Article(id=1243955387335029264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243955381739827662, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1565366400000, receivedDateStr=2019-08-10, revisedDate=1572192000000, revisedDateStr=2019-10-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511675914, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1598284800000, pubDateStr=2020-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511675914, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511675914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511675914, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243955381739827662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511674580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511674580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243955389092442692, articleId=1243955387335029264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Temporal and spatial variations of benthic diatom communities at three estuaries in the Bohai Sea, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Benthic diatoms are important primary producers in estuarine mudflat system, and the spatial and temporal changes in the communities can significantly impact the productivity of benthic fauna in the estuary. In this study, the ecological parameters in the estuaries of Daliao River, Hangu River and Huanghe River along the Bohai Sea coastline were surveyed and the related environmental factors were discussed, aiming to understand the seasonal variations and spatial differences of benthic diatom communities. The results showed that the species diversity index and absolute abundance of benthic diatoms were the highest in autumn, and the dominant species displayed obviously seasonal succession. The diatom absolute abundance in the estuaries of Daliao River and Hangu River were significantly higher than that of Huanghe River Estuary. The coarser sediments and significant phosphorus limitation in the Huanghe River Estuary are main reasons for the low diatom abundance. The correlation analysis between the benthic diatom communities and environmental factors indicated that the changes of temperature and nutrient concentration have significant effects on the seasonal pattern of the benthic diatom communities, while the sediment size, tidal range and runoff of the three estuaries are more important to explain spatial differences.

, correspAuthors=Dongyan Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shanshan Wang, Dongyan Liu, Yujue Wang, Zineng Yuan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243955390631752355, articleId=1243955387335029264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=渤海3个河口区底栖硅藻群落的时空变化特征, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

底栖硅藻是河口泥滩系统中的重要初级生产者,其群落结构的时空变化可显著影响到河口底栖动物生产力。本研究选取渤海区域的大辽河口、汉沽河口和黄河口为研究对象,分析了泥滩中底栖硅藻群落结构的季节变化特征(2014−2016年)与空间差异,并探讨了环境因素的影响作用。结果表明,3个河口区底栖硅藻多样性和生物量高峰均出现在秋季,优势种存在显著季节演替特征;在空间上,大辽河口和汉沽河口的底栖硅藻生物量显著高于黄河口。底栖硅藻群落结构与多种环境因子的相关性分析表明,温度和营养盐浓度变化对底栖硅藻群落的季节性特征影响显著;河口沉积物的粒径、潮差与径流量可能是造成底栖硅藻群落空间差异的重要因素,黄河口较低的底栖硅藻生物量显著受限于较粗的沉积物粒径和显著的磷限制。

, correspAuthors=刘东艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘东艳,女,研究员,主要从事海洋生态学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=c9bOdXOzx7TBgObaqUNjTg==, magXml=UoySh1jdyL8g1TdKmBNfsQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=BJz8SL667vENhYO+pFh6iQ==, pdfFileSize=2007925, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=g2CuONW97W/aG3T9+qWcdA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=tVrTuoLHt8fVxUZ1lp3GDw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王珊珊(1991-),女,山东省菏泽市人,研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

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王珊珊(1991-),女,山东省菏泽市人,研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=FfxVh2yrI29VEZ8R0oVinw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537864146739226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=CN, label=图4, caption=利用NMDS分析3个采样点各季节硅藻种群组成的相似性结果, figureFileSmall=Zm4l2wkyjjfiVaNdnfmCTA==, figureFileBig=FfxVh2yrI29VEZ8R0oVinw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537864218042398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The scatter diagrams of PCA at three sampling locations, figureFileSmall=r5cPI+8Jw4d3Kw0CEPtzrA==, figureFileBig=pR0tvnzEtvnYqqhVgBqXwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537864293539873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=CN, label=图5, caption=3个采样点PCA排序图, figureFileSmall=r5cPI+8Jw4d3Kw0CEPtzrA==, figureFileBig=pR0tvnzEtvnYqqhVgBqXwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537864402591782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=CCA biplot of dominant diatom species and environmental factors at three sampling locations, figureFileSmall=14+OtEO+S14Gh+XErKjurg==, figureFileBig=mkPJr7fJmulyCEYzFa2+ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537864486477868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=CN, label=图6, caption=3个采样点优势硅藻物种与环境因子的CCA排序, figureFileSmall=14+OtEO+S14Gh+XErKjurg==, figureFileBig=mkPJr7fJmulyCEYzFa2+ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537864578752556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Environmental overview at the three sampling estuaries

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采样点大辽河口汉沽河口黄河口
经纬度122.1°N, 40.6°E118.0°N, 39.2°E118.9°N, 37.4°E
年均温度/℃9.612.312.4
年均降水量/mm650.0586.0647.0
潮差/m2.42.21.0
河流径流量/108 m3·a−177.0592.0
人口密度/人·km−2858.0381.0146.0
农田面积/km²72.7236.650.4
污水排放量/108 t·a−11.08.42.1
海水养殖面积/103 hm2·a−10.910.0104.2
滩涂主要养殖种类对虾、海参南美白对虾贝类、海参
沉积物类型粉砂质淤泥淤泥粉砂质淤泥
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864704581681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3个河口周围的基本环境概况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点大辽河口汉沽河口黄河口
经纬度122.1°N, 40.6°E118.0°N, 39.2°E118.9°N, 37.4°E
年均温度/℃9.612.312.4
年均降水量/mm650.0586.0647.0
潮差/m2.42.21.0
河流径流量/108 m3·a−177.0592.0
人口密度/人·km−2858.0381.0146.0
农田面积/km²72.7236.650.4
污水排放量/108 t·a−11.08.42.1
海水养殖面积/103 hm2·a−10.910.0104.2
滩涂主要养殖种类对虾、海参南美白对虾贝类、海参
沉积物类型粉砂质淤泥淤泥粉砂质淤泥
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864784273460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The seasonal variations of environment factors (mean±stdve) at three sampling locations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 月份温度/℃降水量/mm盐度潮差/md50/μm粒径<63 μm /%DIN/μmol·L−1${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P/μmol·L−1${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si/μmol·L−1N/PN/SiSi/P
大辽河口3月9.9±4.319.228.0±3.12.6±0.628.377.8123.6±58.60.4±0.215.1±8.7309.08.237.8
4月16.4±0.2109.529.8±0.12.7±0.528.377.8239.3±108.81.0±0.134.5±7.7239.36.934.5
6月27.3±1.0105.233.0±2.52.9±0.419.781.0229.0±47.42.7±3.643.3±7.284.85.316.0
9月21.0±4.584.323.7±6.73.0±0.428.377.868.3±1.32.9±0.145.8±1.123.61.515.8
汉沽河口3月7.9±0.2025.8±0.22.1±0.513.095.3156.5±42.52.6±1.321.2±7.960.27.48.2
4月14.5±0.7117.328.6±4.22.2±0.513.095.3563.5±148.113.6±10.762.2±1.441.49.14.6
6月20.3±0.2205.231.4±1.52.4±0.37.497.1294.7±91.31.4±1.352.1±14.4210.55.737.2
9月23.6±2.8113.924.6±7.12.4±0.413.095.342.9±5.71.1±0.138.0±0.939.01.134.5
黄河河口3月10.4±3.51.831.6±5.80.6±0.257.857.3128.2±93.20.5±0.115.2±1.1256.48.430.4
4月16.3±3.5198.226.1±5.40.5±0.257.857.3180.2±136.20.3±0.320.3±8.8600.78.967.7
6月25.3±0.5324.025.5±5.60.7±0.351.963.3110.7±25.40.4±0.229.1±9.0276.83.872.8
9月22.8±1.1146.426.0±2.50.6±0.357.857.344.9±20.00.4±0.058.8±11.1112.30.8147.0
), ArticleFig(id=1246537864918491191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3个采样点环境因子(平均值±标准差)的季节变化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 月份温度/℃降水量/mm盐度潮差/md50/μm粒径<63 μm /%DIN/μmol·L−1${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P/μmol·L−1${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si/μmol·L−1N/PN/SiSi/P
大辽河口3月9.9±4.319.228.0±3.12.6±0.628.377.8123.6±58.60.4±0.215.1±8.7309.08.237.8
4月16.4±0.2109.529.8±0.12.7±0.528.377.8239.3±108.81.0±0.134.5±7.7239.36.934.5
6月27.3±1.0105.233.0±2.52.9±0.419.781.0229.0±47.42.7±3.643.3±7.284.85.316.0
9月21.0±4.584.323.7±6.73.0±0.428.377.868.3±1.32.9±0.145.8±1.123.61.515.8
汉沽河口3月7.9±0.2025.8±0.22.1±0.513.095.3156.5±42.52.6±1.321.2±7.960.27.48.2
4月14.5±0.7117.328.6±4.22.2±0.513.095.3563.5±148.113.6±10.762.2±1.441.49.14.6
6月20.3±0.2205.231.4±1.52.4±0.37.497.1294.7±91.31.4±1.352.1±14.4210.55.737.2
9月23.6±2.8113.924.6±7.12.4±0.413.095.342.9±5.71.1±0.138.0±0.939.01.134.5
黄河河口3月10.4±3.51.831.6±5.80.6±0.257.857.3128.2±93.20.5±0.115.2±1.1256.48.430.4
4月16.3±3.5198.226.1±5.40.5±0.257.857.3180.2±136.20.3±0.320.3±8.8600.78.967.7
6月25.3±0.5324.025.5±5.60.7±0.351.963.3110.7±25.40.4±0.229.1±9.0276.83.872.8
9月22.8±1.1146.426.0±2.50.6±0.357.857.344.9±20.00.4±0.058.8±11.1112.30.8147.0
), ArticleFig(id=1246537865040126012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Pearson correlation analysis between benthic diatoms and environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Chl a水温降水量粒径<63 μm潮差DIN${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} }$-P${{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $-Si
  注:** 表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关;*表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关。
香农−威纳指数皮尔逊相关性0.180.06−0.410.74**0.65*−0.090.230.30
样本量/个1212121212121212
硅藻丰度皮尔逊相关性−0.210.32−0.120.260.41−0.41−0.020.17
样本量/个1212121212121212
Chl a浓度皮尔逊相关性1−0.41−0.220.570.280.81**0.89**0.31
样本量/个1212121212121212
), ArticleFig(id=1246537865098846271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955387335029264, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

底栖硅藻群落和环境因子之间的皮尔森相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Chl a水温降水量粒径<63 μm潮差DIN${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} }$-P${{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $-Si
  注:** 表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关;*表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关。
香农−威纳指数皮尔逊相关性0.180.06−0.410.74**0.65*−0.090.230.30
样本量/个1212121212121212
硅藻丰度皮尔逊相关性−0.210.32−0.120.260.41−0.41−0.020.17
样本量/个1212121212121212
Chl a浓度皮尔逊相关性1−0.41−0.220.570.280.81**0.89**0.31
样本量/个1212121212121212
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渤海3个河口区底栖硅藻群落的时空变化特征
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王珊珊 1, 2 , 刘东艳 3, 4, * , 王玉珏 3 , 袁子能 5
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020,42(8): 101-114
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020, 42(8): 101-114
渤海3个河口区底栖硅藻群落的时空变化特征
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王珊珊1, 2 , 刘东艳3, 4, * , 王玉珏3, 袁子能5
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 中国科学院海岸带环境过程与生态修复重点实验室,山东 烟台 264003
  • 2 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 4 华东师范大学 崇明生态研究院,上海 200241
  • 5 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 深海多学科交叉中心,青岛 266200
  • 王珊珊(1991-),女,山东省菏泽市人,研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘东艳,女,研究员,主要从事海洋生态学研究。E-mail:
Temporal and spatial variations of benthic diatom communities at three estuaries in the Bohai Sea
Shanshan Wang1, 2 , Dongyan Liu3, 4, * , Yujue Wang3, Zineng Yuan5
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation of Chinese Academy ofSciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
  • 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 4 Institude of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 5 Center for Deep Sea Interdisciplinary Research, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266200
出版时间: 2020-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.009
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底栖硅藻是河口泥滩系统中的重要初级生产者,其群落结构的时空变化可显著影响到河口底栖动物生产力。本研究选取渤海区域的大辽河口、汉沽河口和黄河口为研究对象,分析了泥滩中底栖硅藻群落结构的季节变化特征(2014−2016年)与空间差异,并探讨了环境因素的影响作用。结果表明,3个河口区底栖硅藻多样性和生物量高峰均出现在秋季,优势种存在显著季节演替特征;在空间上,大辽河口和汉沽河口的底栖硅藻生物量显著高于黄河口。底栖硅藻群落结构与多种环境因子的相关性分析表明,温度和营养盐浓度变化对底栖硅藻群落的季节性特征影响显著;河口沉积物的粒径、潮差与径流量可能是造成底栖硅藻群落空间差异的重要因素,黄河口较低的底栖硅藻生物量显著受限于较粗的沉积物粒径和显著的磷限制。

河口  /  泥滩  /  底栖硅藻  /  沉积物  /  氮污染

Benthic diatoms are important primary producers in estuarine mudflat system, and the spatial and temporal changes in the communities can significantly impact the productivity of benthic fauna in the estuary. In this study, the ecological parameters in the estuaries of Daliao River, Hangu River and Huanghe River along the Bohai Sea coastline were surveyed and the related environmental factors were discussed, aiming to understand the seasonal variations and spatial differences of benthic diatom communities. The results showed that the species diversity index and absolute abundance of benthic diatoms were the highest in autumn, and the dominant species displayed obviously seasonal succession. The diatom absolute abundance in the estuaries of Daliao River and Hangu River were significantly higher than that of Huanghe River Estuary. The coarser sediments and significant phosphorus limitation in the Huanghe River Estuary are main reasons for the low diatom abundance. The correlation analysis between the benthic diatom communities and environmental factors indicated that the changes of temperature and nutrient concentration have significant effects on the seasonal pattern of the benthic diatom communities, while the sediment size, tidal range and runoff of the three estuaries are more important to explain spatial differences.

estuary  /  mudflat  /  benthic diatom  /  sediment  /  nitrogen pollution
王珊珊, 刘东艳, 王玉珏, 袁子能. 渤海3个河口区底栖硅藻群落的时空变化特征. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (8) : 101 -114 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.009
Shanshan Wang, Dongyan Liu, Yujue Wang, Zineng Yuan. Temporal and spatial variations of benthic diatom communities at three estuaries in the Bohai Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (8) : 101 -114 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.009
联合国2009年有关碳汇的数据报告显示,海洋中有超过一半的碳被固定在面积仅有海洋总面积7%的浅海生态系统,包括泥滩、红树林、盐沼等在内的各类滨海湿地[1]。底栖硅藻是河口泥滩潮间带系统中的重要初级生产者,它们通过光合作用合成有机质,为许多底栖动物提供食物来源,其生产力的高低可间接影响到滨海鱼类与鸟类的觅食质量[2-4]。已有研究数据表明,单位面积泥滩的底栖微藻储碳能力约在29~476 g/(m2 ·a)(以碳计)[5-6],这个范围要显著高于全球草地与森林的平均值[7-9]。我国渤海沿岸存在众多的河口泥滩生态系统,如大辽河、滦河、小清河、黄河等,这些珍贵的河口泥滩孕育了丰富的海洋底栖生物资源,并成为渤海鱼类的重要育幼场、鸟类迁徙的主要栖息地[10-12]
然而,受环渤海经济发展的影响,河口区汇集了大量的陆源污染物,影响到泥滩底栖生态系统健康,出现了物种多样性显著下降、生产力降低等现象[13-15]。未来海平面上升、海岸侵蚀与河流建坝会继续加剧泥滩面积的丧失,由此带来的生态影响均被低估。研究表明,海岸带储碳能力的丢失率已经达到每年0.7%~7%,其净化水质、仔幼鱼栖息地、缓冲灾害等生态能力均呈下降趋势[8, 16]。因此,保护海岸带泥滩系统、形成可持续利用的管理策略迫在眉睫。然而,河口泥滩环境泥泞、缺乏相应的运输与采样工具,这些因素给现场调查带来困难并导致泥滩生产力评估资料缺乏。本研究选择环渤海的辽宁大辽河口、天津汉沽河口和山东黄河口的泥滩为研究区域,于2014−2016年期间,调查了3个河口泥滩中底栖硅藻群落结构的季节变化与空间差异特征,并结合沉积物粒度、营养盐等环境参数,探讨了影响泥滩初级生产者的主要环境因素。研究结果为了解环渤海河口泥滩生态系统的初级生产能力提供基础数据,为未来保护泥滩生态系统健康提供科学依据。
辽宁大辽河口、天津汉沽河口和山东黄河口分别位于渤海的辽东湾、渤海湾和莱州湾,本研究于2014年9月、2015年4月、2015年6月及2016年3月在3个河口开展了季节性的综合野外调查(图1),3个河口的基本环境状况列于表1。潮汐类型均为混合半日潮,多年平均潮差分别为2.4 m、2.2 m和1.0 m[17-18]。大辽河口与汉沽河口流域周围人口众多,农田面积广阔,养殖活动多,污水排放量大,存在一定程度的氮污染[19],黄河口潮间带位于东营黄河三角洲滨海湿地保护区,环境相对较好,是我国重要的贝类养殖基地之一。
调查期间,沿高、中、低潮带的3个断面(图1),分别采集0~2 cm表层沉积物样品与沉积物间隙水营养盐样品,同时测定了温、盐等水体环境参数。表层沉积物样品采用直径3 cm的塑料采样器采集,避光置于−20℃冰柜中冷冻保存,用于底栖硅藻分析以及叶绿素a(Chl a)的提取。间隙水样品用塑料针管采集后,经0.45 μm的醋酸纤维膜过滤,样品保存于−20℃冰柜,用于营养盐的测定。
根据Battarbee[20]硅藻提取的标准流程,先后经过去碳酸盐,去有机质,去黏土,重液浮选,制片5个步骤,将硅藻从表层沉积物中提取出来,进行种类鉴定及数量统计。物种鉴定和生态习性主要参考金德祥等[21-23]、程兆第等[24]、郭玉洁和钱树本[25]等分类书籍。硅藻丰度(Diatom Absolute Abundance,Dabs)用每克干重沉积物中所含有的硅质壳数(单位:ind./g,干重)表示,按照Battarbee等[26]提供的方法进行计算,公式如下:
${D_{{\rm{abs}}}} = (N \times V)/\left( {{V_1} \times W} \right),$
式中,N为样品中全部硅藻物种丰度之和;V为硅藻提取液体积;V1为永久制片所使用硅藻溶液体积;W为取样品的干重。
进一步计算了相对丰度(P)与香农−威纳多样性指数(Shannon-Weaver Index,H′),具体公式如下:
$P = \frac{{{N_i}}}{N} \times 100{\text %} ,$
式中,Ni为样品中物种i的绝对丰度;N为样品中全部硅藻物种丰度之和。
$H' = - \sum\limits_{i}^S P_i \times {\log _2}P_i,$
式中,S为物种数;Pi为第i种物种的相对丰度。
表层沉积物中Chl a浓度测定:取0.5~2 g表层沉积物(0~2 cm)湿样,置于15 mL离心管中,加入90%的丙酮10 mL,在4℃下提取20 h后,离心取上清液。用Turner Trilogy荧光仪(美国)测定提取液中Chl a的浓度,进一步换算得到沉积物中Chl a的浓度(单位:μg/g)。《海洋沉积物间隙生物调查规范》中建议表层沉积物叶绿素萃取要经过超声破碎,保证萃取完全,但也有研究认为超声波对叶绿素提取影响不大[27]。本研究没有进行超声波萃取这一步,这可能会略微低估表层沉积物Chl a浓度。
间隙水中营养盐浓度测定:利用德国Bran+Luebbe AA3营养盐自动分析仪测定。溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN)为硝酸盐(${\rm {NO}}_3^- $-N)、亚硝酸盐(${\rm {NO}}_2^- $-N)和氨氮(${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $-N)浓度之和。其中,${\rm {NO}}_3^- $-N采用铜−镉还原后,再用盐酸−萘乙二胺比色法测定;${\rm {NO}}_2^- $-N采用盐酸−萘乙二胺比色法测定;${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $-N采用水杨酸钠法测定。溶解态磷酸盐(${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P)采用磷钼蓝法测定;溶解态硅酸盐(${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si)采用硅钼蓝法测定。
沉积物粒径测定:将冷冻的沉积物样品在4 ℃环境下解冻,称取约2 g沉积物湿样,样品混匀后,在超声仪中分散5~10 min,使其充分分散。最后,使用Mastersize 2000激光粒度仪进行粒度测量,每个样品重复测量5次,测量范围为0.02~2 000 μm,重复测量误差≤1%。利用Excel软件,统计出表层沉积物粒径各部分所占的百分比,按照Folk等[28]命名法对其命名,并计算中值粒径。
温度和降水量数据的平均值来源于中国气象局(数据来源: http://www.cma.gov.cn/);潮差数据来源于中国港口网(数据来源: http://www.chinaports.com/)。利用SPSS 20.0软件对底栖硅藻群落结构、Chl a浓度与环境因子之间进行了皮尔森相关性分析。采用Canoco 5.0对底栖硅藻群落进行非度量性多元标度(Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling, NMDS)分析;对采样站位的环境因子进行了主成分分析(Principal Components Analysis, PCA);对底栖硅藻优势物种和相关环境因子进行了典型关联分析(Canonical Correlation Analysis, CCA)。
研究区域属于典型的温带季风气候区,四季存在显著温差,夏季降雨量明显高于其他季节。这些基本特征也表现在本次调查中,6月份的温度与降雨量明显高于其他季节(表2)。3个河口的温度在空间上差别并不显著,但潮差与沉积物粒径存在显著差异:大辽河口的潮差最大(平均值>2.5 m),沉积物的细颗粒比例为77.8%~81.0%,属于粉砂质黏土;汉沽河口潮差居中(平均值>2.0 m),沉积物中细颗粒比例高达95.3%~97.1%,属于典型的黏土质沉积物。比较而言,黄河口潮差最小(平均值< 1.0 m),沉积物虽属于粉砂质黏土类型,但细颗粒比例(57.3%~63.3%)明显低于辽河口。多数盐度数据体现出河口的低盐(<30)特征,但由于盐度数据易受到采样当天温度、降水量、蒸发量、径流量等环境因子的影响,因此,本研究中盐度的现场数据仅用作参考。
沉积物间隙水营养盐浓度在3个河口表现出显著的季节与空间差异(表2):DIN浓度在4月份最高,9月份最低;其中,汉沽河口DIN浓度的整体水平要显著高于大辽河口与黄河口,而大辽河口要高于黄河口。此外,汉沽河口与大辽河口DIN结构主要由${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $-N组成,而黄河口的DIN结构以${\rm {NO}}_3^- $-N为主。汉沽河口${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P浓度显著高于大辽河口与黄河口,4月份出现了异常高值,可能与附近医疗垃圾倾倒有关。相比之下,黄河口${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P浓度最低。${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P浓度的季节变化不规律,3个河口均存在不同程度的${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P限制,黄河口尤其显著。3个河口${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si浓度在3月份最低,6月、9月份${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si浓度明显升高,与夏、秋季节降雨量、河流输入增多有关;${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si存在季节性限制现象。本次调查的整体结果表明,汉沽河口的营养盐浓度水平最高,大辽河口次之,黄河口最低。
硅藻物种多样性的时空变化如图2a所示。在季节上,大辽河口、汉沽河口和黄河口均呈现了秋季(9月)物种多样性最高的特征,香农–威纳多样性指数分别为3.7、3.9与1.9;在空间上,大辽河口与汉沽河口的多样性指数明显高于黄河口。硅藻丰度与Chl a浓度的时空变化如图2b图2c所示:在季节上,3个河口硅藻丰度的最高值均出现在9月,而Chl a浓度的最高值却出现在3月、4月。整体看来,汉沽河口的硅藻多样性、硅藻丰度与Chl a浓度在空间上最高,大辽河口次之,黄河口最低。
3个河口优势硅藻(相对丰度>5%)的组成在季节上存在演替,在空间上也有所不同,大辽河口与汉沽河口的优势物种数明显高于黄河口,尤其在4月、6月(图3)。半咸水潮间带广温性物种条纹小环藻(Cyclotella striata)、柱状小环藻(C. stylorum)与爱氏辐环藻(Actinocyclus ehrenbergii[22, 25]在3个河口均有分布。条纹小环藻与柱状小环藻在大辽河口与汉沽河口的3月、4月、9月形成优势(5%~47%),在黄河口的3月、9月出现优势(6%~31%);而爱氏辐环藻优势则出现在大辽河口与汉沽河口的6月(5%~15%)以及黄河口的4月(20%)采样中(图3)。此外,在3月、4月份的优势种中,出现了中心纲圆筛藻属的虹彩圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis)、辐射列圆筛藻(C. radiatus)、中心圆筛藻(C. centralis)等物种(附图A1)。这些物种在以往的潮间带、海湾水体调查中均有发现,属于可营底栖生活的半咸水或者海水浮游物种[21-22, 25, 29-30]。9月的调查中出现了多个羽纹纲优势种,如艾氏舟形藻(Navicula eymei)(黄河口,10%)、龙骨舟形藻(N. carinifera)(汉沽河口,17%)、卵形菱形藻(Nitzschia cocconeiformis)(大辽河口,25%)、颗粒菱形藻(N. granulata)(大辽河口,17%)和史氏双壁藻扩大变种(Diploneis smithii var. dilatata)(大辽河口,11%)。以上结果表明,表层沉积物中的硅藻群落在季节上出现了从以中心纲为主向以羽纹纲为主的演替特征。
利用CANOCO 5.0软件进一步对3个采样点底栖硅藻群落结构进行NMDS分析(图4)。结果显示硅藻群落结构可以分为3个大的组合,组合Ⅰ包括大辽河口3月、4月,汉沽河口3月、4月、6月以及黄河口3月,主要以圆筛藻和小环藻为主;组合Ⅱ包括大辽河口6月、9月和汉沽河口9月,圆筛藻所占的比例减少,优势种明显多样化,并出现了多个羽纹纲物种如龙骨舟形藻、颗粒菱形藻、卵形菱形藻等;组合Ⅲ包括黄河口的6月、9月,小环藻所占比例要远大于其他优势种。以上研究结果表明3个采样点底栖硅藻群落的季节演替主要体现在优势种变化上。
对温度、降水量、潮差、细颗粒沉积物(粒径<63 μm)、营养盐浓度等环境因子进行PCA分析,结果如图5所示。其中,轴1的特征值为0.95,解释了95%的环境信息,轴2 的特征值为0.05,解释了5%的环境信息,说明轴1附近的环境因子对底栖硅藻的影响比较大。根据箭头的长短和距离轴1的远近初步判断N/P可能是硅藻分布的主要影响因子。
3个采样点硅藻群落与环境因子的皮尔逊(Pearson )相关性分析表明,硅藻香农−威纳指数与细颗粒沉积物(粒径<63 μm)的相对含量存在极显著正相关、与潮差存在显著正相关;Chl a浓度与DIN和${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P浓度之间存在极显著正相关性;硅藻丰度与环境因子之间没有出现显著相关性(表3)。
通过对8个优势物种与环境因子(温度、降水量、粒度、潮差)的CCA分析,发现轴1和轴2的特征值分别为0.317和0.181,轴1主要代表了温度和降雨量的影响,贡献了总变化量的55.2%,轴2主要代表了潮差和细颗粒沉积物(粒径<63 μm)的影响,贡献了总变化量的29.1%(图6)。大部分物种与温度、降水量及细颗粒沉积物(粒径<63 μm)存在密切相关性,如条纹小环藻、虹彩圆筛藻与温度和降水量存在显著的正相关。部分物种与潮差存在相关性,如柱状小环藻、蜂窝三角藻(Triceratium favus)和辐射列圆筛藻与潮差存在显著正相关,而爱氏辐环藻则与潮差存在显著负相关。
河口是一个复杂多变的区域,同时受到海水和河流输入的双重影响,因而,河口泥滩中硅藻群落变化往往是温、盐、沉积物性质等多种环境因素共同作用的结果。3个河口在季节变化上受温带气候特征控制,冬季的降雪以及沉积物中有机质的缓慢降解,令沉积物内积累了丰富的营养物质,并带来春季(3月、4月)冰融后的高营养盐浓度;夏季降雨加大了径流量,带来盐度的降低与${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si浓度的升高,配合逐渐升高的温度,非常有利于半咸水底栖硅藻的生长。故硅藻丰度在夏、秋季容易出现峰值,这些结果符合温带潮间带植物普遍存在的季节变化特征[6]
已有研究表明,沉积环境包括沉积速率、沉积物粒度、潮汐强度等均能够对沉积物中硅藻的丰度形成较大影响[26]。相对易于被水流搬运的砂质潮间带,具备粉砂黏土、黏土性质的河口泥滩可以为底栖硅藻提供较好的附着生长环境,并容易保存来自水体浮游硅藻沉降的硅质壳体。根据本研究与前人研究结果[31-32],大辽河口与汉沽河口的径流量明显低于黄河口,且潮差较大,冲刷能力相对较弱,故大辽河口与汉沽河口沉积物黏土比例要明显高于黄河口。这些因素显著影响到沉积物中硅藻的生长以及壳体的保存,并解释了大辽河口与汉沽河口硅藻丰度明显高于黄河口的客观原因。
调查期间,3个河口普遍存在较高的DIN浓度,并存在${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P和${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si的季节性相对限制。已有研究表明,这3个河口均存在着不同程度的氮污染,海水养殖与农田化肥使用是沉积物中氮浓度过高的主要原因[14-15, 33-34]。大辽河口与汉沽河口的DIN组成以${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $-N为主,而黄河口则以${\rm {NO}}_3^- $-N为主[14, 33, 35],这与大辽河口与汉沽河口大面积的对虾养殖有关,养殖污水的排放增加了${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $-N的浓度。硅藻对${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $-N的吸收利用速率要高于${\rm {NO}}_3^- $-N,这可能是导致大辽河口与汉沽河口硅藻丰度与Chl a浓度显著高于黄河口的重要化学因素之一。此外,底栖动物的摄食压力可能是影响沉积物中Chl a浓度变化的关键生物因素。夏、秋季节,渤海潮间带底栖动物的生物量最高[36-37] ,加上滩涂贝类养殖,会对泥滩硅藻形成较大的摄食压力,引起Chl a浓度偏低。黄河口滩涂贝类养殖面积远远大于其他两个河口(表1),结合沉积物粒度效应,会共同引起表层Chl a浓度明显低于其他两个河口。
河口泥滩中硅藻的来源比较复杂,有生长在泥滩上的底栖硅藻、有上层水体沉降下来的浮游硅藻残壳、也有动物排泄物中大量未消化的硅壳等。因此,本研究中表层沉积物Chl a浓度表达的是现存量,而硅藻丰度是一个累积量,这会导致两者的时空不匹配度,减弱硅藻丰度与环境因子的相关性(表3)。调查期间,硅藻的群落结构主要由中心纲的圆筛藻、小环藻,以及羽纹纲的舟形藻、菱形藻组成,这些物种多具备半咸水的生态特性,广泛分布于潮间带与近岸水体中[21-23, 25]。中心纲的硅藻一般表现出浮游、半悬浮及底栖3种生活习性,例如,中心圆筛藻与虹彩圆筛藻偏浮游习性,也可以营底栖生活,因此它们在沉积物中的丰度可能来自于水体的沉降,也可能来自泥滩自身的生长;而条纹小环藻和爱氏辐环藻偏底栖、半悬浮生活,故多来自于沉积物自身的生长[21-23, 29-30],因此表现出与潮差关系不密切的特点。羽纹纲的硅藻则以底栖生活习性为主,多长在泥滩表面[21-23]。因此,在不考虑浮游种类的情况下,主要的底栖硅藻物种组成为细圆齿圆筛藻(C. crendlatus)、离心列圆筛藻(C. excentricus)、库氏圆筛藻(C. kutzingii)、结节圆筛藻(C. nodulifer)、条纹小环藻、爱氏辐环藻、艾氏舟形藻、龙骨舟形藻、卵形菱形藻和颗粒菱形藻。由附表A1可知,3个河口的底栖硅藻均为秋季物种最多,底栖物种个体相对丰度也表现出秋季较高(图3)。
调查期间,表层沉积物硅藻群落结构出现了从以中心纲为主(3月、4月)向以羽纹纲为主(6月、9月)转变的季节演替特征,说明泥滩底栖硅藻的贡献比例在夏、秋季逐渐增大。形成季节演替现象的机制比较复杂,除了上述讨论因素之外,营养盐结构的差异也可能是其中的原因之一。已有研究表明,在较高的N/P条件下,中心纲的物种比羽纹纲物种更具有竞争力,而在较高的Si/P条件下,羽纹纲物种能通过存储磷酸盐的能力成为优势[38-39]。黄河口的${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P限制要显著高于大辽河口与汉沽河口(表2),这一现象在以往黄河口潮间带以及水体调查中均有发现。已有研究认为${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P和${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si是限制黄河口底栖藻类生长繁殖的主要化学环境因子,${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P的影响尤其重要[33-34]。本研究中,黄河口羽纹纲物种的比例要明显高于其他两个河口,而大辽河口的羽纹纲物种的比例高于汉沽河口。这些现象符合已有研究中的解释,然而,更深入的机理有待于进一步挖掘。
综上所述,通过对3个河口的现场调查与结果的时空差异分析发现:泥滩沉积环境是决定底栖硅藻群落健康生长的基本条件,潮差、径流量与营养盐浓度是影响物种多样性和丰度的主要因素。3个河口普遍存在氮污染及其${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $-P和${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $-Si的季节性限制现象,这些因素可能会影响到群落结构的演替。此外,未来研究中应当考虑泥滩贝类养殖的摄食压力,以期更好地了解泥滩生产力的承载能力。
致谢:感谢烟台海岸带研究所王跃启、董志军,以及华东师范大学王东启、陈杰对野外采样工作的帮助。
  • 科技基础性工作专项(2014FY210600)。
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2020年第42卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.009
  • 接收时间:2019-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-08-10
  • 修回日期:2019-10-28
基金
科技基础性工作专项(2014FY210600)。
作者信息
    1 中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 中国科学院海岸带环境过程与生态修复重点实验室,山东 烟台 264003
    2 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
    4 华东师范大学 崇明生态研究院,上海 200241
    5 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 深海多学科交叉中心,青岛 266200

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*刘东艳,女,研究员,主要从事海洋生态学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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