DlzfF8Ovh8Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523612635746350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=CN, label=图2, caption=S5与S10站位粒径,有机碳含量(COC),总正构烷烃(T-ALK)和总脂肪酸含量(TFA)随深度变化剖面图, figureFileSmall=cJQIomyhtgybm1qLFH4+eA==, figureFileBig=U/LM9llMI7DlzfF8Ovh8Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523612728021042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Typical n-alkanes spectra (a) and fatty acids spectra (b) of Station S10, figureFileSmall=ut/XAkg3hXsAxcov10E/cQ==, figureFileBig=WiIA0rOOKWjQ0uUxo+llJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523612820295735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=CN, label=图3, caption=S10站位典型正构烷烃(a)和脂肪酸(b)谱图, figureFileSmall=ut/XAkg3hXsAxcov10E/cQ==, figureFileBig=WiIA0rOOKWjQ0uUxo+llJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523612925153341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=TFA/T-ALK and HMW(n-FA/n-ALK) values profiles with depth in Station S5 and Station S10, figureFileSmall=t3220Ao+7/cKV4w/Qi3I0A==, figureFileBig=Ud9j2Z4K6H1JUsS0mPOpXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523612992262211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=CN, label=图4, caption=S5与S10站位TFA/T-ALK和HMW(n-FA/n-ALK)值随深度分布剖面图, figureFileSmall=t3220Ao+7/cKV4w/Qi3I0A==, figureFileBig=Ud9j2Z4K6H1JUsS0mPOpXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523613084536905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Proportion of different source fatty acids at stations S5 and S10 on the surface, bottom, and average values of the core, figureFileSmall=llf0zXNv1yDVMpt/BAr2JA==, figureFileBig=u8djkz0OGHXjIejriqcQSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523613222948941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=CN, label=图5, caption=S5与S10站位不同来源脂肪酸比例在表层、底层和整根柱子平均值的分布, figureFileSmall=llf0zXNv1yDVMpt/BAr2JA==, figureFileBig=u8djkz0OGHXjIejriqcQSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523613323612243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The phytoplankton fatty acid proportion and ∑C16:∑C18 values profiles with depth in Station S5 and Station S10, figureFileSmall=D6dDQBiXxoECkTQvK9AWGQ==, figureFileBig=pOixXv+osK7oHJCL+x8/6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523614871310428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=CN, label=图6, caption=S5与S10站位浮游植物脂肪酸百分含量和∑C16:∑C18值随深度变化剖面图, figureFileSmall=D6dDQBiXxoECkTQvK9AWGQ==, figureFileBig=pOixXv+osK7oHJCL+x8/6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523614938419296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Interannual variation of PDO index, ∑C16:∑C18, upwelling index and Cu content in corals

The upwelling index was modified from Liu et al.[2]; PDO index data from the website http://research.jisao.washington.edu/pdo/PDO.latest; Cu content in corals is modified from Chen et al.[15]; two gray areas(1925−1942 and 1976−2008)indicating that El Niño-like conditions that prevailed; the middle white area indicates the prevalence of La Niña-like condition

, figureFileSmall=fBQSVzw+uO7uDjy5g2fcwQ==, figureFileBig=5hcOIXLhAN4YZDQPMVtSDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615022305379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PDO指数、∑C16:∑C18、上升流指数和珊瑚中Cu含量年际变化

上升流指数引自刘羿等[2];PDO指数数据来源于网站http://research.jisao.washington.edu/pdo/PDO.latest;珊瑚中Cu含量引自Chen等[15];两块灰色区域(1925−1942年和1976−2008年)表示在该时间段内厄尔尼诺盛行,中间白色段表示拉尼娜现象盛行

, figureFileSmall=fBQSVzw+uO7uDjy5g2fcwQ==, figureFileBig=5hcOIXLhAN4YZDQPMVtSDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523615106191469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

T-ALK, TFA, HMW(n-FA/n-ALK) and δ13C values in Station S5 and Stations S10

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T-ALK/mg·g−1 TFA/mg·g−1 HMW(n-FA/n-ALK) δ13C /‰脂肪酸∑C20−:0/∑C20+:0
  注:表层均为0~1 cm层,S5站位底层为18~19 cm层,S10站位底层为16~17 cm层。
S5站位S10站位 S5站位S10站位 S5站位S10站位 S5站位S10站位 S5站位S10站位
表层0.100.28 3.071.70 10.352.05 −22.0−21.6 2.672.56
底层0.160.36 5.750.98 13.660.20 −22.1−22.2 3.982.79
整柱平均值0.360.76 4.771.50 7.701.28 −22.0−22.2 4.203.28
), ArticleFig(id=1246523615206854767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308291535356626, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

S5与S10站位T-ALK、TFA、HMW(n-FA/n-ALK)与δ13C值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T-ALK/mg·g−1 TFA/mg·g−1 HMW(n-FA/n-ALK) δ13C /‰脂肪酸∑C20−:0/∑C20+:0
  注:表层均为0~1 cm层,S5站位底层为18~19 cm层,S10站位底层为16~17 cm层。
S5站位S10站位 S5站位S10站位 S5站位S10站位 S5站位S10站位 S5站位S10站位
表层0.100.28 3.071.70 10.352.05 −22.0−21.6 2.672.56
底层0.160.36 5.750.98 13.660.20 −22.1−22.2 3.982.79
整柱平均值0.360.76 4.771.50 7.701.28 −22.0−22.2 4.203.28
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沉积记录中脂类生物标志物对琼东上升流强度的指示及其影响因素初探
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王鑫 1 , 吴莹 1, * , 曹梦莉 1 , 齐丽君 1 , 张经 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2020,42(10): 28-36
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海洋学报 | 论文 2020, 42(10): 28-36
沉积记录中脂类生物标志物对琼东上升流强度的指示及其影响因素初探
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王鑫1 , 吴莹1, * , 曹梦莉1, 齐丽君1, 张经1
作者信息
  • 1 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室, 上海 200241
  • 王鑫(1994-),男,四川省巴中市人,研究方向为生物地球化学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*吴莹,女,研究员,主要从事生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
Indication of lipid biomarkers in sediment records for the Qiongdong Upwelling intensity and preliminary study of it's controlling factors
Xin Wang1 , Ying Wu1, * , Mengli Cao1, Lijun Qi1, Jing Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
出版时间: 2020-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.003
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本文对海南岛东部上升流边缘区域(S5站位)和上升流中心区域(S10站位)两根沉积柱进行了正构烷烃和脂肪酸的分析,结合有机碳含量、粒径、碳稳定同位素(δ13C)等参数综合分析其有机质来源与降解特征,并利用脂肪酸硅藻丰度参数∑C16∶∑C18重建了研究区域上升流强度年际变化。研究结果表明:S10站位处于上升流中心附近,粒径较粗,以砂为主;S5站位处于上升流边缘区域,粒径较细,以粉砂为主;两站位柱样δ13C值和长短链脂肪酸比值(∑C20−:0/∑C20+:0)显示有机质均以海源输入为主,S10站位有机质降解程度大于S5站位。脂肪酸中硅藻丰度参数和浮游植物脂肪酸占比指示了S10站位初级生产力高于S5,并利用∑C16∶∑C18指征了研究区域上升流强度及年际变化趋势。上升流强度在1925−1950年,1950−1980年和1980−2008年间表现为弱、强、弱的趋势,与太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal oscillator,PDO)年际变化趋势一致;推测厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)在短时间尺度上可能对上升流强度有一定调节作用,但长时间尺度上可能主要受PDO调节作用。

生物标志物  /  琼东上升流  /  降解  /  上升流强度

The n-alkanes and fatty acids were analyzed in two sediment cores at the upwelling edge region (Station S5) and center area (Station S10) of eastern Hainan Island, the source and degradation characteristics of organic matter were comprehensively analyzed by combining organic carbon content, particle size, carbon stable isotope (δ13C) and other parameters. The interannual variation of upwelling intensity in the study area was reconstructed using the diatom abundance parameter ∑16∶∑18 of fatty acids. The grain size results show that Station S10 is located near the center of upwelling, with coarse grain size and mainly sand; Station S5 is located at the edge of upwelling, with fine grain size and mainly silt. The δ13C and fatty acids parameter (∑C20-:0/∑C20+:0) of the two stations show that both stations are dominated by marine source input. The degradation degree of organic matter in Station S10 is greater than that in Station S5 . The diatom abundance parameters of fatty acids and the percentage of phytoplankton fatty acid indicate the primary productivity of Station S10 is higher than Station S5, and ∑C16∶∑C18 is used to indicate the interannual variation of the intensities of the upwelling in the study area; the upwelling intensity shows weak, strong, and weak signals between 1925−1950, 1950−1980, and 1980−2008. It is consistent with the interdecadal trend of Pacific Decadal Oscillation. El Niño-Southern Oscillation may regulate the upwelling intensity in a short time scale, while in a long time scale, it may be mainly regulated by Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

biomarkers  /  Qiongdong Upwelling  /  degradation  /  upwelling intensity
王鑫, 吴莹, 曹梦莉, 齐丽君, 张经. 沉积记录中脂类生物标志物对琼东上升流强度的指示及其影响因素初探. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (10) : 28 -36 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.003
Xin Wang, Ying Wu, Mengli Cao, Lijun Qi, Jing Zhang. Indication of lipid biomarkers in sediment records for the Qiongdong Upwelling intensity and preliminary study of it's controlling factors[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (10) : 28 -36 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.003
沿岸上升流是陆架区的一种重要现象,其持续时间和强度及腹地气候状况、主流洋流和海底形态差异会影响海洋颗粒物的产生和沉积[1]。自20世纪初以来,研究者在上升流形成机制、沉积机制方面开展了广泛的研究。刘羿等[2]利用上升流区域滨珊瑚的Sr/Ca比值重建了海南岛东部琼东海域的夏季海表温度,并进一步重建了该区域1906−1996年上升流强度的变化。沉积物中保留的相关生物标志物信息也能记录上升流强度的变化,水体中的浮游植物与上升流相关联产生可保存的骨架,为将上升流信号转化为可识别的沉积记录提供了理想的载体。Naidu和Niitsuma[3]、Salgueiro等[4]都利用沉积物中浮游有孔虫反演了研究区域上升流强度的时间序列。然而这些研究手段相对繁琐且专业强度高。脂肪酸和正构烷烃作为常见的生物标志物,其相关的地学应用研究颇多。然而,目前的研究多集中于利用脂肪酸和正构烷烃示踪有机质的来源、分布和降解[1, 5-8]。用其指示特定区域上升流强度却鲜有报道。
硅藻丰度是指示上升流的重要指标之一。研究表明,在葡萄牙沿岸上升流区、秘鲁上升流区、太平洋东北海域、阿拉伯海沉积物中,硅藻的绝对丰度可以直观地反映上升流强度[9-12]。本文研究区域位于海南岛东部琼东上升流区,该区域以硅藻为优势种[13]。沉积物中硅藻丰度可以反映硅藻生物量和初级生产力的变化,进而重建上升流强度的时间序列[14]。研究表明,琼东上升流主要受东亚夏季风(East Asian Summer Monsoon,EASM)控制[15],厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)受ENSO以及太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillator,PDO)的共同调节,但ENSO又受PDO背景场的调节作用[16]。然而,ENSO与PDO如何共同影响上升流强度以及二者对上升流强度影响的贡献比例,目前仍然是亟待解决的问题。
本文利用沉积物中脂肪酸和正构烷烃结合反演上升流强度年际变化,结合其他基本参数表征受上升流影响程度不同的两区域在初级生产力上的差异,并根据硅藻丰度参数反演上升流强度年际变化序列,初步分析PDO和ENSO对上升流强度的影响。一方面,相对于此方法在传统地学中的运用,算是一次新的突破;另一方面,运用此方法反演上升流强度年际变化趋势,也为上升流研究领域提供了一种新的方法和可能性。
海南岛位于南海西北部,海南岛东部沿岸发育着主要由季风驱动的季节性上升流——琼东上升流,位于18.5°~20.5°N,110.0°~111.5°E之间的沿岸海域,上升流中心出现在19.2°~19.3°N附近[17-18]。琼东上升流在4月份开始发育,7月中旬至8月中旬达到最大强度,并一直持续到9月,风是上升流的主要驱动力。2008年8月,利用箱式采泥器采集两根沉积物短柱柱样S5和S10(图1)。S5站位(18.63°N,111.24°E)位于受琼东上升流影响的边缘海域,柱长25 cm;S10站位(19.04°N,110.76°E)位于琼东上升流中心区域附近,柱长18 cm。采样后在船上立即以1 cm间隔分样,样品装入自封袋后赶走空气,立即保存于−20℃条件下,直至实验室分析。
采用LS100Q粒径仪进行样品粒径的测定,粒径小于4.0 μm部分为黏土,4.0~63.0 μm部分为粉砂,大于63.0 μm部分为砂质[8]。利用Vario ELⅢ元素分析仪测定沉积物有机碳含量(COC)以百分数计,测定精度小于5%;使用Finnigan生产的Delta Plus XP稳定同位素质谱仪测定沉积物碳稳定同位素(δ13C)值,以国际同位素参考基准VPDB校正,测定精度为±0.1‰[19]
生物标志物的提取和测定:取适量干燥研磨后的沉积物,加入二氯甲烷−甲醇混合液(体积比2∶1),用微波消解法进行萃取后离心分离;用旋蒸仪将上清液浓缩至近干,得到总脂,然后皂化2 h(70°C)。温度降至室温后,用正己烷萃取,分离得到上清液,重复萃取3次,萃取液进行旋转浓缩后用活化后的硅胶柱净化分离,用正己烷淋洗得到正构烷烃部分。用盐酸调节下层溶液(含脂肪酸)的pH,用正己烷萃取溶液中的脂肪酸,重复3次,旋转浓缩后,加入5% HCl-MeOH溶液,在避光70°C条件下加热,甲酯化12 h。再次用正己烷将溶液中的脂肪酸甲酯萃取富集。将分析过程中脂肪酸和正构烷烃的回收率控制在85%及以上。前处理分离收集得到的脂肪酸和正构烷烃利用气相色谱法测定。更详细的前处理流程和上机测定步骤、色谱条件见文献[20]。采用内标法控制数据质量,脂肪酸和正构烷烃所用定量内标均为C19:0脂肪酸甲酯,回收内标分别为C21:0脂肪酸和C24D50,每次处理6个样品,每个样品均做基质回收率,每两批样品做1次空白,每3批样品做1次平行样,平行样相对标准偏差为20%。
S5柱样各层平均粒径分布在20.6~74.3 μm之间,整根柱样平均粒径为35.8 μm,属于粉砂质沉积物,整体粒径偏细(图2a)。COC分布在0.51%~0.69%之间,平均值为0.58%,从表层到底层总体呈降低趋势(图2b),δ13C值分布范围为−21.7‰~−22.1‰。
S10柱样相比于S5粒径更粗,平均粒径为82.2 μm,属于砂质沉积物,平均粒径随深度的分布剖面如图2e所示。从表层到3.5 cm,COC从最大值0.49%快速降低到最小值0.26%,3.5 cm以深随深度增加变化幅度不大(图2f)。S10柱样δ13C平均值为−22.2‰,分布范围为−21.6‰~−22.6‰。
S5柱样中正构烷烃碳链分布在nC14nC34,总正构烷烃(Total n-alkanes,T-ALK)以干重计含量范围为0.68~6.68 μg/g,平均值为2.12 μg/g,以有机碳计为0.10~1.12 mg/g,平均值为0.36 mg/g(图2c)。文中数据,如无特殊说明,T-ALK均以有机碳计。正构烷烃单峰和双峰均有分布,低碳数峰群以nC16nC18为主峰碳。
总脂肪酸(Total Fatty Acids,TFA)含量(以有机碳计)呈先增加后减少趋势,在12.5 cm处达到最大值11.62 mg/g。整根柱子的总脂肪酸含量平均值为4.77 mg/g,分布范围为0.62~11.62 mg/g(图2d)。脂肪酸单峰和双峰均有分布,以nC16:0nC18:2n6nC22:2为主,具有强烈的偶碳优势。
S10柱样中T-ALK以干重计浓度范围在0.79~9.80 μg/g,平均值为2.68 μg/g。以有机碳计浓度范围在0.26~3.28 mg/g之间,平均值为0.75 mg/g(图2g)。S10中正构烷烃碳链分布在nC14nC34之间,单峰型和双峰型都有分布,中短链以nC16为主峰碳(图3a)。
总脂肪酸含量从表层到底层整体呈减小趋势,整根柱子脂肪酸浓度分布在0.98~2.32 mg/g之间,平均值为1.50 mg/g(图2h),单峰型和双峰均有分布,以nC16:0nC18:2n6nC22:2为主,具有强烈的偶碳优势(图3b)。
δ13C作为一种成熟的指示有机质来源的参数被运用于多个领域[8, 19]。海洋浮游植物和陆源土壤、植物有着不同的δ13C值,海洋浮游植物δ13C一般在−20.5‰左右,δ13C相对富集,陆源土壤δ13C值相对亏损,一般在−25.0‰左右[20],陆地C3维管束植物δ13C值则负值的绝对值更大,在−33.0‰~−23.0‰之间[21]。S5站位δ13C平均值为−22.0‰,S10站位为−22.2‰(表1),有机质均为海陆混合来源,但以海源为主。S5站位δ13C值比S10站位更偏正,指示了更多海源有机质的输入。S10站位离岸更近,更靠近万泉河口,因而接受了更多陆源有机质的输入,与δ13C值所指示的有机质来源一致。长链脂肪酸(C22−C34)主要来自陆地植物,中短链脂肪酸主要来自海源有机质[14]。S5站位与S10站位中脂肪酸主要以C16、C18为主,均显示以海源有机质输入为主。碳链在20及以下和20以上的脂肪酸总和比值(∑C20−:0/∑C20+:0)在一定程度可反映海源和陆源有机质输入情况[14]。S5站位与S10站位表层、底层和整根柱样∑C20−:0/∑C20+:0平均值均大于2(表1),指示两站位有机质均以海源输入为主,与δ13C值及脂肪酸主峰碳指示一致。
在有机质降解方面,两站位差异明显。HMW(n-FA/n-ALK)为链长在C20−C30之间的正构脂肪酸之和与链长C25−C33之间的奇碳数正构烷烃之和的比值,是一种常用的有机质降解程度指示参数,该值越高,表征有机质的降解程度越低[22]。如表1所示,S5站位HMW(n-FA/n-ALK)值主要分布在5.00~15.00之间,平均值为7.70,而S10站位该值主要分布在0~2.00之间,平均值为1.28。S5站位表层、底层和整根柱子HMW(n-FA/n-ALK)平均值远大于S10站位,指示S5站位有机质降解程度远小于S10站位,其主要原因可能是S10站位处于上升流中心附近,海源碎屑等有机质的再悬浮混合作用强于S5站位。此外,S10站位的粒径分布在60~124 µm之间,平均值为82 µm(图2e),而S5站位粒径分布在20~74 µm之间,平均值为35 µm(图2a),S10站位粒径明显大于S5站位,不利于有机质的保存,导致S10站位有机质降解程度较大,经历了更强的成岩作用。
S10站位表层、底层和整根柱子TFA平均值都低于S5站位,而T-ALK则是S10均大于S5站位(表1)。S10站位与S5站位TFA/T-ALK值随深度变化差异明显(图4a图4c),S10站位TFA/T-ALK值在0~6.50之间变化,平均值为3.72,而S5站位TFA/T-ALK在0~60.00之间变化,平均值为22.83,随着深度的增加,S10站位TFA/T-ALK值逐渐降低,表明随着埋藏深度增大,对脂肪酸的降解程度大于对正构烷烃的降解程度且呈逐渐增加趋势。S5站位由于整体降解程度较低,TFA/T-ALK值并不存在S10站位这样的趋势。有文献表明,南海现代沉积物相对其他海域中的沉积物成熟度要高一些[23],这与南海特定的地理环境决定其具有天然气水合物形成的气源条件、温压条件和有利于天然气水合物成藏有关,正构烷烃谱图也表明正构烷烃的含量几乎不受石油污染的影响。在这样的条件下,降解程度最低的表层沉积物中,S5站位TFA/T-ALK值为31.02,而S10站位为6.21,表明在两站位中,当颗粒物沉积到表层时,S10站位有机质已经经历了比S5站位更充分的降解,与HMW(n-FA/n-ALK)指示结果一致(表1)。这与上文所讲S10处于上升流中心附近,垂直混合作用、再悬浮作用较强,各种营养物质被上升流反复带到表层再沉降,从而导致的降解程度大相吻合。
硅藻是海洋硅质生物最主要的组成部分,硅藻对海洋环境的变化敏感,易受海水温度、盐度、营养盐等因素的影响而在硅藻种类和丰度上表现出较大的差异[24]。在本文研究区域两站位均受上升流的影响,硅藻通量和丰度可指征初级生产力变化[14]。脂肪酸种类繁多,我们用C16、C18单不饱和脂肪酸和C20、C22多不饱和脂肪酸作为浮游植物标志物,用C24−C30的偶数碳脂肪酸作为陆源脂肪酸标志物,用支链C15和C17脂肪酸作为细菌源脂肪酸标志物,研究S5站位与S10站位各类脂肪酸来源的贡献[25]。虽然S10站位降解程度较大,但浮游植物脂肪酸占比在表层、底层和整根柱子平均值均为S10站位高于S5站位(图5),表明S10站位受上升流影响更大,实际初级生产力更高。S10站位细菌源脂肪酸比例S10站位高于S5站位,进一步说明了S10站位降解程度大于S5站位。
在脂肪酸参数中硅藻丰度指示参数有很多,C20:5、C16:1n9和C16:1/C16:0等均可作为硅藻的指示参数,但不饱和脂肪酸容易受生物地球化学过程的影响;∑C16 :∑C18值也可反映硅藻生物量的变化趋势,并减少UFA(不可分辨脂肪酸)对结果的影响[14]。已有研究表明硅藻为南海北部优势种群,且硅藻丰度受夏季风影响明显,存在季节性变化[13]。S10站位脂肪酸∑C16:∑C18值均大于等于1,平均值为1.92,而S5站位∑C16:∑C18值在1左右,且大部分小于1,平均值为0.93(图6),表明S10站位硅藻丰度更大,初级生产力更高。综合以上几个参数及前文所述,S10站位处于上升流中心附近,更有利于浮游植物生长,初级生产力更高,但由于S10站位粒径较粗、再悬浮作用强,有机质降解程度更大,导致沉积物中有机碳、总脂肪酸等含量低于S5站位。
我们利用两站位的浮游植物脂肪酸百分含量和硅藻丰度参数∑C16∶∑C18随深度变化研究上升流强度与初级生产之间的关系如图6。S5站位浮游植物脂肪酸百分含量从表层到6.5 cm由高值迅速降低至低值,并在6.5 cm以下层位保持低值,与硅藻丰度参数∑C16∶∑C18并不能形成较好的对应关系(图6a图6b)。原因可能是多方面的:S5站位本就处于上升流边缘区域,受上升流影响很小,而∑C16∶∑C18为硅藻丰度参数,一定程度上可以指示上升流的影响,这与S5站位∑C16∶∑C18值比S10站位低很多对应;前面已讨论过S10站位有机质降解程度高于S5站位,而浮游植物脂肪酸主要由多不饱和脂肪酸组成,在成岩过程中更易降解,导致浮游植物脂肪酸百分含量从表层到6.5 cm快速降解。而S10站位处于上升流影响的中心区域附近,沉积物经历了强烈的再悬浮和水柱降解[20],在表层沉积物中降解程度就已经相当高。在S10站位中,两参数在中上层具有较好的耦合关系(图6c图6d),特别是在5.5~10.5 cm层位(图6中阴影部分),浮游植物脂肪酸百分含量与∑C16∶∑C18值都是先增加到峰值然后再减小,该层位与图7中1950−1980年对应,而这段时间PDO处于冷相位,其余两个时间段处于暖相位,可能对上升流强度起一定的控制作用,具体讨论见下文,而S5柱样由于缺少定年信息且受上升流影响较小,遂不多赘述。
如前面所述,S5与S10站位均受上升流影响,S10站位处于上升流中心附近,受上升流影响大。脂肪酸参数∑C16∶∑C18可以当作硅藻丰度的指示参数[14],在海南岛东部发育着季节性上升流—琼东上升流,已有研究表明在南海北部硅藻通量在时间和空间分布与上升流发生时间和区域具有相关关系[26]。本文尝试用硅藻指示参数∑C16∶∑C18表征上升流强度年际变化,如图7所示,沉积速率引用许冬等[27]0.21 cm/a,两者经纬度几乎重合。S10柱记录了从1925−2008年期间沉积柱中的硅藻丰度并指示了该区域上升流强度。如图7所示,硅藻丰度特征大致可分为3个区间1925−1950年,1950−1980年和1980−2008年。1950−1980年期间硅藻丰度显著高于另外两个阶段,可能是由于在1950−1980年该区域上升流强度处于较强的水平,与刘羿等[2](研究区域相近)利用上升流区滨珊瑚Sr/Ca比值重建的海南岛东部琼东海域上升流强度变化趋势一致。上升流区珊瑚中Cu含量被证明与上升流的输入有关,也可用来表征上升流强度。此处利用∑C16∶∑C18指示的硅藻丰度年际变化趋势与Chen等[15]利用相近区域珊瑚中Cu含量反演的上升流年际变化趋势也较一致,在1950−1980年显著高于另外两个阶段,多参数耦合证明了利用硅藻丰度参数∑C16∶∑C18反演上升流强度是可靠的。
琼东上升流通常发生在4−9月,主要受EASM控制[15]。已有研究表明PDO(太平洋上类似于ENSO形态并具有显著年代际振荡周期的气候变率模态)是影响EASM强度年际变化的主要因素[28]。如图7所示,PDO指数在1925−2000年间可分为3个阶段:1925−1950年,1950−1980年和1980−2000年,3阶段分别处于暖相位、冷相位、暖相位,与∑C16∶∑C18所指示的硅藻丰度、刘羿等[2]反演的上升流强度年际变化趋势和珊瑚中Cu含量所指示的上升流强度年际变化趋势一致,推测PDO是琼东上升流强度年代际变化的主要控制因素。有研究表明ENSO与EASM也存在相关关系,并影响上升流强度[29],琼东上升流在ENSO年附近会加强[30-31]。据最新研究结果显示,ENSO变化周期较短在2~8 a,且受PDO背景场的调节[32]。Wu[33]研究发现,ENSO对西太平洋的影响并不是固定的,而是依赖于PDO的相位,当PDO处于冷相位时,ENSO对季风会有强烈的影响,当PDO处于暖相位时,关系则不明显。如图7所示,两灰色区域分别代表1925−1942年和1977−2008年,虽然在这两时段ENSO作用更强,但由于PDO处于暖相位背景场下,可能对上升流强度的影响呈减小趋势,且占据主导地位,因此ENSO对上升流的影响较小;但当PDO处于冷相位时(增强EASM),对上升流强度原本就呈加强作用,ENSO和PDO对上升流的强度增强作用可能会叠加,如图7所示,在1972−1973年∑C16∶∑C18值、珊瑚中Cu浓度和上升流指数都达到最大值,这与1972−1973间发生了强烈的ENSO事件相吻合。
本文通对海南岛东部上升流区所采集的两根柱状沉积物进行了粒径、有机碳含量、δ13C、正构烷烃和脂肪酸分析,分析了两站位有机质的来源和降解状态,探讨了受上升流影响程度不同的两站位沉积相中初级生产力信号的有效保存,通过脂肪酸硅藻丰度参数指征了该区域百年尺度的上升流强度变化,并初步分析了其影响因素,研究表明:
(1)S5站位和S10站位有机质来源均以海源自生源为主,S10站位有机质降解程度远高于S5站位,其主要原因为:S10站位处于上升流中心附近,再悬浮和水柱降解作用强;此外,S10站位粒径更粗,不利于有机质保存。
(2)利用脂肪酸硅藻丰度指示参数∑16∶∑18和浮游植物脂肪酸比例指示了两站位初级生产力记录的差异性:虽然S10站位有机质降解程度高于S5站位,但S10站位初级生产力仍高于S5站位;浮游植物脂肪酸百分含量和∑16∶∑18参数在剖面变化与上升流强度存在一定耦合关系。
(3)利用脂肪酸硅藻丰度反演的上升流的强度年际变化表明,上升流强度在1925−1950年、1950−1980年和1980−2008年间表现为弱、强、弱的趋势,与PDO年代际变化趋势一致,推测ENSO在短时间尺度上可能对上升流强度有一定调节作用,长时间尺度上可能主要受PDO调节。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(41876074);国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)项目(2014CB441502)。
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2020年第42卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.003
  • 接收时间:2019-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-11-10
  • 修回日期:2020-06-29
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41876074);国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)项目(2014CB441502)。
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    1 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室, 上海 200241

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*吴莹,女,研究员,主要从事生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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