Article(id=1244308221809246240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308220395765786, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.09.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1576857600000, receivedDateStr=2019-12-21, revisedDate=1585238400000, revisedDateStr=2020-03-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774595798207, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1600963200000, pubDateStr=2020-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774595798207, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774595798207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774595798207, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244308220395765786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774595797871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597110020, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244313724010476358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308220395765786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244313724010476359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1244308220395765786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244308222148984870, articleId=1244308221809246240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Variations in clay mineral composition in the western Arctic Ocean since the mid-Pleistocene: Implications on changes in circulation and ice sheet development, columnId=1243867132006613042, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Geology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, we investigated clay mineral assemblages together with other provenance indicators of Core ARC7-LIC retrieved from the southern Alpha Ridge, in order to reveal the changes in sediment deposition, ocean circulation in the western Arctic Ocean, and the development of surrounding ice sheet through the mid-late Pleistocene (~MIS 29). Changes in clay mineral composition in Core ARC7-LIC suggest a transition of Siberian sourced material during MIS 29−13 towards a North American sourced material during MIS 12−1. This transition reflects the change of the circulation in the western Arctic Ocean before and after the Mid-Brunhes Event, which features an amplification of glacial-interglacial cycles in the post Mid-Brunhes Event. An exceptionally high smectite peak characterizes MIS 12, which is inferred to be from North American source. Laurentide ice sheet discharges icebergs and fine material in the western Arctic Ocean since MIS 16. The amplitude of ice sheet growth and decay increases since MIS 12. During MIS 6, 4 and 3, the asynchronous variations of Ca/Al and kaolinite suggest heterogeneous development of Laurentide ice sheet on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Alaska-Mackenzie sides.

, correspAuthors=Rujian Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Renhui Xu, Rujian Wang, Wenshen Xiao, Linsen Dong, Yanguang Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244308223273058390, articleId=1244308221809246240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=西北冰洋中更新世以来黏土矿物变化特征及其反映的洋流和冰盖演化, columnId=1243867133143269435, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文通过对中国第七次北极考察在西北冰洋阿尔法脊南部钻取的ARC7-LIC岩芯沉积物的XRF Ca/Al比值、冰筏碎屑和黏土矿物等研究,重建了中更新世以来研究区沉积物源和周边冰盖的演化历史。ARC7-LIC岩芯黏土矿物组合类型变化显示:深海氧同位素(MIS)29~13期黏土矿物组合主要以西伯利亚物源区为主,而MIS 12期以来以北美物源为主。黏土矿物组合的变化,反映中布容期前后洋流模式的改变。同时,MIS 12期高含量的蒙脱石可能来自北美物源。物源指标对比显示,劳伦冰盖在MIS 16期首次向西北冰洋大规模排泄冰山,并且从MIS 12期开始,西北冰洋周围冰盖的进退幅度增大。在MIS 6期、4期和3期,Ca/Al和高岭石含量的不协同变化指示北美冰盖的发育具有区域差异性,位于阿拉斯加北部和麦肯齐河流域的冰盖较班克斯岛−维多利亚岛一侧更发育,崩解的冰山能将高岭石带到研究区沉积下来。

, correspAuthors=王汝建, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王汝建(1959-),男,云南省昆明市人,教授,主要从事海洋地质学、古海洋学与古气候学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qQcEX8b7HPLi9f+ChS3Xpg==, magXml=CIa2Qiiuf7TU2QY9ljDD/A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=HOO/x79bpmup6jQy14De6Q==, pdfFileSize=2205676, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=DbrDBvdyAaN0/gLUos+2yA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=76L6ZatouS5vcyil5dVS+w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

徐仁辉(1992-),河南省信阳市人,主要从事海洋地质学、古海洋学与古气候学研究。E-mail:

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徐仁辉(1992-),河南省信阳市人,主要从事海洋地质学、古海洋学与古气候学研究。E-mail:

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徐仁辉(1992-),河南省信阳市人,主要从事海洋地质学、古海洋学与古气候学研究。E-mail:

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The red dot is Core ARC7-LIC in this paper, and the black dots are referenced sediment cores. Transparent arrows indicate the approximate location and direction of surface ocean currents (Transpolar Drift and Beaufort Gyre). Large circum-Arctic rivers are indicated by yellow arrows. White shaded areas indicate the maximum extent of Pleistocene glaciations around the Arctic Ocean[11, 20]

, figureFileSmall=zdAkuPZv18XPXCVzb17IAw==, figureFileBig=yfF5ojhOfi684AKc8rpVig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525056923357971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究站位以及北冰洋洋底地形和冰架分布

红色圆点为本文研究站位ARC7-LIC,黑色圆点为对比站位;透明箭头表示表层洋流大致位置及方向(波弗特环流和穿极流);黄色箭头指示河流入海口大致位置;白色区域表示更新世冰期时推测的北冰洋最大冰盖范围[1120]

, figureFileSmall=zdAkuPZv18XPXCVzb17IAw==, figureFileBig=yfF5ojhOfi684AKc8rpVig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525057044992795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Stratigraphic assignments of Core ARC7-LIC, based on XRF-Ca/Al, -Mn/Al, color index, IRD content, foraminiferal abundances and AMS 14C dating, correlation to Alpha Ridge stacked Ca and Mn records[6], and global benthic LR04-δ18O record[56], figureFileSmall=GlY+lbTZ+HcwFlYI4LyGrg==, figureFileBig=0voimxP/EXLJnpQx2frHKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525057120490270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=CN, label=图2, caption=全球大洋底栖有孔虫LR04-δ18O曲线[56]、阿尔法脊岩芯Ca和Mn合成标准曲线[6]与ARC7-LIC岩芯XRF元素扫描Ca/Al和Mn/Al、颜色反射率L*和a*/b*、粗组分粒径>63 µm和>154 µm百分含量、底栖和浮游有孔虫丰度的对比, figureFileSmall=GlY+lbTZ+HcwFlYI4LyGrg==, figureFileBig=0voimxP/EXLJnpQx2frHKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525057221153569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Ca/Al ratio, IRD (> 154 μm) content, kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, and chlorite contents in Core ARC7-LIC, compared to the same proxies in Core BN05[21], and global benthic LR04-δ18O [56] and sea level curve[22], figureFileSmall=M9B4EkOCPDSR8qauvwpjug==, figureFileBig=4u313pqUYEBRK2EsT9DrkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525057305039656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ARC7-LIC岩芯Ca/Al比值、IRD(>154 μm)百分含量、高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石和绿泥石百分含量及其与BN05岩芯参数[21],以及全球大洋底栖有孔虫LR04-δ18O[56]和海平面变化[22]对比, figureFileSmall=M9B4EkOCPDSR8qauvwpjug==, figureFileBig=4u313pqUYEBRK2EsT9DrkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525058848543532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Triangular diagram of clay mineral composition in modern Arctic surface sediments[343863-65] (a) and Core ARC7-LIC (b), figureFileSmall=bFlkupHisFZRl3XDCc82Cg==, figureFileBig=Cnkl7xrcBnzjy8C0h5akkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525058953401140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=CN, label=图4, caption=现代北极部分海域表层黏土矿物分布[343863-65](a)和西北冰洋ARC7-LIC岩芯黏土矿物分布(b)三角图, figureFileSmall=bFlkupHisFZRl3XDCc82Cg==, figureFileBig=Cnkl7xrcBnzjy8C0h5akkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246525059045675834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Studied and referenced cores information in this paper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩芯纬度经度水深/m参考文献
ARC7-LIC82°49.62′ N159°8.85′ W3018本文
ARC4-BN1085°38.60′ N178°38.60′ W2434[6]
ARC3-B84A84°26.54′ N143°34.83′ W2280[6]
ARC3-B85A85°24.24′ N147°29.11′ W2376[6]
ARC4-BN0580°29.04′ N161°27.90′ W3156[21]
PS 2185-687°31.90′ N144°22.90′ E1051[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1246525059150533439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本文中研究岩芯信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩芯纬度经度水深/m参考文献
ARC7-LIC82°49.62′ N159°8.85′ W3018本文
ARC4-BN1085°38.60′ N178°38.60′ W2434[6]
ARC3-B84A84°26.54′ N143°34.83′ W2280[6]
ARC3-B85A85°24.24′ N147°29.11′ W2376[6]
ARC4-BN0580°29.04′ N161°27.90′ W3156[21]
PS 2185-687°31.90′ N144°22.90′ E1051[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1246525059251196739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

AMS14C chronology of Core ARC7-LIC based on planktonic foraminifera Nps

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号深度/cmAMS14C年龄/a BP碳储库校正后年龄/a BP
UCIAMS#2195420~27 535±407 696±96
UCIAMS#2195436~837 560±49040 765±977
UCIAMS#21954410~1242 620±90044 664±1 535
), ArticleFig(id=1246525059343471432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ARC7-LIC岩芯的Nps-AMS14C测年数据校正

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号深度/cmAMS14C年龄/a BP碳储库校正后年龄/a BP
UCIAMS#2195420~27 535±407 696±96
UCIAMS#2195436~837 560±49040 765±977
UCIAMS#21954410~1242 620±90044 664±1 535
), ArticleFig(id=1246525059507049295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Averaged clay mineral content in Core ARC7-LIC before and after MIS 12

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氧同位素期次高岭石平均
含量/%
蒙脱石平均
含量/%
绿泥石平均
含量/%
伊利石平均
含量/%
MIS 11~1期21172339
MIS 12期16332031
MIS 29~13期11232640
), ArticleFig(id=1246525059599323990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1244308221809246240, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ARC7-LIC岩芯MIS 12期及其前后时期黏土矿物平均含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氧同位素期次高岭石平均
含量/%
蒙脱石平均
含量/%
绿泥石平均
含量/%
伊利石平均
含量/%
MIS 11~1期21172339
MIS 12期16332031
MIS 29~13期11232640
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西北冰洋中更新世以来黏土矿物变化特征及其反映的洋流和冰盖演化
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徐仁辉 1 , 王汝建 1, * , 肖文申 1 , 董林森 2 , 刘焱光 2
海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2020,42(9): 50-60
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海洋学报 | 海洋地质 2020, 42(9): 50-60
西北冰洋中更新世以来黏土矿物变化特征及其反映的洋流和冰盖演化
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徐仁辉1 , 王汝建1, * , 肖文申1, 董林森2, 刘焱光2
作者信息
  • 1 同济大学 海洋地质国家重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 徐仁辉(1992-),河南省信阳市人,主要从事海洋地质学、古海洋学与古气候学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王汝建(1959-),男,云南省昆明市人,教授,主要从事海洋地质学、古海洋学与古气候学研究。E-mail:
Variations in clay mineral composition in the western Arctic Ocean since the mid-Pleistocene: Implications on changes in circulation and ice sheet development
Renhui Xu1 , Rujian Wang1, * , Wenshen Xiao1, Linsen Dong2, Yanguang Liu2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2 First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2020-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.09.006
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本文通过对中国第七次北极考察在西北冰洋阿尔法脊南部钻取的ARC7-LIC岩芯沉积物的XRF Ca/Al比值、冰筏碎屑和黏土矿物等研究,重建了中更新世以来研究区沉积物源和周边冰盖的演化历史。ARC7-LIC岩芯黏土矿物组合类型变化显示:深海氧同位素(MIS)29~13期黏土矿物组合主要以西伯利亚物源区为主,而MIS 12期以来以北美物源为主。黏土矿物组合的变化,反映中布容期前后洋流模式的改变。同时,MIS 12期高含量的蒙脱石可能来自北美物源。物源指标对比显示,劳伦冰盖在MIS 16期首次向西北冰洋大规模排泄冰山,并且从MIS 12期开始,西北冰洋周围冰盖的进退幅度增大。在MIS 6期、4期和3期,Ca/Al和高岭石含量的不协同变化指示北美冰盖的发育具有区域差异性,位于阿拉斯加北部和麦肯齐河流域的冰盖较班克斯岛−维多利亚岛一侧更发育,崩解的冰山能将高岭石带到研究区沉积下来。

西北冰洋  /  黏土矿物  /  物源  /  波弗特环流  /  穿极流  /  北极冰盖

In this study, we investigated clay mineral assemblages together with other provenance indicators of Core ARC7-LIC retrieved from the southern Alpha Ridge, in order to reveal the changes in sediment deposition, ocean circulation in the western Arctic Ocean, and the development of surrounding ice sheet through the mid-late Pleistocene (~MIS 29). Changes in clay mineral composition in Core ARC7-LIC suggest a transition of Siberian sourced material during MIS 29−13 towards a North American sourced material during MIS 12−1. This transition reflects the change of the circulation in the western Arctic Ocean before and after the Mid-Brunhes Event, which features an amplification of glacial-interglacial cycles in the post Mid-Brunhes Event. An exceptionally high smectite peak characterizes MIS 12, which is inferred to be from North American source. Laurentide ice sheet discharges icebergs and fine material in the western Arctic Ocean since MIS 16. The amplitude of ice sheet growth and decay increases since MIS 12. During MIS 6, 4 and 3, the asynchronous variations of Ca/Al and kaolinite suggest heterogeneous development of Laurentide ice sheet on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Alaska-Mackenzie sides.

western Arctic Ocean  /  clay mineral  /  provenance  /  Beaufort Gyre  /  Transpolar Drift  /  Arctic ice sheet
徐仁辉, 王汝建, 肖文申, 董林森, 刘焱光. 西北冰洋中更新世以来黏土矿物变化特征及其反映的洋流和冰盖演化. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (9) : 50 -60 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.09.006
Renhui Xu, Rujian Wang, Wenshen Xiao, Linsen Dong, Yanguang Liu. Variations in clay mineral composition in the western Arctic Ocean since the mid-Pleistocene: Implications on changes in circulation and ice sheet development[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (9) : 50 -60 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.09.006
北极作为全球系统的重要组成部分,通过多种气候反馈机制在全球气候变化中起到关键性作用[1-7]。更新世以来,北冰洋周围冰盖的进退对大气环流、反照率以及海平面的升降有非常大的影响[8-9],进而通过洋流模式和冰川排泄改变沉积区域的沉积环境 [710-12]。因此,对西北冰洋沉积物组成的研究,不仅能确定沉积物的物源供给和洋流模式的变化,还能为重建周围冰盖的演化历史提供可靠依据 [13-15]。对西北冰洋周围冰盖的研究已经取得了很大的进展,例如,深海氧同位素(MIS)1~6期西伯利亚冰盖的发育范围和影响程度[16-17]、末次盛冰期劳伦冰盖的演化[18-19]等。研究主要集中在MIS 6期以来,这是因为一次大的冰期能将之前冰盖留下的大部分信息抹掉[20]。因此,至今人们对MIS 6期以前的北冰洋周围冰盖的长期演化历史知之甚少,尤其是东西伯利亚冰盖和北美冰盖[21]
北冰洋现代表层环流主要由穿极流和顺时针流动的波弗特环流组成,波弗特环流控制着西北冰洋的沉积物分布 [22-24]。地质历史时期,波弗特环流和穿极流会随着气候和环境条件的改变,其强度也会发生变化,此消彼长[10-25]。研究认为,间冰期温暖的气候条件使得冰盖崩解、海冰融化,波弗特环流的影响范围加大。而冰期气候转冷,冰盖体积增大,海平面下降,穿极流增强,波弗特环流减弱 [1326-27]
西北冰洋周围的陆地上,碎屑碳酸岩露头主要分布在加拿大北极群岛 [6-71028-29],尤其是班克斯岛和维多利亚岛东侧分布着厚达50 m的古生代碳酸盐地层[30-31],是西北冰洋周边唯一的碳酸岩来源[62932]。冰筏碎屑(Ice Rafted Debris,IRD)是崩解的冰川或大冰块,将陆源物质搬运并卸载到深海中沉积下来[33],一般认为粒径大于154 μm的IRD主要由大冰块或冰山搬运[13,32]。因此,地质历史时期北冰洋沉积物中的碎屑碳酸岩含量的高峰可作为劳伦冰盖大规模排泄的重要证据[30]。相较于IRD仅能被冰山搬运,黏土矿物(粒径小于2 μm)主要的搬运方式是海冰 [2134]。同时,黏土矿物沉积后,矿物和化学性质相对稳定,不会发生改变,因此被作为物源的指标之一 [34-40]。前人对西北冰洋周围黏土矿物分布的研究已经取得了很大的进展。研究认为高岭石主要分布在加拿大北部海岸和阿拉斯加[41-44],东西伯利亚的科雷马河和因迪吉尔河也有少量高岭石输入西北冰洋[37-3842]。蒙脱石含量高的区域主要集中在西伯利亚的拉普捷夫海和喀拉海[21343843],白令海的蒙脱石在白令海峡打开时也会随白令入流水进入北冰洋[14]。而伊利石和绿泥石是典型的高纬地区黏土矿物,在北冰洋周围分布较为均匀,东西伯利亚和阿拉斯加含量较高[1434-35]。通过分析黏土矿物组合特征,对于判定沉积物来源和搬运路径有非常大的帮助。
本文研究的沉积物岩芯ARC7-LIC位于西北冰洋阿尔法脊南部(图1),现在主要受波弗特环流影响。在地质历史时期冰期、间冰期旋回中,冰盖的发育会影响洋流环境,进而影响该区域的沉积环境。因此,本文试图通过该岩芯的黏土矿物组成等分析,研究历史时期物源的转变和洋流的变化模式,重建西北冰洋周围冰盖的演化历史。
本文的研究材料为中国第七次北极科学考察期间在西北冰洋阿尔法脊南部钻取的重力岩芯样ARC7-LIC(82°49′37″N,159°08′51″W,水深3 018 m)(图1表1)。ARC7-LIC岩芯总长317 cm,沉积物主要为黏土质粉砂和粉砂质黏土,整体呈现明显的灰色−深褐色旋回变化。按2 cm间隔取样,共获得159个样品。
本文对ACR7-LIC岩芯开展了颜色反射率、XRF元素相对含量扫描、粗组分含量、浮游和底栖有孔虫丰度、黏土矿物分析以及浮游有孔虫AMS14C测年,其分析步骤分别如下:
颜色反射率测试:在沉积物柱状样剖开后,使用Minolta CM2002光谱测色计测量沉积物表面的反射光谱数据,分别获得参数L*、a*、b*,测试深度间隔为1 cm。颜色反射率L*表示样品的亮度值,a*表示从绿色到红色的颜色分量,b*表示从蓝色到黄色的颜色分量。
XRF元素相对扫描:将岩芯各段表面处理平整并覆盖专用测试薄膜后,用AVAATECH公司生产的X荧光光谱岩芯扫描仪(XRF Core Scanner)进行1 cm分辨率的元素相对含量扫描分析,获得岩芯中Al–U元素的相对含量,数据单位为counts/30 s。
粗组分含量测定:称取10~15 g干样置于坩埚中,用沸水泡开,待样品冷却后加入浓度为30%的过氧化氢溶液去除有机质,倒入63 µm的网筛中用清水反复冲洗干净,放入58℃的烘箱中烘干,称重。再用154 µm的网筛干筛屑样,分别得到粒径为63~154 µm和>154 µm两个粗组分的百分含量。由于该岩芯中有孔虫等生源组分含量较低,因此,将该粗组分含量作为冰筏碎屑含量。
浮游和底栖有孔虫丰度统计:在光学显微镜下对筛样后大于154 μm的粗组分进行浮游和底栖有孔虫数量统计,然后除以该样品总重量,分别得到浮游和底栖有孔虫丰度(单位:枚/g)。
黏土矿物分析:取若干沉积物干样用去离子水自然分散,加稀释的过氧化氢去除有机质后,再加0.5%的稀盐酸除去碳酸钙。静置至澄清,然后用去离子水多次将其洗至中性,并发生抗絮凝作用。根据斯托克斯(Stokes)沉降原理,提取小于2 μm的沉积物,采用刮片法制成定向薄片。样品经过预处理和定向薄片的制作后,使用PANalytical X’Pert PRO衍射仪,在CuKα辐射、Ni滤波器、管压45 kV、管流40 mA条件,对自然环境、乙二醇环境(蒸汽熏蒸饱和24 h)和加热环境(490℃、加热2 h)下的定向薄片分别进行测试[46-47]
黏土矿物的鉴定和解释主要依据3种测试条件下获得的XRD叠加波的综合对比,每个波峰参数的半定量计算使用MacDiff软件在乙二醇曲线上进行。黏土矿物的相对含量主要使用(001)晶面衍射峰的面积比,蒙脱石(含伊利石/蒙脱石随机混层矿物)采用1.7 nm(001)晶面,伊利石采用其1 nm(001)晶面,高岭石(001)和绿泥石(002)使用0.7 nm叠加峰,它们的相对比例通过拟合0.357 nm/0.354 nm峰面积比确定。同时,根据乙二醇曲线计算出伊利石的矿物学特征。伊利石化学指数为0.5 nm/1 nm峰面积比,伊利石结晶度为1 nm半峰宽。
AMS 14C测年:在ARC7-LIC岩芯深度0~2 cm、6~8 cm和10~12 cm沉积物粒径大于154 µm的粗组分中,分别挑出浮游有孔虫Neogloboquadrina pachydema (sin.)(Nps)的壳体10 mg左右,送美国加州大学尔湾分校地球系统科学系放射性碳实验室(Radiocarbon Laboratory of Earth System Science Department, University of California Irvine)进行AMS 14C测年。北冰洋的AMS 14C测年运用碳储库标准为末次冰期1 400年,全新世700年[48]
本文中的分析指标除了AMS 14C测年以外,其他的分析测试均在同济大学海洋地质国家重点实验室完成。
因为北冰洋中部沉积速率低、生产力低、成岩作用复杂等因素,岩芯沉积物的年龄框架的建立一直以来都是北冰洋古海洋学研究中的主要难题之一[27],低纬大洋常用的有孔虫同位素地层学在北冰洋无法应用。岩芯上部年龄较新的沉积可以通过AMS 14C测年的手段确定沉积物的年龄,其余部分则需要根据沉积物颜色旋回、XRF Ca和Mn元素相对含量或Ca/Al和Mn/Al比值变化、IRD含量变化以及有孔虫地层标志种等多种指标结合建立年龄框架[649-50]
北冰洋沉积物岩芯上部,Mn含量高的褐色层有相当丰富的有孔虫壳体,代表间冰期和间冰段,而Mn含量低的黄色−灰色层几乎不含有孔虫,代表冰期和冰段[651-54]。由于ARC7-LIC岩芯顶部0~18 cm不平整,XRF扫描时数据缺失。沉积物颜色a*/b*值和Mn元素含量变化具有很好的相关性,R2为0.72,变化趋势基本一致,因此可用a*/b*值辅助Mn元素含量变化并结合有孔虫丰度的变化,作为地层年代划分的依据[55]图2)。浮游有孔虫Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s.) (Nps)的AMS14C测年结果显示(表2),ARC-LIC岩芯顶部0~2 cm年龄约为7.7 ka BP,属于MIS 1期;6~8 cm、10~12 cm年龄分别为40.8 ka BP和44.7 ka BP,属于MIS 3期。
由有孔虫丰度与XRF-Ca的信号不匹配可知,沉积物中Ca元素的来源主要是陆源的碎屑碳酸岩。碎屑碳酸岩主要来自北美劳伦冰盖对加拿大北极群岛的侵蚀和冰筏输运,前人研究标定了西北冰洋几次显著的碳酸岩沉积时间,分别在MIS 7/8期、MIS 5d和MIS 3期,命名为PWL1、PWL2和W3,由此成为特殊的岩性地层学对比指标[653-54]。对照ARC-LIC岩芯,在44 cm处的第一个Ca/Al比值高峰确定为Ca2/PWL2,对应于MIS 5d。在96 cm处出现第二个Ca/Al比值高峰为Ca3/PWL1,将其确定为MIS 8期[653]
有孔虫的特定种的变化特征指示了海洋环境的特殊变化,这些“生物事件地层”可在大范围的北冰洋沉积物中找到,并综合对比了北大西洋沉积物地层,获得相对可靠的年龄控制,例如Oridorsalis tener出现在MIS 1~5期[57]Turborotalita egelida含量的高峰出现在MIS 11期等[4,54]。在ARC7-LIC岩芯中底栖有孔虫O. tener在深度48 cm以下消失,可大致判断深度0~48 cm属于MIS 1~5期。在深度134~156 cm,出现T. egelida的高峰,因此我们将Mn高含量的深度133~169 cm确定为MIS 11期。
结合已建立的北冰洋阿尔法脊MIS 1~15期的年龄框架[6],将ARC7-LIC岩芯上部0~224 cm的各参数与之进行对比,确定该岩芯这段地层为MIS 1~15期(图2)。
劳伦冰盖首次向北冰洋和北大西洋排泄富含碎屑碳酸岩的冰筏出现在MIS 16期[53,58-59],该沉积事件也广泛记录在西北冰洋至罗蒙诺索夫脊的沉积物中[5460]。在本文ARC-LIC岩芯XRF元素扫描中,Ca元素出现的第一个明显的高值可以确定为MIS 16期,作为ARC-LIC孔较为可靠的地层标定。但是在MIS 16期之前的地层中,由于缺乏钙质微体化石、IRD含量和Ca/Al值变化不明显等原因,目前只能通过Mn元素曲线与LR04-δ18O曲线进行对比,大致划出深度256~317 cm为MIS 19~29期。根据年龄模式计算的沉积速率符合前人在西北冰洋的研究[61-62]
西北冰洋ARC7-LIC岩芯的IRD组分含量中,>63 μm组分含量的变化范围为2.2%~32.0%,平均值为9.7%;>154 μm组分含量的变化范围为0.2%~20.3%,平均值为4.5%。这两个组分的变化趋势基本一致(图2),共出现14个较为明显的IRD含量的高峰,分别位于MIS 3期、MIS 5的始末期、MIS 6期、MIS 7末期(出现两个高峰)、MIS 10期(出现3个高峰),以及MIS 12、16和18期IRD含量均有明显的升高。其中MIS 5初期IRD含量的高峰与PWL2层对应,PWL1层的Ca/Al的高值与MIS 8期的第一个IRD含量的高峰对应。在MIS 19~29期,IRD含量较低,基本无变化。
西北冰洋ARC7-LIC岩芯的Ca/Al比值变化规律明显。在MIS 29~17期,其比值较低,基本无变化。MIS 16期其比值首次出现升高,但并不明显。从MIS 12起开始,Ca/Al比值的变化幅度增大,高值主要出现在MIS 12期、10期、8期、7期及5期。由于ARX7-LIC岩芯上部0~18 cm不平整,XRF扫描时数据缺失,因此,与之对应的MIS 4~1期没有Ca/Al比值数据。
中更新世以来ARC7-LIC岩芯黏土矿物组合(图3)以伊利石为主,其含量变化范围为14.5%~45.7%,平均值为38.2%。在MIS 12期,伊利石含量突然由43%大幅度降低至14.5%。自MIS 11期以来其总体上呈现间冰期含量高,冰期含量低的变化趋势,但在MIS 12期、8期和6期的早期,以及2期也出现较高的含量。在MIS 29~13期,伊利石含量变化出现相反的变化趋势,整体上冰期含量高,间冰期含量低。绿泥石含量次之,其含量变化范围为5.7%~31.4%,平均值为24.1%。在MIS 12期,绿泥石含量由30.2%突然降到5.7%。自MIS 11期以来其总体上没有表现出明显的冰期−间冰期旋回变化规律,只在MIS 10/11期界限和MIS 7期明显的降低,其他期次含量均较高,没有出现大幅度的变化。在MIS 29~13期,绿泥石的变化趋势与伊利石基本一致,呈现冰期含量低、间冰期含量高的变化规律。值得注意的是,MIS 12期前后绿泥石含量出现明显的差异,MIS 12期以来其含量明显低于MIS 12期之前。蒙脱石含量略低于绿泥石,其变化范围为5.9%~63.7%,平均值为20.9%,总体变化趋势与伊利石和绿泥石呈现负相关关系。在MIS 12期,蒙脱石含量出现异常高值,最高可达63.7%。在MIS 11~1期,除MIS 5/4界限与MIS 6期蒙脱石含量增加外,总体上呈现间冰期含量高、冰期含量低的变化趋势。在MIS 29~13期,蒙脱石含量呈现明显的间冰期含量高、冰期含量低的变化规律,尤其以MIS 29~19期含量变化幅度较大。高岭石含量最低,其变化范围为7.7%~48.3%,平均值为16.8%,总体上呈现上升趋势。在MIS12期,高岭石含量由12.2%上升到20.2%。在MIS 11~1期,高岭石含量变化幅度明显,在MIS 11/10期界限和10期、8期、7期中期、6期、4期、3期和1期均明显增加。在MIS 29~13期,高岭石含量较低,变化幅度较小,平均值大约为11.1%。但MIS 16期,高岭石含量首次出现明显的升高,超过20%。根据高岭石含量最低值的变化规律,可以将其大致分为4个阶段,分别为:MIS 29期至17期末期、MIS 16期至11期末期、MIS 10末期至6期初期以及MIS 6期末期至1期,含量逐渐升高。同时,高岭石的含量与IRD粒径>154 μm组分及Ca/Al比值变化趋势基本一致。
ARC7-LIC岩芯的黏土矿物在MIS 12期都出现明显变化,例如,蒙脱石含量出现异常高值,而伊利石和绿泥石含量突然降低,并且绿泥石含量在MIS 12期前后出现明显差异,高岭石的含量从此时开始变化幅度增大。针对这一现象,我们将黏土矿物以MIS 12期为界限,分为MIS 29~13期、MIS 12期以及MIS 11~1期3个阶段,并计算出其平均含量变化。如表3所示,MIS 11~1期较MIS 29~13期,高岭石平均含量升高了10%,蒙脱石平均含量降低了6%。同时,在MIS 12期,蒙脱石含量出现异常高值,平均值为33%,高岭石含量也显著升高,平均值达到16%。因此,推断MIS 12期北冰洋的气候环境发生非常大的变化,改变了黏土矿物的来源,对北冰洋MIS 12前后的沉积环境产生重大影响。查清现代表层黏土矿物组合的分布特征,对于判断历史时期黏土矿物的来源有着重要的意义。本文将收集到的前人已发表的表层黏土矿物数据做成三角图,然后识别出各区域的黏土矿物组合。在此基础上,将ARC7-LIC岩芯中黏土矿物数据投射到此三角图中,具体情况如图4所示。根据黏土矿物的变化特征,以MIS 12期为界限分为前后两部分,再按照冰期和间冰期细分。可以看到,MIS 29~13期,黏土矿物组合符合东西伯利亚海和拉普捷夫海黏土矿物组合特征,这一特征主要受到蒙脱石含量变化的影响。MIS 12期黏土矿物呈现拉普捷夫海和喀拉海组合特征。而MIS 11期以来,黏土矿物组合特征变化较大,主要以拉普捷夫海和北美物源为主,黏土矿物组合受高岭石含量变化影响,呈现逐渐向北美物源转变的趋势。初步推断,MIS 13期之前,西北冰洋黏土矿物主要来自西伯利亚,而MIS 11期以来,黏土矿物组合逐渐向北美物源转变。
MIS 29~13期,蒙脱石的平均含量为23%,呈现间冰期含量高,冰期含量低的趋势。其变化趋势与气候和海平面的变化趋势具有很强的一致性(图3),说明蒙脱石的搬运主要受气候和海平面升降的影响。虽然该段岩芯沉积速率较低,黏土在冰期−间冰期旋回尺度上的变化呈现微小的差异,但不影响总体上的变化趋势。同时,黏土矿物组合特征以西伯利亚类型为主,而西北冰洋现代表层黏土矿物含量与之相近的区域主要为拉普捷夫海[24,66]。因此,MIS 13期之前,ARC7-LIC岩芯的黏土矿物可能主要来自拉普捷夫海,同时也反映了在MIS 13期之前穿极流对西北冰洋的沉积贡献。然而,这个结果与现代北冰洋环境,ARC7-LIC站位主要受到波弗特环流影响的情况相悖。波弗特海全新世记录发现,在北极涛动正相位时,洋流可将拉普捷夫海和喀拉海的沉积物搬运到西北冰洋[67]。需要指出的是,气候重建显示,更新世以来北冰洋逐步变冷,在中布容事件(MIS 12~11期)和MIS 7期逐渐由季节性海冰向永久性海冰转变[60]。因此,MIS 13期之前间冰期北极的气侯条件可类比于全新世甚至比全新世更暖。北极涛动影响下沉积物由西伯利亚输送到西北冰洋的搬运机制是否在MIS 13期之前的沉积过程中发挥重要作用,尚有待进一步研究。
MIS 12期,蒙脱石含量出现异常高值,大约从10%突然上升到64%左右,同时高岭石含量也显著上升,从12%上升到20%。与之变化相同的沉积记录出现在BN05岩芯中,蒙脱石含量大约从3%上升到15%左右,而高岭石含量大约从10%上升到20%左右(图3[21]。虽然ARC7-LIC与BN05岩芯两者的蒙脱石和高岭石含量差异很大,但两者的变化趋势相同,说明两个岩芯中的黏土矿物所指示的来源和古环境变化一致。该时期蒙脱石含量的高峰甚至超过了拉普捷夫海和喀拉海沉积物的含量,说明蒙脱石并非来自这些区域。相比较,罗蒙诺索夫脊的PS2185站位,在MIS 12期并未接收到蒙脱石含量明显升高的信号[45,68],说明蒙脱石并非来自西伯利亚,有其他源区存在。在该层位中,蒙脱石含量的高峰对应于Ca/Al和高岭石的高峰,指示北美物源对该研究区的贡献。MIS 12期是劳伦冰盖大发展的时期,在西北冰洋楚科奇边缘地、门捷列夫脊和阿尔法脊都出现碎屑碳酸钙的高峰,说明该时期西北冰洋主要受北美物源输入的控制[621]。但是,现代环境下西北冰洋周边的表层沉积物中并未发现明显的高蒙脱石含量的区域。我们推断在MIS 12期,西北冰洋蒙脱石含量的高峰,可能来源于该时期劳伦冰盖大发展的时期一个目前尚未确认的北美物源。
从MIS 12期开始,高岭石整体上呈现冰期含量高,间冰期含量低的变化趋势,且变化幅度增大(图3)。此现象指示了在中布容事件之后,冰期−间冰期幅度变大的情况下[69],劳伦冰盖扩大,北美物源对西北冰洋沉积物的输入的贡献增加。而相对应的,西伯利亚物源的贡献减少。
从MIS 29期以来,ARC7-LIC站位沉积物的物源从西伯利亚向北美物源的转变过程与更新世北冰洋逐渐变冷的过程相一致。因此,ARC7-LIC岩芯物源的变化与北极和北冰洋整体的气候环境逐渐变冷是一个有机的整体,同时反映了北极冰盖的演化过程。
中更新世气候转型持续时间大概是1.25~0.7 Ma BP,表现为全球气候变化幅度增大,气候的主导周期由41 ka向100 ka转变,北半球冰盖逐渐增大[56]。对西北冰洋沉积物的研究表明,中更新世以来冰盖的发育对西北冰洋的沉积环境的影响在逐渐增加[70]
MIS 29~13期,IRD的平均含量在1%左右,变化幅度非常小,只在MIS 18期明显增加到了5%,同时Ca/Al比值和高岭石含量较低,且无明显变化(图3)。在此期间,西北冰洋周围冰盖发育较小,冰川较稳定,整个西北冰洋没有出现大规模冰川排泄事件。MIS 16期,劳伦冰盖首次向周围海域排泄冰川,在北大西洋和西北冰洋均有碎屑碳酸岩层的相关沉积记录[59-60]。虽然在MIS 16期,ARC7-LIC岩芯中Ca/Al比值的增加并不明显,但是,高岭石含量首次增加,超过之前的10%,而IRD含量也明显增加,足以说明ARC7-LIC岩芯记录了MIS 16期劳伦冰盖的排泄。MIS 16期Ca/Al比值增加不明显可能与冰期波弗特环流的减弱有关。MIS 16期,波弗特环流在西北冰洋中的影响范围缩小,ARC7-LIC岩芯所在区域处于波弗特环流能够影响的边缘,因此,劳伦冰盖崩解的冰山所携带的碎屑碳酸岩在此处的沉积记录相应的会有很大程度的减少。MIS 15~13期,ARC7-LIC岩芯中Ca/Al比值、IRD、高岭石以及蒙脱石含量均未出现明显的增加,说明在此期间北冰洋周围冰盖发育较小,没有出现冰山排泄事件。
MIS 12~1期,ARC7-LIC岩芯和BN05岩芯中的沉积记录基本一致,Ca/Al比值、IRD和高岭石含量的变化幅度较大,指示气候变化的加剧。中布容事件是一个主要的气候转型期[69,71],对应于北极中布容事件开始的放大作用[72],反映西北冰洋周边冰盖体积增大,更加不稳定,并且进退幅度增大[23]。MIS 11期与10期的界线、10期、8期、5期早期以及3期,Ca/Al比值、IRD和高岭石的含量三者同时升高,说明自MIS 11期以来,劳伦冰盖的体积增大,从而大规模的向西北冰洋排泄冰川。在MIS 6期,ARC7-LIC岩芯和BN05岩芯的高岭石和IRD含量都有所增加,但蒙脱石含量增加不明显。而MIS 4初期,ARC7-LIC岩芯与BN05岩芯在高岭石和IRD含量增加的同时,蒙脱石含量明显升高。我们认为,这一时期西北冰洋的沉积环境不仅受到劳伦冰盖排泄的影响,西伯利亚冰盖也向西北冰洋排泄大量冰川。前人研究表明,MIS 6期东西伯利亚存在一个独立的冰盖[20],在MIS 4期欧亚冰盖进一步扩张到达拉普捷夫海和喀拉海[52,73],这与ARC7-LIC和BN05岩芯的黏土矿物指示的西伯利亚冰盖扩张结果一致。而MIS 3期,两个岩芯的IRD和高岭石含量都同时增加,可能反映劳伦冰盖的冰川排泄。
虽然碎屑碳酸岩和高岭石都可作为北美冰盖排泄的指标[6-7303242-44],但从ARC7-LIC与BN05岩芯的沉积记录来看,Ca/Al比值和高岭石含量在历史时期的升高并不总是同步的,尤其以MIS 6期、4期和3期最为显著。二者在西北冰洋周围的具体分布区域不同,碎屑碳酸岩主要分布在班克斯岛−维多利亚岛[30-31],而高岭石主要分布在麦肯齐河口三角洲区域和阿拉斯加北部陆坡[41-44]。因此,我们推测北美冰盖在历史时期各部分发育和消退不一致。在MIS 6期、4期和3期,IRD和高岭石含量升高,而Ca/Al比值没有明显增加,说明北美冰盖位于阿拉斯加和麦肯齐河流域发育较大,而位于班克斯岛−维多利亚岛区域的冰盖发育较小。因此,出现高岭石含量和Ca/Al比值未同时升高的现象。
本文通过中国第7次北极考察在西北冰洋阿尔法脊南部钻取的ARC7-LIC岩芯沉积物的颜色反射率、XRF元素相对含量扫描、粗组分含量、浮游和底栖有孔虫丰度、浮游有孔虫AMS14C测年以及黏土矿物的综合分析,得出以下结论:
(1)通过ARC7-LIC岩芯沉积物的多项地层指标分析,结合全球大洋底栖有孔虫LR04-δ18O曲线[56]和阿尔法脊3个岩芯Ca和Mn合成平均值标准曲线[6]进行对比,建立了ARC7-LIC岩芯的年代地层框架,深度0~255 cm为MIS 1~18期;深度256~317 cm为MIS 19~29期。
(2)根据ARC7-LIC岩芯中黏土矿物组合的变化特征,MIS 29~13期,其黏土矿物组合以西伯利亚类型为主穿极流作为物质搬运的主要媒介。MIS 12期之后,随着中布容事件后冰期−间冰期旋回的增强,北美物源成为西北冰洋主要的沉积物贡献来源。
(3)根据ARC7-LIC岩芯中沉积物组成及其含量变化,在MIS 16期,IRD和高岭石含量显著升高,证实了劳伦冰盖首次向西北冰洋排泄冰山;MIS 12期,Ca/Al比值、高岭石和IRD含量同时增加,对应蒙脱石含量突然上升,揭示该蒙脱石高峰可能来自于北美物源。中布容事件以来,北冰洋气候变化加剧,西北冰洋周围冰盖进退幅度增大。IRD、Ca/Al和高岭石含量的变化对比说明,位于阿拉斯加和麦肯齐河流域的冰盖与加拿大北极群岛一侧的冰盖的发育存在差异。
致谢:感谢中国第7次北极科考队的全体科考队员和“雪龙”号全体船员为沉积物样品的采集所付出的艰辛努力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41776187,41030859);南北极环境综合考察与评估专项(CHINARE2012-2016-03-02)。
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2020年第42卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.09.006
  • 接收时间:2019-12-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2020-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-12-21
  • 修回日期:2020-03-27
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国家自然科学基金(41776187,41030859);南北极环境综合考察与评估专项(CHINARE2012-2016-03-02)。
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    1 同济大学 海洋地质国家重点实验室,上海 200092
    2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061

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*王汝建(1959-),男,云南省昆明市人,教授,主要从事海洋地质学、古海洋学与古气候学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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