Article(id=1243955388509438743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243955381739827662, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1556553600000, receivedDateStr=2019-04-30, revisedDate=1566748800000, revisedDateStr=2019-08-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511676193, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1598284800000, pubDateStr=2020-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511676193, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511676193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511676193, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243955381739827662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511674580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511674580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=89, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243955388832400174, articleId=1243955388509438743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The net-phytoplankton community structure in the Bohai Sea in autumn 2014, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the autumn of 2014, a comprehensive survey of hydrology, chemistry and biology in the Bohai Sea was carried out. The structure characteristics of phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea were studied. The historical data were combined to analyze the formation of phytoplankton community structure. Three classes, including 42 genera, 96 species were found in the survey. Among of them, diatoms are the main species, with 34 genera and 79 species, accounting for 82% of the total species; 16 species of 7 genera of the dinoflagellates account for 17% of the total species; and 1 species of 1 genera of the Chrysophyta. Among them, the genera of Chaetoceros has the most species, a total of 17 species, followed by the genera of Coscinodiscus, a total of 13 species. The total cell abundance of phytoplankton is between 0.71×104 cells/m3 to 72.15×104 cells/m3, with an average of 13.88×104 cells/m3. The cell abundance ratio of diatom to dinoflagellate is 2∶1. The abundance of diatoms in the Laizhou Bay is significantly higher than that in other sea areas. The cell abundance of dinoflagellates in the central Bohai Sea is significantly higher than that in other sea areas. The dominant species of phytoplankton are mainly Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, C. wailesii, Paralia sulcata, Ceratium fusus and Noctiluca. Scintillans. Horizontal distribution of phytoplankton community diversity in the Bohai Sea is uneven in autumn, and the diversity of local sea area is reduced due to the overproduction of single dominant species, the low value areas in autumn are distributed in the Liaodong Bay and the Bohai Strait. Compared with the historical data, the phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea have obvious species succession. The genara of Ceratium has gradually emerged, its dominance in the central Bohai Sea and Liaodong Bay have surpassed the genara of Chaetoceros and Coscinodiscus. The phytoplankton community structure transforms from dominating by diatoms to dominating by diatoms and dinoflagellates.

, correspAuthors=Jun Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue Zhang, Jun Wang, Wu Ma, Hong Wang, Yan Gao, Kefeng Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243955390132634501, articleId=1243955388509438743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=2014年秋季渤海网采浮游植物群落结构, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2014年秋季在渤海进行的水文、化学和生物方面的综合大面调查,研究了渤海网采浮游植物群落的结构特征,并结合文献资料,分析影响浮游植物群落结构形成的原因。结果显示:2014年渤海秋季共鉴定浮游植物3个门42属96种,其中以硅藻为主,为34属79种,占总物种的82%;甲藻门7属16种,占总物种的17%;金藻门1属1种。其中,角毛藻属的种类最多,共17种;其次为圆筛藻属,共13种。浮游植物总细胞丰度介于(0.71~72.15)×104 cells/m3,平均为13.88×104 cells/m3,硅藻与甲藻细胞丰度比值为2∶1,硅藻在莱州湾的细胞丰度极显著高于其他海区,甲藻在渤海中部海区的细胞丰度显著高于其他海区。浮游植物优势种主要为星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)、威氏圆筛藻(C. wailesii)、具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)、梭状角藻(Ceratium fusus)和夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)。渤海秋季浮游植物群落多样性水平分布不均,局部海域由于单一优势种过量繁殖多样性降低,低值区分布于辽东湾和渤海海峡海域。与历史同期资料对比,渤海海域浮游植物群落出现明显的物种演替现象,甲藻中的角藻逐渐兴起,其在渤海中部及辽东湾的优势地位已经超过角毛藻属和圆筛藻属,渤海秋季局部海区浮游植物群落结构已经由硅藻控制转为硅藻和甲藻共同控制。

, correspAuthors=王俊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王俊(1964—),研究员,从事海洋浮游植物生态学及渔业生物学研究。E-mail:
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张雪(1985—),女,河南省通许县人,工程师,从事海洋浮游植物生态研究。E-mail:

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张雪(1985—),女,河南省通许县人,工程师,从事海洋浮游植物生态研究。E-mail:

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张雪(1985—),女,河南省通许县人,工程师,从事海洋浮游植物生态研究。E-mail:

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a. Total abundance, b. bacillariophyta abundance, c. pyrrophyta abundance

, figureFileSmall=ZBq3iKh2sueqcgPkqCiA6A==, figureFileBig=TjpMr1R+2P4rfdc/ybajuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537862020223340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2014年秋季渤海浮游植物细胞丰度平面分布

a. 总丰度,b. 硅藻丰度,c. 甲藻丰度

, figureFileSmall=ZBq3iKh2sueqcgPkqCiA6A==, figureFileBig=TjpMr1R+2P4rfdc/ybajuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537862116692335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Horizontal distribution of phytoplankton dominant species cell abundance in the Bohai Sea in autumn 2014

a. Ceratium fusus, b. Coscinodiscus wailesii, c. Paralia sulcata, d. Noctiluca scintillans, e. Cos. asteromphalus

, figureFileSmall=kC3PXFBQEq1glAuIz2QCTw==, figureFileBig=d6H4ok7d5kIKkbciB1uf+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537862217355637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2014年秋季渤海浮游植物优势种细胞丰度平面分布

a. 梭状角藻,b. 威氏圆筛藻,c. 具槽帕拉藻,d. 夜光藻,e. 星脐圆筛藻

, figureFileSmall=kC3PXFBQEq1glAuIz2QCTw==, figureFileBig=d6H4ok7d5kIKkbciB1uf+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537862301241717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Plan view of phytoplankton diversity indexes in the Bohai Sea in autumn 2014

a. Shannon-Wiener diversity index, b. Pielou index, c. Margalef index

, figureFileSmall=ojER7ZwgZlVicgBwggSEFQ==, figureFileBig=AsRcrzVbSYds+mb5uoYJkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537862368350584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=CN, label=图4, caption=渤海2014年秋季浮游植物多样性指数分布

a. 香农–威纳多样性指数,b. 丰富度指数,c. 均匀度指数

, figureFileSmall=ojER7ZwgZlVicgBwggSEFQ==, figureFileBig=AsRcrzVbSYds+mb5uoYJkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537862439653755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Long-term changes on phytoplankton cell abundances in the Bohai Sea (a); long-term changes in the percentage of diatom and dinoflagellate cell abundances to phytoplankton total cell abundance (b); long-term changes in the percentage of Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus and Ceratium cell abundances to phytoplankton total cell abundance (c), figureFileSmall=5PbtCr7XqwhK9jenFTnODg==, figureFileBig=amGhojJIvWaoMkj7yIrFoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537862498374016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=CN, label=图5, caption=渤海浮游植物细胞丰度的长期变化(a),硅藻和甲藻细胞丰度所占浮游植物总细胞丰度的百分比的长期变化(b),角毛藻属、圆筛藻属和角藻属的细胞丰度所占浮游植物总细胞丰度的百分比的长期变化(c), figureFileSmall=5PbtCr7XqwhK9jenFTnODg==, figureFileBig=amGhojJIvWaoMkj7yIrFoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537863647613315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of phytoplankton in the surveyed area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文学名拉丁文学名中文学名拉丁文学名
硅藻Bacillariophyta丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus
八幅辐环藻*Actinocyclus octonarius地中海细柱藻Leptocylindrus mediterraneus
六幅辐裥藻Actinoptychus senarius短纹楔形藻Licmophora abbreviata
冰河拟星杆藻Asterionellopsis glacialis膜状缪氏藻*Meuniera membranacea
派格棍形藻Bacillaria paxillifera新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium
优美辐杆藻Bacteriastrum delicatulum菱形藻Nitzschia sp.
透明辐杆藻Bacteriastrum hyalium高齿状藻*Odontella regia
双角角管藻Cerataulina bicornis中华齿状藻*Odontella sinensis
窄隙角毛藻Chaetoceros affinis var. affinis具槽帕拉藻*Paralia sulcata
卡氏角毛藻Chaetoceros castracanei羽纹藻Pinnularia sp.
环深沟角毛藻Chaetoceros constrictus端尖曲舟藻Pleurosigma acutum
旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros curvisetus曲舟藻Pleurosigma sp.
并基角毛藻Chaetoceros decipiens f. decipiens翼鼻状藻*Proboscia alata
密联角毛藻Chaetoceros densus柔弱伪菱形藻*Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima
齿角毛藻Chaetoceros denticulatus f. denticulatus尖刺伪菱形藻*Pseudo-nitzschia pungens
齿角毛藻瘦胞变型Chaetoceros denticulatus f. angusta翼鼻根管藻纤细变型Rhizosolenia alata f. gracillima
冕孢角毛藻Chaetoceros diadema翼鼻根管藻印度变型Rhizosolenia alata f. indica
双孢角毛藻Chaetoceros didymus var. didymus刚毛根管藻Rhizosolenia setigera
爱氏角毛藻Chaetoceros eibenii笔尖型根管藻*Rhizosolenia styliformis var. styliformis
劳氏角毛藻Chaetoceros lorenzianus优美旭氏藻矮小变型Schroederella delicatula f. schroederi
拟旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus掌状冠盖藻Stephanopyxis palmeriana
嘴状角毛藻Chaetoceros rostratus var. rostratus塔形冠盖藻Stephanopyxis turris var. turris
暹罗角毛藻Chaetoceros siamense伏氏海线藻*Thalassionema frauenfeldii
角毛藻Chaetoceros sp.菱形海线藻Thalassionema nitzschioides
圆柱角毛藻Chaetoceros teres离心列海链藻Thalassiosira eccentrica
豪猪棘冠藻Corethrom hystrix细长列海链藻Thalassiosira leptopus
蛇目圆筛藻Coscinodiscus argus圆海链藻Thalassiosira rotula
星脐圆筛藻Coscinodiscus asteromphalus海链藻Thalassiosira sp.
中心圆筛藻Coscinodiscus centralis细弱海链藻Thalassiosira subtilis
弓束圆筛藻Coscinodiscus curvatulus长海毛藻Thalassiothrix longissima
巨圆筛藻Coscinodiscus gigas甲藻Pyrrophyta
格氏圆筛藻Coscinodiscus granii血红哈卡藻*Akashiwo sanguinea
琼氏圆筛藻Coscinodiscus jonesianus塔玛亚历山大藻Alexandrium tamarense
高圆筛藻Coscinodiscus nobilis叉状角藻Ceratium furca
虹彩圆筛藻Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis梭状角藻Ceratium fusus
), ArticleFig(id=1246537863752470918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调查海域浮游植物种名录

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文学名拉丁文学名中文学名拉丁文学名
硅藻Bacillariophyta丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus
八幅辐环藻*Actinocyclus octonarius地中海细柱藻Leptocylindrus mediterraneus
六幅辐裥藻Actinoptychus senarius短纹楔形藻Licmophora abbreviata
冰河拟星杆藻Asterionellopsis glacialis膜状缪氏藻*Meuniera membranacea
派格棍形藻Bacillaria paxillifera新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium
优美辐杆藻Bacteriastrum delicatulum菱形藻Nitzschia sp.
透明辐杆藻Bacteriastrum hyalium高齿状藻*Odontella regia
双角角管藻Cerataulina bicornis中华齿状藻*Odontella sinensis
窄隙角毛藻Chaetoceros affinis var. affinis具槽帕拉藻*Paralia sulcata
卡氏角毛藻Chaetoceros castracanei羽纹藻Pinnularia sp.
环深沟角毛藻Chaetoceros constrictus端尖曲舟藻Pleurosigma acutum
旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros curvisetus曲舟藻Pleurosigma sp.
并基角毛藻Chaetoceros decipiens f. decipiens翼鼻状藻*Proboscia alata
密联角毛藻Chaetoceros densus柔弱伪菱形藻*Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima
齿角毛藻Chaetoceros denticulatus f. denticulatus尖刺伪菱形藻*Pseudo-nitzschia pungens
齿角毛藻瘦胞变型Chaetoceros denticulatus f. angusta翼鼻根管藻纤细变型Rhizosolenia alata f. gracillima
冕孢角毛藻Chaetoceros diadema翼鼻根管藻印度变型Rhizosolenia alata f. indica
双孢角毛藻Chaetoceros didymus var. didymus刚毛根管藻Rhizosolenia setigera
爱氏角毛藻Chaetoceros eibenii笔尖型根管藻*Rhizosolenia styliformis var. styliformis
劳氏角毛藻Chaetoceros lorenzianus优美旭氏藻矮小变型Schroederella delicatula f. schroederi
拟旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus掌状冠盖藻Stephanopyxis palmeriana
嘴状角毛藻Chaetoceros rostratus var. rostratus塔形冠盖藻Stephanopyxis turris var. turris
暹罗角毛藻Chaetoceros siamense伏氏海线藻*Thalassionema frauenfeldii
角毛藻Chaetoceros sp.菱形海线藻Thalassionema nitzschioides
圆柱角毛藻Chaetoceros teres离心列海链藻Thalassiosira eccentrica
豪猪棘冠藻Corethrom hystrix细长列海链藻Thalassiosira leptopus
蛇目圆筛藻Coscinodiscus argus圆海链藻Thalassiosira rotula
星脐圆筛藻Coscinodiscus asteromphalus海链藻Thalassiosira sp.
中心圆筛藻Coscinodiscus centralis细弱海链藻Thalassiosira subtilis
弓束圆筛藻Coscinodiscus curvatulus长海毛藻Thalassiothrix longissima
巨圆筛藻Coscinodiscus gigas甲藻Pyrrophyta
格氏圆筛藻Coscinodiscus granii血红哈卡藻*Akashiwo sanguinea
琼氏圆筛藻Coscinodiscus jonesianus塔玛亚历山大藻Alexandrium tamarense
高圆筛藻Coscinodiscus nobilis叉状角藻Ceratium furca
虹彩圆筛藻Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis梭状角藻Ceratium fusus
), ArticleFig(id=1246537863840551306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Phytoplankton cell abundance in different sea areas of the Bohai Sea in autumn 2014

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区总丰度
/104 cells·m−3
硅藻
/104 cells·m−3
甲藻
/104 cells·m−3
角毛藻
/104 cells·m−3
圆筛藻
/104 cells·m−3
根管藻
/104 cells·m−3
角藻
/104 cells·m−3
原多甲藻
/104 cells·m−3
莱州湾29.5125.723.774.519.850.241.650.62
渤海湾9.197.931.260.183.982.340.640.09
辽东湾7.656.051.600.910.780.071.140.13
渤海中部15.756.219.530.822.660.197.440.63
渤海13.889.074.801.273.170.453.490.38
), ArticleFig(id=1246537863924437389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2014年秋季渤海不同海区浮游植物平均细胞丰度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区总丰度
/104 cells·m−3
硅藻
/104 cells·m−3
甲藻
/104 cells·m−3
角毛藻
/104 cells·m−3
圆筛藻
/104 cells·m−3
根管藻
/104 cells·m−3
角藻
/104 cells·m−3
原多甲藻
/104 cells·m−3
莱州湾29.5125.723.774.519.850.241.650.62
渤海湾9.197.931.260.183.982.340.640.09
辽东湾7.656.051.600.910.780.071.140.13
渤海中部15.756.219.530.822.660.197.440.63
渤海13.889.074.801.273.170.453.490.38
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864016712080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Phytoplankton dominant species composition in the Bohai Sea in autumn 2014

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类占总细胞丰度的比例/%出现频率fi/%优势度Y
星脐圆筛藻3.88690.03
威氏圆筛藻12.72760.10
具槽帕拉藻12.98570.07
梭状角藻22.48900.20
夜光藻4.51920.04
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864104792468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2014年秋季渤海优势种组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类占总细胞丰度的比例/%出现频率fi/%优势度Y
星脐圆筛藻3.88690.03
威氏圆筛藻12.72760.10
具槽帕拉藻12.98570.07
梭状角藻22.48900.20
夜光藻4.51920.04
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864180289943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Phytoplankton dominant species cell abundance in the Bohai Sea in autumn 2014 (unit: 104 cells·m−3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区威氏圆筛藻星脐圆筛藻具槽帕拉藻梭状角藻夜光藻
莱州湾7.320.580.080.781.40
渤海湾1.182.560.000.340.52
辽东湾0.650.043.571.050.29
渤海中部0.990.251.426.970.69
渤海1.770.541.803.120.63
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864264176025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2014年秋季渤海浮游植物优势种细胞丰度(单位:104 cells·m−3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区威氏圆筛藻星脐圆筛藻具槽帕拉藻梭状角藻夜光藻
莱州湾7.320.580.080.781.40
渤海湾1.182.560.000.340.52
辽东湾0.650.043.571.050.29
渤海中部0.990.251.426.970.69
渤海1.770.541.803.120.63
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864364839324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Levels of phytoplankton community diversity in different sea areas of the Bohai Sea in autumn 2014

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区丰富度(D多样性指数(H´)均匀度(J
莱州湾1.763.140.71
渤海湾1.132.120.58
辽东湾1.221.710.45
渤海中部1.512.640.64
渤海1.392.310.57
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864440336801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2014年秋季渤海不同海区浮游植物群落多样性水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区丰富度(D多样性指数(H´)均匀度(J
莱州湾1.763.140.71
渤海湾1.132.120.58
辽东湾1.221.710.45
渤海中部1.512.640.64
渤海1.392.310.57
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864608108964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparision of historic data of phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查时间采样方法调查海域细胞高值区分布主要优势种细胞丰度
/104cells·m−3
参考文献
1958年秋季网采渤海圆筛藻和菱形海线藻[2728]
1982年10月网采渤海海河口,莱州湾和39°00′N以北部分海区圆筛藻、扁面角毛藻和窄隙角毛藻179[29]
1984年10月网采渤海辽东湾南部及莱州湾骨条藻、菱形海线藻、具槽帕拉藻、日本星杆藻、爱氏辐环藻、窄隙角毛藻和奇异菱形藻86,低谷期[30]
1992年10月网采渤海莱州湾西南部和渤海中部西侧,秦皇岛至锦州沿岸圆筛藻、角毛藻、诺氏海链藻和浮动弯角藻90左右,高值区大于100,大部分低于10[2831]
2000年9月网采渤海渤海中北部、渤海湾南部偏心圆筛藻、三角角藻、浮动弯角藻、圆海链藻、梭状角藻和劳氏角毛藻、布氏双尾藻、佛氏海线藻和叉状角藻1.19~872.85,平均118.61[32]
2014年10月网采渤海莱州湾的东北部和渤海中南部星脐圆筛藻、威氏圆筛藻、具槽帕拉藻、梭状角藻和夜光藻0.71~72.15,平均为13.88本文
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864712966568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955388509438743, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

渤海浮游植物历史资料的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查时间采样方法调查海域细胞高值区分布主要优势种细胞丰度
/104cells·m−3
参考文献
1958年秋季网采渤海圆筛藻和菱形海线藻[2728]
1982年10月网采渤海海河口,莱州湾和39°00′N以北部分海区圆筛藻、扁面角毛藻和窄隙角毛藻179[29]
1984年10月网采渤海辽东湾南部及莱州湾骨条藻、菱形海线藻、具槽帕拉藻、日本星杆藻、爱氏辐环藻、窄隙角毛藻和奇异菱形藻86,低谷期[30]
1992年10月网采渤海莱州湾西南部和渤海中部西侧,秦皇岛至锦州沿岸圆筛藻、角毛藻、诺氏海链藻和浮动弯角藻90左右,高值区大于100,大部分低于10[2831]
2000年9月网采渤海渤海中北部、渤海湾南部偏心圆筛藻、三角角藻、浮动弯角藻、圆海链藻、梭状角藻和劳氏角毛藻、布氏双尾藻、佛氏海线藻和叉状角藻1.19~872.85,平均118.61[32]
2014年10月网采渤海莱州湾的东北部和渤海中南部星脐圆筛藻、威氏圆筛藻、具槽帕拉藻、梭状角藻和夜光藻0.71~72.15,平均为13.88本文
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2014年秋季渤海网采浮游植物群落结构
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张雪 1, 2 , 王俊 3, * , 马武 4 , 王宏 1, 2 , 高燕 1, 2 , 刘克奉 1, 2
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020,42(8): 89-100
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020, 42(8): 89-100
2014年秋季渤海网采浮游植物群落结构
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张雪1, 2 , 王俊3, * , 马武4, 王宏1, 2, 高燕1, 2, 刘克奉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 天津市水产研究所,天津 300457
  • 2 天津市海洋牧场技术工程中心,天津 300457
  • 3 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东 青岛 266071
  • 4 南京农业大学 无锡渔业学院,江苏 南京 210095
  • 张雪(1985—),女,河南省通许县人,工程师,从事海洋浮游植物生态研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王俊(1964—),研究员,从事海洋浮游植物生态学及渔业生物学研究。E-mail:
The net-phytoplankton community structure in the Bohai Sea in autumn 2014
Xue Zhang1, 2 , Jun Wang3, * , Wu Ma4, Hong Wang1, 2, Yan Gao1, 2, Kefeng Liu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 2 Tianjin Marine Ranching Technical Engineering Center, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 3 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 4 Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
出版时间: 2020-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.012
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基于2014年秋季在渤海进行的水文、化学和生物方面的综合大面调查,研究了渤海网采浮游植物群落的结构特征,并结合文献资料,分析影响浮游植物群落结构形成的原因。结果显示:2014年渤海秋季共鉴定浮游植物3个门42属96种,其中以硅藻为主,为34属79种,占总物种的82%;甲藻门7属16种,占总物种的17%;金藻门1属1种。其中,角毛藻属的种类最多,共17种;其次为圆筛藻属,共13种。浮游植物总细胞丰度介于(0.71~72.15)×104 cells/m3,平均为13.88×104 cells/m3,硅藻与甲藻细胞丰度比值为2∶1,硅藻在莱州湾的细胞丰度极显著高于其他海区,甲藻在渤海中部海区的细胞丰度显著高于其他海区。浮游植物优势种主要为星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)、威氏圆筛藻(C. wailesii)、具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)、梭状角藻(Ceratium fusus)和夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)。渤海秋季浮游植物群落多样性水平分布不均,局部海域由于单一优势种过量繁殖多样性降低,低值区分布于辽东湾和渤海海峡海域。与历史同期资料对比,渤海海域浮游植物群落出现明显的物种演替现象,甲藻中的角藻逐渐兴起,其在渤海中部及辽东湾的优势地位已经超过角毛藻属和圆筛藻属,渤海秋季局部海区浮游植物群落结构已经由硅藻控制转为硅藻和甲藻共同控制。

渤海  /  秋季  /  网采浮游植物  /  群落结构  /  赤潮

In the autumn of 2014, a comprehensive survey of hydrology, chemistry and biology in the Bohai Sea was carried out. The structure characteristics of phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea were studied. The historical data were combined to analyze the formation of phytoplankton community structure. Three classes, including 42 genera, 96 species were found in the survey. Among of them, diatoms are the main species, with 34 genera and 79 species, accounting for 82% of the total species; 16 species of 7 genera of the dinoflagellates account for 17% of the total species; and 1 species of 1 genera of the Chrysophyta. Among them, the genera of Chaetoceros has the most species, a total of 17 species, followed by the genera of Coscinodiscus, a total of 13 species. The total cell abundance of phytoplankton is between 0.71×104 cells/m3 to 72.15×104 cells/m3, with an average of 13.88×104 cells/m3. The cell abundance ratio of diatom to dinoflagellate is 2∶1. The abundance of diatoms in the Laizhou Bay is significantly higher than that in other sea areas. The cell abundance of dinoflagellates in the central Bohai Sea is significantly higher than that in other sea areas. The dominant species of phytoplankton are mainly Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, C. wailesii, Paralia sulcata, Ceratium fusus and Noctiluca. Scintillans. Horizontal distribution of phytoplankton community diversity in the Bohai Sea is uneven in autumn, and the diversity of local sea area is reduced due to the overproduction of single dominant species, the low value areas in autumn are distributed in the Liaodong Bay and the Bohai Strait. Compared with the historical data, the phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea have obvious species succession. The genara of Ceratium has gradually emerged, its dominance in the central Bohai Sea and Liaodong Bay have surpassed the genara of Chaetoceros and Coscinodiscus. The phytoplankton community structure transforms from dominating by diatoms to dominating by diatoms and dinoflagellates.

Bohai Sea  /  autumn  /  net-phytoplankton  /  community structure  /  red tide
张雪, 王俊, 马武, 王宏, 高燕, 刘克奉. 2014年秋季渤海网采浮游植物群落结构. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (8) : 89 -100 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.012
Xue Zhang, Jun Wang, Wu Ma, Hong Wang, Yan Gao, Kefeng Liu. The net-phytoplankton community structure in the Bohai Sea in autumn 2014[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (8) : 89 -100 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.012
渤海是我国半封闭的内海,地处中国大陆东部的最北端,三面环陆。渤海由北面的辽东湾、西面的渤海湾、南面的莱州湾、中央浅海盆地和渤海海峡5部分组成。渤海与黄海以渤海海峡为分界线,即山东半岛的蓬莱角至辽东半岛的老铁山连线。沿岸有许多河流入海,包括海河、黄河和辽河等,是黄、渤海区经济鱼虾的产卵、孵化、索饵育肥场。
海洋浮游植物是海洋中最重要的初级生产者,在海洋生态系统中位于食物链的最低层次,是食物网中物质和能量的重要转化者和传递者之一。浮游植物是多种浮游动物和鱼、虾、贝及其幼体的直接和间接的生物饵料[1-2],其种类组成和丰度变化对维持整个海洋生态系统乃至地球生态系统的平衡起到至关重要的作用。浮游植物的生长受多种环境因素的影响。由于其没有自主活动能力,基本上随波逐流,气象、物理、水文环境会在一定程度上影响其栖息密度的变化。浮游植物因其个体小,对环境变化十分敏感,所以环境的改变可从浮游植物的群落结构特征指标上反映出来,可以作为生态环境的指示[3-4]。随着人类活动的日益加剧,大量废水排放入海,给沿海环境造成巨大压力,海水富营养化严重[5],一定程度上改变了海洋环境中生源要素(C、N、P)的结构组成[6-7]。同时,全球气候的变化,如海洋酸化和全球变暖等,对海洋浮游植物群落的变动[8-10]也产生一定的影响。
浮游植物群落结构的变动是对外界环境变化做出的响应,本研究通过2014年对渤海海域进行大面综合调查,并与历史同期资料对比,分析渤海浮游植物的物种组成、细胞丰度及其空间分布等,综合评价浮游植物群落的现状及其变化趋势,为了解渤海环境健康状况和生态系统的稳定程度,以及渔业资源变动等提供重要基础资料和参考依据。
2014年10月9−24日对渤海进行水文、化学和生物的大面航次综合调查,调查站位基本涵盖整个渤海海域,包括渤海湾、辽东湾、莱州湾、渤海中部及渤海海峡邻近海域。共设置51个采样站位(图1)。
按照国家《海洋调查规范—海洋生物调查》(GB/T 12763.6—2007)中的方法,采用浅水III型浮游生物网(网口内径37 cm,网长140 cm,筛绢JP80,网目孔径77 μm)自底层至表层垂直拖网采样,垂直拖网速度为0.5 m/s,样品用甲醛溶液固定和保存(终浓度为5%)。在实验室对样品浓缩至一定体积后取0.5 mL亚样品置于计数框中,用倒置显微镜(OLYMPUS,IX71)于100×、200×和400×倍下进行物种鉴定和计数。计数结果根据浓缩体积和垂直拖网的滤水量换算成104 cells/m3为单位代表网采浮游植物的细胞丰度。
物种多样性采用香农−威纳(Shannon-Wiener)指数([11]表示,物种丰富度和物种均匀度分别用玛格列夫(Margalef)指数(D[12]和皮洛(Pielou)指数(J[13]表示;浮游植物物种优势度指数(Y)参考Dufrene和Legendre[14]的方法。其计算公式分别为:
$ {H' = - \displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^s {\mathop P\nolimits_i } \times \mathop {\log }\nolimits_2 \mathop P\nolimits_i },$
$J = {{H'} / {{\rm{log}}{}_2}}{{S}},$
${{D}} = ({{S}} - 1)/{\rm{ln}}N,$
$Y =\frac{{{n_i}}}{N} \times {f_i} ,$
式中,N为采集样品中所有物种的总个体数,S为样品中的物种总数,fi为第i物种在各样品中出现的频率,ni为第i种的总个体数,Pi 为第 i 种的个体数与样品中总个体数的比值。
另外,运用IBM SPSS Statistics 20软件对数据进行单因素方差分析,以p<0.05作为差异显著性判断标准。
渤海海域2014年秋季共鉴定浮游植物3个门42属96种(表1),其中以硅藻为主,为34属79种,占总物种的82%;甲藻门7属16种,占总物种的17%;金藻门1属1种。其中,硅藻门的角毛藻属的种类最多,共17种,其次为圆筛藻属,共13种;甲藻门的原多甲藻较多,共6种,其次为角藻,共5种。
值得注意的是,虽然多项研究发现渤海的圆筛藻属和角毛藻属的优势地位在下降,但还能保持一定的优势[16-17]。本次调查发现,莱州湾和渤海湾海区硅藻中的圆筛藻属或者角毛藻属细胞丰度能占据一定优势,与以往研究结果一致。但是,辽东湾和渤海中部的甲藻门的角藻属细胞丰度已经超过了硅藻门的圆筛藻属和角毛藻属的细胞丰度(表2)。渤海中部海区尤为明显,角藻属的单一物种的细胞丰度已经接近于圆筛藻属的细胞丰度,且远高于角毛藻属的细胞丰度。
将渤海及其4个海区的浮游植物进行对比分析发现,不同海区分布着不同类群的浮游植物物种。渤海湾海域的圆筛藻属和根管藻属的种类较为丰富,主要分布在渤海湾西南部,根管藻数量的最高值达10.12×104 cells/m3,细胞丰度极显著高于其他海区(p<0.01)。莱州湾由于其有陆源径流量较大的河流—黄河的汇入,营养盐比其他海域相对丰富,浮游植物繁殖旺盛,细胞总丰度显著高于渤海中部(p<0.05),极显著高于辽东湾和渤海湾(p<0.01),硅藻细胞丰度极显著高于其他海区(p<0.01),尤其是硅藻门的角毛藻属极显著高于其他海区(p<0.01),圆筛藻属极显著高于辽东湾和渤海中部(p<0.01),与渤海湾差异不明显。秋季光照减弱,受陆源气候影响,渤海湾和辽东湾海水温度降低较快,而且位于渤海最靠内部的湾底,距离黄海较远,接受外海水营养成分的交换补给较少,浮游植物细胞丰度相对于其他海区较低。研究还发现,与其他海域不同的是,渤海中部的甲藻细胞丰度高于硅藻细胞丰度,细胞丰度极显著高于其他海区(p<0.01)。秋季温度逐渐降低,陆源径流量减小,渤海中部及辽东湾南部受陆源气候影响小,水温和盐度较其他海区高,适宜梭状角藻的生长[18],由此推测温度和盐度是造成局部海域浮游植物分布的重要因素之一。值得注意的是,本次调查发现,原多甲藻属的细胞丰度虽然不高,但是其在渤海的出现频率达83.6%,高值区分布在龙口屺姆角附近海域,最高值达2.45×104 cells/m3。本次调查海区的水文及化学环境因子,主要参考同时期的调查资料[19]和历史调查资料[20]
秋季,受黄海暖流、季风和陆源径流等的影响,渤海不同海区海域环境呈现不同的分布特点,温度和盐度出现北部低,南部高,近岸低,外海高的分布不平均的特点。林金美[21]研究发现,温度和盐度是影响浮游甲藻的数量分布的重要因素,这与本文研究结果一致。2014年秋季渤海浮游植物细胞丰度呈现分布不均匀的特点,浮游植物总细胞丰度介于0.71×104~72.15×104 cells/m3,平均为13.88×104 cells/m3,高值区主要集中在莱州湾的东北部和渤海中南部(图2a)。硅藻细胞丰度介于0.17×104~53.68×104 cells/m3,平均为9.07×104 cells/m3,其空间分布与总细胞丰度基本一致(图2b)。甲藻细胞丰度介于0.02×104~31.80×104 cells/m3,平均为4.80×104 cells/m3,主要分布在渤海中东部靠近渤海海峡附近海域(图2c),硅藻与甲藻细胞丰度比值为2∶1。
渤海2014年秋季浮游植物优势种为星脐圆筛藻、威氏圆筛藻、具槽帕拉藻、梭状角藻和夜光藻(表3表4)。
梭状角藻:优势度最大,为0.20,在该海域出现频率达90%,基本覆盖整个调查海域,细胞丰度介于0.02×104~26.20×104 cells/m3,平均值为3.46×104 cells/m3,细胞丰度占总细胞丰度的22.48%,渤海中部细胞丰度极显著高于其他海区(p<0.01),高值区主要分布在渤海海峡南部和莱州湾东北部(图3a)。梭状角藻属于广温广盐种,在我国各海区都有分布。秋季,梭状角藻在北黄海的数量也较多,常成为主要优势种[22-23],受黄海暖流余脉的影响,部分被带入渤海,加上渤海本身存在的,是其在黄、渤海交汇区—渤海海峡形成高值区的重要因素之一。
威氏圆筛藻:优势度为0.10,出现频率为76%,北部近岸海域较稀疏,高值区位于莱州湾口海域(图3b),细胞丰度介于0.02×104~30.72×104 cells/m3,平均值为2.31×104 cells/m3,细胞丰度占总细胞丰度的12.72%。该物种属于渤海本地种,高值区的形成与黄河口附近海域营养盐较为丰富有较大相关性。
具槽帕拉藻:优势度为0.07,出现频率为57%,高值区集中分布在辽东湾内(图3c),渤海湾未发现分布,莱州湾仅少量分布,渤海中部有大范围分布。其细胞丰度介于0.16×104~13.87×104 cells/m3,平均值为3.17×104 cells/m3,细胞丰度占总细胞丰度的12.98%。具槽帕拉藻属于底栖浮游植物,高值区多集中分布于近岸,与近岸浅海区海水与底层搅动剧烈而被带入水层有一定关系。
夜光藻:优势度为0.04,出现频率92%,除辽东湾海域个别站位未出现,其他调查海域均有分布,莱州湾附近分布较多(图3d),细胞丰度介于0.03×104~3.56×104 cells/m3,平均值为0.68×104 cells/m3,细胞丰度占总细胞丰度的4.51%。夜光藻属于常见赤潮原因种,属于异养生物,其生长需要摄食饵料,外界饵料密度决定着夜光藻的生长率[24],莱州湾海域的硅藻细胞较为丰富,为其生长提供了良好物质条件,该海区夜光藻数量显著高于其他海区(p<0.05)。同时,夜光藻适宜高温环境,夏季和秋季经常在沿岸暴发[25],应引起高度重视。
星脐圆筛藻:优势度为0.03,出现频率69%,主要分布在渤海湾,显著高于其他海区(p<0.01)渤海中部和莱州湾部分站位有分布,辽东湾北部分布较少。高值区主要分布在黄河口附近(图3e),细胞丰度介于0.02×104~7.85×104 cells/m3,平均值为0.78×104 cells/m3,细胞丰度占总细胞丰度的3.88%。该物种属于渤海本地种,黄河口附近海域的营养盐较为丰富,是其形成高值区的主要原因。
H′JD是表征群落稳定性的指标,通常多样性水平越高,群落生态系统稳定性越强[26]。2014年秋季渤海浮游植物多样性分析结果显示,渤海整体浮游植物群落结构较为稳定。不同海区比较,莱州湾多样性水平最高,H′为3.14,其次是渤海中部,渤海湾和辽东湾多样性水平较低,尤其是辽东湾湾内海域(表5)。H′J的大小变化情况及平面分布基本一致(图4a图4b),高值区主要分布在渤海湾、莱州湾及渤海中部海域,辽东湾海域多样性水平较低;H′介于0.26~4.02,平均为2.3;J介于0.17~0.90,平均为0.6;D介于0.21~2.67,平均为1.4,丰富度较高的海域主要为辽东湾南部和渤海中部海域(图4c)。
渤海作为我国主要渔业资源的重要产卵场和索饵育肥场,对其研究可以追溯到20世纪50年代,之后陆续开展诸多调查,本文通过与1950年、1980年、1990年、2000年和2010年,跨越近60 a的渤海大面调查的历史同期资料进行对比(图5表6)发现,渤海浮游植物群落结构发生明显演替,浮游植物总细胞丰度呈逐渐降低的趋势,硅藻所占总细胞丰度比例逐渐降低,甲藻所占比例逐渐升高。硅藻门的角毛藻属的优势地位逐渐降低,圆筛藻属及角藻属已经占据主导地位。浮游植物群落逐渐由硅藻控制转向硅、甲藻共同控制。
从浮游植物生态类型和高值区分布来看,浮游植物仍然是以温带近岸性种类为主,主要在渤海中部和莱州湾海域周围变动。从细胞丰度及生物量上看,本次调查浮游植物细胞丰度显著低于以往各个年代,除21世纪初浮游植物总细胞丰度有轻微上浮,总趋势是逐渐降低的(图5)。硅藻与甲藻的细胞丰度比例也出现较为明显的变化,甲藻占总细胞丰度的比例不断攀升,由21世纪前不足5%,至2014年达34.61%,与之伴随的是,硅藻占总细胞丰度的比例不断降低,由85%以上降低为65%左右。
从浮游植物主要属种的细胞丰度上看,20世纪50年代角毛藻属是硅藻门最重要的属,其次为圆筛藻属,常成为渤海的优势种。80年代初,无论是渤海的局部典型海区(黄河口)[33],还是渤海大面调查海区[28],角毛藻属的细胞丰度逐渐降低,优势地位下降,因该属细胞多以链状结构存在,其数量的减少对整个浮游植物群落的细胞丰度影响较大,致使总细胞丰度的降幅十分明显。与其相反,圆筛藻属的细胞丰度开始不断升高,至90年代已经超过角毛藻属的细胞丰度,之后一直保持稳定的百分比例。角藻属是甲藻门中主要的一个属,其在21世纪之前所占总细胞丰度比例极其微少,之后,所占百分比不断升高,至2014年达25.16%,超过了硅藻门的角毛藻属和圆筛藻属的细胞丰度。
从浮游植物优势种来看,硅藻门优势种不断变换,虽然每个年代的大面调查都会有圆筛藻属和角毛藻属的种类出现,但是每个年代的具体种类却会发生变化,并且角毛藻属的优势度有所减弱。除此以外,本次调查还发现,在20世纪90年代和21世纪初,浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zoodiacus)曾为渤海主要优势种类,但是本次调查发现其细胞丰度和出现频率都大幅减小,浮动弯角藻细胞丰度介于0.09×104~6.53×104 cells/m3,出现频率为9.8%,主要分布于莱州湾海区。
由于浮游植物群落结构变化是一个极其复杂的过程,不但会随着季节的变化发生更替[18];相邻年份的同一月份的浮游植物细胞丰度也会出现较大差异,康元德[29]对1982年4月至1983年5月渤海浮游植物数量分布和季节变化进行逐月调查研究发现,1983年5月份莱州湾浮游植物细胞丰度是1982年5月份的11.43倍;即使是同一月份,两遍大面调查结果也会有所不同;孙军等[32]于1998年9月24日至10月6日对渤海中部及其邻近海域进行调查,发现浮游植物细胞丰度呈负增长趋势,并出现赤潮暴发和消亡的过程。因此,本文分析总结的浮游植物群落结构的年际变化只能粗略地反映该海区不同年际同期的变化规律,不能完全代表整个浮游植物群落的变化趋势,更准确地清晰地认识浮游植物群落结构的演替规律,需要更多不同季节的连续的全面的数据支撑,今后还需加强对固定点位的连续调查监测,以提高数据的有效性。
渤海是一近乎封闭的内海,仅东部海域通过渤海海峡与黄海相通,秋季受黄海暖流和沿岸众多入海河流影响较大,海域面积较广,不同海区受陆源气候影响不同,海域环境呈现分布不均的特点。其中,河口、内湾及沿岸海域由于受陆源径流的影响较大,营养盐较为丰富,为浮游植物的繁殖提供条件,成为我国各种海洋渔业生物的产卵场和索饵育肥场。
浮游植物群落结构的变化受多种环境因素的影响,这种改变既是浮游植物对外界环境变化的响应,也是海洋生态系统保持平衡的自我调试。研究表明,营养盐及捕食压力都会对浮游植物群落结构产生影响[34-35]。20世纪80年代以来,随着渤海沿岸经济的快速发展,大量工业污水、海水养殖废水和城市生活污水排放入海,造成沿岸、河口及内湾富营养化严重,浮游植物正常元素吸收的氮磷比为16∶1,对比近20 a渤海中部环境参数变化发现,该区域氮磷比大幅上升,主要原因为无机氮含量的增高[36]。研究表明,海水中浮游生物的C、N和P的比例(Redfield值)高不利于浮游植物生长,使其受到某一相对低含量元素的限制,从而导致浮游植物的生物密度较低[37]。氮磷营养盐浓度越高,Redfield比越远,硅藻种类越少,H′越低[38]。营养盐的入海通量与河流径流量的变化有关,黄河口作为渤海的氮和硅主要输入来源,1990年起曾发生较长时间的断流,引起营养盐特别是硅含量的减少。2002年以来,对黄河进行定期的调水调沙,其径流量有所回升,硅限制在局部站位也得到缓解,但还是显著低于20世纪80年代的含量[39-40]。氮磷比值的升高和硅氮比值的下降,可能是造成浮游植物群落结构出现一些演变趋势的原因[23],会引起浮游植物演替向甲藻和非硅藻主导的群落结构发展[41]。另外,随着全球变暖,海水温度也有一定程度地升高,温度的升高有利于适温高的种类形成优势,如甲藻、夜光藻等[30],赤潮原因种的暴发机制较为复杂,不仅受环境条件的影响[42],与其繁殖方式等也有一定关系[43]
浮游植物是海洋食物链最基础的生物饵料,渤海桡足类大部分种类营浮游植物食性,以摄食硅藻类为主[44],主要是圆筛藻和底栖硅藻。微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力较高,为0%~75%[45]。本次调查发现,个别浮游植物丰度较低的站位,浮游动物(桡足类)丰度较高,推测与摄食压力有很大关系,与以往研究结果一致。毛虾、对虾、滤食性贝类等幼体的开口饵料也多为浮游植物硅藻,梭鱼和斑鰶等腐屑食性鱼类摄食的硅藻主要为圆筛藻,其次是底栖硅藻[46]。硅藻支撑着渤海的重要渔业资源生物,随着硅藻优势地位的降低和甲藻优势地位的升高,硅藻支撑的食物链被削弱,甲藻支撑的食物链被增强,导致渤海渔业资源结构的改变,高营养级渔业资源生物群落逐渐衰退,低营养级、低经济价值生物大量繁殖。甲藻−浮游动物−大型水母,该食物链也是水母在渤海暴发的线索之一[47-48]。甲藻是鳀鱼的开口饵料[49],甲藻细胞丰度的升高为鳀鱼生长提供了充足的食物来源,这也许是低营养级鱼类—鳀鱼资源量较高的重要原因之一。浮游植物是海洋生态系统的初级生产者,是物质和能量的转化者,其在维持整个海洋生态系统平衡的功能作用举足轻重。浮游植物群落结构的变化势必会对食物链的上层消费者的摄食结构、饵料补给和海洋渔业资源变动产生影响,需要做好预测和防范,今后还需要加大海上重点区域的监测和室内实验的深入研究。
2014年秋季在渤海共鉴定浮游植物3个门42属96种,其中以硅藻为主,为34属79种,占总物种的82%;甲藻门7属16种,占总物种的17%;金藻门1属1种。其中,硅藻门的角毛藻属和圆筛藻属物种数分别为17种和13种,甲藻门的原多甲藻和角藻的物种数分别为6种和5种。
本次调查浮游植物优势种主要为星脐圆筛藻、威氏圆筛藻、具槽帕拉藻、梭状角藻和夜光藻。
2014年秋季渤海浮游植物硅藻与甲藻细胞丰度比值为2∶1,硅藻虽然在物种数量和细胞丰度上仍占有优势,但甲藻的优势度已经凸显,硅藻和甲藻共同成为渤海浮游植物的主要类群。
与历史同期资料对比,渤海海域浮游植物群落出现明显的物种演替现象,角毛藻属和圆筛藻属优势地位降低,甲藻中的角藻和夜光藻已经兴起,其在渤海中部及辽东湾的优势地位已经超过角毛藻属和圆筛藻属,浮游植物群落结构逐渐由硅藻控制转为硅藻和甲藻共同控制。
曾经处于优势地位的浮动弯角藻,其细胞数量和出现频率都大幅减小。
致谢:对中国水产科学院黄海水产研究所栾青杉提供的重要历史数据及指导和建议,“黄海星”科研调查船的全体船员以及原天津渤海水产研究所出海人员的支持与辛苦付出,谨致谢忱!
  • 中海油公益基金“渤海中国对虾增值容量评估”;天津市农业发展服务中心青年科技创新项目(J2018-08青)。
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2020年第42卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.012
  • 接收时间:2019-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-04-30
  • 修回日期:2019-08-26
基金
中海油公益基金“渤海中国对虾增值容量评估”;天津市农业发展服务中心青年科技创新项目(J2018-08青)。
作者信息
    1 天津市水产研究所,天津 300457
    2 天津市海洋牧场技术工程中心,天津 300457
    3 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东 青岛 266071
    4 南京农业大学 无锡渔业学院,江苏 南京 210095

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*王俊(1964—),研究员,从事海洋浮游植物生态学及渔业生物学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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