Article(id=1244308289593389553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1562256000000, receivedDateStr=2019-07-05, revisedDate=1568649600000, revisedDateStr=2019-09-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774595814368, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1603555200000, pubDateStr=2020-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774595814368, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774595814368, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774595814368, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244308288934883825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774595814212, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597088429, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313633455452997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313633455452998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308288934883825, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244308289874407923, articleId=1244308289593389553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Historical evolutions of metal contamination in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: A risk assessment based on the fuzzy comprehensive assessment in the Daya Bay, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The metal contents in the core sediments collected from the Daya Bay, a typical marine environment in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area were measured in this study. National standard for marine sediment quality and fuzzy comprehensive assessment were applied to evaluate the historical evolution of the sediment quality in the past one hundred years. Our results indicate that the metal contamination in the bay experienced three major stages: (1) Before 1980s, the concentrations of most metals were low and the sediment quality fell into the category of class I. Accordingly, the metal risk was low in this period. Cr contributed most and Cd contributed least to the risk, respectively. (2) Between 1980 and 2000, the metal contents were significantly higher than the background values, suggesting that there was a sharp increase of metal input. The category of sediment quality fell down to class II and class III. However, the sediments in the margin areas of the Daya Bay were only slightly affected and still belonged to class I quality. Cu acted as a major metal pollutant instead of Cr in this period. (3) After the year of 2000, the metal levels and the metal risk decreased sharply. The sediment quality recovered back to class I and Cr contributed most to the risk at the time.

, correspAuthors=Jinming Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Baoxiao Qu, Jinming Song, Huamao Yuan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244308294165180987, articleId=1244308289593389553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于模糊综合评价的粤港澳大湾区海洋沉积物中重金属污染演变历史, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究测定了粤港澳大湾区典型海域—大亚湾沉积物中主要重金属元素的含量水平与污染状况。利用我国海洋沉积物质量标准和模糊综合评价法,系统探讨了大亚湾海洋沉积物质量的历史演变过程,为我国大湾区可持续发展提供了科学理论支持。结果表明,大亚湾海域的重金属污染状况在过去近百年经历了3个主要变化阶段:(1)20世纪80年代之前,大部分重金属含量较低,沉积物质量处于一类等级,与重金属污染相关的生态风险较小,对沉积物生态风险贡献最高的元素为Cr,最低的为Cd;(2)1980−2000年间,大亚湾沉积物中的重金属含量明显高于背景值,表明该阶段出现了较为严重的重金属污染,使近岸海域的沉积物质量等级处于二类与三类,但大亚湾外部海域沉积物受污染影响较小,仍处于一类等级,在此期间,Cu取代Cr成为最主要的污染元素;(3)2000年以后,沉积物重金属的污染水平显著降低,生态风险迅速下降,沉积物质量等级恢复到了一类水平,Cr是这一阶段最主要的污染元素。

, correspAuthors=宋金明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*宋金明(1964—),男,研究员,从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=n/WJc3rj19MXh6EN0eDlfA==, magXml=Uos1raSbqrvH5f4tEhZvNw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4J2auyfX+lsJVuBOUPJIBA==, pdfFileSize=2166766, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=TDUZfomQZKhwN4cQTRKpFg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RZspLx4iarFlVMjzLxoitw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

曲宝晓(1987—),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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曲宝晓(1987—),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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The cores were collected in D1 and D2, which were marked as red triangles. The black shadow rectangle stands for the CNOOC and Shell Petrochemical Company Limited (CSPC) in the Huizhou Daya Bay Economic and Technological Development Zone. The black cross stands for the Petrochemical Sewage Outlet (PSO) of CSPC. Gray dashed rectangles stand for the aquaculture regions. DNPP and LNPP stand for the abbreviations of the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant and the Lingao Nuclear Power Plant

, figureFileSmall=IwhNg2Pr4/R6SJq+JT0aJw==, figureFileBig=OHFYtU/q0RzeJJZ12Qkamw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523616859414935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大亚湾调查站位

红色三角形表示柱状沉积物采样站位(D1和D2),黑色阴影矩形CSPC代表位于“惠州·大亚湾经济技术开发区”内的中海壳牌石油化工有限公司,×PSO代表大亚湾石化排污口,灰色阴影矩形表示网箱养殖区。DNPP表示大亚湾核电站;LNPP表示岭澳核电站

, figureFileSmall=IwhNg2Pr4/R6SJq+JT0aJw==, figureFileBig=OHFYtU/q0RzeJJZ12Qkamw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523616972661147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Historical variations of enrichment factor in the Core D1 of the Daya Bay, figureFileSmall=4yHC26B7OD8jQdzS0F9+hQ==, figureFileBig=ThJkyCKJ4OtkHMYjj6cVDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523617052352927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大亚湾D1沉积柱中重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)富集因子的历史变化, figureFileSmall=4yHC26B7OD8jQdzS0F9+hQ==, figureFileBig=ThJkyCKJ4OtkHMYjj6cVDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523617153016227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Historical variations of enrichment factor in the Core D2 of the Daya Bay, figureFileSmall=kBfUbk7NO+PQ/s15EdYsrw==, figureFileBig=K7z4tozGBCWrirDaiDHTbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523617215930790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图3, caption=大亚湾D2沉积柱中重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)富集因子的历史变化, figureFileSmall=kBfUbk7NO+PQ/s15EdYsrw==, figureFileBig=K7z4tozGBCWrirDaiDHTbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523617283039657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Historical variations of RI in the Core D1 (a) and Core D2 (b) of the Daya Bay, figureFileSmall=TwUgNHLBSzuv/+GvimMfzQ==, figureFileBig=vbrlT2FZr4cY0gm/PL4mhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523617375314349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图4, caption=大亚湾D1(a)、D2(b)沉积柱中重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)潜在生态风险指数(RI)的历史变化, figureFileSmall=TwUgNHLBSzuv/+GvimMfzQ==, figureFileBig=vbrlT2FZr4cY0gm/PL4mhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523617459200432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The fuzzy matrix R of each sediment sample in the Core D1 of the Daya Bay

The R1 stands for sediment sample from the first depth (k1), and the rest can be deduced in the same manner

, figureFileSmall=prMTJT+reWXSEU6q4B06uw==, figureFileBig=wGYIRf3iscxNn4DmuDMBgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523617543086516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图5, caption=大亚湾D1沉积柱中重金属的模糊矩阵

R1代表首层沉积物样品,以下以此类推

, figureFileSmall=prMTJT+reWXSEU6q4B06uw==, figureFileBig=wGYIRf3iscxNn4DmuDMBgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523617626972599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The fuzzy matrix R of each sediment sample in the Core D2

The R1 stands for sediment sample from the first depth (k1), and the rest can be deduced in the same manner

, figureFileSmall=cO1UctOLDwHrDHtcTk0hZg==, figureFileBig=vNI45z+A+fthRk2pmHdc6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523617685692858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图6, caption=大亚湾D2沉积柱中重金属的模糊矩阵

R1代表首层沉积物样品,以下以此类推

, figureFileSmall=cO1UctOLDwHrDHtcTk0hZg==, figureFileBig=vNI45z+A+fthRk2pmHdc6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523617777967549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The weigh matrices Q of each sediment sample in the Core D1 of the Daya Bay

The Q1 stands for sediment sample from the first depth (k1), and the rest can be deduced in the same manner

, figureFileSmall=7D09Uv1+spmd3XHH3zsJoQ==, figureFileBig=f9gxKq0oL8Ag3n2OQtuysQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523619279528383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图7, caption=大亚湾D1沉积柱中重金属的权值矩阵

Q1代表首层沉积物样品,以下以此类推

, figureFileSmall=7D09Uv1+spmd3XHH3zsJoQ==, figureFileBig=f9gxKq0oL8Ag3n2OQtuysQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523619371803076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The weigh matrices Q of each sediment sample in the Core D2 of the Daya Bay

The Q1 stands for sediment sample from the first depth (k1), and the rest can be deduced in the same manner

, figureFileSmall=nmCIn9ZyLog/YZKCOfbKtg==, figureFileBig=4L4vSnwuObITilJ2/xy63Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523619485049287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图8, caption=大亚湾D2沉积柱中重金属的权值矩阵

其中Q1代表首层沉积物样品,以下以此类推

, figureFileSmall=nmCIn9ZyLog/YZKCOfbKtg==, figureFileBig=4L4vSnwuObITilJ2/xy63Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523619573129674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Profiles of weight matrices for sediments from the Core D1 (a) and the Core D2 (b) of the Daya Bay, figureFileSmall=kOE31rvFlsRUCkpDfBKX0g==, figureFileBig=7hvJSACf2Z6xAdcyS9PBsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523619682181582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图9, caption=大亚湾D1、D2沉积柱中重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)占整体污染权重的历史变化, figureFileSmall=kOE31rvFlsRUCkpDfBKX0g==, figureFileBig=7hvJSACf2Z6xAdcyS9PBsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523619774456275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=The results of FCA for sediments of the Core D1 in the Daya Bay

The F1 stands for sediment sample from the first depth (k1), and the rest can be deduced in the same manner

, figureFileSmall=urngl/lhlx6pY0v0btNs5A==, figureFileBig=EWRpigEnoDYaJKbez/EGpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523619875119574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图10, caption=大亚湾D1沉积柱中重金属模糊综合评价结果

F1代表首层沉积物样品,以下以此类推

, figureFileSmall=urngl/lhlx6pY0v0btNs5A==, figureFileBig=EWRpigEnoDYaJKbez/EGpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523619971588573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=The results of FCA for sediments of the Core D2 in the Daya Bay

The F1 stands for sediment sample from the first depth (k1), and the rest can be deduced in the same manner

, figureFileSmall=xf16jKyYtq3uXOtxNQsKBA==, figureFileBig=5YUfsbHgZwTIbaVrIiwpLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523620055474654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图11, caption=大亚湾D2沉积柱中重金属模糊综合评价结果

F1代表首层沉积物样品,以下以此类推

, figureFileSmall=xf16jKyYtq3uXOtxNQsKBA==, figureFileBig=5YUfsbHgZwTIbaVrIiwpLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523620126777825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Profiles of sediment quality for sediments from the Core D1 (a) and the Core D2 (b) of the Daya Bay, figureFileSmall=ReQzesluWm8x94GDY4sh0g==, figureFileBig=qu3l0/eKWGdUCHr8B7DFNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523620189692389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=图12, caption=大亚湾D1、D2沉积柱环境质量等级的历史变化, figureFileSmall=ReQzesluWm8x94GDY4sh0g==, figureFileBig=qu3l0/eKWGdUCHr8B7DFNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246523620273578473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Category of enrichment factor (EF)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EF类别
< 1微富集
< 3低等富集
3~5中等富集
5~10中等严重富集
10~25严重富集
25~50非常严重富集
>50特别严重富集
), ArticleFig(id=1246523620336493037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

富集因子法评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EF类别
< 1微富集
< 3低等富集
3~5中等富集
5~10中等严重富集
10~25严重富集
25~50非常严重富集
>50特别严重富集
), ArticleFig(id=1246523620403601906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Category of potential ecological risk index (RI)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RI类别
< 150低等生态风险
150~300中等生态风险
300~600高等生态风险
> 600极高生态风险
), ArticleFig(id=1246523620466516470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

潜在生态风险指数法评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RI类别
< 150低等生态风险
150~300中等生态风险
300~600高等生态风险
> 600极高生态风险
), ArticleFig(id=1246523620546208250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Background values ($ {C}_{{\rm{B}}} $), toxicity and biological sensitivity of metals ($ {T}_{r}^{i} $)[15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlCdCrCuPbZn
$ {C}_{{\rm{B}}} $/μg·g−1D157 5720.0586.2020.2556.8199.79
D259 0360.0677.449.8240.10104.53
$ {T}_{r}^{i} $302551
), ArticleFig(id=1246523620667843068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

沉积物重金属背景值($ {C}_{{\rm{B}}} $)及毒性生物敏感性指数($ {T}_{r}^{i} $[15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlCdCrCuPbZn
$ {C}_{{\rm{B}}} $/μg·g−1D157 5720.0586.2020.2556.8199.79
D259 0360.0677.449.8240.10104.53
$ {T}_{r}^{i} $302551
), ArticleFig(id=1246523620760117759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

China National Standard for Marine Sediment Quality (GB 18668−2002)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属含量等级Ⅰ等级Ⅱ等级Ⅲ
Cd/μg·g−10.51.55.0
Cr/μg·g−180150270
Cu/μg·g−135100200
Pb/μg·g−160130250
Zn/μg·g−1150350600
), ArticleFig(id=1246523620827226626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308289593389553, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

《中华人民共和国海洋沉积物质量标准(GB 18668−2002)》

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属含量等级Ⅰ等级Ⅱ等级Ⅲ
Cd/μg·g−10.51.55.0
Cr/μg·g−180150270
Cu/μg·g−135100200
Pb/μg·g−160130250
Zn/μg·g−1150350600
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基于模糊综合评价的粤港澳大湾区海洋沉积物中重金属污染演变历史
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曲宝晓 1, 2, 3, 4 , 宋金明 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 袁华茂 1, 2, 3, 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2020,42(10): 59-69
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海洋学报 | 论文 2020, 42(10): 59-69
基于模糊综合评价的粤港澳大湾区海洋沉积物中重金属污染演变历史
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曲宝晓1, 2, 3, 4 , 宋金明1, 2, 3, 4, * , 袁华茂1, 2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院海洋研究所 海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 4 中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266071
  • 曲宝晓(1987—),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*宋金明(1964—),男,研究员,从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
Historical evolutions of metal contamination in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: A risk assessment based on the fuzzy comprehensive assessment in the Daya Bay
Baoxiao Qu1, 2, 3, 4 , Jinming Song1, 2, 3, 4, * , Huamao Yuan1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2 Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4 Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2020-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.006
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本研究测定了粤港澳大湾区典型海域—大亚湾沉积物中主要重金属元素的含量水平与污染状况。利用我国海洋沉积物质量标准和模糊综合评价法,系统探讨了大亚湾海洋沉积物质量的历史演变过程,为我国大湾区可持续发展提供了科学理论支持。结果表明,大亚湾海域的重金属污染状况在过去近百年经历了3个主要变化阶段:(1)20世纪80年代之前,大部分重金属含量较低,沉积物质量处于一类等级,与重金属污染相关的生态风险较小,对沉积物生态风险贡献最高的元素为Cr,最低的为Cd;(2)1980−2000年间,大亚湾沉积物中的重金属含量明显高于背景值,表明该阶段出现了较为严重的重金属污染,使近岸海域的沉积物质量等级处于二类与三类,但大亚湾外部海域沉积物受污染影响较小,仍处于一类等级,在此期间,Cu取代Cr成为最主要的污染元素;(3)2000年以后,沉积物重金属的污染水平显著降低,生态风险迅速下降,沉积物质量等级恢复到了一类水平,Cr是这一阶段最主要的污染元素。

粤港澳大湾区  /  大亚湾  /  沉积物  /  重金属  /  污染  /  模糊综合评价

The metal contents in the core sediments collected from the Daya Bay, a typical marine environment in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area were measured in this study. National standard for marine sediment quality and fuzzy comprehensive assessment were applied to evaluate the historical evolution of the sediment quality in the past one hundred years. Our results indicate that the metal contamination in the bay experienced three major stages: (1) Before 1980s, the concentrations of most metals were low and the sediment quality fell into the category of class I. Accordingly, the metal risk was low in this period. Cr contributed most and Cd contributed least to the risk, respectively. (2) Between 1980 and 2000, the metal contents were significantly higher than the background values, suggesting that there was a sharp increase of metal input. The category of sediment quality fell down to class II and class III. However, the sediments in the margin areas of the Daya Bay were only slightly affected and still belonged to class I quality. Cu acted as a major metal pollutant instead of Cr in this period. (3) After the year of 2000, the metal levels and the metal risk decreased sharply. The sediment quality recovered back to class I and Cr contributed most to the risk at the time.

Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area  /  Daya Bay  /  sediment  /  heavy metals  /  pollution  /  fuzzy comprehensive assessment
曲宝晓, 宋金明, 袁华茂. 基于模糊综合评价的粤港澳大湾区海洋沉积物中重金属污染演变历史. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (10) : 59 -69 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.006
Baoxiao Qu, Jinming Song, Huamao Yuan. Historical evolutions of metal contamination in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: A risk assessment based on the fuzzy comprehensive assessment in the Daya Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (10) : 59 -69 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.006
湾区通常是指以海湾为主要依托,由发达的都市群与港口群以及相互连接的高效交通系统等空间要素构成的城市密集区。由于湾区一般具有优良的自然生态环境和优越的经济地理区位,因此该区域人口稠密,经济发达[1]。目前全球有纽约、旧金山和东京三大著名湾区。我国的粤港澳大湾区于2015年首次被明确提出,其主要包括广州、深圳、珠海、佛山、中山、东莞、肇庆、江门、惠州9个城市,以及香港和澳门两个特别行政区,陆域面积达5.6×104 km2,人口6 600多万。粤港澳大湾区是我国经济最发达、工业化与城市化程度最高的区域之一,担当了我国建设世界级城市群和参与全球竞争的重要使命[2]。目前对粤港澳大湾区的研究多围绕其整体功能定位、内部区域整合和发展策略探索等方面。然而随着城市化进程和产业转移步伐的不断加快,粤港澳大湾区工农业高度集约发展,环境污染问题日益凸显,严重威胁区域生态环境安全和人居环境健康,成为影响粤港澳大湾区可持续发展的突出矛盾。
大湾区具有独特的地理位置。来自湾区陆域和海域的污染物通常会在海湾沉积物中大量地沉积埋藏。因此,海湾沉积物不仅是生态环境污染的产物,也是记录湾区经济社会发展的一个重要信息载体[3-4]。通过系统研究海湾沉积物中污染物的组成、含量、形态等特性,一方面可直接获得环境污染状况演变规律,另一方面还能够掌握整个湾区经济社会发展的历史脉络,明确人为活动对大湾区生态环境的深远影响[5- 6]。然而,沉积物的“污染程度”并非是一个确凿且清晰的概念,沉积物环境质量评价中的分类标准与不同标准之间的界限往往存在模糊不清的特性,如何消除由此带来的不确定性至关重要[7]。模糊综合评价(Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment, FCA)是一种基于模糊数学的综合评价方法,它根据模糊数学的隶属度理论把定性评价转化为定量评价,可根据预先设定的权重,定量评估不同污染物对总体污染程度的贡献[8]。模糊综合评价能够将一些边界不清,不易定量的因素定量化,具有结果清晰,系统性强的特点,因此它能够较好地解决模糊的、难以量化的问题。
大亚湾位于我国广东省的东南部,珠江口东侧,西南临近香港特区,北靠广东惠州,南接广阔的南海,是粤港澳大湾区最大的海湾之一,承载了粤港澳大湾区海陆交通枢纽、临海工业基地、重要城市中心、海洋经济生物摇篮等诸多经济社会职能[9]。20世纪70年代以前,大亚湾周边地区基本处于自然状态,沿岸居民较少,生态环境优良。然而70年代以后,大亚湾沿岸经济获得了迅猛发展,但其生态环境也相应发生了较大变化[10-12]。重金属作为重要的污染物,具有来源广泛、无法分解、生物累积和毒性效应明显等特点。沉积物中的重金属是环境污染评价的理想指标。综合以上,本研究拟以大亚湾为研究实例,利用模糊综合评价法系统探讨粤港澳大湾区海洋沉积物中主要重金属元素(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)的“污染程度”。与此同时,结合我国的海洋沉积物质量标准(GB 18668−2002)及大亚湾沉积年代学讯息,定量获得近百年来大亚湾沉积物的污染状况与生态风险,厘清大亚湾生态环境质量的历史演变进程,以便更好地服务于粤港澳大湾区的可持续发展战略。
大亚湾是一个典型的亚热带半封闭内湾式海湾。其东西宽约20 km,南北长约30 km,总面积约为600 km2,平均水深11 m,湾内有大小岛屿50余个,拥有大鹏澳、哑铃湾(澳头湾)、范和港等一系列小的海湾(图1[13]。从1986年开始在大亚湾西南部建成我国第一座商用核电站,1992年大亚湾规划区被批准为国家经济技术开发区以来,一大批工业项目在此建立。目前大亚湾地区已建有大亚湾核电站与岭澳核电站、广州石化原油码头、南海石化、惠州天然气发电厂等大型工业项目。目前大亚湾周边已发展成为石油化工、电子信息、汽车装备等优势产业集聚发展的珠江口东岸重要的临港工业基地。
本研究于2015年7月27日至8月1日,搭乘“粤霞渔指20010”调查船,利用重力柱状采样器在大亚湾采集了D1和D2两个柱状沉积物岩心样品。D1站位于中海壳牌石油化工有限公司工业园外部海域,位置为22°43′2.1″N,114°35′38.76″E,水深4.4 m。D2站位于大亚湾中部的喜洲岛附近,位置为22°40′48″N,114°37′12″E,水深8.7 m。现场根据岩心长度将柱状沉积物按1~2 cm间隔分样,并将分好的沉积物样品密封,置于−20℃冷冻保存,24 h内送往陆地实验室进行相关处理、分析、测定工作。
在进行分析之前,先将沉积物样品冷冻干燥至恒重,然后使用玛瑙研钵将沉积物样品研磨至100目以下,准确称取0.050 0 g待测样品。利用硝酸(6 mL)、氢氟酸(2 mL)、过氧化氢(2 mL)的混合液在MARS 6型微波消解仪(CEM, 美国)中将待测样品进行高温消解。样品消解液中的主要重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)含量采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, ICP-MS)(Agilent 7500, 美国)测定,而消解液中的Al则采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, ICP-AES)(Perkin-Elmer Optima 7300 DV, 美国)测定[10]。样品处理与测定过程中严格进行相关质量保证与质量控制措施:所有实验器皿皆使用5%的硝酸浸泡72 h以上;采用6020ISS混合内标(Inorganic,美国)对仪器漂移和基体效应进行校正;采用GBW07429和GBW07309标准物质对分析测定进程进行质量控制,相关回收率为89%~103%。
本研究中大亚湾柱状沉积物的年代学讯息来自于文献[11]。具体来说,D1沉积柱0~108 cm所对应的时间为2015−1895年,时间跨度为120 a,处于210Pb定年的有效范围内。相应地,D2沉积柱0~68 cm沉积物对应时间序列为2015−1874年,跨度为141 a,也处于210Pb定年的有效范围内。
本研究分别采用富集因子法(Enrichment Factor, EF)和潜在生态风险指数法(Potential Ecological Risk Index, RI)对大亚湾沉积物中重金属污染状况进行评价。富集因子法的计算方法如下:
${\rm{EF}} = \frac{{\left( {{C_{\rm{S}}}/{\rm{A{l}}_{\rm{S}}}} \right)}}{{\left( {{C_{\rm{B}}}/{\rm{A{l}}_{\rm{B}}}} \right)}},$
式中,$ {C}_{{\rm{S}}} $$ {C}_{{\rm{B}}} $分别为重金属i在样品和背景中的含量,$ {\rm{{Al}}}_{{\rm{S}}} $$ {{\rm{Al}}}_{{\rm{B}}} $分别为参考元素Al在样品和背景中的含量。富集因子法的评价标准请参见表1[14]
潜在生态风险指数法的计算方法如下[15]
${\rm{RI}} = \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n E_r^i = \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n \left( {T_r^i \times \frac{{{C_{\rm{S}}}}}{{C_{\rm{B}}}}} \right) \text{,}$
式中,$ {E}_{r}^{i} $为重金属i的潜在生态风险指数,$ {T}_{r}^{i} $为重金属i的毒性和生物敏感因子。潜在生态风险指数法的评价标准参见表2
本研究选取沉积柱最深的30 cm样品的测定值作为重金属污染评价的背景值(表3)。根据沉积速率推算,沉积柱最深的30 cm样品对应的时间为20世纪30年代以前,该段时期大亚湾沉积环境稳定,人为影响可忽略,适合作为背景参考。
本研究采取的模糊综合分析法具体分为5个步骤[16-19]
首先,选取评估参数并建立评估标准。选取具有代表性的评估参数对最终评估结果的有效性至关重要。根据选取的各个评估参数,构建评估参数集合A
${\boldsymbol{A}} = \left\{ {{a_1} + {a_2}+ \cdots +{a_n}} \right\} \text{,}$
式中,a为某重金属元素,n为评估参数的数量。本研究以重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn为评估参数,因此n=5。
根据选取的各评估标准,构建评估标准集合S
${\boldsymbol{S}} = \left\{ {{s_1} + {s_2}+ \; \cdots \; +{s_m}} \right\} \text{,}$
式中,s为具体的评估标准,m为评估标准的数量或等级。本研究所采用的评估标准为我国的《海洋沉积物质量(GB 18668−2002)》,该标准将海洋沉积物质量分为3个等级(即Ⅰ级,Ⅱ级,Ⅲ级)(表4),因此m=3。
第二,根据评估标准s,计算评估参数a的隶属度。本研究中,隶属度反映的是重金属a针对评估标准s的归属性或权重。隶属度的计算方法如下:
${r_1}\left( a \right) = \left\{ {\begin{aligned}&1\qquad \qquad \qquad\;\;\;{x \leqslant {s_1}} \text{,} \\&{\left( {{s_2} - x} \right)/\left( {{s_2} - {s_1}} \right)}\quad{{s_1} < x < {s_2}}\text{,} \\&0\qquad \qquad \qquad\;\;{x \geqslant {s_2}} \text{,}\end{aligned}} \right. $
${r_2}\left( a \right) = \left\{ {\begin{aligned}&{1 - {r_1}\left( x \right)}\qquad\quad\;\;\;\; {{s_1} < x < {s_2}} \text{,}\\&{\left( {{s_3} - x} \right)/({s_3} - {s_2})}\quad{{s_2} \leqslant x < {s_3}}\text{,}\\&0\qquad\qquad\qquad\;\,\, {x \geqslant {s_3}}\text{,}\end{aligned}} \right.$
${r_3}\left( a \right) = \left\{ {\begin{aligned}&0\qquad\quad\;\;\;{x < {s_2}}\text{,}\\&{1 - {r_2}\left( x \right)}\quad{{s_2} \leqslant x < {s_3}}\text{,}\\&0\qquad\quad\;\;\;{x \geqslant {s_3}}\text{,}\end{aligned}} \right.$
式中,x为重金属a的含量水平。本研究中$ {r}_{1}\left(a\right) $$ {r}_{2}\left(a\right) $$ {r}_{3}\left(a\right) $分别为重金属a在海洋沉积物质量等级Ⅰ级,Ⅱ级,Ⅲ级下的隶属度。
第三,构建模糊矩阵R。模糊矩阵R的构建方法如下:
${{\boldsymbol{R}}_k} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{r_{11}}}&{{r_{12}}}& \ldots &{{r_{1m}}}\\{{r_{21}}}&{{r_{22}}}& \ldots &{{r_{2m}}}\\ \vdots & \vdots & {{\rm{}}} & \vdots \\{{r_{n1}}}&{{r_{n2}}}& \ldots &{{r_{nm}}} \end{array}} \right] \text{,}$
式中,${r_{ij}}\left( {i = 1,2,\; \cdots ,\;n;\;j = 1,2,\; \cdots ,\;m} \right)$为重金属$ {a}_{i} $在估标准$ {s}_{j} $下的隶属度。k在本研究中代表相应的沉积物样品,即不同深度层次下的沉积物样品。
第四,构建权值矩阵。在构建权值矩阵之前,首先需要计算重金属$ {a}_{i} $对沉积物k环境质量的贡献率(或权值):
${a _{i\left( k \right)}} = \frac{{{x_{i\left( k \right)}}}}{{\overline {{s_i}} }} \text{,} $
${W_{i\left( k \right)}} = \frac{{{a _{i\left( k \right)}}}}{{\displaystyle \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n {a _{i\left( k \right)}}}} \text{,}$
式中,$ {x}_{i\left(k\right)} $为重金属$ {a}_{i} $在沉积物k中的含量水平;$\overline {{s_i}} $为评价标准的平均值,在本研究中即为重金属$ {a}_{i} $s1s2s3下的平均值;$ {W}_{i\left(k\right)} $为重金属$ {a}_{i} $对沉积物k环境质量的贡献率。
在获得重金属$ {a}_{i} $对沉积物k环境质量的贡献率之后,将各个重金属沉积物k环境质量的贡献率集合,即获得评估参数集合A下的沉积物k的权值矩阵${{\boldsymbol{Q}}}_{\left(k\right)}$
${{\boldsymbol{Q}}_{\left( k \right)}} = \left[ {{W_{1\left( k \right)}},{W_{2\left( k \right)}}, \cdots ,{W_{n\left( k \right)}}} \right] \text{.} $
最后一步,通过矩阵相乘的获得模糊综合评价的最终结果。
$F = {\boldsymbol{Q}}\cdot{\boldsymbol{R}} \text{.} $
使用Surfer 15(Golden Software, 美国)对采样站位的分布进行作图。使用SigmaPlot 14(Systat Software, 美国)对主要参数的垂直分布进行作图。
为了深入了解并全面评价粤港澳大湾区海洋环境污染状况,本研究以Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn为研究对象,结合沉积年代学讯息,评估了近百年来大亚湾海洋沉积物中重金属的富集因子(EF)与潜在生态风险指数(RI)的历史变化。
大亚湾D1沉积柱的分析结果表明,大亚湾近岸海域的海洋环境在近百年来经历了3段不同的历史时期(图2)。(1)20世纪80年代之前,此段时期重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的富集因子皆低于1.5,表明重金属的含量维持在背景水平,富集程度低,人为活动对海湾的污染较小。(2)1980−2000年间,此阶段重金属含量急剧升高,在2000年前后同时达到峰值:Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的富集因子分别为9.0、3.1、25.7、2.6、4.4。表明此阶段大亚湾海域遭受到了重金属的污染,但不同重金属的污染水平具有显著差异,以Cr和Cu的污染最为严重。(3)2000年至今,该时期内各重金属的含量又迅速下降,回到了20世纪80年代之前的背景水平,表明大亚湾海域的重金属污染在该阶段得到了有效控制,并恢复到了未污染之前的水平。人为活动对海湾生态环境的影响效力通常会因空间变化而产生较大差异,D2沉积柱的研究结果印证了这一点。重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn在D2沉积柱中的富集因子总体皆低于其在D1沉积柱中的情况(图3),表明人为活动对外部海域的污染程度较低。虽然如此,D2沉积柱重金属富集因子的历史变化趋势与D1沉积柱中的基本一致,再次表现出“未污染−污染−恢复”的3段变化模式。
重金属对生物具有毒性。本研究利用潜在生态风险指数法,获得了大亚湾海洋沉积物重金属对生态环境的潜在影响,并掌握了其历史变化规律。结果表明,当重金属于1990−2000年在近岸海域沉积物中急剧富集时,其对海洋环境存在着“中等−高等”的生态风险,尤其是2000年前后,潜在生态风险指数突破300,处于最高风险(图4a)。而随着2000年以后富集现象的逐渐减弱,重金属的潜在生态风险也随之降低,目前已恢复到了背景水平。不仅如此,本研究还发现,由于重金属在大亚湾外部海域的富集水平相对较低,其产生的潜在生态风险也相对较小,1990年之前基本不具有生态风险。但在2000年以后,外部海域重金属的潜在生态风险指数显著升高,目前已处于中等生态风险水平(图4b),这一趋势值得持续关注研究。
研究大亚湾海域沉积物中重金属的污染水平与潜在生态风险的历史变化,对于认识粤港澳大湾区海洋生态环境状况具有重要意义。本研究选定重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)为评价要素,以我国的《海洋沉积物质量标准(GB 18668−2002)》为评价标准,利用模糊综合分析的方法,计算了不同种类重金属对“污染程度”的贡献权重,定量评价了沉积物的“污染程度”。
模糊综合评价法能够根据所获得的权重矩阵,定量甄别出起绝对作用的关键污染元素。本研究所获得的具体评价结果见图5图8。本节以大亚湾D1沉积柱中的表层沉积物(即k1)的结果为例(图7),对模糊综合平均法的结果进行详细阐释。重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn在D1沉积柱表层样品中所占的权重分别为0.02、0.32、0.18、0.22、0.26。从中可以看出,Cr所占权重最高,表明Cr在D1沉积柱中的表层样品中是最主要的污染元素。Zn、Pb和Cu的权重依次降低,表明Zn、Pb和Cu在环境污染中的重要性依次递减,Cd所占权重最低,表明Cd在此沉积物中的污染贡献最低。图9分别汇总了近百年来大亚湾近岸D1沉积柱,外部D2沉积柱中各重金属元素对环境污染贡献权重的历史变化。从中可以直观地看出,大亚湾近岸海域在大部分历史时期内,主要受到Cr污染的侵害。然而在20世纪80年代至2015年,Cu的污染成为主要方面。而Cd近百年来一直是占污染权重最低的重金属。然而对于大亚湾外部海域来说,各重金属对总体污染的贡献权重在近百年来保持稳定,几乎没有随时间变化。其中Cr的贡献率最高,Pb、Zn、Cu次之,Cd最低。由此可以得出结论,在近百年的历史时期内,Cr一直是大亚湾海洋沉积物中最主要的污染元素,但在20世纪80年代至2015年,Cu阶段性成为近岸海域最主要的污染元素。Pb和Zn基本保持污染元素中的次要地位,Cd一直是大亚湾海域沉积物污染贡献率最低的元素。
为维护海洋生态平衡,保障人体健康,国家海洋标准中心于2002年制定了《中华人民共和国海洋沉积物质量标准(GB 18668−2002)》,将海洋沉积物质量划分为3个等级(表4)。本研究利用模糊综合评价法,首次定量获得了大亚湾海域沉积物环境质量的历史变化。具体评价结果可见图10图11。以大亚湾D1沉积柱中的表层沉积物(即k1)为例,其沉积物质量占3类标准的权重分别为0.90、0.10、0,表明大亚湾近岸的D1沉积柱表层样品质量有90%的权重可归Ⅰ类,有10%的权重可归为Ⅱ类,说明该层沉积物的质量评价结果较为优良。图12则分别汇总了近百年来大亚湾近岸(D1)和外部(D2)沉积物质量等级的历史变化规律。具体来说,大亚湾近岸沉积物(D1)自2010年以后皆属于Ⅰ类水平,但是在1980−2010年间,曾经有过质量较差的现象发生,尤其是1990−2007年间,沉积物质量等级为Ⅲ类,对生物和人类皆具有十分严重的危害(图12a)。本研究还发现,大亚湾外部海域沉积物的质量则要明显优于近岸海域沉积物。D2沉积柱的质量在1980年代之前完全处于Ⅰ类水平,在1980年代之后在Ⅱ类等级中也最多仅有20%左右的权重。
本研究以大亚湾为研究区域,利用模糊综合评价法系统探讨粤港澳大湾区海洋沉积物中主要重金属元素(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)的污染水平。与此同时,结合我国的《海洋沉积物质量标准(GB 18668−2002)》及大亚湾沉积年代学讯息,评估了近百年来大亚湾沉积物的污染状况与生态风险,厘清了大亚湾生态环境质量的历史演变进程,为更好地服务于粤港澳大湾区的可持续发展战略提供了科学基础。本研究的结果发现,大亚湾海域的环境在过去百年间经历了3个变化阶段:(1)1980年代之前,沉积物质量皆处于一类等级以上,重金属污染程度低,潜在生态风险小,对污染贡献最高的元素为Cr,最低的为Cd。(2)1980−2000年间,重金属的含量显著升高,近岸沉积物质量等级处于二类与三类,该阶段大亚湾沉积物出现了较为严重的重金属污染,Cu取代Cr成为最主要的污染元素。(3)2000年以后,沉积物中重金属的富集和生态风险显著下降,污染状况明显降低,质量等级恢复到了一类水平,Cr是最为主要的污染元素。
  • 国家重点基础研究发展计划(2015CB452901,2015CB452902);山东省重大科技创新工程专项课题(2018SDKJ0504-1);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA23050501)。
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2020年第42卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.006
  • 接收时间:2019-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-07-05
  • 修回日期:2019-09-17
基金
国家重点基础研究发展计划(2015CB452901,2015CB452902);山东省重大科技创新工程专项课题(2018SDKJ0504-1);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA23050501)。
作者信息
    1 中国科学院海洋研究所 海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    4 中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266071

通讯作者:

*宋金明(1964—),男,研究员,从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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