Article(id=1243955387754459665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243955381739827662, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1556553600000, receivedDateStr=2019-04-30, revisedDate=1563724800000, revisedDateStr=2019-07-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511676014, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1598284800000, pubDateStr=2020-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511676014, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511676014, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511676014, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243955381739827662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511674580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511674580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243955388341662242, articleId=1243955387754459665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=On nutrient releases from the decomposition of Ulva prolifera green tide and their impacts on nearshore seawaters in the southern Yellow Sea, columnId=1243955384222855631, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Progress on the development and prevention of Yellow Sea green tide, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The decomposing process of Ulva prolifera green tide was simulated in the outdoor pond to study laws of the nutrient release. Simultaneously, we carried out field investigation in the coast of Qingdao in June 2018, such as the Aoshan Bay, the outside of Aoshan Bay and the Shilaoren Beach, to monitor regularly the seawater quality. Simulation experiment results showed that the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were increasing significantly during the decomposition of Ulva proliferas and dissolved organic and particulate states are the main forms of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. The concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), particulate nitrogen (PN), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) nutrients in the water of 5 g/L biomass experiment were much higher than original water. Field investigation results showed that the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients contents in the seawater reduced to the minimum gradually due to the absorption of the green tide. And then, as the decomposing of the Ulva prolifera green tide, the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the sea water were gradually increasing. Aoshan Bay was most affected by the Ulva prolifera green tide, it was even inferior to the second-class water quality standard. PN and PP were the main forms of nutrients in the investigation area, this situation was most obvious in the Aoshan Bay (PP, 2.02 μmol/L). Compared with Aoshan Bay, the seawater exchange capacity of the Shilaoren Beach was strong, and it was intercepted and salvaged in time after that the Ulva prolifera green tide was docked, which was less affected by the decomposing of Ulva prolifera green tide. With the accumulation and decay of the Ulva prolifera, the nutrients content and structure of the sea area changed significantly, which had severe impact on the stability of the phytoplankton community, which may cause secondary disasters of red tide. Therefore, we must promptly clean up the Ulva prolifera gathered near the coast of Qingdao to reduce the impact on nearshore seawaters in the southern Yellow Sea.

, correspAuthors=Rongguo Su, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li'na Feng, Haibo Zhang, Yuyan Sun, Xiuzhu Li, Rongguo Su, Xiaoyong Shi), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243955390346539657, articleId=1243955387754459665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=浒苔绿潮消亡腐败过程中的营养盐释放及其对近海环境的影响, columnId=1243955384352879058, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=黄海绿潮发展规律与防控研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨浒苔绿潮消亡腐败过程中的营养盐释放规律以及浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂对海水水质的影响,在室外模拟近岸浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂过程,并于2018年6月在浒苔绿潮靠岸前开始对主要浒苔绿潮聚积地(鳌山湾、鳌山湾口的海参池、石老人海域)进行观测,实时记录浒苔腐烂状况及对周边环境的影响。模拟实验结果表明:各形态氮、磷营养盐在浒苔腐烂分解过程中升高明显,且以溶解有机态、颗粒态为主。其中生物量为5 g/L实验组溶解有机氮(Dissolved Organic Nitrogen,DON)、颗粒态氮(Particulate Nitrogen,PN)、溶解有机磷(Dissolved Organic Phosphorus,DOP)、颗粒态磷(Particulate Phosphorus,PP)的浓度在浒苔腐烂分解过程中达本底浓度的5~10倍以上。现场调查结果显示,随着浒苔绿潮在青岛近岸聚积,各调查站点的溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN)、DON、DOP受浒苔绿潮吸收影响均降至最低值,后随着浒苔绿潮腐烂逐渐上升,水质恶化。其中鳌山湾受浒苔绿潮腐烂影响最为严重,在调查期间水体甚至劣于二类水质。PN、PP为调查区内营养盐的主要赋存形式,其中鳌山湾海域PP变化最为明显,随着浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂达到最高值(2.02 μmol/L)。相比于鳌山湾,石老人海域海水交换能力强且在浒苔绿潮靠岸后进行了及时拦截打捞,受浒苔绿潮消亡腐烂影响较小。浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积腐烂,使海域内营养盐含量与结构明显变化,影响海域浮游植物群落结构的稳定,可能引发赤潮等次生生态灾害。因此需要及时清理聚积在青岛近岸的浒苔,避免其腐烂对周边环境造成影响。

, correspAuthors=苏荣国, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*苏荣国,教授,主要从事海洋污染生态化学研究。E-mail:
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冯立娜(1995—),女,山东省泰安市人,主要研究方向为海洋污染生态化学。E-mail:

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冯立娜(1995—),女,山东省泰安市人,主要研究方向为海洋污染生态化学。E-mail:

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浒苔绿潮消亡腐败过程中的营养盐释放及其对近海环境的影响
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冯立娜 1, 2 , 张海波 1, 2 , 孙雨嫣 1, 2 , 李修竹 1, 2 , 苏荣国 1, 2, * , 石晓勇 1, 3
海洋学报 | 黄海绿潮发展规律与防控研究 2020,42(8): 59-68
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海洋学报 | 黄海绿潮发展规律与防控研究 2020, 42(8): 59-68
浒苔绿潮消亡腐败过程中的营养盐释放及其对近海环境的影响
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冯立娜1, 2 , 张海波1, 2, 孙雨嫣1, 2, 李修竹1, 2, 苏荣国1, 2, * , 石晓勇1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3 自然资源部海洋减灾中心,北京 100194
  • 冯立娜(1995—),女,山东省泰安市人,主要研究方向为海洋污染生态化学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*苏荣国,教授,主要从事海洋污染生态化学研究。E-mail:
On nutrient releases from the decomposition of Ulva prolifera green tide and their impacts on nearshore seawaters in the southern Yellow Sea
Li'na Feng1, 2 , Haibo Zhang1, 2, Yuyan Sun1, 2, Xiuzhu Li1, 2, Rongguo Su1, 2, * , Xiaoyong Shi1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3 National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100194, China
出版时间: 2020-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.007
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为探讨浒苔绿潮消亡腐败过程中的营养盐释放规律以及浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂对海水水质的影响,在室外模拟近岸浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂过程,并于2018年6月在浒苔绿潮靠岸前开始对主要浒苔绿潮聚积地(鳌山湾、鳌山湾口的海参池、石老人海域)进行观测,实时记录浒苔腐烂状况及对周边环境的影响。模拟实验结果表明:各形态氮、磷营养盐在浒苔腐烂分解过程中升高明显,且以溶解有机态、颗粒态为主。其中生物量为5 g/L实验组溶解有机氮(Dissolved Organic Nitrogen,DON)、颗粒态氮(Particulate Nitrogen,PN)、溶解有机磷(Dissolved Organic Phosphorus,DOP)、颗粒态磷(Particulate Phosphorus,PP)的浓度在浒苔腐烂分解过程中达本底浓度的5~10倍以上。现场调查结果显示,随着浒苔绿潮在青岛近岸聚积,各调查站点的溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN)、DON、DOP受浒苔绿潮吸收影响均降至最低值,后随着浒苔绿潮腐烂逐渐上升,水质恶化。其中鳌山湾受浒苔绿潮腐烂影响最为严重,在调查期间水体甚至劣于二类水质。PN、PP为调查区内营养盐的主要赋存形式,其中鳌山湾海域PP变化最为明显,随着浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂达到最高值(2.02 μmol/L)。相比于鳌山湾,石老人海域海水交换能力强且在浒苔绿潮靠岸后进行了及时拦截打捞,受浒苔绿潮消亡腐烂影响较小。浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积腐烂,使海域内营养盐含量与结构明显变化,影响海域浮游植物群落结构的稳定,可能引发赤潮等次生生态灾害。因此需要及时清理聚积在青岛近岸的浒苔,避免其腐烂对周边环境造成影响。

绿潮  /  浒苔  /  消亡腐败  /  营养盐的释放  /  水质

The decomposing process of Ulva prolifera green tide was simulated in the outdoor pond to study laws of the nutrient release. Simultaneously, we carried out field investigation in the coast of Qingdao in June 2018, such as the Aoshan Bay, the outside of Aoshan Bay and the Shilaoren Beach, to monitor regularly the seawater quality. Simulation experiment results showed that the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were increasing significantly during the decomposition of Ulva proliferas and dissolved organic and particulate states are the main forms of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. The concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), particulate nitrogen (PN), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) nutrients in the water of 5 g/L biomass experiment were much higher than original water. Field investigation results showed that the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients contents in the seawater reduced to the minimum gradually due to the absorption of the green tide. And then, as the decomposing of the Ulva prolifera green tide, the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the sea water were gradually increasing. Aoshan Bay was most affected by the Ulva prolifera green tide, it was even inferior to the second-class water quality standard. PN and PP were the main forms of nutrients in the investigation area, this situation was most obvious in the Aoshan Bay (PP, 2.02 μmol/L). Compared with Aoshan Bay, the seawater exchange capacity of the Shilaoren Beach was strong, and it was intercepted and salvaged in time after that the Ulva prolifera green tide was docked, which was less affected by the decomposing of Ulva prolifera green tide. With the accumulation and decay of the Ulva prolifera, the nutrients content and structure of the sea area changed significantly, which had severe impact on the stability of the phytoplankton community, which may cause secondary disasters of red tide. Therefore, we must promptly clean up the Ulva prolifera gathered near the coast of Qingdao to reduce the impact on nearshore seawaters in the southern Yellow Sea.

green tides  /  Ulva prolifera  /  decomposition  /  nutrient release  /  water quality
冯立娜, 张海波, 孙雨嫣, 李修竹, 苏荣国, 石晓勇. 浒苔绿潮消亡腐败过程中的营养盐释放及其对近海环境的影响. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (8) : 59 -68 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.007
Li'na Feng, Haibo Zhang, Yuyan Sun, Xiuzhu Li, Rongguo Su, Xiaoyong Shi. On nutrient releases from the decomposition of Ulva prolifera green tide and their impacts on nearshore seawaters in the southern Yellow Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (8) : 59 -68 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.007
近年来随着全球经济快速发展,工农业规模不断扩大,沿海城市圈更是集中了主要的经济储量。伴随着经济发展和人口密度的增长,大量的生活污水和工农业废水通过排污管道和入海径流进入到近岸海域,造成海域内营养物质浓度升高,营养盐结构发生转变,潜在富营养化风险增加,使得近岸海域内赤潮、绿潮等生态灾害频发[1-3],缺氧现象严重。
自2007年以来,我国黄海海域连年发生大规模浒苔(Ulva prolifera)绿潮灾害[4-5]。每年夏季在山东半岛近岸海域聚积腐烂,给近岸生态系统的稳定与旅游经济的发展带来严重的威胁[6-8]。特别是青岛近岸海域,漂浮浒苔绿潮靠岸期间正值青岛旅游旺季,夏季高温导致靠岸浒苔绿潮很快进入衰亡腐败阶段[9],大量聚积浒苔腐烂造成景观的破坏、空气的污染,使青岛旅游业严重受损。浒苔作为全球广阔分布的大型海藻,特殊的中空管状结构使其能够充分进行光合作用而快速生长[10-11],在生长增殖过程中会快速吸收大量的氮、磷营养盐,同化利用并储存于组织中[12-15],并且吸收的氮营养盐的量要远大于磷营养盐。适宜的温度、高效的养分吸收和光合作用以及多样化的繁殖策略[16-20]使浒苔成为黄海绿潮灾害的主要肇事种。
浒苔含有丰富的碳水化合物、蛋白质及氨基酸等有机质[21],在高温条件下,浒苔体内有机质在微生物的作用下迅速地被氧化分解为营养物质释放到水体中[22],改变水体原有的氮磷比,使局部海域营养盐水平升高,扰乱生态平衡,引起水质恶化[23-24]。叶春等[25]通过室内模拟实验研究沉水黑藻在腐烂分解过程中营养盐的释放,结果显示沉水植物的腐烂分解会使得水体缺氧,氮、磷营养盐含量急剧增加。丁月旻[26]通过浒苔腐烂分解的模拟实验得出,浒苔腐烂以有机态营养盐的释放为主,且腐烂水体中总氮的浓度处于高水平。还有研究者指出,浒苔腐烂分解产生的营养盐可能会被浮游植物进一步利用导致赤潮等次生生态灾害的发生[27-28]
目前,关于浒苔绿潮近岸聚积腐烂营养盐释放规律以及对海域生态环境影响的研究相对较少,本研究选取青岛近岸聚积浒苔,通过模拟实验研究浒苔腐烂过程中营养盐的释放过程,并结合青岛周边鳌山湾、鳌山湾口(海参池)、石老人海域等主要浒苔绿潮聚积区浒苔绿潮靠岸前后海水水质参数变化,深入分析和探讨浒苔绿潮在近岸聚积和腐烂对环境的影响,以期为浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积腐烂对近岸海域的生态风险评估提供理论依据。
模拟实验选用的浒苔6月底采集于青岛市石老人海域。藻体呈黄绿色,处于浒苔生长后期,用海水冲洗去除杂物,带回实验室备用。实验所用海水取自青岛近岸海域,盐度为31,pH为8.1,海水中${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N、${\rm{NO}}_3^-$-N、${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N、${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-}$-P的浓度分别为0.94 μmol/L、1.76 μmol/L、0.22 μmol/L和0.24 μmol/L。
刘湘庆[29]利用平行拖网获取了不同生长时期黄海漂浮绿潮单位面积生物量,其最大值不超过2 kg/m2,相应密度约为4 g/L(浒苔绿潮厚度以0.5 m计)。本文基于此设定模拟实验的生物量梯度为0.05 g/L、0.5 g/L、5 g/L(湿重)。
实验容器选用2 L洁净锥形瓶,加入1.5 L海水,分别称取一定生物量的浒苔(湿重)置于相应的锥形瓶中,生物量梯度为0.05 g/L、0.5 g/L、5 g/L,每个生物量培养5份,每次取其中的1份。密封后置于室外,定期摇动锥形瓶。根据浒苔80 d的腐烂周期[30],分别于0 d、5 d、10 d、20 d、40 d和72 d取样,并用0.45 μm聚醚砜膜(Millipore,45 mm)进行过滤。过滤后的滤液、滤膜分别冷冻保存。使用营养盐自动分析仪(Auto Analyzer 3,Bran Luebee)测定水体中的各项指标。滤液用于测定${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N、${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N、${\rm{NH}}_4^- $-N、${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P、总溶解氮(Dissolved Total Nitrogen, DTN)、总溶解磷(Dissolved Total Phosphorus, DTP)。滤膜用于测定颗粒态氮(Particulate Nitrogen,PN)、颗粒态磷(Particulate Phosphorus,PP)。
根据海水分析方法,水体中${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N、${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N、${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P和${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N浓度的分析方法分别为铜铬还原法、B.R.法、磷钼蓝法和次溴酸钠氧化法(手工测定)。DTN、DTP、PN和PP浓度经碱性过硫酸钾氧化后测定。并由测定结果计算溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN)、溶解有机氮(Dissolved Organic Nitrogen,DON)、总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)、溶解有机磷(Dissolved Organic Phosphorus,DOP)和总磷(Total Phosphorus,TP)。DIN浓度为${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N、${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N与${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N浓度之和,DON浓度为DTN浓度减去DIN浓度之差,TN浓度为DTN浓度和PN浓度之和,DOP浓度为DTP浓度减去${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P浓度之差,TP浓度为DTP浓度和PP浓度之和。
2018年夏季,根据浒苔绿潮在青岛近岸漂移聚积过程从南到北选取石老人海域(36.09°N,120.50°E)、鳌山湾口(海参池36.34°N,120.73°E)、鳌山湾(36.47°N,120.75°E)3个浒苔绿潮聚积区(图1)监测浒苔靠岸消亡期间近岸水质的变化情况。石老人近岸海域有较完善的拦截打捞设备,浒苔绿潮漂至外海海域时会被及时拦截打捞,且海水交换能力强,受浒苔绿潮影响相对较弱。海参池位于鳌山湾口,海水交换能力仅次于石老人海域,周边海域为渔业养殖区,外有阻隔网,少有浒苔绿潮在此处聚积。鳌山湾由鳌山半岛环抱,与外海水交换能力弱,每年夏季,浒苔绿潮都会在此处大量聚积。环湾岸边建有鱼虾养殖池,所以鳌山湾内较另外两个站位营养盐浓度水平高,受浒苔绿潮影响最为明显。
2018年6月12日至8月28日,在浒苔绿潮漂浮至青岛近岸前夕到浒苔绿潮消亡腐烂后期,对以上3个站点进行水质监测,主要检测指标有${\rm{NH}}_4^+$-N、${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N、${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N、${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P、DON、DOP以及PN、PP等营养盐参数。
浒苔绿潮在风与洋流的联合作用下漂移至青岛近岸时,已进入盛夏。在高温和乏营养盐的条件下,浒苔很快进入腐烂分解阶段。本实验采用藻体呈黄绿色的浒苔来模拟浒苔腐烂分解过程中营养盐的释放情况。实验期间气温高(0~40 d平均气温在30℃以上,40~72 d平均气温在26℃左右)、太阳辐射强,第2天时,低生物量的两组浒苔藻体已由黄绿色变为白色,水体透明度降低,高生物量浒苔藻体颜色变浅,进入腐烂分解阶段。生物量为5 g/L的实验组第6天时,浒苔藻体部分呈现出白色,水体透明度降低,10 d后颜色逐渐加深;第39天时呈橙红色,水体浑浊,透明度降低;第72天时,水体颜色变浅,透明度依旧很低。生物量为0.05 g/L的实验组水体一直处于浑浊状态,0.5 g/L实验组72 d时水体透明度略升高,水体中的藻体碎屑明显可见(图2)。
图3图4为实验组水体中各形态氮、磷营养盐浓度变化。生物量为0.05 g/L的实验组水体中DIN的浓度随着浒苔腐烂上升明显,第20天时上升到26.54 μmol/L,上升幅度达9.2倍,且水体中${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N与${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N的浓度远高于${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N,分别达到起始浓度的8.5倍和11.9倍。水体中DON的浓度随浒苔腐烂呈先上升后下降的趋势,最高值出现在第20天,为起始浓度的2.7倍。水体中的PN变化趋势与DON类似,第5天达最高值后,逐渐下降至17 μmol/L左右,整体变化不明显,含量范围在17.66~22.75 μmol/L之间。DON和PN浓度降低应是其降解转化所致。
生物量为0.5 g/L的实验组水体中DIN浓度较低,其浓度整体呈上升趋势,第5天至第10天中${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N浓度降低,${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N浓度增加,可能的原因是微生物参与的硝化反应的作用。第10天后,随着浒苔的腐烂,${\rm{NO}}_2^- $-N与${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N浓度降至最低,${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N浓度增加,DIN浓度显著升高。在浒苔腐烂分解过程中,水体中DON浓度一直呈上升趋势,最高达108.59 μmol/L,且一直占TDN的80%以上。PN在第5天至第20天上升至最高值177.20 μmol/L,20 d后持续降低,40 d时降至62.86 μmol/L。实验期间,PN的浓度范围在62.86~122.85 μmol/L之间,平均为103.04 μmol/L,占TN的59.40%,为TN的主要存在形态。
生物量为5 g/L的实验组,TN的浓度远高于低生物量的两实验组,平均值分别为0.5 g/L与0.05 g/L实验组的4.5倍和13.9倍。水体中DIN的浓度较其他实验组低。水体中的氮营养盐主要以DON、PN形态存在且其浓度随着浒苔腐烂时间迅速升高,DON浓度占TDN的90%以上,水体中PN的浓度范围为246.18~1 032.48 μmol/L,占TN的56%~93%。
对比3个实验组各形态氮营养盐浓度以及比值发现,水体中的DIN均表现出逐渐上升的趋势,其中低密度组最为明显,随着浒苔腐烂分解释放出大量的${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N、${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N,水体中DIN的浓度迅速升高,最高达26.54 μmol/L。高生物量实验组水体中DIN的浓度较低,多数以DON和PN的形态存在,浒苔生物量越大,腐烂分解放出的PN、DON越多。浒苔腐烂分解产生的PN、DON大部分最终会被矿化为无机氮释放于水体中,影响水体水质,引发环境问题。因此,及时清理聚积在近岸,尤其是水产养殖区的浒苔绿潮是十分有必要的。
图4所示,生物量为0.05 g/L的实验组水体中${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-}$-P浓度呈先上升后下降的趋势,第20天时,上升至最高值为0.59 μmol/L,为本底的2倍以上。水体中DOP浓度的变化趋势与${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P相似,先升高后降低,第20天时达最高值0.59 μmol/L,为原始浓度的4.6倍。而水体中PP在第5天时上升至0.74 μmol/L后逐渐降低,其后维持在0.20~0.24 μmol/L范围内。
生物量为0.5 g/L的实验组,在实验期间,水体中${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P浓度一直处于较低水平,浓度范围在0.013~0.24 μmol/L之间。DOP为主要的溶解态磷营养盐,随着浒苔腐烂时间不断升高,第10天时达最高值0.35 μmol/L,后逐渐降低。水体中PP呈先上升后下降的趋势,浓度在0.64~2.51 μmol/L之间。在实验过程中水体中PP浓度占TP的60%~90%,为磷营养盐的主要存在形态。
生物量为5 g/L的实验组,水体中磷营养盐浓度远高于低生物量实验组。随着浒苔腐烂,水体中${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P的浓度急剧上升,第5天时,浓度已达3.84 μmol/L,上升幅度达16.2倍;20 d后浓度降低至0.077 μmol/L左右。水体中DOP的浓度在前10 d逐渐升高,第10 天达最高值1.22 μmol/L,为原始浓度的10倍;10 d后浓度有所降低,维持在0.80~1.1 μmol/L范围内。水体中的PP一直处于较高浓度水平,在9.67~12.81 μmol/L范围内,占TP的65%~93%,为TP的主要存在形态。
对比各生物量组的结果表明,生物量越大水体中磷营养盐浓度越高,低生物量组水体中溶解态磷营养盐浓度升高明显,而高生物量组水体中DOP、PP浓度均显著升高。各实验组水体中TP的浓度在腐烂后期均略微下降稳定在一定浓度范围内,有研究表明由微生物与颗粒有机质组成的生物膜对磷具有很强的吸附活性[31-32],影响水体中磷营养盐的迁移、转化。
对各实验组水体中营养盐结构变化分析表明,生物量为0.05 g/L的实验组水体DIN/DIP比值在实验初期升高明显(图5),其后伴随着${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P的增多而逐渐降低。生物量为0.5 g/L的实验组水体DIN/DIP比值整体呈上升趋势,20~40 d时水体中${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P浓度由于生物膜的吸附作用降至最低,此时DIN/DIP比值达到最高值。生物量为5 g/L的实验组水体中氮、磷营养盐大多以有机态、颗粒态的形式存在,DIN/DIP比值一直处于较低水平。各实验组水体在浒苔腐烂期间均表现出较高的氮磷比,且TN/TP比值在实验期间一直处于上升趋势。
浒苔绿潮于6月末漂至青岛近岸,6月28日在鳌山湾口(海参池)海域观察到零星浒苔。石老人海域、鳌山湾海域均无漂浮浒苔。7月13日,鳌山湾、鳌山湾口(海参池)海域均有大量浒苔绿潮聚积,藻体颜色鲜绿,石老人海域无浒苔漂浮。8月1日,鳌山湾口(海参池)、鳌山湾海域浒苔绿潮开始腐烂,藻体破碎成零星状且颜色泛白,散发出腥臭味(图6)。
图7图8为调查区域水体中各形态氮、磷营养盐浓度变化,鳌山湾海域内DIN在浒苔绿潮未靠岸前的初夏季节,随着陆地径流的输入而上升,其中${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N和${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N作为主要组分,上升明显。随着浒苔绿潮漂至青岛近岸,浒苔快速吸收消耗水体中营养盐,导致DIN各组分明显下降,DIN整体降低88.5%。随着浒苔绿潮开始消亡腐烂,DIN浓度急剧上升,上升幅度达12.4倍,其中${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N组分上升明显,达47倍。浒苔绿潮消亡腐烂后期,DON和PN浓度快速上升,其中PN的浓度范围在30.08~111.85 μmol/L之间,平均为(62.27±28.93)μmol/L,为海域内TN的主要形态。
鳌山湾口(海参池)在调查期间水体中DIN浓度整体呈升高趋势,7月13日后升高显著,但上升幅度远小于鳌山湾海域。水体中氮营养盐主要存在形态为PN,其次为DON和DIN。PN在调查期间浓度范围在23.14~53.67 μmol/L之间,在浒苔绿潮暴发期间浓度达到最高,平均为(30.97±11.56)μmol/L,占TN的69.99%;DON浓度变化不大,范围在8.20~11.88 μmol/L之间。此海域海水交换能力强且有阻隔网,浒苔绿潮在此处聚积量少,由浒苔绿潮腐烂引起的DIN、DON和PN浓度变化均较鳌山湾海域小。
石老人海域DIN浓度由浒苔绿潮暴发前的13.24 μmol/L降至浒苔绿潮靠岸后的7.52 μmol/L,降低幅度达到43%。随着浒苔绿潮腐烂分解释放,DIN及其组分均明显上升。DON与DIN整体变化趋势相同,随着浒苔绿潮腐烂分解释放,浓度有所升高,由于海水交换8月1日后逐渐降低。6月12日浒苔绿潮未靠岸到7月13日浒苔绿潮集中靠岸,TN和PN浓度升高,7月13日升至最高值,分别为65.23 μmol/L和55.67 μmol/L,其后由于大量靠岸浒苔绿潮被打捞转移,且石老人海域属开放海域,海水交换能力强,使得TN和PN浓度逐渐降低,8月23日降至最低值,分别为35.93 μmol/L和18.04 μmol/L。
对比3个调查区内氮营养盐组分浓度及比值发现,鳌山湾周边海域受浒苔绿潮暴发和腐烂影响较明显,在浒苔绿潮暴发期间DIN受浒苔绿潮吸收影响降至低值,后随着浒苔绿潮腐烂分解,浓度逐渐上升,海域内DIN浓度甚至达到24.05 μmol/L,劣于二类水质,后期存在浮游植物暴发性增殖的潜在风险。水体中DON浓度变化同DIN类似,在浒苔绿潮暴发至消亡腐烂期DON浓度明显上升,其中鳌山湾海域升高最为显著,其次为鳌山湾口(海参池)和石老人海域。PN作为海域内氮营养盐的主要存在形态,不同于DIN变化趋势,在浒苔暴发期间浓度达到最高值,而随着浒苔绿潮消亡腐烂,浓度逐渐下降,鳌山湾海域变化最为显著,其次为石老人海域与鳌山湾口(海参池)海域。鳌山湾由鳌山半岛环抱,海水交换能力弱,浒苔绿潮在此处大量聚积,其腐烂对鳌山湾水质及周边环境造成严重影响,石老人海域与鳌山湾口(海参池)海水交换能力强,且打捞拦截设备完善,受浒苔绿潮腐烂影响较鳌山湾小。
图8可见,鳌山湾海水中${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P在浒苔绿潮未靠岸前呈上升趋势,6月28日时达最高值0.14 μmol/L,后随着浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积腐烂浓度逐渐降低,浓度范围在0.04~0.14 μmol/L之间。DOP作为主要的溶解态磷营养盐,在浒苔绿潮暴发期间降至低值后随着浒苔绿潮腐烂时间明显升高,8月1日时达0.38 μmol/L,上升幅度达90%,后随着浒苔绿潮消亡殆尽,DOP降解转化浓度逐渐降低。鳌山湾海水中PP为海域内TP的主要形态,且受浒苔绿潮暴发腐烂影响显著,随着浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂,PP和TP均明显升高,且在浒苔绿潮大量腐烂后达到最高值(分别为2.02 μmol/L和2.44 μmol/L)。
鳌山湾口(海参池)海域中${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P浓度随着浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积逐渐升高,7月13日后浒苔绿潮开始大量聚积腐烂浓度逐渐降至低值,8月1日后在海水交换补充下浓度逐渐升高。DOP由浒苔绿潮靠岸前的0.19 μmol/L降至浒苔绿潮靠岸后的0.04 μmol/L,下降幅度达68%,后随着浒苔绿潮腐烂时间浓度逐渐上升。PP为此海域磷营养盐的主要存在形态,浒苔绿潮暴发期间浓度有所升高,其后随着浒苔绿潮腐烂逐渐下降。8月1日后在海水的交换补充下逐渐升高,浓度范围在0.10~0.25 μmol/L之间。
石老人海域中${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P在8月1日前浓度变化同鳌山湾海域中${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P的变化趋势相同,由浒苔绿潮未靠岸前的高值(0.10 μmol/L)降至浒苔绿潮集中腐烂后期的0.02 μmol/L,8月1日后在海水交换下浓度上升明显。DOP在浒苔绿潮未靠岸前呈降低趋势,后随着浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积腐烂浓度逐渐升高。PP为此海域磷营养盐的主要存在形态,浓度变化同鳌山湾口(海参池)海域相似,浓度范围在0.11~0.28 μmol/L之间。
对比3个调查区的磷营养盐浓度变化发现,鳌山湾海域各形态磷营养盐浓度受浒苔绿潮靠岸腐烂影响最为明显,随着浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂,海域内${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P浓度逐渐降低,DOP与PP则显著升高其后随着浒苔绿潮消亡殆尽又逐渐降解至低值。石老人海域与鳌山湾口(海参池)属开放型海域,打捞拦截设备完善,受浒苔绿潮影响较小,各形态磷营养盐的变化与鳌山湾海域不尽相同,在调查期间整体浓度较鳌山湾海域低,且在浒苔绿潮腐烂后期${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P浓度在海水交换补充下升高明显。
3个调查区DIN/DIP比值变化趋势相同,在浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积腐烂期间,DIN/DIP比值均达到最高值。鳌山湾海域DIN/DIP比值受DIN升高影响明显;石老人海域在浒苔绿潮腐烂期间由于DIN升高和${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P的降低,DIN/DIP比值升高也较为明显;鳌山湾口(海参池)海域由于浒苔绿潮聚积量少,浒苔绿潮腐烂释放DIN浓度较低,DIN/DIP比值变化较不明显。鳌山湾口(海参池)和石老人海域受TN升高的影响,且在整个调查期间TP浓度变化不大,水体TN/TP值在浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积腐烂期间达到最大,而鳌山湾内海域受TP上升影响,水体中TN/TP值呈下降趋势(图9)。
营养盐比值对浮游植物的丰度和群落结构有着重要的影响[33],由浒苔绿潮腐烂造成水体中营养盐浓度及结构的变化可能会对生态系统的稳定产生严重影响。而且水体中大量的营养盐可能会被浮游微藻、原生动物进一步利用,从而引发赤潮等次生生态灾害。
通过模拟实验和对青岛近岸浒苔绿潮聚积地的现场调查得出,浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂会向水体中释放大量的氮、磷营养盐,青岛近岸浒苔绿潮聚积海域DON对TDN的浓度贡献在50%以上,PN、PP的浓度也处于较高水平,对浒苔绿潮腐烂过程中水体中TN、TP浓度的变化起着决定作用。浒苔腐烂产生的营养物质大多为易矿化组分,且周转时间短[34],大量营养物质的释放会改变水体原有的营养盐结构,使水质变差,容易诱发赤潮等生态灾害,导致青岛近岸浒苔绿潮聚积海域潜在的富营养化风险。
(1)模拟实验表明,浒苔腐烂分解对氮、磷营养盐有显著的释放作用。低生物量浒苔腐烂分解水体中${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N、${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N的浓度快速升高,而高生物量浒苔腐烂分解以释放有机态氮、磷和颗粒态氮、磷为主。
(2)现场调查结果显示,浒苔绿潮靠岸初期,海水中主要营养组分下降明显,后随着浒苔绿潮消亡腐烂,鳌山湾内和鳌山湾口(海参池)海水中氮、磷营养盐的浓度均显著升高。其中,鳌山湾内受浒苔绿潮影响最为显著,在腐烂后期,水体甚至劣于二类水质;且在调查期间,有机态与颗粒态为调查区内营养盐的主要存在形式。石老人海域海水交换能力强且浒苔绿潮靠岸后进行了及时打捞清理,浒苔绿潮消亡腐烂的影响不明显。
(3)综合模拟实验与现场调查结果表明,大量浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积腐烂会对近岸海域营养盐浓度与结构产生影响,特别是海水交换能力差的海湾水域,影响显著。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1402101);国家海洋局海洋减灾中心科研项目(2014AA060)。
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2020年第42卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.007
  • 接收时间:2019-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-04-30
  • 修回日期:2019-07-22
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1402101);国家海洋局海洋减灾中心科研项目(2014AA060)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    3 自然资源部海洋减灾中心,北京 100194

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*苏荣国,教授,主要从事海洋污染生态化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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