Article(id=1244308223453410245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308220395765786, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.09.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1581955200000, receivedDateStr=2020-02-18, revisedDate=1586361600000, revisedDateStr=2020-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774595798600, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1600963200000, pubDateStr=2020-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774595798600, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774595798600, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774595798600, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244308220395765786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774595797871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597110020, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313724010476358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308220395765786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313724010476359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308220395765786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244308225282126797, articleId=1244308223453410245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatial distribution characteristics of fracture system in BSR zone in deep water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, columnId=1243867132006613042, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Geology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of spatial distribution of fracture system at the end of methane leakage system, based on the high-resolution three-dimensional seismic data in the north of South China Sea, the spatial structure and distribution characteristics of fractures in bottom simulating reflector (BSR) distribution area are described by using visualization and coherent body technology. The geological genetic types of fractures are described. The relationship between fractures and other types of transport systems on methane gas accumulation is discussed. The fractures in the upper part of BSR interface are far less than those in the lower part of BSR interface, which makes the methane gas supply larger than that in the process of hydrate accumulation. It has a general indicating role in studying hydrate accumulation and detecting methane gas leakage. According to the development scale of fractures, the study area can roughly identify four types of fractures, they are each short fractures, long fractures, fracture bundles, and fracture groups, which enhance the leakage capacity of fluids in turn. These fractures often coexist in multiple types in the stratum, or form a leakage system together with other geological structures. These results and understandings are of great significance to improve the gas hydrate accumulation model and mechanism of methane leakage system in deep-water basin.

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为解决甲烷渗漏系统末端裂隙系统空间分布规律问题,基于南海北部深水区高分辨率三维地震数据,采用可视化与相干体技术描述似海底反射层分布区裂隙空间结构与分布特征,阐述了裂隙产生的地质成因类型,讨论了裂隙与其他类型输导体系对甲烷气成藏的关系。似海底反射层界面上部空间裂隙远少于下部空间的地质结构体,使水合物成藏过程中甲烷气供大于散,对研究水合物成藏和检测甲烷气的渗漏有普遍指示作用。根据裂隙的发育规模,研究区大致可以识别出短裂隙、长裂隙、裂隙束、裂隙群(组) 4种类型,它们对流体的渗漏能力依次增强,这些裂隙在地层中往往以多类型共存的方式,或与其他地质构造共同构成渗漏系统。这些结果和认识对完善深水盆地甲烷气渗漏系统水合物成藏模式及成藏机理有广泛意义。

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于俊峰(1978—),男,辽宁省大连市人,博士,从事油气勘探研究工作。E-mail:

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于俊峰(1978—),男,辽宁省大连市人,博士,从事油气勘探研究工作。E-mail:

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于俊峰(1978—),男,辽宁省大连市人,博士,从事油气勘探研究工作。E-mail:

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Amsterdam: EAGE, 2001., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1246525061700673553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=广东石油化工学院科研基金(2018rc09);国家科技重大专项(2016ZX05024-002)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246525056281633604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246525056285827909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, companyId=1246525056281633604, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Petroleum Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246525056294216519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, companyId=1246525056281633604, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 广东石油化工学院 石油工程学院,广东 茂名 525000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1246525056386491215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246525056390685520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, companyId=1246525056386491215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Zhanjiang Branch of China National Offshore Oil Corpration (CNOOC) Limited, Zhanjiang 524057, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246525056399074128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, companyId=1246525056386491215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司,广东 湛江 524057)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246525060144587733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Structural location of Yingqiong Basin, study area, 3D seismic and profile location, figureFileSmall=EfHNFjC4CT3oxtsqoPCTww==, figureFileBig=eAa0AN7Wy0syTOEr5QEg1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525060215890906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=CN, label=图1, caption=莺琼盆地构造位置,研究区、三维地震及剖面位置, figureFileSmall=EfHNFjC4CT3oxtsqoPCTww==, figureFileBig=eAa0AN7Wy0syTOEr5QEg1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525060316554206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=BSR section in deep water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin (see Fig.1 for the location of Line L1), figureFileSmall=w/xeytOd8WLT50eWERFKuQ==, figureFileBig=q2Lppbh5RKvnPliWlCE6YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525060387857378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=CN, label=图2, caption=琼东南盆地深水区过BSR剖面(位置见图1中L1), figureFileSmall=w/xeytOd8WLT50eWERFKuQ==, figureFileBig=q2Lppbh5RKvnPliWlCE6YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525060467549157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Spatial distribution of fractures in the BSR area

a. BSR upper space fracture filtering structure; b. BSR lower space fracture filtering structure

, figureFileSmall=n7544JYxC0Q2qtHImzCMrg==, figureFileBig=hiINS5A7Pa70c+jut/WLQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525060589183974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=CN, label=图3, caption=BSR区裂隙空间分布

a. BSR上部空间裂隙滤波结构;b. BSR下部空间裂隙滤波结构

, figureFileSmall=n7544JYxC0Q2qtHImzCMrg==, figureFileBig=hiINS5A7Pa70c+jut/WLQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525060681458667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=BSR and fracture structure in deep water (See Fig.1 for the location of Line L2), figureFileSmall=/ZdjqnXdUSeBOR5w0Lmk6g==, figureFileBig=8a9jJy2tgiQEq7N4X5GgVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525060803093486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=CN, label=图4, caption=深水区海底BSR及裂隙结构(位置见图1中L2), figureFileSmall=/ZdjqnXdUSeBOR5w0Lmk6g==, figureFileBig=8a9jJy2tgiQEq7N4X5GgVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525060903756785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Seismic characteristics of fractures in the wing of the eastern 1−1 bottom splitting structure in the Yinggehai Basin (see Fig.1 for the location of Line L3), figureFileSmall=pwoxCCto3cFYmenk8CIjWw==, figureFileBig=SoE4ZoB8pmI+UWwOelPgUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525060983448564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=CN, label=图5, caption=莺歌海盆地东方1−1底辟构造翼部裂隙地震特征(剖面位置见图1中L3), figureFileSmall=pwoxCCto3cFYmenk8CIjWw==, figureFileBig=SoE4ZoB8pmI+UWwOelPgUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525061046363127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Characteristics of Paleogene inherited faults and Miocene Cenozoic fractures in the three-dimensional area of the Changchang Depression (see Fig.1 for the location of Line L4)

a. The fault system of two strata in the same structure is the coherent property of Paleogene inherited fault and Neogene new fault; b. the seismic characteristics of Paleogene inherited fault; c. the seismic characteristics of Neogene new fractures

, figureFileSmall=b03OTV5Dc2hODqaAMK8twQ==, figureFileBig=GddKEjHoluDvyGr8cJVIcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525061151220733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=CN, label=图6, caption=长昌凹陷三维区古近纪继承性断裂隙与新近纪新生裂隙特征(剖面位置见图1中L4)

a.同构造两段两套地层的断裂体系,分别是古近纪继承性断裂,新近纪新生断裂的相干属性;b.古近纪继承性断裂地震特征;c.新近纪新生裂隙地震特征

, figureFileSmall=b03OTV5Dc2hODqaAMK8twQ==, figureFileBig=GddKEjHoluDvyGr8cJVIcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525061239301119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Overpressure fracture and fluid bottom splitting structure in deep water canyon area (see Fig.1 for the location of Line L5), figureFileSmall=3gVpRGzfSKRO6pBU6WtbvQ==, figureFileBig=RxEheyK9RrjvKlbKU6orPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525061327380481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=CN, label=图7, caption=深水峡谷区超压裂隙及流体底辟构造(剖面位置见图1中L5), figureFileSmall=3gVpRGzfSKRO6pBU6WtbvQ==, figureFileBig=RxEheyK9RrjvKlbKU6orPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525061440626693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308223453410245, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Tertiary pressure structure in shallow-deep water area of the southwestern Qiongdongnan Basin

a. Single well pressure regression; b. pressure structure profile

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a. 单井压力回归;b.压力结构剖面

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琼东南盆地深水区BSR带裂隙系统空间分布特征
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于俊峰 1 , 宋瑞有 2 , 晁彩霞 2 , 潘光超 2
海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2020,42(9): 69-78
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海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2020, 42(9): 69-78
琼东南盆地深水区BSR带裂隙系统空间分布特征
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于俊峰1 , 宋瑞有2, 晁彩霞2, 潘光超2
作者信息
  • 1 广东石油化工学院 石油工程学院,广东 茂名 525000
  • 2 中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司,广东 湛江 524057
  • 于俊峰(1978—),男,辽宁省大连市人,博士,从事油气勘探研究工作。E-mail:

Spatial distribution characteristics of fracture system in BSR zone in deep water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin
Junfeng Yu1 , Ruiyou Song2, Caixia Chao2, Guangchao Pan2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Petroleum Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
  • 2 Zhanjiang Branch of China National Offshore Oil Corpration (CNOOC) Limited, Zhanjiang 524057, China
出版时间: 2020-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.09.008
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为解决甲烷渗漏系统末端裂隙系统空间分布规律问题,基于南海北部深水区高分辨率三维地震数据,采用可视化与相干体技术描述似海底反射层分布区裂隙空间结构与分布特征,阐述了裂隙产生的地质成因类型,讨论了裂隙与其他类型输导体系对甲烷气成藏的关系。似海底反射层界面上部空间裂隙远少于下部空间的地质结构体,使水合物成藏过程中甲烷气供大于散,对研究水合物成藏和检测甲烷气的渗漏有普遍指示作用。根据裂隙的发育规模,研究区大致可以识别出短裂隙、长裂隙、裂隙束、裂隙群(组) 4种类型,它们对流体的渗漏能力依次增强,这些裂隙在地层中往往以多类型共存的方式,或与其他地质构造共同构成渗漏系统。这些结果和认识对完善深水盆地甲烷气渗漏系统水合物成藏模式及成藏机理有广泛意义。

琼东南盆地  /  深水区  /  裂隙  /  渗漏系统  /  空间分布

In order to solve the problem of spatial distribution of fracture system at the end of methane leakage system, based on the high-resolution three-dimensional seismic data in the north of South China Sea, the spatial structure and distribution characteristics of fractures in bottom simulating reflector (BSR) distribution area are described by using visualization and coherent body technology. The geological genetic types of fractures are described. The relationship between fractures and other types of transport systems on methane gas accumulation is discussed. The fractures in the upper part of BSR interface are far less than those in the lower part of BSR interface, which makes the methane gas supply larger than that in the process of hydrate accumulation. It has a general indicating role in studying hydrate accumulation and detecting methane gas leakage. According to the development scale of fractures, the study area can roughly identify four types of fractures, they are each short fractures, long fractures, fracture bundles, and fracture groups, which enhance the leakage capacity of fluids in turn. These fractures often coexist in multiple types in the stratum, or form a leakage system together with other geological structures. These results and understandings are of great significance to improve the gas hydrate accumulation model and mechanism of methane leakage system in deep-water basin.

Qiongdongnan Basin  /  deep-water area  /  fracture  /  leakage system  /  spatial distribution
于俊峰, 宋瑞有, 晁彩霞, 潘光超. 琼东南盆地深水区BSR带裂隙系统空间分布特征. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (9) : 69 -78 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.09.008
Junfeng Yu, Ruiyou Song, Caixia Chao, Guangchao Pan. Spatial distribution characteristics of fracture system in BSR zone in deep water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (9) : 69 -78 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.09.008
裂隙作为一种微观渗漏系统(仅部分肉眼可见)[1-3],与诸多学者[4-6]证实的传统宏观渗漏系统如断裂、泥底辟、泥火山及气烟囱、高角度断裂等一样,对天然气水合物成藏具有重要作用。
Cook等[7]在墨西哥湾北部水合物成矿研究中认为,水合物成矿过程中大的断裂体系、底辟以及水道砂等原始通道,在超浅层大多消失,多以微裂隙体系使天然气在储层富集成藏。因此,只在少数高分辨率地震剖面局部可以直接观察到地质裂隙,但无法在三维空间研究其发育程度和分布规律。由此,探讨地质裂隙的空间结构、发育层段、规模及分布特点有助于我们对水合物成藏系统的研究。
莺歌海盆地东方13气田的成藏完全是以底劈构造翼部裂隙为输导系统的,二维地震和三维裂隙识别均证实了这一点[8],这一发现,在深水区水合物勘探方面具有广泛的发展前景。在此基础上,本文选取南海北部深水典型似海底反射层(Bottom Simulating Reflector,BSR)区刻画并描述裂隙渗漏系统的空间结构,并探讨裂隙发育的成因类型。
研究区位于琼东南盆地深水区中部(图1)。琼东南盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘,总体呈NE−SW方向展布,东西长约500 km,南北宽约150~200 km,总面积约为7×104 km2[9]
该盆地主要发育始新世湖相、渐新世海陆过渡相和中新世半深海−深海相3套烃源岩[10-15];储层主要为始新统−下渐新统裂陷期的河流和扇三角洲相砂岩、上渐新统断坳转换期的(扇)三角洲−滨浅海相砂岩、断后坳陷期中新统的滨海相砂岩、台地碳酸盐岩及深水浊积砂岩[16-18]
琼东南盆地具有典型下断上坳的双层结构,发育典型的陆架、陆坡与深水盆地,最大水深达3 000 m[9]。中新世后,盆地进入裂后热沉降阶段,盆地西部产生了强烈的超压作用[21],乐东凹陷、陵水凹陷以及松南凹陷普遍发育泥底辟、流体底辟、气烟囱等构造,造成了盆地复杂的油气运聚环境。自上新世(T30)以来,由于控盆断层基本停止活动,陆坡由构造活动型逐渐转变为挠曲型,海南物源沉积体系在不断向前推进过程中也产生多期、多类型海底滑坡[19-20]。目前,深水峡谷的黄流组储层已探明天然气储量近2 000亿m3[22],认为深部异常高压形成的凹陷内底辟、裂隙是高效的垂向供源通道(图2[18, 23]
莺歌海盆地Z2区块采用2004年自营采集处理的三维地震,震源深度为3 m,电缆沉放深度为4 m,采样频率为1 ms,采集面元为12.5 m×18.75 m。盆地深水区Z1区块是主要研究区,为2013年英国天然气公司(British Gas, BG)采集的高分辨三维地震,震源深度为6 m,电缆沉放深度为7 m,地震采样间隔也为1 ms,采集面元为12.5 m×25 m。深水东区Z3区块三维地震由Chevron公司在2011年采集,电源深度为6 m,电缆沉放深度为8 m,采样频率为2 ms,采集面元为12.5 m×25 m。
琼东南盆地的BG三维地震勘探区是主要研究对象,存在大量BSR,通过三维地震体相干和可视化融合技术,开展输导裂隙的成像研究,描述空间分布类型和特点。在此基础上,根据莺琼盆地的构造地质条件,讨论裂隙的地质成因类型、特征及有利于水合物富集成藏的裂隙组合模式。
图2可知,BSR位于T20地震界面以上,介于地震双程反射时间2.0~2.5 s、海底以下50~230 m的深度范围,具有地震反射振幅强、分布广的特点。古近纪断层、中央峡谷水道、中新统裂隙系统、超浅层裂隙、流体底辟/气烟囱、多期泥冲沟等BSR相关渗漏系统底辟广泛发育。
(1)古近纪断层、古近纪裂陷一幕,断层在T70(崖城组顶界,30.0 Ma BP)以前停止活动,部分断层于裂陷二幕以后继承性活动,断层断至T40(梅山组顶界,10.5 Ma BP)以上,虽然断距小,但对晚期甲烷气渗漏有一定作用。这种断裂在盆地内并非普遍发育,而且断裂本身的输导作用难以产生较大范围的影响(图2)。
(2)中央峡谷水道为黄流组−梅山组水道,具有明显的侵蚀壁,内部呈现多期砂体充填结构,地震剖面上亦表现为明显的强振幅反射特征,该峡谷被认为是中新世大规模海退期重力流侵蚀作用形成的,吴时国等[5]认为,深水峡谷水道砂体是浅层水合物成藏的重要渗漏系统之一。
(3)在现有的地震分辨率下,剖面的北部裂隙难以直接辨识,而剖面南部区域20~30 km范围出现大规模的裂隙,纵向主要分布于中新统(T60−T30)地层内,局部与小断距裂隙相连,裂隙的影响使地层垂向上沿裂隙破碎不连续,Løseth等[24]称之为垂向不连续带。
(4)小型流体底辟/气烟囱,气烟囱是地震剖面具有相对陡峭形态的异常反射体,在天然气/流体的垂直迁移过程中封闭能力差[25],这些低速异常体,由于含有相对较高的气体浓度,在地震上表现为明显的弱信号、不连续、模糊的地震反射[24-25]
(5)在T30−T20层序所展示的厚层泥质沉积层中亦可见多个泥冲沟,大部分为弱振幅连续地震反射结构,且T20以上出现大面积的BSR分布,表明天然气仍然通过某些裂隙运移至T20界面以上成藏。
超浅层BSR层发育诸多的几米至十几米、几十米长的裂隙,单条裂隙长度远低于地震分辨率,在地震剖面上难以直接观察到。然而,与渗漏裂缝相关的次生效应会导致地层非均质性增强并产生波阻抗和声波速度连续性被破坏的地震相干异常[24]。这使得通过量化处理地震数据体的相干属性,突出和强调地震数据的不相关性,生成新的相干数据体变得可行。结合三维可视化的镂空技术可以大致分析裂隙集合体形态及其内部裂隙的空间展布特征。
通过以上原理,由图3可见盆内BSR分布区的裂隙特征,图3a为强振幅异常体上部空间裂隙滤波结构,图3b为强振幅异常体下部空间裂隙滤波结构。
图3所示,总体上裂隙密集程度纵向分布呈向上层状递减分布特征。按照裂隙的密集程度,大致可以将BSR上下空间分为L、M、U 3层;其中,L、M层为BSR界面下部空间层,U为BSR上部空间层。BSR界面上部空间裂隙远少于下部空间,且仅在部分强振幅反射部位发育;而BSR界面下部空间裂隙发育普遍,但M层在规模上小于L层。这样的分布规律恰恰反映了地层在断陷期受古近纪构造运动强烈的影响,其活动构造控制了裂隙的发育程度,裂后热沉降对这一效应的影响则明显减弱。
仅从BSR界面的下部地层空间裂隙分布结构观察,裂隙呈整体分散和局部集中两种形式分布,分散形式是大部分裂隙呈横向分散状,一般出现在均质地质体或受构造应力影响均匀的原生地层。裂隙局部集中分布形式则呈管状和塔状,它们的空间形态主要受特殊地质体的形态影响,或者由构造应力集中作用而控制,诸如泥底辟、气烟囱、早期断裂密集带和杂乱反射基底断块等,塔型地质体的地震反射特征与围岩地球物理属性往往具有明显的异常。
裂隙的规模包括大小和数量两个因素。杨胜雄等[26]通过对钻孔岩芯、测井资料研究,证实了水合物成藏系统中裂隙的存在,但不能定量化表征地层裂隙的规模,因为裂隙的延伸长度远超过钻孔所揭示的范围。高分辨率地震资料则不同,以深水区30 Hz分辨率的地震资料为例,按照其分辨率为λ/4计算,浅层条件下,纵向上可以识别延伸长度大于12 m的裂隙,在黄流组以下地层可以识别延伸长度大于20 m的裂隙。
因此,根据裂隙的发育规模,总体识别出短裂隙、长裂隙、裂隙束、裂隙群(组)4种类型。我们认为,在地质尺度上,短裂隙长度≤20 m,该长度基本小于单个地震同相轴可分辨的泥岩厚度。而长度>20 m的裂隙则是长裂隙,它们本身可以是单条的,可以由长、短裂隙连接构成的,同时,对流体输导的能力比短裂隙大。裂隙束是由长裂隙和短裂隙首尾相接,或者裂隙之间在纵向上有薄砂层桥接使之规模变大;而横向上又以多条裂隙集中发育,整体呈束状结构。裂隙束的单条裂隙可能呈管状,由于规模比长裂隙大,所以更有利于油气的输导。裂隙群为裂隙束与长、短裂隙的发育密集区,是流体运移阻力最小的通道,一般为裂隙密集区、大型气烟囱和底辟带等,地震剖面上主要表现为模糊带、杂乱、不连续反射特征等[27-31]
裂隙的发育及其规模受其相关构造、沉积因素控制,影响因素较多。在莺琼盆地,它们主要与泥底辟构造活动、次级断层和裂隙晚期活动、流体底辟刺穿、超压水力破裂、新构造运动等因素相关。
虽然在图2的地震分辨率下,剖面上北部区域的裂隙无法辨识,但在大比例尺显示的地震剖面上部分可见(图4)。超浅层裂隙由大、小裂隙连接而成,层内局部区域小裂隙普遍发育,长度仅几米至几十米。它们是由水力破裂作用诱发的断裂系统,因为超浅层地层疏松,在孔隙压实排水过程中,当孔隙压力超过岩石的最小水平应力与抗拉强度之和时,便发生水力压裂。Mandl和Harkness[32]及Vernik[33]计算出坚硬岩石情况下水力裂缝的临界长度(即最大裂缝长度)是35~73 m,对于非常软的岩石只有几米。因此,水力压裂岩石必须由一组裂缝组成,这些裂缝在压力最高时和裂缝达到最大长度时仅在短时间内相互连接[24]
由上可知,输导体系主要分布在中新统及以下地层。成藏评价的关键问题是,含水合物储集层和渗漏系统必须是完整的体系,即油气必须从烃源层通过渗漏系统到达储集层并聚集成藏,才使得我们在地震剖面上观测到BSR,从而判断储集层中可能存在水合物或者烃类气。但是,浅层断裂系统并非普遍发育,水合物储集层和其他输导系统只以大套地震弱反射相的泥质沉积层或多期泥质水道充填相隔(图2),这使得水合物储集层缺乏完整的渗漏系统。因此,渗漏系统空间分布结构尤显重要。
1)低辟翼部构造裂缝
最典型见于莺歌海盆地东方1−1底辟构造翼部(图5)。中新世以来,东方1−1底辟至少经历了3期构造活动[34-36]。王振峰和裴健翔[37]研究发现,裂隙不仅在底辟构造体内发育,在东方1−1构造西翼也大量发育,裂隙结构清晰,向下已断进梅山组−三亚组烃源岩层内,向上断入黄流组一段砂体并结束于上覆大套泥岩内。这些断裂形成于上新世早−中期,底辟活动产生的大量断层、裂隙为深部梅山组−三亚组烃源岩生成的天然气向上运移提供了主要通道,底辟下部的异常高压则提供了天然气向上运移的主要动力,东方13-1构造DF14井的钻获超压气层证实,底辟构造(气烟囱)甲烷气不可能从核部向翼部充注到圈闭内,因为这些砂体是向底辟高部位上倾尖灭的,所以,裂隙作为唯一的甲烷渗漏系统是客观存在的。
2)次级断裂及裂隙
断陷盆地的控盆断裂的继承性强烈活动,在其下降盘的沉积层中产生大量的次级断裂,部分次级断裂在裂后热沉降阶段仍有一定微弱活动[38],在沉积层还未完全固结成岩的情况下,弱活动使围岩受力持续破裂,形成伴生裂隙,因此成为油气运聚的通道。
在琼东南盆地的长昌凹陷低凸起构造西倾伏端,渐新统断裂在古近系(T60以下)断距大,但在新近系断距基本消失,形成继承性裂隙,并产生了一些新裂隙(图6)。
3)新构造运动裂隙
与次级构造裂隙不同的是,新构造运动裂隙不需要跟基底构造相关,其成因机制包括表层蠕动、含水层压实排水、矿物化学反应脱水收缩、重力垮塌和不稳定破裂等[5, 39]
新构造运动裂隙在南海深水区广泛发育,如光华凹陷多边形断层[5],深水坳陷中南部的中新统裂隙(图2),以及长昌凹陷的低凸起构造上部的高密度断裂及裂隙(图6c)。于俊峰[40]利用高精度三维地震资料的精细解释和方差体顺层切片技术,于琼东南盆地长昌凹陷中新统中首次发现高密度断裂及裂隙(图6c),这些裂隙近N−S走向,断距为6~28 m,长为0.5~4 km,倾角约为60°,为中新统新生断裂及裂隙,与少数的早期继承性断裂共生。研究认为,这些小断裂既不是渐新统继承性断裂,又不是现代热点讨论的多边形断层,而是中新世特定地质条件下由局部引张形成的微观构造,对超浅层水合物的成藏有重要意义。
4)超压裂隙
超压裂隙是在超压条件下,由流体前锋诱导刺穿上覆地层破碎产生的诸多裂隙,流体占据这些裂隙,形成裂隙群和砂体共存的动态平衡体系[41]。郝芳等[34]指出,当深部地层流体压力大于上覆地层净水压力85%就会产生刺穿效应,引起上部地层的破裂。
在地震剖面上,超压裂隙仅部分可见(图7),其特点是单条或几条裂隙近距离相连,分散发育,可以与流体底辟共生,但不一定同时出现。超压裂隙也多呈不规则曲线,其根本机制就是水力破裂,因此,跟图4揭示的浅层裂隙结构特征一致。
莺琼盆地的梅山组以下均发育强超压地层,压力系数在2.0以上(图8b),深水钻井揭示,黄流组地层压力回归线在3 200~3 500 m深度之间出现拐点,深部压力梯度明显增大(图8a)。这足以使得梅山组、三亚组的地层超压破裂,构成独立的油气输导系统。
裂隙束发生在流体底辟、泥底辟上部的初始破裂带内,尤其在浅层最为明显。其机制就是流体刺穿破裂。因此,在放大显示的地震剖面上,流体底辟内的裂隙束呈现断裂管的变体特征[42]。表现为类似管道的区域有非常明显的扭曲地震反射特征,并且与原生地层的层面呈垂直或者亚垂直关系,该现象已在希腊的罗兹露头上被观察到[24]
图4可以看出,裂隙束发生在流体底辟前端,接近BSR界面,在地震成像剖面上,流体底辟与泥底辟、盐底辟最显著的区别是原生地层清晰可辨,而地层局部被裂隙束改造并在垂向上形成地震反射不连续带(图4a)。随着流体底辟的进一步发育,裂隙束就会规模扩大,裂隙管内可能会充填砂质、泥质以及流体物质等。
裂隙群(组)一般位于输导系统的深部(图3),是构造活动最强烈、流体流动最活跃的部位。它是泥流体底辟演化高阶段的结果,在地震剖面上呈形态相对陡峭异常反射特征。在流体运移过程中,由于相对较高的气体浓度,形成一些低速异常带,在地震剖面上表现为波组连续性较差的区域[25]
流体底辟、气烟囱、断裂密集带和基底断块构造破碎化,均可以成为裂隙群产生的重要原因。裂隙群几个重要的地震反射特征是(图3图7):(1)形态陡峭,外形边界不规则;(2)模糊区内,地层反射界面依然可以辨识,但横向连续性相对于围岩较差;(3)由于低速流体作用,地震反射波组有时呈现一定微曲变形;(4)裂隙群内裂隙集中发育(不分散),且规模远大于裂隙束,破坏原生地层,因此,造成其地震波组相对围岩的极不连续。
图3b所示的裂隙组合形式与石油地质学理论中“油气运移供大于散将有利于圈闭成藏的模式”吻合。该结构的裂隙密度和规模自L层向M、U层依次减小,形成塔型分布模式,这主要是由于BSR界面下部地层的构造活动以及流体运移作用大于其上部地层,从而使下部地层裂隙更加发育。因此,该结构使得水合物成藏过程中甲烷气供大于散,即有利于水合物储层层内天然气快速聚集成藏,这对我们研究水合物成藏和检测储层中甲烷气的渗漏有普遍指示意义。
当然,深水盆地更广泛地发育超压裂隙和构造裂隙,它们多以长、短裂隙以及裂隙束的形式存在。因此,裂隙与水合物储层的对应接触关系及规模将至关重要。延伸至BSR界面的长裂隙、裂隙束越多,就越有利于甲烷气成藏,反之则不利于甲烷气成藏。
同样,也存在BSR界面上部空间裂隙系统比其下伏空间更发育的情况,如表层震裂带和斜坡的滑塌体松散沉积,这种情况也不利于甲烷气的聚集保存。
图3可知,由于规模的不同,浅层短裂隙、长裂隙、裂隙束、裂隙群(组)4种裂隙对流体的渗漏能力依次增强,但它们在地质体中并不独立存在,而是几种裂隙共存,或与其他地质构造共同构成渗漏系统。一般地,裂隙系统在深部构造常与底辟、大型断裂、不整合等配置,在浅层与水合物储集层构成完整的渗漏系统。
需要说明的是,在实际应用中,裂隙规模不能简单地用长短和宽窄表征,还应该考虑其对特定地质条件下对流体的输导能力,例如,在某些特殊情况下,短裂隙对薄泥岩同样具有良好的穿层效应,因而形成良好的输导体系。
(1)琼东南盆地深水区BSR界面下伏地层渗漏系统发育,包括古近纪断层、中央峡谷水道、中新统裂隙系统等,超浅层裂隙、流体底辟/气烟囱、多期泥冲沟等,这些构造都是对天然气水合物成藏至关重要的甲烷气渗漏系统。
(2)融合三维可视化与相干体技术,精细地揭示断层和裂隙发育特征,研究了该区BSR界面下伏空间的裂隙发育、分布特征,取得以下认识:①总体上,裂隙数量纵向向上层状递减分布。BSR上部空间裂隙远少于下部空间,且仅在部分强振幅部位发育;而BSR下部空间裂隙发育普遍。该结构使得水合物成藏过程中甲烷气供大于散,对我们研究水合物成藏和检测甲烷气的渗漏有普遍指示作用。②裂隙在地层空间产出规模的差异,导致短裂隙、长裂隙,裂隙束和裂隙群(组)对流体的渗漏能力依次增强,实际上,它们在地层中不但几种类型共存,而且也常与其他地质构造共同构成完整的渗漏系统。这将极大促进了水合物储层甲烷气成藏模式和成藏机理的研究。③裂隙/裂隙组合规模的差异与不同地质成因相关,如底辟构造活动、盆地次级断层活动、新构造运动、流体活动、超压作用等,因此,这些地质因素将成为我们判断水合物成藏系统是否发育裂隙的重要依据。
  • 广东石油化工学院科研基金(2018rc09);国家科技重大专项(2016ZX05024-002)。
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2020年第42卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.09.008
  • 接收时间:2020-02-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-02-18
  • 修回日期:2020-04-09
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广东石油化工学院科研基金(2018rc09);国家科技重大专项(2016ZX05024-002)。
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    1 广东石油化工学院 石油工程学院,广东 茂名 525000
    2 中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司,广东 湛江 524057
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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